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2? a&aomufjrpf

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vli,fawG tzrf;cH&ao;w,f? tJ'Dta&;tcif;uawmh wuUodkvfausmif;om;wOD;ukd cg;ydkufE_duf qdk+yD;ppftm%m &Sifa'gufwdkif rqv
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vdŒk vJ ac:a0:cJ=h uw,f? tvkyo f rm;awGuawmh rdrw fd Œkd puf±tkH vky±f akH wGtvdu k f oydwpf cef; awG zGichf =hJ u+y;D tJ'u D aeyJ jzKd cGzJ rf;qD;cH=u&w,f?
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aq;0g;vkyfief;pu±Hk/ &GmroHr%dpu±Hk/ tvHkopfpufawGeJŒ rD;jcpfpuf wdk‹ygcJh =uw,f? 75 *|efta&;tcif;[m &efukefwGifomru
rE Wav;wuUodkvf/ rauG;aumvdyfeJŒ armfvòrdifaumvdyf wdkŒrSmvJ jzpfcJŒw,f?
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r_dif;&mjynfh rjzpfcifav;rSmbJ &efukefwuUodkvf0if;xJ ta&;tcif;i,fwck jzpfcJhao;w,f? ausmif;vceJΠtaqmifvc awGwdk;wmudk
ta=umif;±Hkðy_+yD; ausmif;om;wcsdKŒu oydwfarSmufzdkŒ óud;pm;cJh=uw,f? olwdkŒu ausmif;0if;xJ wnavmuf taqmifawGa&SŒ
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,cktar&duefEkdifiH)/ udkom'Gef;atmif (&efukef0dZ…mody`H wuUodkvf/ ausmufawmf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;)/ udkapmodef;armif (&efukef0dZ…mody`H/
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f ,fq+kd yD;ykord af xmifrmS yJ axmif 2 ESp/f 3 ESppf D csvu kd w
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(ajrmif;jr)/ udpk ed 0f if;armif (aygi;f wnf)/ udok ef;0if; (ykord /f uAsmq&m atmifa0;) wdŒk jzpf=uw,f? ausmif;om;r[kww f hJ t&yfom;/ odŒk r[kwf
0efxrf;jzpfygap ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;eJŒ axmifusvmoltm;vHk;udk axmifxJrSm ausmif;om;vdkŒbJ owfrSwfac:a0: =uw,f?
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3? y%mrtcif;tusif;

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oD;oefŒxm;ygw,f? oD;oefŒqdkwmu EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGcsnf; oD;oefŒae&_+yD; ±dk;±dk;&mZ0wftusOf;om;awGeJŒ a&mr xm;wmudk
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tusOf;om;awGtwGuf jypf'%fwdkufjzpf+yD;10 cef; &Sdygw,f? tarSmifwdkuf/ odkŒr[kwf tvHkwdkufvdkŒvJ ac:w,f? wdkufopf (tcef; 10 cef;)
uawmh tif;pdefaxmifxJu ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; ±Hk;0if;twGif;rSm&Sd_+yD; ta&;}uD; EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif=uD;
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ta&;tcif;u aX;aX;0if; (txu)/ a&$w*d t kH a&;tcif;u eef;cifaxG;jrifh (pD;yGm;a&;wuUov kd /f zg;tH/ ,ck NLD v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,)f /
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a[mif; ume,f=unf0if;&JŒ orD;ESpfa,muf/ OD;oefŒa&$wd*Hk ESpfr_wGJu rpkpkrm (tvuausmif;ol)/ tygt0if wjcm; a&$wd*Hkta&;tcif;
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a&$wd*Hkta&;tcif;ausmif;olawG trsm; qHk;jzpfygw,f? OD;oefŒta&;tcif;wHk;u ausmif;olawG tzrf;cH&wmrsm;ayrJh 3-4 vt=umrSm
aX;aX;0if;uvGv J Œkd tm;vH;k jyef vGwo f mG ;cJyh gw,f? r_id ;f &mjynfu h rvSòrdif (txuausmif;ol/ udw k ifarmifO;D .nDr/ csi;f trsKd ;orD;) eJŒ tif;pdef
*sDwDtdkifausmif;ol rouf (cHkzdeyfpdef) wdkŒudkawmh jypf'%fpD&ifcsufcs_+yD;aemuf om,m0wDaxmifudk ydkŒvdkufw,f?
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd oD;oefŒxm;w,f qdak yr,fh wcsKd ŒusawmhvJ &mZ0wftusO;f om;aqmifrmS xm;wmawG vJ&w dS ,f?
1975 ESpfukefydkif;avmufrSm rqvygwDXmecsKyfu pma&;0efxrf; udkaomif;OD; qdkol acgif;aqmifwJh tvHeDEG,fwcsdLŒ v#dKŒ0SufEkdifiHa&;ygwD
axmifwt hJ r_/ udx k eG ;f atmifausmf (ac: ) bJjzL (&efuek 0f Zd m… odyw H` uUov kd /f ABSDF &JŒyxrqH;k OuUX) acgi;f aqmifwhJ azmufcaJG &;oifwef;qif;
ausmif;om;tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ wdŒk tr_eŒJ 1976 ckrmS cdik rf ;kd vif; ALP tzGŒJ csi;f jynfe,fxJ wdu k yf jJG zpf zrf;rdvmwJt h r_awGrmS usawmh w&m;±H;k u
pD&ifcsucf s+yD;wmeJŒ trsm;pkukd &mZ0wftusO;f om;aqmifukd ydŒk vku d wf ,f? 'ga=umifh axmifwiG ;f Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_yifra&pD;a=umif;xJ rygEidk f
cJh=uyg? 171 eJŒ axmifcsxm;wJh wcsdKŒaom uGefjrLepf ygwDvlawG/ vlawGvJ &mZ0wfaqmifrSmbJ xm;wm&Sdovdk wcsdKŒusawmhvJ EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om; oD;oefŒtaqmif rSm xm;w,f?
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG oD;oefŒxm;wJt h aqmifrmS Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;r[kww f hJ wdik 0f rf ig;cd;k oabFmom;awG/ xdik ;f ig;cd;k oabFm
om;awG xm;wmvJ &Sdw,f? taqmifawGeJŒ wdkufawGu EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG xrif;au|;/ rdv†mcs/ a&csdK;xkwf pwJh a0,sm0pPawG vkyf
ay;zdŒk vHck snjf ym0wf ESp}f uD;&mZ0wf tusO;f om;awG (trsm;pkuvlowfr)_ udk Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om; taqmifrmS tcef;wcef; xm;ay;xm;
w,f? tJ'gawGuvGJ&if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;eJΠ&mZ0wftusOf;om;awG a&mrxm;yg?
tJ'DwHk;u EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG pm;&wmu vHk;wD;qefxrif;/ reufydkif; ukvm;yJ[if;&nfusJ eJŒiydpdrf;pm;a=umf/ naeydkif;
[if;&Gufðywf[if;&nfeJŒ iydpdrf;pm;a=umfwdkŒ jzpf_+yD; csufðywf&mrSmygwJh a&ay:qD[m tusOf;om;awGqD a&mufrvmwwfygbl;? iyda=umf
qdkwmuvJ qDylvSdrfhtqifh avmufyJjzpfw,f? wywfrSmweyf tom;[if; au|;w,f? udkufr&wJh tom;wHk;/ odkŒr[kwf tom;rygwJh 0uf
qDwHk;ðywf/ odkŒr[kwf ig;a=umf/ odkŒr[kwf bJOðywfESpfvHk; &w,f? wdkufawGrSm au|;wJh yJ[if;u ydkyspfavh&Sdw,f? [if;&Gufðywfudkawmh t
rSKd ufðywf vdŒk ac:wm ydo k ifah wmfr,fxifygw,f? bmha=umifv h qJ akd wmh jrufyifawG/ trsKd ;trnfrod tyif awGomru zdeyfoóJ u;d wdŒk / wDaumif
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om;eJŒ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG &duQmE_ef; twlwljzpfygw,f? xdkpOftcgu ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; tpfaeŒrSm tjyifu tpPvmrfbmoma&;tzGJŒ
tpnf;awGu waxmifv;kH udk qDepf+yD; El;tdaewJh trJEyS [ f if;au|;w,f? Ak'b < mom aeŒ}uD;&uf}uD;awGrmS awmh b,fA'k b < momtzGŒJ tpnf;/
b,fvlyk*~dKvfurS waxmifvHk;udk tvSLay;au|;arG;wmrawGŒcJhzl;yg? wESpfrSmawmh c&d,meftzGJŒwzGJŒu c&pPrwfaeŒrSm waxmifvHk;udk
auGumtkwf w}udrfwdkufzl;w,f?
axmifaq;±HkwufaewJh tusOf;om;awGudkawmh qefjzLxrif;eJŒtom;[if; aeŒpOfau|;w,f? aq;±Hkrwuf&ayrJh aq;rSL; 0g'gu
EkŒd pm;/ qefðywfpm; "gwpf m owfrw S af y;&if EGm;EkŒd eJŒo=um;/ qefðywfeŒJ o=um;&w,f? tdyaf qmifawGrmS Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;wOD;udk jcifaxmif
wvH;k / tke;f qHar$Œ,mwck/ tdy&f mcif; wxnf/ *Gr;f apmif w xnf xkwaf y;_+yD; rsuEf mS okwyf 0k gi,f wxnf/ rsuEf mS okwyf 0k gt}uD;/ odŒk r[kwf
a&vJykdif; wxnfeJ‹ axmifyHkpH tuFsD-vHkcsnftjzL awGuawmh wESpfwcg &w,f? wywfwcg vufESpfqpf avmuf&SdwJh aysmh+yJ+yJ wdkŒ[l;wHk;
qyfjym=urf;/ odkŒr[kwf qifacs;wHk; qyfjym =urf; wcJeJŒ qHyifvdrf;zdkŒqdk+yD;tkef;qD yife,fpvif wykvif;pm xkwfay;w,f? 'g[m 1975 ck
wkef;utajctaeom jzpfygw,f?
tif;pdefaxmifr}uD;xJu tdyfaqmifawGrSm wxyfudk tcef;}uD; 4 cef;/ waqmifudk 8 cef;&Sdw,f? tcef;}uD;wcef;rSm EkdifiHa&;
tusO;f om; 20 uae 40 avmuftxd xm;w,f? &mZ0wftusO;f om;aqmifawGrmS awmh tcef;}uD;wcef;udk vl 200 u ae 300 avmuf
txd xm;w,f? Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;aqmifawGrmS tay:xyftcef;}uD;wcsKd Œudk tcef;i,fawGtjzpf uefŒxm;+yD; tusO;f om;wa,mufuae
10 a,muftxd xm;wwfw,f? atmufxyfrmS oHrefwvif;cif;ay: ukwifav;awGeŒJ tdy&f +_ yD; tay: xyfrmS awmh opfom;=urf;jyifay:rSmbJ
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cif;jzpf+yD; 4 wdkufrSm opfom;uGyfyspfav; wck&Sdw,f? OD;oefΠta&;tcif; wkef;uawmh zrf;vmwJhvl wtm;rsm;vdkΠyHkrSeftm;jzifh vl 3-4
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a&'D,ekd m;axmifciG hf wcsKd Œ&=uw,f? rqv ppftpd;k &&JŒ wdu k ±f u
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vHk;0r&Sdyg? wdkufawGrSmawmh owif;pmawmif zwfcGifhr&Sdyg?
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cd;k vky&f wmjzpfw,f? taqmifyw d x f m;csed rf mS vJ ab;csi;f uyf&uftcef;uwqifh wjcm;tcef; awGukd wqif+h yD;wqifh qufo, G =f u&w,f?
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vky=f uw,f? wGb J ufaxmifrmS awmh reufuae naetxd taqmifziG x hf m;ay;w,f? Ekifd if aH &;tusO;f om;aqmifawGrmS a&vGwv f wG f vyfvyf
csdK;vdkŒ&ayr,fh &mZ0wftusOf;om;aqmifawGrSmawmh yHkpHeJŒcsdK;&w,f? yHkpHqdkwmu *sD;rwGef;cif qyfjymrwdkufcif yef;uefjym;eJŒ 4 cGuf/ *sD;
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a&uefAg,mu cyfwcGuv f Œkd trdeŒf ay;rS cyfcsKd ;&wmjzpfw,f? trdeŒf ray;bJ cyfcsKd ;rd&if t±du k cf &H w,f? cGuaf & uefŒowfxm;±Hrk u yefuefjym;
eJŒcyfcsKd ;&vdŒk a&odyrf ygbJ vlay: enf;enf;om a&mufwt hJ wGuf axmifxJ ayG;/ 0J/ ,m;em;awG txl;aygrsm;vSw,f? wdu k yf w d cf &H olawG[mvJ
wywf 10 &uf/ wcsdK‹qdkwvausmf =umrSwcg a&csdK;&vdkŒ ,m;emawGayguf=uw,f?
EkdifiHa&;aqmifawGrSm a&00 csdK;vdkŒ&ovdk tdrfomvJ toifhtwifh vGwfvyfvHkðcHpGm wufvdkŒ&w,f? &mZ0wfaqmif awGrSm
awmhtdrfom vGwfvGwfvyfvyf wufcsif&if tdrfomAg,mudk vmbfxdk;&w,f? (axmifwGif;tojymu aq;vdyfjzpfw,f?) aq;vdyfray;
Ekid &f ifawmh wd&pd m> efawGvkd tumt&Hr&S/d trd;k r&Sd vljrifuiG ;f wGi;f yufvuf}uD;udk uke;f abmif xd;k xm;wJt h ay: wuf+yD;aemufaz;oGm;&w,f?
vlyo D pGm tdro f moGm;cGihf qdw k m Ekid if w H um vltcGit hf a&;ynm&Siaf wGawmif ta&;w,l xnfph Of;pm;rd=ur,f rxifygb;l ? Ekid if aH &;aqmifrmS
a&m &mZ0wfaqmifrSmyg csrSwfxm;wJh ±l;a=umifa=umif pnf;urf;csufwcku “csD;yg&if ao;r ayguf&” qdkwJhpnf;urf;yJ jzpfygw,f? qD;udk
pOft h ;kd }u;D wvH;k xJ oyfoyf aygux f nf&h ifxnf/h 'grrS [kwf aemufaz;oGm;pOfrmS EkŒd qD cGuaf v; wvH;k udik +_f y;D aygux f nf&h w,f? tJ'q D ;D td;k awGeŒJ
axmifwGif;pdkufcif;awGudk avmif;=uw,f?
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rvkyrf ae& atmf&cdS ;kd &w,f? reuftyd , f mx taqmifziG chf sed ef ŒJ naetaqmifyw d cf sed f vlppfwef;pD&mrSm yHpk t H jynfx
h ikd f ay;&w,f? Ekid if aH &;
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axmif0ifpmuawmh axmifus+yD;wJh/ odkŒr[kwf ppfa=uma&;umv vHk;0+yD;oGm;wJh EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGu ESpfywfwcg 0g'g
awGa&SŒarSmuf 15 rdepfawGŒcGifh&+yD; &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGuawmh wywfwcg awGŒcGifh&w,f? axmif0ifpmawGŒ&mrSmoHZum ESpfxyfjcm;
xm;wJh tcef;xJ oHZum&JŒ [kdbufeJŒ'Dbuf pum;ajym&wm jzpfw,f? axmif0ifpm ypPnf;awGudkawmh axmifxJ oGif;cGifhr&SdwJh ypPnf;awG
(Oyrmpmtkyfpmwrf;/ vufeufponf) ygryg 0g'gawGupDppf_+yD;rS tusOf;om;awGqD a&mufvmw,f? a,bl,stm;jzifh EkdifiHa&; tusOf;
om;awG&JΠaxmif0ifpmypPnf;awGudk axmif0g'gawGurckd;&J/ rdkufa=u;rcGJ&JbJ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG &JΠaxmif0ifpmypPnf;awGudkawmh
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txufrmS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG ae&xdik &f yHk a&;jywm[m tck e0w/ etzacwf axmifwiG ;f tajctaeawGeŒJ ESKd if;,SOf =unfŒzdŒk
a&;wmjzpfwt hJ jyif a&SŒrSma&;rhJ tjzpftysuaf wGeŒJ tenf;eJŒtrsm; qufpyfaevdŒk vJ jzpfygw,f? ppftpd;k &tquf quf[m Ekid if H a&;tusO;f
om; qdkwJhowfrSwfcsufudk y,fzsufypfzdkŒ awmufav#muf óud;pm;tm;xkwfcJhwm jzpfw,f? t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfeJ‹ OD;Ek (zqyv) acwfawG
wkef;u&SdcJhwJh bDuvyf/ pDuvyf tusOf;om;tqifh owfrSwfcsufawGudk rqv ppftpdk;& wufpu y,fzsufcJh+yD;ayrJh 'gavmufeJΠrauseyf
ao;ygbl;? &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGeJΠvHk;0 wwef;wpm;xJ jzpfoGm;atmif t_rJ =uHpnf vHk;yrf;aewmjzpfw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG
pdwf"gwft& OD;usdK;oGm;+yD;cE<mudk,ft& vHk;yg;yg; csdeJŒoGm;atmif t+rJ&nf&G,f vkyfaqmifaewm jzpfw,f? 'gha=umifh usaemfwdkŒ[m t"du
tm;jzifh 'Dt=uHtpnfudk wdkufzsuf±dkufcsdK;a&; tajccHeJŒ axmif wGif;wdkufyGJawG qifEGJcJh&w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&&if 'DrSwfwrf;[m
1974 ckuae 1980 cktxd ,rrif;O,sOfawmfxJu txl; {nfhcHazsmfajzyGJawG/ odkŒr[kwf ,rrif;eJŒpD;csif;xdk;yGJawG ta=umif;yJ jzpfygw,f?

4? jzpf&yf 75

1975 ck *sLvdkifvv,frSmtif;pdefaxmifr}uD;taqmif 3/ 4 eJΠ5 u touf 20 atmufausmif;om;vli,fawGudk a&G;ac: xkwf

+yD; wGJbufaxmifudk ydkŒvdkufygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG[m 75 *|ef a&$wd*Hkta&;tcif;rSm zrf;qD;axmifcscH&wmjzpf+yD; t a&twGuf
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armifarmifjrifh/ rsdK;jrifh/ jrifhoef;/ rsdK;vGif (ABSDF rSjynfyxGuf)/ rif;atmif (ac: ) *dk&S,fav;/ armif=unf wdkŒ[m ti,fqHk; ausmif;om;
awGjzpfw,f? 8 wef;ausmif;om; ta,muf 40 eD;yg;eJh usefwm & wef;/ 9 wef;eJΠ10 wef; ausmif; om;awG jzpfygw,f? touf 18 ESpf
rjynfah o;wm trsm;pkjzpf+_ yD; 16 ESpf rjynfah o;wm w0ufe;D yg;&Sw d ,f? wuUov kd /f aumvdyf ausmif;om;awGuawmh 10 a,mufrjynfyh gb;l ?
14 ESpo f m; 6 wef;ausmif;om; tygt0if 16 ESpf rjynfah o;wJh ausmif;om;av; awGuv kd J tenf;qH;k axmif'%f av;ESpcf s+yD;tif;pdeaf xmifxJ
xnfx h m;wmjzpfw,f?
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av;awG wGb J ufaxmif a&mufprSmawmh axmiftm%mydik af wGu 'Dvrkd ed Œf cGe;f a¹cGygw,f? “rif;wdŒk [m tck'aD e&mrSm ausmif;om;r[kwb f ;l ?
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(pufr_wuUodkvf/ rHk&Gm=qm;vif;}uD;)/ udkjrifhatmif=unf ac: armif ajr0g (pufr_wuUodkvf/ wefŒqnf)/ udkoef;Ekdif (aumifpDpma&;/ &efukef
1989 rS ,aeŒxd etz axmifusaeqJ yk*Hoef;Ekdif) tp&dSolawG tJ'Dae‹rSmyJ wdkufuvGwf+yD;wGJbufaxmifa&mufvm=uvdkŒ qENjyyGJ
&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;taqmifxJ jyef0if=uw,f? wGJbufaxmif -o*kwf Strike awGa=umifh &vmwJh tcGifhta&;awGvJ wckrS t&kyfodrf;rcH&yg?
wdu k yf w
d cf &H wJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wGae&mrSm ud, k pf m;vS,o f pfawG xyfa&G;aumuf=uw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m rdrw d Œkd ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rdrw d Œkd a&G;+yD;ud, fk yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;pepfwck axmifxu J sio
hf ;kH aewmudk tm%mydik af wGu rwwfombJ cGiðhf yxm; &w,f? wu,fw h u,fawmh
axmifx;kH pHt& tusO;f om;tcsi;f csi;f tkycf sKyfzŒdk tcef;vl}uD;/ wef;pD;/ Ag,m/ bkwu f ikd af wGukd axmif tm%mydik af wGuom a&G;cs,cf efŒtyf
wm0efay;±dk;jzpfayrJŒ tckawmh tJovdkvkyfvdkŒr& jzpfaew,f?
wdkufydwfcH&wJh 11 a,muf[m 6 wdkufeJΠ4 wdkufrSm 3 veD;yg;wdkuf ydwfcH&+yD;aemuf 8 a,mufu tif;pdefaxmifr}uD; 3
aqmifuakd &mufomG ;w,f? ukcd ifarmifvif;/ udpk ;kd 0if;eJŒ udo k ef;Ekid w f Œkd uawmh aemufxyf3vausmrf S wdu k uf vGw+f yD;3 aqmifa&muf oGm;w,f?
wa,mufrS wGJbufaxmifjyefrydk‹yg?
75 -o*kwf wGb J ufaxmifwu kd yf aJG wG&ŒJ atmifjrifrt _ &Sed t f [keaf =umifh tif;pdeaf xmifr}uD; 3 aqmifrmS a&m wGb J uf axmifrmS yg
ausmif;om;awGtygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG/ avhvma&;awG vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJΠyHkrSef vkyfEkdif=uw,f?
t*Fvdyfpm avhvma&;vJ tawmfvkyf=uw,f? 'ghtjyif opfom;/ yvyfpwpf (oGm;wkdufwHvufudkif±dk;)/ ydkufqH taºuGaphawGeJŒ
yef;yk&kyfvkyfwm/ wHqdyfawG/ 'DZdkif;awGvkyfwm/ óud;ykwD;vkyfwm pwJh axmifwGif;vufr_ynmawGvJ avhvm oif,l+yD;cGyfa'gif;&kyf/
i_ rd ;f csr;f a&;*sKd ;iSu&f yk /f bk&m;&kypf wmawG 'DZikd ;f trsKd ;rsKd ; xGi;f xkvyk +f yD;rdbaqGrsKd ;awGqD trSww f &jyefyŒkd =u w,f? wcsKd ŒvJ 0goemtavsmufeŒJ
pm;a&;aomuf a &; yd k t qif a jyzd k ΠoD ; ES H a wG p d k u f = uw,f ? tm;upm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ a wG / ud k , f c H y nm oif w ef ; awG v k y f = uw,f ?
axmif0ifpmxnfhay;vmwJh yvyfpwpftdwfawGtm;vHk; pkpnf;aq;a=um+yD;0g'gawGuwqifh tjyifu yvyfpwpf0,form;xH jyefa&mif;/
&wJ h a iG e J ΠabmvH k ; / jcif ; vH k ; / abmf v D a bmwd k Π0,f u pm;=uw,f ? wcgw&H r S m vJ 0g'grd o m;pk a wG vma&mif ; wJ h rk e f ΠawG /
ta=umfawG0,f+yD;tm;vHk;0dkif;pm;=uw,f? vufa&;uAsmpmtkyfawG/ r*~Zif;awGxkwf+yD;vSnfhzwf=uw,f? EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfawG tygt0if
pmtkyfpmwrf;trsdK;rsdK;vJ oGif;EdkfifcJhw,f?
axmifxJrSm t"duxm; vkyfwmwcku aeŒ}uD;&uf}uD; tcrf;tem;awGygbJ? txl;ojzifh ppftm%m&SifawG vufcsuf a=umifh
jynfolawG aoG;ajruscJh&wJh &ufawGudk txdrf;trSwf rysufruGufvkyf=uw,f? tJ'DaeŒ&ufawGuawmh (1962) *sLvdkif 7 &uf/ (1967) -
o*kwf 13 &uf ppfawGqefvkyGJ ('Dtxdrf;trSwfu a&$wd*Hkta&;tcif;rSm tHkeJŒusif;eJŒ yg0ifqifE$J+yD;tzrf;cH&wJh &cdkif ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
rdwfqufay;r_uae usefwJhausmif;om;awG odvm+yD;txdrf;trSwf vkyfwmjzpfw,f)/ (1950) -o*kwf 12 &uf apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;wJh&uf
('D&ufuawmh 1976 ckxrJ mS KNU u q&mapmatmfvif;'kd (ynma&;wuUov kd /f ,ck -opa-w;vs) axmifxaJ &muf vmawmh ausmif;om;awG
u&ifhawmfvSefordkif;odvm+yD;txdrf;trSwfvkyfwmjzpfw,f)/ (1974) *|ef 6 &uf tvkyform;owfyGJ/ (1974) 'DZifbm 11 &uf
OD;oefŒta&;tcif; ausmif;om;=jynfolowfyGJwdkŒudk t"duvkyf=uw,f? 'ghjyif (1968) pufwifbm 24 &uf ocifoef;xGef; usqHk;wJhaeŒ/
1975 rwf v 15 &uf ocif Z if = ocif c spf usqH k ; wJ h a eŒawG v J txd r f ; trS w f ð y=uw,f ? t"d u tm;jzif h ppf t m%m&S i f a wG & J Œ
&ufpuf,kwfrmr_udktjrJowd&+yD;emusnf;pdwfxufoefaeatmif tJovdk aeŒrsdk;awG txdrf;trSwfvkyfwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh ZEM0g&D 4
&uf vGwv f yfa&;aeŒ/ azaz:0g&D 12 &uf jynfaxmifpak eŒ/ rwf 27 &uf awmfveS af &;aeŒ/ Zlvikd f 19 &uf tmZmenfaeŒawGawmh axmifxrJ mS
ausmif;om;awG tcrf;tem; vkyaf vhvyk x f r&Syd g? txdr;f trSwv f yk &f mrSmawmh tajctaeay;&ifay;ovdk tvHtav;ðywm/ usq;kH olawGukd
tav;ðywm/ wkdufyGJ0ifoDcsif;qdkwm/ uAsm&GwfwmawGvkyf=u+yD;ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m w&uf/ odkŒr[kwf weyf xrif;rpm;bJ
aewmrsdK;vJvkyf=uw,f? axmifxJrSm udk,fu txufpD;&aecsdefrSmawmh tcrf;tem;awGudk ajAmifay:wif}uD;vkyf+yD;cGyfa'gif;tvH/
wl w H Z if t vH a wG a xmif / ausmif ; om;or*~ o D c sif ; / tif w mae&S i f e ,f o D c sif ; awG tptqH k ; atmf q d k = u/ tvS n f h u suAsm&G w f /
awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;awG tvSnfh usqdk eJΠwu,fh vGwfajrmufa'ovdkvdk vkyfwmjzpfw,f? axmifxJrSm udk,fcHae&wJhtcsdefrsdK;usawmh
'DvdkaeŒ}uD;&uf}uD;awGudk v#dKŒ0SufodkodyfpGmeJŒ ±dkufESufcH/ wdkufydwfcH pGef‹pm;vkyf=u&w,f?
vuf0Jausmif;om;awGeJΠvuf0J EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGuawmh apmapmuajymwJh &ufawGtjyif rwfv 28 &uf Auy
awmfvSefa&;aeŒ/ -o*kwf 15 &uf Auy arG;aeŒ/ ar 1 &uf urBmhtvkyform;aeŒ/ Ekd0ifbm 7 &uf r[matmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;
aeŒawGvJ tcrf;tem; vkyf=uw,f? tJ'DumvawGwkef;u ArmjynfrSm rqv uvGJ+yD;w&m;0ifygwDpHkpepf r&Sdao;bJ rqv
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd cdik cf ikd rf mrm pGpJ jJG rJjrJ/ tm;aumif;aumif;eJŒ qefŒusiw f u kd af ewm Auy wzGŒJ bJ&adS eawmh obm0uspmG bJ ausmif;om;awG
tygt0if Ekid if aH &;wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;ol trsm;pk[m vuf0, J rd ;f =uwm/ 'grrS [kwf axmifxaJ &mu+yD;aemuf vuf0J ,dr;f oGm;wm rqef;ygb;l ?
'ga=umifh uGefjrLepf/ ºuGufpkwfeJŒ ‘nif;oD; zdk;bD;,m; (Phobia) &SdwJhpdwfa0'em&SifawG tJ'DtcsdefwHk;u om axmifxJa&mufvm&if
oGufoGufcgatmif &l;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? axmifxJrSm ºuGufpkwfºuGufyJhawGuvJ bmaygovJrar;eJŒ? ‘nif;oD;vdk teHŒqdk;wJh *sydk;awGuvJ
rsm;rSrsm;?
ausmif;om;awG/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG wefc;kd xGm;aecsed q f &dk if tkwef ±H KH 4 buf=um;/ oHwikd af wG&ŒJ aemuf a&mufaewm uvGv J Œkd
wjcm;Ekid if aH &;udpaP wG vkycf siw f mvkyv f Œkd &w,f? txufwae&mrSm ajymcJo h vdk axmifjyify ppftpd;k & tkycf sKyf&ma'orSm vkycf iG rhf &wmawG
axmif x J r S m vk y f v d k Π&w,f ? tJ o vk d tajctaersd K ;rS m qd k & if axmif 0 g'g/ axmif r S L ;awG u vJ ausmif ; om;awG tygt0if
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd &d&k u kd sKd ;usKd ;qufqw H ,f? pma&;cGirhf &Sw d hJ axmifxrJ mS pmapmifpmwrf;awG a&;jzefŒaewm od vJ bmrSrajym=ubl;?
axmifxHk;pHt& wvm}uD;/ wvmav; pDvdkŒ awGŒoGm;vJ e0w=etz acwfvdk &kHk;wif+yD;axmifxyfcs ESpf xyfwdk;wmr&Sdyg? tusOf;axmif&JŒ
taqmuftOD/ ypPn;f ud&, d mawG zsuq f ;D aewmawGŒvJ rsuEf mS v$o J mG ;w,f? ausmif;om;awG uvJ &efoŒl ypPn;f qdk tcGit hf a&;&&if&ovdk
zsufqD;&r,f? &efolŒypPnf; rsm;rsm;ysufqD;av aumif;av qdkwJhcH,lcsuf xm;=u w,f? axmifpnf;urf;eJŒqefŒusifwJh u&maw;oifwef;/
odik ;f / vufa0SŒ oifwef;awG ay;wmawGŒvJ tm%mydik af wGu bmrSrajym =uawmhb;l ? &efoŒl pnf;urf;udk wwfEidk o f avmuf csKd ;azmuf&r,f
qdkwJhcH,lcsufudkvJ ausmif;om;awG cH,l=uw,f? usef;rma&; eJeJraumif;vdkufeJŒ/ neufoef;acgif 0g'gudktoHukefatmfac: +yD;aq;rSL;
ta=umif ; =um;cd k i f ; w,f / aq;&H k w uf c G i f h awmif ; w,f ? Ek d Œ pm;/ qef ð ywf p m; r&&atmif awmif ; w,f ? 'gayrJ h axmif & J Œ
aq;ukoapmifha&Smufr_pepfeJΠt&nftcsif; tifrwef nHhzsif; pkwfcsmwma=umifh axmifxJrSm usef;rma&;jy\em[m tjrJwrf;yJ ylnHylnH
0l;0g;0l;0g;eJΠ+yD;ae&w,f?
1975 ck tukefydkif;avmufrSm ausmif;om;av;rsm;aewJh wGJbufaxmif 2 aqmifrSm yxrqHk;udk,fpm;vS,f 4 a,muf
wd k u f y d w f c H & +yD ; aemuf x yf a &G ; aumuf wif a jr‡ m uf x m;wJ h ausmif ; om;ud k , f p m;vS , f 10 a,muf u d k axmif t m%myd k i f a wG u
aqG;aEG;p&m&Sdw,fvdk‹ajym ac:xkwfoGm;+yD;aemuf axmifr}uD;rSm 6 wdkufydwfvdkufw,f? tJ'D ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m 2
aqmifrSm&SdwJh touf 20 atmufausmif;om;av;awGudk aumif;aumif; pnf;±kH;tkyfcsKyffEdkif+yD;ausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ tcGifht a&;awG
tjynfht0&atmif OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;aewmjzpfvdkΠausmif;om;av;awGay: -oZm}uD;wJhtwGuf tm%mydkifawG rsufpdqHyif ar$;pl;p&m
jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh olwdkŒr&dS&if ausmif;om;av;awG _idrfvdrfhr,fvdkŒwGuf+yD;wdkufydwfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? tJ'D udk,f pm;vS,f 10
a,mufuawmh 1? udkapmEkdif (pufr_wuUodkvf/ rmefatmif/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;)/ 2? udkatmifoef;jrifh (pD;yGm;a&; wuUodkvf/ awmifOuUvm/
,ck uvvw)/ 3? udk0if;aqG (txuausmif;om;/ yg&rD/ ,ck a&$vD)/ 4? udkrdk;jrifh (txuausmif; om;/ 8 av;vHk;aemufydkif;
jynfolŒwdk;wufa&;ygwD)/ 5? udkcifaZmfvif; (tvuausmif;om;/ AuyodkŒawmcdkusqHk;/ q&marmif aomfu.wl)/ 6? udkwifa&$ (ac: )
qrfqef (,ck ABSDF=vlŒabmifopf/ tar&duefEdkifiH)/ 7? udkvlarmf (txuausmif;om;/ abmufaxmf)/ 8? udkausmfxl; (tvuausmif;om;/
prf;acsmif;)/ 9? udpk EH k (t&yfom;/ &cdik t f rsKd ;om;)/ 10? udak rmif0if; (txu ausmif;om;) wdŒk jzpf+yD;tm;vH;k a&$w*d t kH a&;tcif;u jzpfygw,f?
2 aqmifu ausmif;om;awG[m rdrdwdkŒ&JŒ ‘kwd,ajrmuf udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk wdkufydwfvdkufjyef+yDqdkwm od&wJhtcg tifrwef
rcHr&yfEkdifjzpf+yD;taqmif0if;xJrSm atmf[pfqENjy=uw,f? naetaqmifydwfcsdefrSm taqmifxJ jyefr0ifbJae=uvdkΠtajctaeawG
wif;rmvmw,f? tm%mydkifawGu axmifOya't& taqmifxJjyefr0if&if ypfr,fqdk+yD;axmifAl;ay:u ppfwyfudk 2 aqmifbuf *sDzdk;/
*sDo&D;awGeJΠtoifhcsdefxm;cdkif;w,f? ausmif;om;av;awGxJu 8 wef;ausmif;om; udkrif;atmif (ac: ) *dk&S,fav; (awmifOuUvm) [m
tuFs=D u,fo;D awGðzkwf &ifziG +hf yD;axmifA;l 0bufvn S hf &ifaumh&if; “rif;wdŒk owW&d &dS if ypfvu kd uf ”G vdŒk atmf[pfped af c:cJwh ,f? aemufq;kH rSmawmh
1 aqmifu ausmif;om;}uD;awG vma&mufajzmif;zs+yD;wif;rmr_avsmhoGm;atmif vkyfay;Ekdif cJhw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGvJ taqmifxJ
jyef0if=uw,f?
aemufwaeŒreufrSm udk,fpm;vS,fawG wdkufydwfcH&wJht=umif;[m xGufa&SmawGc|efvdkŒ qdk+yD;ausmif;om;av;awGu
xGufa&Smtkyfpkudk 0dkif;xdk;=uvdkΠtm%mydkifawGu xGufa&Smtkyfpkudk 2 aqmifrSmrxm;bJ wGJbufaxmifxJrSmyJ taqmifajymif;
xm;ay;vdkufw,f?
1 aqmifu ausmif;om;}uD;awG aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;2 aqmifausmif;om;av;awG tpGef;ra&mufapzdkŒeJŒ tm%mydkifawG&JŒ
axmifacsmufxJ rusa&mufapzdkŒ ausmif;om;}uD;wcsdKŒ 2 aqmif ajymif;ae+yD;xdef;zdkŒpOf;pm;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh axmiftm%mydkif awGudk
wifjywJhtcg olwdkŒuvJoabmwlvdkŒ 1 aqmifu ausmif;om;}uD;wcsdKŒ 2 aqmifajymif;/ 2 aqmifu ausmif;om;av; wcsdKŒ 1
aqmifajymif;+yD;a&mar$vdkufw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;om;av;awGtwGuf EkdifiHa&;t& ydkaumif;wJhtajctae &vmcJh w,f?
wd k u f y d w f c H & wJ h ud k , f p m;vS , f a usmif ; om; 10 a,muf u d k 6 wd k u f y d w f v d k u +yD ; rS wcef ; eJ Πwcef ;
vS r f ; pum;ajymvd k Œ qd k + yD ; tm;vH k ; ud k x k w f ± d k u f w ,f ? ausmif ; om;wa,muf j zpf w J h ud k 0 if ; aqG u “xl ; ...rjcm;em;”
vd‹k ocD si;f atmfq f v kd u
kd w
f mudk oDcsi;f qdv k Œkd / pum;ajymvdŒk qd+k y;D xkw±f u
kd wf mjzpfygw,f? wdu k w f m0efctH jzpf wGb
J ufxm;wJh ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u
wyf=uyf}uD;tqifh&Sd odef;jrdKif OD;pD;+yD;axmif0g'gawG/ tjym0wfawGeJŒ 0dkif;0ef;±dkufESuf xdk;}udwf=uwmjzpfw,f? “'gaxmifuG/
rif;tarviftrd rf [kwb f ;l / rif;wdŒk tm;vH;k udok w+yD;rS igóud;pifwufr,fu”G vdŒk &l;a=umifr;l a=umifvJ ajymvdu k af o;w,f? t±du k cf %em;pOf
ausmif;om;av; 10 a,muf[m apmiftyk x f m;&ufeŒJ aqmifah =umifx h ikd af e&if; olwŒkd xJuwa,mufjzpfwhJ udak usmx f ;l u a&SŒbufajr}uD;ay:
rdrw
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f hJ om;a&jym;rSm “pdeAf v kd w
f if”h vkŒd pmvH;k xGi;f xm;wm awGŒ&w,f? tJ'o D m;a&jym;udt
k omqG,J +l yD;apmifc_ KH awGatmufuae
wa,mu+yD;wa,muf vufqifhurf;=unfh=uw,f? twefi,f=umwJhtcgrSmawmh 0g'gawG[m om;a&jym;aysmufvdkΠylnHylnH
awGjzpf+yD;ausmif;om; 10 a,mufvHk; apmif_cHKawG zGifh&SmwJhtcg om;a&jym; jyefawGŒoGm;vdkŒ om;a&jym; cdk;zGufxm;&rvm;
qdk+yD;xyf±dkufjyefw,f? (wdkufrSm&SdwJh om;a&jym;awGrSm “pdefAdkvfwifh” tjyif “pdefpwif;/” “wdkŒvdyf}uD;vufoH” eJŒ “emAdk*sif”
vdkŒemr,fay;xm;wJh om;a&jym;awGvJ &Sdao;w,f)?
a&mufcgp&ufyikd ;f rSm wae‹o;kH cgavmuf xkw±f u kd f od‹k r[kwf 0if±u kd cf &H w,f// ausmif;om;av; 10 a,muf[m 6 wdu k f ydwcf aH e&pOf
6 wdkufrsufESm=uufawGcGm+yD;wcef;eJŒwcef; cdk;oGm;/ axmif0ifpm &duQmypPnf;awG a0r#pm; vkyf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh 6 wdkufuxGufwJhtxd
'Dvdk wcef;eJŒwcef ; ul ;oef ;aewmud k 0g'awG r od v d k u f = uygbl ; ? 'D 10 a,muf u d k 6 wd k u f rS m 10 &uf a vmuf 4 wd k uf r S m
aemufxyfwvavmufxm;+yD;rS axmifr}uD; 3 aqmifudk ykdŒvdkufw,f?

5? jzpf&yf 76

1975 ck -o*kwfvup+yD;axmifwGif;ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_/ wufºuGjywfom;r_wdkŒeJŒ yHkpHudkiftvkyfcdkif;

u|efZmwfoGif;a&; pDrHudef;udk &kdufcsdK;vdkufEdki+yD;wJhaemuf ausmif;om;awG[m wGJbufaxmifeJŒ tif;pdefaxmifr}uD; 3 aqmifwdkŒrSm
acgi;f armh&ifaumh+yD;Edik if aH &;*k%o f u
d mQ jrifjh rifrh m;rm;eJŒ rif;rlaecJ=h uwm 1976 ck rwfvtxd jzpfygw,f? tm%mydik af wG[m rwwfomvdŒk
vufav#mhvdkuf&ayrJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; tqifhtwef;zsufodrf;a&;ukd tjrJ=uHpnfaew,f? EkdkifiHa&; tusOf;om; awG pdwf"mwfft&
OD;usdK;oGm;+yD;&kyfcE<mt& c|wf_cHKusoGm;atmif tjrJpOf;pm; &nfrSef;aew,f?
1976 ck rwfvrSm r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif;jzpf+yD;tif;pdefaxmifxJudk ausmif;om;awG wzGJzGJ0ifa&mufvmjyefw,f? axmifxJrSm
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tckwacguf axmiftm%mydkifawG&JŒ ajcvSrf;u ausmif;om;awG&JŒ tm;enf;csufwckudk tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwfzkdŒ
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tJ'DtcsdefwHk;u wGJbufaxmifxJ&Sd ausmif;om;awGxJ EkdifiHa&;avmurSm jzpfavhjzpfx&SdwJhtwdkif; EkdifiHa&;t,ltq taoG; ta&mif
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tJovdkeJΠ1976 ck rwfvukefydkif; nwn tm;vHk;tdyfaysmfaepOf tenf;pkausmif;om;awGu trsm;pkausmif;om; awGudk
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ausmif ; om;wcsd K Œ aow,f q d k w J h o wif ; awG wtm;ysH Œ ES H ‹ oG m ;cJ Œ w,f ? 3 aqmif r S m usef w J h ausmif ; om;awG e J Œ wd k u f awG u
ausmif;om;awG=um;xJ {+yD 11 wdu k yf rJG mS ausmif;om; 4 a,mufusw,fvŒkd owif;awGjzpfae+yD;usq;kH ausmif;om;awGukd *k%ðf yoDcsi;f pyfzŒkd
tcsut f vufawG pkaqmif;jyifqifwmawmif vkycf =hJ uao;w,f? tjyifu rdbaqGrsKd ;awGuvJ qGr;f oGwf &rvm;/ roGw&f bl;vm; a0cGrJ &eJŒ
aomuawGygG ; tylr;D awGcpH m;aecJŒ&w,f? 3 v=umvdŒk axmif0ifpm jyefawGŒcGi&hf rS owif;rSef udk axmifwiG ;f axmifjyifu odomG ;=uw,f?
axmif0ifpm jyefawGŒ&wJhtcg 'D 3 vtwGif; tjyifutarawG ododomom=uD; ydef_cHK;usoGm;wm awGŒvdkuf&w,f?
{+yD 11 wdkufyGJjzp+yD;aemuf ppfacG;wdkufa&mufausmif;om;awG[m axmifqlylr_eJŒ w&m;±Hk;wif+yD;axmifxyfcsrSmudk ar#mf
vifhwGufqxm;cJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh vufawGŒrSmawmh w&m;±Hk;wif axmifxyfcswm r&SdcJŒygbl;? rqv acwfrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; awG
axmifwGif;Oya' csdK;azgufvdkŒqdk+yD;±Hk;wif axmifxyfcswm tifrwef&Sm;ygw,f? axmifxJrSm EdkifiHa&;pmapmifawG a&;om; xkwfa0wm
awGŒayrJhvJ wcgrS ±Hk;wifaxmifcswmr&Sdyg? tvGefqHk; 6 wdkufydwf ±dkufESufwmyJ rsm;ygw,f? oHa_cusif;cwfwm/ a'guf cwfwmawGvJ
tawmfeJygw,f? axmifus+yD;om; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;udk aemuftr_twGuf ±Hk;xkwf&mrSmawmh oHa_cusif;cwf wwfygw,f?
axmifajymif;ypfwmvJ &Sm;ygw,f?
ppfacG;wdkufrSm&SdaepOf 75 a&$wd*Hkta&;tcif;u udkA[def;atmif (pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf/ pma&;q&m Aef;armfwifatmif . om;)
u “a'gif;wrmef” oDcsif;udka&;pyfcJhw,f? “_idrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJ” pD;&D;acGrSm udkrGef;atmif jyefqdkxm;wJh oDcsif;jzpfygw,f? rlv pyfwkef;u
pmom; tawmf&Snfygw,f? udkrGef;atmifu tJ'DoDcsif;&JŒoHòydiftydk'fudkom jyefqdkxm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'gŒtjyif EdkifiHa&; rygbJ
tusOf;om;wa,muf&JŒ tdrfvGrf;pdwf tdyfrufeJŒ vufawGŒb0udk ,SOfjyxm;wJh “ajreDvrf;uav;” qdkwJh aumfyDoDcsif; wyk'fvJ
pyfcahJ o;w,f?
1976 {+yD 11 &uf axmifwiG ;f t=urf;zufcck aH &;wdu k yf [JG m Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG=um;rSmvJ *,uftrsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfay:ap cJw h ,f?
“'g[m “e&SifaygufpynmwwfawG&JŒ qifuef;awmwdk; rdkuf&l;&Jvkyf&yf” “ausmif;om;awG&JŒ a'goaygufuGJr_” vdkŒwHqdyf uyf
&SKwfcswmawG&Sdw,f? “axmifwGif;wdkufyGJrSm t=urf;rzufoifh/ _idrf;csrf;wJhenf;eJŒom wdkuf&r,f/ t=urf;zufwm[m a'go
ayguu f w JG mjzpfw,f/ a'goayguu f w JG m[m rSeu f efww hJ u kd yf JG rjzpfapbl;” vdŒk -o0g'ay;olawGv&J w dS ,f? wcsKd Œuawmh “cifAsm; wdŒk vkyw f m
odyrf eS w f ,f/ rmufpaf jymwJh (Violent t S ruggel ) t=urf;zufwu kd yf JG qdw k m tJ'gb”J vdŒk tm;&yg;& tm;ay;=uw,f? “tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;u
zd E S d y f o l v l w ef ; pm;ud k wd k u f z d k Πaemuf q H k ; tm;ud k ; &m enf ; vrf ; jzpf w J h Viol e nce (t=urf ; ywrf ; enf ; ) qd k w m
tJovdkta_ctaersdK;yJ”vdkŒoabmw&m;t& oHk;oyfed*Hk;csKyfjyw,f? “t=urf;zufa&; rzufa&;qdkwJh wdkufyGJo%Wef[m &efolu
owfrSwfjyXmef;wm jzpfw,f? tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;bufu udk,fhpdwf=udKuf a&G;cs,fEdkifwm r[kwfbl;? zdESdyfolvlwef;pm; ay;vmwJh
tcif;tusif;twdkif; udk,fhwdkufyGJo¿mefu vdkufeif;&wmjzpfw,f” vdkŒ {+yDwdkufyGJ axmufcHolawGu oifcef;pmxkwfjy=uw,f?
wcsKd Œuawmh “axmifqw kd m ppfajrjyifr[kwb f ;l / Edik if aH &;oifwef;ausmif; omjzpfw,f? ocifoef;xGe;f wdŒk / ocifEw k Œkd [m axmifukd
EdkifiHa&;oifwef; ay;p&mae&mtjzpfyJ oabmxm; usifhoHk;cJh=uw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifwGif;wdkufyGJawG/ txl;ojzifh t=urf;zufwdkufyGJawG
rvkyfoifhbl;” vdkŒvSnfŒajym=uw,f? wbufu acsyolawGuvJ “axmif[m EdkifiHa&;oifwef;ausmif; qdkwmrSefw,f? 'gayrJh
acwfrSDoifwef;ausmif;qdkwm oabmw&m;oufouf oifwmr[kwfbl;? EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;eJŒ vuf awGŒwdkufyGJ aygif;py+yD;oifrS
wu,fhoifwef;ausmif;ppfppfjzpfrSm” vdkŒjyefacsy=uw,f? wcsdKŒu “JS eJŒ AS rSm AS u t"du jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifxJrSm JS (Jail Strike)
axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf JG vky+f y;D ud,
k Œf tiftm; tvum;xdcu kd f ðyef;wD;rcHoifb h ;l ? axmifuvGwaf wmhrS AS (Armed t S ruggel ) vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;
vkyzf Œkd t"du&nf&, G cf suf xm;+yD;axmifxaJ eoGm;& r,f” vdŒk qifac_ ay;olawGv&J w dS ,f? “AS twGuv f tkd yfwhJ pnf;±H;k jyifqifrt _ awGŒtñuH/
pdwf"mwffavhusifha&; tawGŒtñuH eJŒ wdkufyGJtawGŒtñuH awGudk JS awGxJrSm pkaqmif;avŒusifhoGm;&r,f” vdkŒaxmufcHolawGu
jyefvSefacsy=uw,f? JS rvkyfbJ AS twGuft"du&nf&G,f+yD;udk,fhudk,fudk,f xdef;odrf;arG;jrL&r,fvdkΠajymolawG[m axmifxJaepOfumv
wav#mufvHk; axmif wGif;wdkufyGJawG wckrS ryg0ifcJŒbJ udk,fhwOD;csif;taeacsmifa&;/ av#mh&ufrsm;rsm;&a&;udkom vHk;yef;cJh=uovdk
axmifjyifa&muf awmhvJ b,f AS rSoGm;wmrawGŒ&ygbl;? NLD odkŒr[kwf w_cm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGxJ0if+yD;òrdŒay:Oya'wGif;v_yf&Sm;r_xJ ygwm
awmif rawGŒ&ygbl;? udk,fusdK;rpGefŒ&J/ &efoludkta=umuf=uD;vdkŒ zwfzl;rSwfzl;or#udk toHk;csqifajcay;wm oufoufjzpfygw,f?
ausmif;om;awGuawmh rmufpf &JŒ t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;udkvJ rzwfzl;ygbl;? t”rRtiftm; oDtdk&D vdkŒac:wJh
Force Theory udkvJr=um;zl;ygbl;? JS – AS jy\emawGvJ rodygbl;? olwdkŒodwmuawmh ppftm%m&SifawGudk b,fae&ma&mufa&muf
‘l;raxmufbl;qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
wckxl;_cm;wmu {+yD 11 eJŒywfouf+yD;qefŒusifbufavoHawG[m ausmif;om;r[kwfwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; t0ef; t0dkif;u
xGufay:vmwmrsm;+yD;ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;vdkvdkuawmh {+yD wdkufyGJudk axmufcH=u *k%f,ltm;us=uygw,f? ausmif;om;r[kwfwJh
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; t0ef;t0dik ;f xJrmS vJ {+yw D u kd yf u
JG kd axmufc=H uolawGu rsm;ygw,f? ausmif;om;tm; vH;k vdv k u kd axmufc=H uw,fqakd yrJŒ
ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvJ taysmhtrm 'D*&DuGm_cm;r_=uD;=uD;rm;rm;&Sdwm/ trsdK;rsdK;&SdwmawG udk aemufydkif;rSm awGŒvm&ygw,f?
{+yD 11 wdkufyGJqefŒusifolawG[m wdkufyGJxJum,uHajrmuf yg0ifqifE$JcJhwJh ausmif;om;awG a&SŒrSmawmh wdkufyGJrSm; a=umif;
wcgrS awhawhqdkifqdkif rajym&=ubJ ab;rSmom q&m=uD;vkyf+yD;'Dcav;awGudk ynmay;&tHk;r,f/ wnfaqmufay;& tHk;r,f pojzifh
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; trsm;pk txif}u;D axmufcrH &_ atmif =uKd ;pm;aewmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;xk tygt 0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;xkeŒJ
uif;uGmoGm;+yD;wcsdKŒ[mqdk aemufydkif;rSm axmiftm%mydkifawG&JŒ tifaz:rm owif;ay;tqifhtxd av#musoGm;cJhw,f?
ppfacG;wdkufrSm 5 vavmuf=umawmh ausmif;om;w0ufavmufudk 3 aqmifjyefydkŒvdkufw,f? usefausmif;om;awGudk awmh
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1976 ckEpS f -o*kwf 10 eJŒ 11 &ufwŒkd rSm r_id ;f &mjynfh ausmif;om;awGukd ppfc±kH ;kH xkw/f tusO;f enf;eJŒppf+y;D axmif'%fawG pD&ifcŒJ w,f?
ausmif;om; 130 ausmf 5 ESpfrS 15 ESpftxd axmif'%fawGuscH&+yD;&efukef0dZPmody‘H ausmif;om; udkwifarmifOD; [m 1976 ck *|efvxJrSm
=udK;ay;owfccH ŒJ &w,f? ausmif;om;awG[m pD&ifcsucf st+yD;ppfc±kH ;kH uae tif;pdeaf xmifjyeftydŒk tcsKyfum; ay:rSm ausmif;om;or*~ocD si;f /
tifwmae&Sief ,focD si;f awG oHòydiq f +kd yD;jyefvŒkd axmifxjJ yefa&mufwt hJ cg wcsKd Œ wcgwnf; 6 wdu k f wef;ydwcf &H w,f? 6 wdu k yf w
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(pufr_wuUodkvf/ ,ck aw;a&; 0if;rif;axG;)/ udkoef;vif; (pufr_wuUodkvf) wdkŒyg0if=uw,f?
1976 ck ESpfv,favmufrSmbJ 74 ar=*|ef ta&;tcif; tvkyform;awGudk t&yfzufw&m;±Hk;wif tr_ppfwm+yD;oGm;vdkŒ
axmifcsvdkufw,f? axmifcs+yD;aemuf tvkyf=urf;vkyfcdkif;&mrSm tvkyform;awGu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGjzpfwJhtwGuf tvkyf
=urf;rvkyfEdkifbl;vdkΠ_iif;qefwma=umifh tm%mzDqefoltm;vHk;udk 6 wdkufydwfvdkufw,f? wdkfufxJrSm *efzvm; ray;bJxm;vdkΠtcif;=uD;
tcif;av;udk wdkuf=urf;cif; orHovif;ay:rSmyJ pGefŒ&w,f? &uf=umvmwJhtcg tcef;xJ wtm;eHapmfvm+yD;avmuf awGuvJ wcef;vHk;
azG;azG;v_yf w&G&GoGm;aew,f? 'ga=umifh ntdyf&if wa,mufwvSnfh uif;apmifh+yD;tdyfaeolawGay: avmufawG wufrvmatmif
wm;ay;&w,f? wcsKd Œtvkyo f rm;awGvJ rcHEikd af wmhbJ tvkyv f yk rf ,fvŒkd tm%mydik af wGuakd jym+yD;wdu k x f u
J jyefxu G o f mG ;w,f? OD;vSoed ;f
(ordkif;csnfpuf)/ OD;wifaiG (ordkif;csnfpuf)/ udk0if;xdef (qifrvdkufoabFmusif;/ ,ck a&$vD)/ udkausmfpdef (ordkif;csnfpuf) tygt0if
tvkyform;wcsdK‹yJ =uHh=uHhcHusefaewm wvavmuf=umrS axmiftm%mydkifawG bufu tav#mhay;+yD;wcsdK‹ 3 aqmif/ wcsdK‹ 4 wdkuf
ydkŒvdkufw,f? olwdkŒ[m 6 wdkufuxGufvm+yD;a&aumif;aumif;csdK;&/ qyfjym
aumif;aumif;wdkuf& wmawmif 15 &uf &uf 20 avmuftxd olwdkŒcE<mudk,fawGrSm teHŒawGpGJaew,f? 'gŒtjyif avmufudkuf xm;wJh
temawGuvJ yGaew,f? tJ'Dtwnf;up+yD;EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG=um;rSm “csD;wdkuf” ydwfw,fqdkwJh a0g[m&opf ay: vmw,f?
,cif&Sd&if;pGJ wdkuf=uD; (6) wdkuf/ wdkufopfeJŒ ppfacG;wdkufawGtjyif “csD;wdkuf” qdkwJh wdkuftrsdK;tpm;wck xyfwdk;vm ygw,f?
{+yD 11 &ufnu axmifydkif=uD;tqifh&Sd ruUem; ajymoGm;cJhwJhtwdkif; 1976 ckESpfxJ w_cm;axmifawGrSm axmifqlr_/
axmifxr_tqifah &mufwhJ axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf aJG wG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? rE aW v;axmif/ yJc;l axmif/ armfvjrKd ifaxmifwŒkd rSm axmifqrl a_ wG jzpfcw hJ ,fvŒkd
owif;=um;&ayrJŒ twnfðyowif;awmh r&cJŒyg? twnfðyowif;&wJh axmifxr_awGuawmh om,m0wDaxmif eJŒ o&ufaxmifawGrSm
jzpfcJhygw,f? om,m0wDaxmifxr_rSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJΠ&mZ0wftusOf;om;awG vufwGJwdkuf=u wm axmiftm%mydkifawGu
&efukefuaxmif0g'g tiftm;jznfh ppfulac:+yD;&uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zufjzdKcGJvdkŒ tusOf;om; tajrmuftjrm; ‘%f&mtjyif;txef
&cJh=uygw,f? axmifxr_udk acgif;aqmifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif; &mZ0wftusOf;om; 2 a,mufudkawmh 0g'gawGu ±dkufowfvdkufw,f?
0g'gawGxcd u kd rf r_ &Scd yhJ g?
o&ufaxmifxr_uawmht'J u D mv axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf aJG wGxrJ mS atmifjrifrt _ &Sq d ;kH tjzpf o&zlaqmif;cJw h ,f? rauG;òrdŒ rSm 1975
ck *sG e f v tvk y f o rm;ta&;tcif ; ES p f y wf v nf ausmif ; om;oyd w f a rS m uf r _ a =umif h o&uf a xmif r S m axmif u saewJ h rauG ;
aumvdyfausmif;om;awG acgif;aqmif+yD;w_cm;EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJŒ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGudkyg pnf;±Hk; waxmifvHk;udk
odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf w hJ ,f? axmif0g'gawGeŒJ axmifrLS ;wcsKd Œudk “g;pmcHawGtjzpf zrf;qD;xm;Edik cf w hJ ,f? 'ga=umifh axmiftm%mydik af wG[m rwwfombJ
tusOf;om;awG&JΠawmif;qdkcsuftm;vHk;vdkvdkudk vdkufavsm tav#mhay;cJh&w,f? 'DvdkeJΠaxmifxr_[m aoG;xGuf oH,dkrjzpfvdkufbJ
atmifjrifxajrmufomG ;cJw h ,f? xH;k pHtwdik ;f o&ufaxmifwu kd yf jJG zpf+yD;2 vavmuf t=umrSmawmh acgi;f aqmifcw hJ hJ udw
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tygt0if rauG;aumvdyf ausmif;om; 4 OD;/ &mZ0wftusOf;om;wOD;wdk‹udk rvdrfhwywfeJŒ ac:xkwf/ tif;pdefaxmifudkajymif; 4 wdkufrSm
wdkufydwfvdkuf+yD;w&m;±Hk;wif axmifxyfcsw,f? rqv ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm axmifus+yD;om; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG axmifxyfcs
ESpfwdk;cH&wmeJΠaxmifajymif;cH&wm 'DwcgbJ&Sdw,fvdkΠxifygw,f?
1976 ck ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ppfc±kH ;kH eJŒaxmifcsxm;wJh ausmif;om;awGtygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGudk csrw S xf m;wJh jypf ‘%ftay:
“jyifqifcsuf” wifzdkŒudpPay:vmw,f? ppfcHk±Hk;awG[m ±dk;±dk;t&yfzufw&m;±Hk;awGvdk t,lcHcGifhr&SdbJ jyifqifcsuf qdkwmyJ wifcGifh&Sdw,f?
ppfc±kH ;kH u pD&ifcsucf s+y;D prSmwcg jyifqifcsuw f ifcikd ;f cJ+h y;D tck ‘kw,
d t=urd f xyfwifcikd ;f wmjzpfw,f? tJ't D cg ausmif;om;awG=um;xJ jyifqifcsuf
wifoifh rwifoifh tjiif;tcHkawG ay:vmw,f? wcsdKŒu “jyifqifcsuf” qdkwm t,lcHudkyJ aemufxyfemrnfwrsdK;eJŒ ac:wmjzpfw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawGqD b,fawmhrS t,lcHrwifoifh/ toem;rcHoifhbl;vdkŒ cH,l=uw,f? wcsdKŒuawmh jyifqifcsufqdkwm t,lcHwdkŒ
toem;cHv$mwdkŒeJŒ Oya'a=umif;t& rwlbl;? 'ga=umifh Oya't&eJŒ EdkifiHa&;t& tjypfr&Sda=umif;/ rdrdwdkŒvkyf&yf rSefa=umif;
&Si;f vif;acsywmjzpfvŒkd wifoifw h ,fvŒkd ,lq=uw,f? 'Dvekd ŒJ ausmif;om; trsm; tjym;tygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; tawmfrsm;rsm;[m
jyifqifcsufwifbdkŒ jiif;qef=uw,f? 'DtcgrSm tm%mydkifawGu jyifqif csufrwifoltcsdKŒudk 6 wdkufydwfvdkufw,f? wywfausmfavmuf
6 wd k u f yd w +yD ; aemuf 4 wd k u f 5 wd k u f r S m quf y d w f x m;w,f ? ausmif ; om;tcsif ; csif ; =um;rS m awmh jyif q if c suf wif a &;
rwifa&;udpPa=umifhpdwf0rf;uGJwm/ wif;rmwmr&SdbJ wOD;csif; vGwfvyfr_vdkΠcH,lxm;=uw,f? jyifqifcsufwifwJh ausmif;om;awGa&m
rwif w J h a usmif ; om;awG y g axmif w G i f ; wd k u f y G J a wG r S m wav#muf v H k ; wuf w uf º uG º uG vuf w G J y g0if = uwmyJ j zpf w ,f ?
ausmifom;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; jyifqifcsurf wifayrJh 'Djyifqifcsuq f w kd mudk tusO;f om;ud, k w f ikd f wdu
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wifvJ&w,fqdkvdkŒ rwifwJhausmif;om;awG&JŒ rdbom;csif;awG tjyifu ae wif=uwmvJ&Sdw,f? wcsdKŒrdbawGvJ wifvdkŒ&rSef;
rodem;rvnfvŒkd / 'grrS [kwf rqufpyfwwfvŒkd / 'grrS [kwf wifukd rwifcsif vdŒk rwifw f mvJ&w dS ,f? 1978 ckxJ ausmif;om;wcsKd Œudk ppftpd;k &u
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ya&mfzuf&Sife,f awmfvSefa&;orm;tqifh a&mufatmif t&nf tcsif;t&a&m/ ta&twGuft&ygjr‡ifhwifzdkŒvdkw,f” qdkwJhpum;awGudk
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tultnD[m bufaygi;f pHk t=uyftwnf;qdu k af ewJh rqvppftpd;k &udk touf&alS ygu&f apcJ+h yD;ae0if; rqv twGuf pD;yGm;a&;t&omru
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tJ'gawGeŒJ qufpyf=unf&h if 1977 -o*kwv f axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf aJG wG cGucf u G v f efvefatmif ±_;H oGm;wm em;vnf,v l Œkd &Ekid yf gw,f?
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jyefacguo f mG ;=uw,f? olwŒkd u oD;jcm;vufurf;pmapmifawGxw k +f yD;ausmif; om;awGukd yHrk mS ;±du k pf nf;±H;k w,f? olwŒkd xkww f hJ pmapmifawGrmS
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tcif;eJŒ axmifxaJ &mufvmwJh qd&k , S ef yD suf &JabmfeaD tmifausm/f (uke;f vrf;o,f,yl Œdk aqmifa&;Xme) uvJ axmifx&J pdS Of owif;pmxJrmS
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7? jzpf&yf 78

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bJ tdro f mwufvŒkd tdro f mAm,muxd;k wm cH&w,f? xrif;pm;csed jf zpfvŒkd usew f ahJ usmif;om; awGvJ taqmiftjyifrmS &Sad ewmeJŒñuHawmh
tJ'DrSm ausmif;om;awGeJŒ &mZ0wfom;Ag,mawG/ wef;pD;awG xdk;=u/ ±dkuf =uw,f? 'DtcgrSm 0g'gawGu 0if±dkufwJhtcg ab;u=unfhaewJh
wjcm;&mZ0wftusOf;om;awGyg xdukef+yD;tukefvHk; ±_yf,Sufcwf &kef;&if; qefcwf jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysufaemufydkif;rSm &mZ0wf
aqmifa&mufausmif;om;awG tcGifhta&;enf;enf; wdk;&vmw,f? xrif;00pm;&/ a&00csdK;&+yD;tdrfomvGwfvyfpGmwufcGifh/ taqmif0if;
xJoGm;vmcGifhawG &vmw,f? ajrmif;jrbaqGwdkŒvdk ausmif;om;r[kwfol/ ausmif;om;tr_ r[kwfolawGawmif a&csdK;csdefrSm ausmif;om;
ausmif;om; vdkŒajym+yD;a&00 0ifcsdK;=uw,f?
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f mudo k m t"duxm; +yD;tvkyf
=urf;cdik ;f zdŒk udak wmh tm%mydik af wGu tajctaeapmif=h unfah eao;wJyh ykH gb?J ausmif;om;awG/ Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;awG yHpk u H ikd v
f Œkd awmfawmfu h kd
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0yfomG ;wJt h aetxm;udk ra&mufEidk b f jJ zpfaew,f? Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;wcsKd Œudak wmh bm,m/ bkwu f ikd /f aq;rSL;/ pma&; &mxl;awGay;cJah yrJh
1975 wGb J ufaxmifrmS vdk tcsi;f csi;f rjzpfraezdEydS n f O‡ ;f yrf;cdik ;f wmrsKd ;r&Sb d J tm%m ydik af wGtaeeJŒ txufukd pm&if;tjywifay;zdŒk twGub f J
jzpfyHk&ygw,f? vGwfwJhtxd tvkyf=urf;cdkif;wm r&SdcJhygbl;?
1978 ckEpS v f ,favmufrmS &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov kd f ausmif;om;wcsKd Œ oydwaf rSmufzŒkd óud;pm;&mu ratmifjrifbJ tzrf;cH&w,f?
'gth jyif Auy ,l*sw D csKd ŒeJŒ rqvygwn D v D mcHrmS ae0if;udk rJeŒJ ðzwfzŒkd =upH nfwhJ rqvygwD twGi;f a&;rSL;tzGŒJ *d% k ;f om;awGvJ 0ifvm=uw,f?
axmifxJa&muf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtay: xHk;pHjzpfoGm;+yD;jzpfwJh yHkpHtjynfht0 tudkifcH&w,f? 'g[m ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&JΠppfa=um
a&;umv ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_awGeJŒrqdkifwJh/ oD;jcm;jzpfwJh axmif&JŒyHkpHudkif ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_awG tjyif;txef xyfqifhcH&wm jzpfygw,f?
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wJh 'kuaQ wGñuH&wJt h cg a,mufsm;}uD;wefr/hJ ppfAv kd }f uD;wefrhJ id=k uwm awG awGŒ&w,f? tJ'gawGŒ&awmh ausmif;om;awG axmifxJ pa&muf
umpu ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGeJŒ axmiftm%mydkifawG 0ifhºuGm; }udrf;0g;cJhzl;wJh pum;wcGef;udk trSwf &rdw,f? “zqyv0ef}uD;a[mif;
OD;ausm+f idr;f wdŒk / OD;AaqGwŒkd udak wmif usK;d oGm;/ 0yfomG ;atmif igwŒkd udik cf w hJ muG/ rif;wdŒk ausmif;om;awGubmrdŒk vJ” qdw k phJ um;jzpfygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG[m zqyv0ef}uD;a[mif;awG/ rqv0ef}uD;a[mif; awGe‹J bmrSrqdik b f ;l qdw
k mudk 1974 uae 1980 txdumv jzwfoef;
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wJo h al wG[m b,forl rS cdik ;f &bJe‹J tvkyv f yk rf ,fajymwm r±d;k om;bl;vdŒk ,lq+y;D tvkyq f if;cGiw hf ifol tm;vH;k udk wdu k yf w d v f u kd wf ,f? olwŒkd udk
2 wdkuf (&ifuGJwdkuf) rSmxm;+yD;ol wdkŒ&JŒ&nf&G,f csuftppftrSef bmvJqdkwmod&atmif ppfw,f? ppfwmrS r=um;pzl; &uf&ufpufpuf
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axmiftm%mydkifawG 'gavmufxdrouFmjzpf+yD;jyif;jyif;xefxef udkifwG,f&jcif;ta=umif;uawmh 1978 ckESpfqef; ydkif;rSm Auy
jrpf0u|ef;ay:wdkif;u zrf;rdaxmifusaewJh òrdŒe,faumfrwD Adkvfodef;vGif[m wjcm;&mZ0wftusOf;om;awGeJŒ &JawGudkyg pnf;±Hk;
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tcsKyfazmufajy;+yD;aemuf jrpf0u|e;f ay:rSm vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; jyeftajccHzŒkd óud;pm;ayrJh ppftpd;k &u wyftiftm;tajrmuftrsm;eJŒ
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{&m0wDwdkif; a'oygwDaumfrwD tqifh&Sdolwa,muf '%f&m&vdkŒ r*Fvm'Hkppfaq;±Hkudk [yfpuD;eJŒjyefydkŒ&ao;w,f? Adkvfodef;vGif[m
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&wmawG&Sdw,f? ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m e,fuausmif;om;awGjzpfvdkΠaxmif0ifpm yHkrSefrvmEkdif wmawG&Sdovdk tvkyform;
awG[mqdk&ifvJ e*dkuwnf;u qif;&JŒcsdKŒwJhvSolawGjzpfvdkŒ axmif0ifpmtm;enf;=uw,f? (axmifusoGm; wJh 74 *|ef tvkyform;}uD; w
a,muf&ŒJ rdom;pk[m qif;&=uyfwnf;vGe;f vdŒk orD;jzpfou l cE<mud, k &f if;+yD;rdom;pku&kd mS au|;cJ&h w,f? tJ't D cgrmS jynfw h efqm r_eŒJ tzrf;cH
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&duQmypPnf; tm;eJwmrsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m &mZ0wfaqmifrSmae&if; pD;yGm;a&; vkyf&ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;
qdkwmuawmh a&aEG;=urf;a&mif;wmeJΠumwGef;pmtkyfiSm;wJh vkyfief;awG jzpfw,f? tJ'Du0ifaiG (aq;vdyf) eJΠwjcm;vdktyfwJh pm;p&m
aomufp&mawG jyef0,f (zvS,f) &wmjzpfw,f? ausmif;om;awG/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGtay: axmif0g'gawGeJŒ
&mZ0wfom;a'guw f ikd af wG Advk rf us rdu k af =u;rcG&J /J acgi;f yHk rjzwf&v J Œkd vkyif ef;taeeJŒ tawmfav;atmifjrif+yD;axmif0ifpmcsKd ŒwJh wJh Ekid if aH &;
tusOf;om;awGtwGuf tqifajyapygw,f? tJ'DtvkyfawGvkyf&mrSm axmif0ifpmtm;&SdwJh ausmif;om;awGuyg axmif0ifpmtm;eJwJh
tvkyform;awG/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; awGeJΠaygif;pk+yD;vkyf=uwmjzpfw,f? wudk,faumif;rqef=uyg?
r_dif;&mjynfhausmif;om;awGxJu udkatmifapmOD;[m oGm;aq;wuUodkvf wmwdktajy;vufa&G;pifjzpf+yD;wuUodkvfrsm; &efukef
ajy;ckeyf pfrmS qk&cJo h jl zpfw,f? r_id ;f &mjynfah usmif;om; a'gyrkH mS aewJh udv k OS ;D (v#ypf pfynm naeoifwef;) [mvJ tajy; aumif;oljzpfygw,f?
olwdk‹[m wjcm;ausmif;om;awG aq;vdyfwdkŒ/ &duQmwkdŒjywfawmh tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm &Sdaeygw,f?
&efuek af eausmif;om;av;awGukd v$waf y;vdu k w f t
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tif;pdefaps;rSm ta=umf0,fpm;ypfvdkuf+yD;tdrfjyefzdkŒbwfpfum;pD;awmh py,f,mudk axmifuvGwfvmwJh ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/
um;cay;p&mr&S d a =umif ; ajympD ; +yD ; jyef & w,f ? um;orm;awG u vJ axmif u xG u f v mwm od o mvS w J h axmif y H k p H x G u f a ewJ h
ausmif ; om;av;awG tk y f v k d u f } uD ; ud k em;vnf r _ & S d p G m eJ Πvd k & myd k Πay;cJ h w ,f ? wjcm;bwf p f u m;pD ; c&D ; onf a wG v J
v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfuke+yD;owif;awGyHsŒoGm;awmhw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufydkif;rSm ausmif;om;}uD;awGv$wf&mrSmawmh Al;0uae
wdu k ±f u kd rf v$waf wmhbJ &efuek òf rdŒay:u òrdŒe,faumifp±D ;kH awGtxd um;eJŒvdu k yf @kd +yD; tJ'uD ae &yfuu G af umifpu D wqifh rdbaqG rsKd ;vufxJ
ta&mufxnfhwm vkyfvmw,f?
axmifuv$wfzdkΠvlppf&mrSm axmif0ifeHygwf (ac: ) tusOf;om;rSwfyHkwifeHygwfudk ajym&w,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;rsm;u
tJ'aD xmif0ifeyH gwu f kd rodb;l / rrSwrf v d /l 'grrS [kwf todtrSwrf ðyvdŒk rSwrf xm;bl; qd+k yD;vky=f uw,f? tusO;f om;wa,muf [m rdrt d rnf/
taz tar trnf e J ΠwuG axmif 0 if e H y gwf u d k b,f t csd e f a r;ar; ajymEk d i f & r,f q k d + yD ; yH k p H ud k i f x m;wmud k ausmif ; om; awG u
tajctaeay;&ifay;ovdk qefŒusiaf ecJ=h uwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh v$wu f meD;rSm axmif0ifeyH gwrf odb;l qdv k Œkd tm%mydik f awGtvky±f y_ u f ek +y;D
v,f*smpmtkyt f xl}uD;awG jyefveS &f mS &w,f? 'gt h jyif xif&mS ;aomtrSwt f om;/ bmnmuGu d aG wG ppfaq; =unf±h t kH wnfðy+yD;wJah emuf
vufzsHrSm wHqdyfwHk;eJŒwHqdyf±dkufw,f? tJ'DwHqdyfudk axmifAl;0rSmjyrS axmifjyifxGufvdkŒ&rSm jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;wcsdKŒu
‘igwdkŒEGm;r[kwfbl;uG’ qdk+yD;wHqdyfudk wHawG;qGwfzsufypfvdkufw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifAl;0 a&mufawmh vufzsHuwHqdyfrawGŒvdkŒ
jy\emwufjyefw,f? ausmif;om;awGu wHqyd rf &dv S Œkd rv$wb f J axmifxq J ufxm;vJ &w,fvŒkd 0g'gawGuakd jymawmh pum;rsm;=uw,f?
aemufawmh axmifrSL;wa,mufa&mufvm+yD; ay;xGufvdkufw,f? “rif;wdkŒ[m aemufqHk;vGwfwJh tcsdefxd igwdkŒudk'kQay;wmbJ”
vdŒk nOf;&Smw,f? ausmif;om;awG axmifxJ 3-4-5 ESpñf uH&wJh 'kuaQ wGuakd wmh tm%mydik af wGu 'kuv Q Œkd owfrwS yf rkH &yg? axmifOya't&
vGwfrdef‹us+yD;om; vlwa,mufudk aemufxyfw&uf ydkcsKyfcGifhr&SdwJh twGuf vufzsHuwHqdyfudpPudk olwdkŒwif;rxm;wmjzpfygw,f?
1978 rSm tawmfrsm;rsm;vGwfoGm;+yD;aemuf usefaewJhausmif;om;awGxJu axmif'%f 5 ESpf/ 6 ESpf/ 7 ESpf usolawG[m
yHkrSefav#mh&ufawG&_+yD; 1978 eJΠ1980 =um;rSm vGwfvm=uwmvJ&Sdw,f? 1980 ck {+yD;vrSmawmh *dk%f;aygif;pHk oHCmh nD!Gwfa&;
txdrf;trSwfqdk+yD; rqvEkdifiHawmfaumifpD vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefŒ 2§80 eJŒ usefwJhausmif;om;awG tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;
tm;vHk;vdkvdk jyefvGwfvm=uw,f? 74 *|ef tvkyform;awGudkawmh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;owfrSwfcsufxJ tusHL;r0ifbl;qdk+yD; rvGwfbJ
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