Mitosis & Meiosis/ Human Development

The Cell Cycle

Stages of the Cell Cycle:
G1 – cell growth
S – DNA replication and continued cell growth
G2 – Final preparations for division and continued cell growth
M – Mitosis or cellular replication
Some Important Terms for Replication:
Chromosome – rod-shaped body in the nucleus that is only visible during
replication that contains DNA and is our hereditary unit.
Nucleolus – organelle inside the nucleus composed of RNA for ribosome
formation.
Spindle – microtubule structure that brings about chromosome movement
during cell division.
Chromatids – two identical parts of a chromosome following DNA replication.
Centromere – site where sister chromatids are held together.
Centrosome – central microtubule-organizing center of cells.
Centriole – short cylindrical organelle in animal cells that contains
microtubules and is associated with the formation of the spindle.
Spindle – a structure appearing during replication that brings an orderly
distribution of chromosomes to the daughter cells.
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm, usually at the conclusion of mitosis.
Homologues – chromosomes that look alike and carry genes for the same
traits but are not identical.
Crossing over - exchange of genetic material between homologue
chromosomes.
For more information, refer to chapter 15 in your lab manual.

Stages of Mitosis
Prophase – The chromosomes within the nucleus condense. Chromosomal
replication has already occurred during interphase, so each chromosome
already has a sister chromatid. The mitotic spindle begins to form.
Metaphase – The sister chromatics have migrated to the center of the cell
and are aligned with the mitotic spindle.
Anaphase – The centromeres split and each daughter chromosome begins
moving towards a new cell. Each cell has the diploid number of chromosomes.
Telophase – Division is almost complete. New nuclear envelopes form around
daughter chromosomes.
For more information, refer to pages 198-200 in your lab manual.

Stages of Meiosis
Prophase I – Chromosomes have duplicated and homologous pairs synapse and
exchange genetic information from crossing over.
Metaphase I – Homologous pairs align independently at the equator.
Anaphase I – Homologues separate and move toward the poles.
Telophase I – Daughter cells have on chromosome from each homologous
pair.
Interkinesis – Time between meiosis I and II, chromosomes still consist of
two chromatids.
Prophase II – Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair.
Metaphase II – Chromosomes align at the equator.
Anaphase II – Sister chromatids separate and become daughter
chromosomes.
Telophase II – Spindle disappears, nuclei form and cytokinesis takes place.
For more information, refer to pages 202-203 of your lab manual.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of Division 1 2
Chromosome # in 2n N
Daughter Cells
Number of Daughter 2 4
Cells
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis I

Mitosis Meiosis I
Prophase No chromosome pairing Chromosome pairing
Metaphase Duplicated Homologues at equator
chromosomes at equator
Anaphase Sister chromatids Homologues separate
separate
Telophase Daughter cells have one Daughter cells have one
chromatid homologue

Mitosis Meiosis II

Mitosis Meiosis I
Prophase No chromosome pairing No chromosome pairing
Metaphase Duplicated Duplicated
chromosomes at equator chromosomes at equator
Anaphase Sister chromatids Sister chromatids
separate separate
Telophase Daughter cells have one Daughter cells have one
chromatid chromatid
For more information, refer to page 206-207.

Gametogenesis
Some key terms:
Gametogenesis - the formation of gametes, or sex cells, in animals.
Spermatogenesis – the formation of sperm in males.
Oogenesis – the formation of eggs in females.
Polar body – a nonfunctioning cell produced in oogenesis that will disintegrate

Spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocyte (2n) two secondary spermatocytes (n) four
spermatids (n) four sperm (n).
The first arrow symbolizes meiosis I, the second arrow symbolizes meiosis
II and the third arrow symbolizes metamorphisis.
Oogenesis
Primary oocyte (2n) one polar body, one secondary oocyte (n) one
polar body (for a total of two), one egg (n) zygote (2n)
The first arrow symbolizes meiosis I, the second arrow symbolizes meiosis
II, and the third arrow symbolizes fertilization.
For more information, refer to pages 210 in your lab manual.

Embryonic Development
Early Stages of Development:
Zygote – fertilized egg.
Morula – ball of cells similar in size to the zygote.
Blastula – when morula reaches the uterus, cells cluster to one side, leaving a
hollow central cavity.
Neurula – developmental process where nervous system develops.

Germ Layers
Ectoderm – Forms the skin and nervous system.
Mesoderm – Forms the cardiovascular, muscular and skeletal systems.
Endoderm – forms the digestive and respiratory systems.

Extraembryonic Membranes
Chorion – fetal half of placenta, performs gas and nutrient exchange.
Amnion – contains amniotic fluid, prevents fetus from drying out and buffers
against mechanical stress.
Yolk sac – first site of red blood cell formation.
Allantois – blood vessels become umbilical blood vessels for exchange of gas
and waste.