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VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Review paper
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 7 October 2009
Received in revised form 16 December 2009
Accepted 30 December 2009
Immunoglobulin IgY is the major antibody produced by chickens (Gallus domesticus). After
their V-C gene is rearranged in B cells, IgY is continually synthesized, excreted into the
blood and transferred to the egg yolk, where it is accumulated. IgY is produced by hens to
provide their offspring with an effective humoral immunity against the commonest avian
pathogens until full maturation of their own immune system. In this review we aim to give
an overview about the generation, structure, properties of IgY, as well as the advantages of
chicken antibodies use over mammalian antibodies in immunodiagnostics and
immunotherapy.
2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords:
Immunoglobulin
Diversity
Chicken
IgY
Egg
Purication
Immunodiagnostic
Immunotherapy
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Immunoglobulin diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Active transfer of IgY from serum to egg yolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods for purication and quantication of IgY antibodies . . . .
IgY and immunodiagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IgY antibodies for passive immunization against enteric infections
Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
B lymphocytes and their mature counterpart, plasmocytes, are highly specialized secretor type of cells whose
exclusive products are glycoproteins, the immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies. These cells are found in several
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Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
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W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Fig. 1. The structural organization of the immunoglobulins. (A) Human IgG: VH, variable domain of heavy chain; VL, variable domain of light chain; CL,
constant domain of light chain; CH1, CH2 and CH3, constant domains of heavy chain. (B) Chicken IgY: VH, variable domain of heavy chain; VL, variable
domain of light chain; CL, constant domain of light chain; Cy1, Cy2, Cy3 and Cy4, constant domains of heavy chain.
Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
2. Immunoglobulin diversity
The estimated diversity in antibody specicity is close
to 1011 and it is enough to cover the antigen repertoire.
Effective production of antibodies for the existent antigenic repertoire requires rearrangement of the different
immunoglobulin protein segments (Tonegawa, 1981; Alt
et al., 1987). In mammalian species, such as mouse and
human, the presence in the genome of multiple functional
V (variable), D (diversity) and J (joining) segments ensures
rearrangement to form VDJH and VJL complexes, which
encodes VH and VL domains, respectively for the heavy (H)
and light (L) chains of the Ig molecule. For a Ig rearranged
functional antibody molecule, some V segments are
randomly selected to form the VLJ and VHJ(D) DNA
segments (Fig. 2). The estimated rearranging segment
numbers in mammalian Ig loci are:
Mouse: VH, 100200; VL kappa, 250300; VL lambda, 3; D,
27 exclusively for heavy chain; J, 4 for both chains.
Human: VH, 130; VL kappa, 75; VL lambda 75; D, 15
exclusively for heavy chain; J, 6 for heavy chain; 5
and 7 for the light kappa and lambda chains,
respectively.
An additional mechanism that generates new diversity,
throughout the already assembled Ig locus, is known as
somatic hypermutation. Although somatic mutations
Fig. 2. The antibody diversication in human, as well as in other mammalian species, is brought about by gene somatic recombination. During this process
DNA fragments encoding for V- and C-immunoglobulin protein that in germ line of all cells are separated (top), in lymphocytes of B lineage became
rearranged in early ontogeny. One from the total V-DNA segments repertoire is randomly rearranged with individual DNA segments encoding for J (joining)
for L chain (left), or with D (diversity) and J segments (right) for H chain. The resultant VJL and VHDJ DNA rearranged segments are further rearranged with
one o the C DNA fragments (mdgea) (center). The resulting Ig functional rearranged gene encodes the synthesis of the functional immunoglobulin. This
process occurs in B cells. Resulting Ig molecules are secreted into the blood circulation.
Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
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W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Fig. 3. The antibody diversication in chicken by gene conversion. During this process pseudo-derived genes sequences (left) replace homologous sequences
in rearranged immunoglobulin genes (right), giving rise to rearranged complete IgG (IgY) functional gene (center). This process occurs in bursa of Fabricius
resident B cells. Resulting IgY molecules are secreted into the blood circulation and subsequently stored on egg yolk.
Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
6
W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011
G Model
VETIMM-8222; No of Pages 8
W. Dias da Silva, D.V. Tambourgi / Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology xxx (2010) xxxxxx
Table 1
Advantages of IgY as immunoreagent antibody.
Comparison items
Mammalian IgG
Avian IgY
Main sources
Steps imposing physical suffering to
the antibody-producing animals
Antibody titer to mammalian antigens
Binding to Protein A/Protein G
Binding to mammalian cell Fc receptor
Immunocomplexes activate mammalian
complement system
Sustained antibody production
Antibody production capacity
Plasma
Antigen injection, blood collections, sometimes
blood transfusions
Frequently low
++++
++++
++++
Egg yolk
Antigen injection
Applications
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Please cite this article in press as: Dias da Silva, W., Tambourgi, D.V. IgY: A promising antibody for use in
immunodiagnostic and in immunotherapy. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.011