Material Selection Experiment 8

MEEN 3460
MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
HARDENABILITY AND THE SELECTION OF MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY
STEELS
Date: Friday, October 24, 2014
I. Introduction
For steels, tailoring strength for a specific purpose is one of the most invaluable
assets in manufacturing. It is possible to austenitize, quench and temper steel to make it
hard and strong but then possible to soften it to desired ductility. Using this method it is
possible to take cheaper alloys of metals and push their limits to fit the hardness and
strength range needed without having to opt to costly alternatives. This lab focus on
analyzing hardness curves for various compositions of steels and using Charpy testing to
find the austenite grain size in the steels. This leads to finding a change in hardenability
along the bar samples as the microstructure changes with respect to the quenching
procedure. The combination of these processes should lead to further understanding and
proving what happens to the steels and what benefit it can have to fine tuning materials to
a manufactures needs.
II. Procedure
The laboratory group was issued a 1045 Jominy bar and Charpy specimen. These
samples were heat treated at 900C for an hour, then the samples were quenched. Unlike
normal quenching the Jominy sample required a special rig to quench it from one end to
the other. The Charpy specimens were quenched normally and tested. The samples after
testing were analyzed to find grain sizes. The Jominy bar was taken to Marquettes DLC
lab and machine shop to grind away two surfaces for testing.
hardness tests were
performed on both sides of the sample, starting from the quenched end at 1/16th inch
increments. The next two inches were tested at 1/8th and 1/4th inch increments
respectfully then all data points were recorded and test on the opposite face was done.
The data was collected and samples returned to the laboratory instructor.
III. Results
This section presents six groups of tables and three groups of figures. Table 1
shows the steel composition in weight percent. Table 2a 2f show experimental Jominy
hardness (Rc) data for AISI/SAE 8620 steel, AISI/SAE 4130 steel, AISI/SAE 4140 steel,
AISI/SAE 4140 steel, AISI/SAE 6150 steel, and AISI/SAE 1045 steel respectively. Table
3 shows ASTM austenite grain sizes and theoretical maximum and minimum ideal
critical diameters. Table 4 shows theoretical Jominy Hardness (Rc) profile data. Table 5
shows J, , H and
values for AISI/SAE 1045 steel. Table 6 shows the average
martensite hardness of Jominy bars. Figure 1a 1f present Jominy hardenability curve for
AISI/SAE 8620 steel, AISI/SAE 4130 steel, AISI/SAE 4140 steel, AISI/SAE 4140 steel,
AISI/SAE 6150 steel, and AISI/SAE 1045 steel respectively. Figure 2a 2f present
schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 8620 Jominy Bars, AISI/SAE
4130 Jominy Bars, AISI/SAE 4140 Jominy Bars, AISI/SAE 4140 Jominy Bars,
AISI/SAE 6150 Jominy Bars, and AISI/SAE 1045 Jominy Bars respectively. Each figure
contains three different locations on the bars. Figure 3 presents the average martensite
hardness versus carbon content.
Table 1. Steel Composition in Weight Percent

Jominy
Spec No.
AISI/SAE
No.
Fe
8620
Balance
4130
Balance
4140
Balance
4340
Balance
6150
Balance
1045
Balance
C
0.18/
0.23
0.28/
0.33
0.38/
0.43
0.38/
0.43
0.48/
0.53
0.43/
0.50
Mn
0.70/
0.90
0.40/
0.60
0.75/
1.00
0.60/
0.80
0.70/
0.90
0.60/
0.90
Alloy Element
Si
Cr
Mo
0.20/ 0.40/ 0.15/
0.35
0.60
0.25
0.20/ 0.80/ 0.15/
0.35
1.10
0.25
0.20/ 0.80/ 0.15/
0.35
1.10
0.25
0.20/ 0.70/ 0.20/
0.35
0.90
0.30
0.20/ 0.80/
-0.35
1.10
0.15/
--0.30
Ni
0.40/
0.70
0.040
0.035
--
0.040
0.035
--
0.040
0.035
1.65/
2.00
0.040
0.035
--
0.040
0.035
--
0.050
0.040
Table 2a. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 8620 Steel
Interval
Specimen #1
Specimen #2
Specimen #3
Specimen #4
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
45.1
44.0
44.8
43.0
46.0
39.5
54.0
45.0
1/8
39.8
43.8
44.2
44.0
35.8
45.2
44.0
44.0
3/16
36.7
35.7
38.2
38.0
31.2
35.6
38.0
37.0
1/4
31.8
27.3
32.1
30.9
28.8
32.5
33.0
33.5
5/16
28.8
28.9
28.9
26.8
26.3
27.5
30.0
28.5
3/8
24.0
22.2
24.9
26.8
25.9
26.1
30.0
27.5
7/16
21.8
19.3
24.0
20.4
22.9
24.2
25.0
25.5
1/2
22.8
22.5
22.9
20.3
21.1
25.0
23.0
24.0
9/16
18.5
22.1
22.0
21.0
21.1
23.4
17.5
22.5
5/8
19.5
18.9
21.5
20.2
22.2
21.9
22.0
23.5
11/16
20.2
22.0
22.2
20.2
21.4
21.2
20.5
22.0
3/4
18.5
17.1
21.0
20.2
21.2
19.5
20.5
22.0
13/16
18.9
16.3
19.1
20.8
21.5
18.9
22.5
21.0
7/8
17.0
19.4
17.2
20.2
20.0
17.2
20.0
21.0
15/16
17.2
19.4
16.8
16.2
19.8
19.0
17.5
19.0
17.0
16.2
16.0
13.5
19.1
21.0
17.5
18.5
1-1/8
16.7
16.3
15.3
15.2
17.5
17.9
17.5
17.5
1-1/4
15.4
14.8
15.5
16.6
13.5
16.0
16.5
16.0
1-3/8
11.9
12.2
15.2
17.8
15.7
14.1
16.0
15.5
1-1/2
14.1
10.9
14.0
10.1
15.0
12.1
17.0
16.0
1-5/8
12.2
14.8
11.2
12.4
15.8
11.5
17.0
15.0
1-3/4
10.1
11.7
12.0
11.9
15.1
8.4
16.0
14.5
1-7/8
11.4
8.3
11.3
10.8
14.6
10.2
16.5
13.0
11.0
10.2
11.8
11.0
11.0
11.3
14.5
14.0
2-1/4
12.8
7.5
11.5
10.7
13.0
11.0
13.5
12.5
2-1/2
10.2
6.1
9.8
7.2
10.8
7.5
12.5
11.0
2-3/4
8.2
14.1
10.1
10.1
10.5
8.8
10.0
11.0
Table 2b. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 4130 Steel
Interval
Specimen #5
Specimen #6
Specimen #7
Specimen #8
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
49.3
48.9
47.2
50.1
51.7
48.0
47.3
49.3
1/8
46.9
47.1
47.9
47.8
41.8
49.1
48.1
51.2
3/16
44.0
45.6
46.2
47.2
41.0
44.7
46.0
45.2
1/4
38.0
38.1
41.1
45.5
31.5
36.3
41.0
39.7
5/16
33.1
33.5
37.0
36.9
30.0
33.0
36.8
36.4
3/8
31.2
27.6
35.1
34.0
28.0
31.5
31.1
35.6
7/16
27.1
31.0
32.9
31.9
27.9
29.2
31.1
28.1
1/2
25.5
26.1
30.9
29.2
26.2
28.9
30.0
26.1
9/16
26.2
26.5
27.5
28.1
29.0
28.1
28.1
22.2
5/8
26.8
24.9
26.9
25.8
26.6
27.3
29.1
16.6
11/16
25.8
26.8
29.0
27.8
25.3
27.7
28.2
23.7
3/4
23.0
25.4
28.1
27.8
26.0
25.5
26.0
21.8
13/16
23.9
22.9
27.0
27.8
22.2
24.3
25.1
24.3
7/8
25.9
24.0
25.0
26.0
22.2
24.9
26.9
26.2
15/16
23.7
24.4
24.8
25.8
27.0
23.9
25.3
27.5
21.8
21.1
26.8
25.2
22.1
22.7
25.2
24.4
1-1/8
22.0
20.8
22.9
23.5
19.0
21.0
22.0
24.1
1-1/4
20.6
23.5
22.0
26.0
20.8
17.2
24.2
22.4
1-3/8
21.4
20.6
22.5
22.7
18.9
21.8
23.2
23.0
1-1/2
20.5
18.1
24.0
23.8
17.7
17.5
21.1
25.4
1-5/8
16.2
18.0
21.5
22.6
18.5
19.8
22.5
21.0
1-3/4
18.3
17.8
20.9
22.8
16.7
20.0
22.0
22.2
1-7/8
17.8
14.1
20.8
21.0
17.0
19.2
21.3
24.8
13.4
15.0
18.8
20.8
18.0
17.8
21.0
21.1
2-1/4
13.0
13.9
18.2
19.0
11.0
15.0
19.1
16.7
2-1/2
9.5
12.1
19.9
19.9
10.0
14.8
18.6
14.4
2-3/4
9.8
10.0
17.0
18.1
8.2
11.8
17
16.4
Table 2c. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 4140 Steel
Interval
Specimen #9
Specimen #10
Specimen #11
Specimen #12
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
55.5
53.9
55.5
56.0
55.5
55.8
53.0
56.0
1/8
55.3
55.8
51.5
54.0
59.0
53.9
53.0
45.0
3/16
55.2
56.5
47.5
55.0
54.0
53.1
52.5
51.0
1/4
56.1
54.9
47.0
54.0
55.1
55.5
47.4
52.3
5/16
55.2
55.5
52.0
54.0
51.1
55.3
48.1
54.5
3/8
53.2
54.9
54.0
54.0
51.6
55.0
52.0
49.7
7/16
55.0
52.9
51.5
51.5
56.3
54.7
43.7
51.0
1/2
51.8
55.1
48.0
53.5
53.0
55.2
45.1
47.0
9/16
52.9
55.4
50.0
51.5
49.2
51.5
43.1
50.0
5/8
54.9
53.0
51.0
52.0
52.7
52.3
35.9
51.0
11/16
52.2
56.1
50.0
50.0
46.9
50.6
42.0
50.7
3/4
51.1
53.0
46.0
48.0
45.1
48.7
44.7
37.0
13/16
48.4
49.9
45.0
46.0
45.0
47.0
40.0
49.1
7/8
45.5
49.3
42.0
45.0
45.1
46.2
39.1
48.0
15/16
48.7
45.1
44.0
44.0
44.5
45.8
42.3
43.4
43.1
49.1
40.0
43.5
43.2
43.0
39.9
40.4
1-1/8
42.0
45.0
37.5
41.0
37.9
42.8
36.4
37.1
1-1/4
40.1
43.3
37.0
40.0
37.4
40.1
36.6
34.1
1-3/8
40.1
42.1
33.5
37.0
35.0
41.0
35.0
35.0
1-1/2
35.8
43.1
34.0
37.0
36.6
38.7
35.3
35.0
1-5/8
35.6
38.7
32.0
36.0
33.1
36.2
32.0
35.4
1-3/4
35.0
38.7
34.5
34.5
34.0
35.0
31.0
33.7
1-7/8
35.0
37.5
31.5
35.0
32.2
34.0
31.0
34.1
33.0
37.0
32.5
33.5
31.9
33.5
32.5
33.5
2-1/4
31.6
36.1
32.0
33.0
31.8
33.1
32.5
31.0
2-1/2
33.5
34.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
33.4
29.0
32.3
2-3/4
33.4
34.9
31.0
30.0
32.7
34.0
31.0
31.2
Table 2d. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 4340 Steel
Interval
Specimen #13
Specimen #14
Specimen #15
Specimen #16
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
55.5
55.6
58.0
52.0
54.0
52.5
58.3
56.8
1/8
53.7
54.2
55.0
52.0
52.5
52.5
57.1
56.5
3/16
48.6
53.1
52.0
51.0
53.5
52.0
57.2
54.3
1/4
56.1
54.1
52.0
50.0
51.5
52.0
54.2
53.9
5/16
54.4
52.7
52.0
50.0
51.5
52.0
51.5
53.4
3/8
53.7
53.6
51.0
48.0
51.5
52.0
53.0
53.2
7/16
54.4
53.1
51.0
49.0
51.5
52.0
52.1
53.5
1/2
52.5
51.7
51.0
46.0
52.0
51.8
48.2
51.8
9/16
53.3
52.0
51.0
50.0
51.5
51.2
53.1
51.6
5/8
52.2
52.5
50.0
50.0
50.8
50.5
49.6
51.1
11/16
54.9
52.2
53.0
47.0
50.8
50.3
50.9
51.4
3/4
50.8
52.3
48.0
47.0
50.1
50.0
50.8
51.2
13/16
52.2
52.0
49.0
50.0
40.5
50.1
53.3
51.0
7/8
52.8
51.5
49.0
47.0
49.2
50.0
50.7
50.2
15/16
52.7
52.0
49.0
46.0
49.2
50.0
49.0
50.3
52.5
51.8
48.0
41.0
48.9
50.0
50.3
49.6
1-1/8
49.7
51.0
48.0
43.0
48.8
49.2
52.1
50.0
1-1/4
51.1
50.2
46.0
45.0
48.8
48.9
49.3
48.3
1-3/8
51.3
50.0
46.0
44.0
48.5
48.6
47.1
46.8
1-1/2
49.9
49.3
47.0
44.0
48.2
48.5
45.4
48.2
1-5/8
48.8
48.0
46.0
44.0
48.0
48.0
44.2
48.3
1-3/4
46.9
47.2
45.0
44.0
47.0
48.0
41.9
47.8
1-7/8
45.5
46.8
45.0
39.0
46.7
47.6
38.7
46.1
45.0
47.2
44.0
43.0
45.0
47.0
39.7
43.3
2-1/4
45.2
45.2
44.0
38.0
43.0
44.0
39.8
45.3
2-1/2
44.8
45.0
37.0
40.0
41.5
38.5
37.7
42.8
2-3/4
44.2
44.1
38.0
38.0
39.0
34.0
37.5
39.5
Table 2e. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 6150 Steel
Interval
Specimen #17
Specimen #18
Specimen #19
Specimen #20
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
60.8
59.1
62.0
61.4
59.0
59.5
58.9
58.0
1/8
60.6
60.5
67.0
60.0
62.0
60.2
58.4
58.1
3/16
61.0
60.5
61.0
59.0
60.0
60.5
57.5
57.4
1/4
61.0
60.7
59.8
60.5
60.0
60.5
58.1
56.3
5/16
61.0
59.2
59.5
59.5
63.5
60.2
58.0
56.9
3/8
60.6
57.7
59.9
60.0
60.5
60.0
57.4
55.7
7/16
60.3
60.0
58.8
60.1
53.0
60.0
57.6
55.9
1/2
59.3
59.2
58.9
56.8
46.0
59.8
56.3
54.8
9/16
58.2
60.0
56.5
58.8
57.5
59.5
54.9
53.8
5/8
59.3
59.6
58.9
60.0
66.0
59.2
56.1
53.3
11/16
58.3
59.0
57.0
56.7
52.5
58.8
55.7
53.6
3/4
57.8
57.8
54.5
58.0
53.0
58.1
55.0
54.8
13/16
57.8
56.0
52.0
56.1
52.0
57.2
53.1
52.2
7/8
56.7
55.1
54.5
54.2
49.0
55.7
52.2
53.0
15/16
56.2
54.8
51.2
54.9
49.0
54.8
51.1
44.9
55.2
52.0
51.0
53.0
51.0
53.0
49.0
44.8
1-1/8
53.1
49.0
49.5
48.7
47.0
50.6
47.0
44.7
1-1/4
50.0
46.5
46.0
47.0
44.0
49.0
45.5
42.3
1-3/8
47.8
45.8
44.1
44.8
45.0
46.8
42.0
42.2
1-1/2
45.8
44.0
40.8
44.0
41.0
44.9
41.1
38.3
1-5/8
44.3
42.0
41.0
41.5
39.0
43.7
40.0
37.3
1-3/4
44.0
40.9
39.8
40.0
40.0
42.0
37.1
38.2
1-7/8
42.4
39.8
38.0
39.6
42.0
40.9
38.2
37.1
41.0
39.2
38.5
38.3
40.5
40.2
36.8
34.6
2-1/4
39.9
39.1
38.0
35.6
37.0
39.0
34.9
35.2
2-1/2
39.1
37.8
38.5
37.5
40.5
39.0
36.0
32.0
2-3/4
40.0
37.7
36.0
35.6
44.0
38.7
34.9
34.8
Table 2f. Experimental Jominy Hardness (Rc) Data for AISI/SAE 1045 Steel
Interval
Specimen #21
Specimen #22
Specimen #23
Specimen #24
(inch)
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
Side 1
Side 2
Side 1
Side2
1/16
56.0
56.8
54.3
55.3
58.7
56.0
54.5
52.0
1/8
50.0
53.0
50.9
53.0
53.7
52.0
40.2
51.7
3/16
34.1
40.2
37.5
36.5
37.0
37.0
33.3
32.3
1/4
29.9
26.5
26.8
27.5
27.2
26.0
30.8
23.9
5/16
20.3
26.5
24.5
27.6
24.5
26.0
24.1
22.9
3/8
20.1
25.3
23.6
22.3
28.5
26.0
26.0
22.8
7/16
20.1
26.5
22.9
24.4
28.5
23.0
25.2
19.8
1/2
23.0
24.2
22.4
25.0
26.5
23.0
26.0
21.1
9/16
23.1
23.8
21.0
26.8
26.0
22.0
24.3
18.8
5/8
21.9
22.7
24.0
22.5
19.2
26.0
28.8
20.3
11/16
22.0
21.2
22.2
20.7
23.5
23.0
23.0
19.8
3/4
22.5
24.1
21.0
18.1
22.8
22.0
22.4
19.1
13/16
22.0
22.0
18.9
19.5
24.0
22.0
21.1
20.5
7/8
19.7
18.0
19.4
18.5
23.5
22.0
18.0
19.2
15/16
20.0
22.0
17.9
19.7
21.4
22.0
20.0
19.6
20.5
19.7
17.0
19.9
21.6
22.0
19.8
18.4
1-1/8
15.3
19.3
16.9
17.1
19.5
18.0
19.2
15.5
1-1/4
16.9
18.0
18.0
18.2
20.0
15.0
18.5
15.6
1-3/8
18.1
17.6
16.5
16.0
21.3
15.0
17.5
15.1
1-1/2
19.0
16.5
15.2
17.1
18.1
15.0
16.3
14.8
1-5/8
14.2
15.9
13.8
15.2
17.2
16.0
15.2
14.8
1-3/4
16.2
13.8
13.3
17.1
16.0
16.0
15.5
13.8
1-7/8
15.0
16.8
14.0
13.4
14.7
19.0
17.8
11.8
16.1
13.9
12.1
12.3
15.8
16.0
20.2
13.1
2-1/4
13.5
12.2
12.2
12.5
13.6
13.0
9.8
13.1
2-1/2
9.8
10.0
11.9
11.5
11.9
12.0
9.3
10.1
2-3/4
9.8
9.9
10.1
9.9
12.5
12.0
10.9
9.1
Table 3. ASTM Austenite Grain Sizes and Theoretical Maximum and Minimum Ideal
Critical Diameters
AISI/SAE No.
8620
4130
4140
4340
6150
ASTM Grain Size
(inches)
1.95
1.85
3.50
4.55
2.38
(inches)
4.65
4.20
7.00 +
7.00 +
4.05
Table 4. Theoretical Jominy Hardness (Rc) Profile Data

Interval
AISI/SAE 8620
AISI/SAE 4130
ASI/SAE 4140
AISI/SAE 4340
AISI/SAE 6150
(inch)
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
1/16
43.0
46.0
49.0
52.0
55.0
58.0
55.0
58.0
60.0
62.0
1/4
32.6
45.1
36.0
50.5
51.4
58.0
53.9
58.0
50.0
59.6
1/2
23.0
41.1
25.0
44.4
42.6
58.0
48.2
58.0
37.5
51.7
3/4
18.9
36.5
20.6
38.8
36.4
58.0
43.0
58.0
31.1
44.9
16.3
32.6
17.9
34.0
31.3
58.0
38.2
58.0
26.4
39.0
1-1/4
15.2
30.3
16.7
31.5
28.8
58.0
35.5
58.0
24.3
36.0
1-1/2
14.5
28.9
15.8
30.1
27.5
58.0
33.7
58.0
23.3
34.4
1-3/4
2
14.0
28.0
15.3
29.2
26.6
58.0
32.7
58.0
22.5
33.3
13.5
27.2
14.8
28.3
25.8
58.0
31.8
58.0
21.8
32.3
J (inch)
0.18
Table 5. J,
, H and
(inch)
1.50
0.25
Values for AISI/SAE 1045 Steel

0.30
0.30
0.40
0.25
Table 6. Average Martensite Hardness of Jominy Bars

Jominy Spec No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
AISI/SAE No.
8620
8620
8620
8620
4130
4130
4130
4130
4140
4140
4140
4140
4340
4340
4340
4340
6150
Avg. Wt. Pct. Carbon

0.205 0.035
0.205 0.035
0.205 0.035
0.205 0.035
0.305 0.035
0.305 0.035
0.305 0.035
0.305 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.405 0.035
0.800 0.035
Hardness (Rc)
43.2 2.3
44.0 0.7
41.6 4.8
46.8 4.9
48.1 1.2
48.3 1.3
47.7 4.2
49.0 1.7
55.1 0.8
54.3 2.0
56.1 2.1
51.8 4.7
54.8 0.9
54.3 2.9
52.9 0.8
57.2 0.8
60.3 0.8
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
60.0
6150
6150
6150
1045
1045
1045
1045
0.800
0.800
0.800
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.465
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
62.6
60.2
58.4
54.0
53.4
55.1
49.6
3.1
1.3
0.4
3.1
1.9
2.9
6.4
Specimen #1, Side 1

Specimen #1, Side 2
Hardness (RC)
50.0
40.0
30.0
Specimen #2, Side 1

Specimen #2, Side 2
Specimen #3, Side 1
Specimen #3, Side 2
Specimen #4, Side 1
20.0
Specimen #4, Side 2

Theoretical Min.
10.0
Theoretical Max.
Power (Theoretical Min.)
0.0
0
Poly. (Theoretical Max.)

1/2
1
1 1/2 2
2 1/2 3
Distance from the quenched end of the Jominy specimen (inches)
Figure 1a. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 8620 Steel
60.0
Specimen #5, Side 1

Specimen #5, Side 2
50.0
Specimen #6, Side 1

Specimen #6, Side 2
Hardness (RC)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
Specimen #7, Side 1

Specimen #7, Side 2
Specimen #8, Side 1
Specimen #8, Side 2
Theoretical Min
Theoretical Max
Power (Theoretical Min)
Poly. (Theoretical Max)
1/2
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
Figure 1b. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4130 Steel

70.0
60.0
Hardness (RC)
50.0
40.0
Specimen #9, Side 1

Specimen #9, Side 2
Specimen #10, Side 1
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0

Theoretical Min
Theoretical Max
Poly. (Theoretical Min)
Expon. (Theoretical Max)
1/2
1
1 1/2 2
2 1/2 3
Figure 1c. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4140 Steel
70.0
60.0
Hardness (RC)
50.0
40.0
30.0

Theoretical Min
20.0
Theoretical Max
10.0
Expon. (Theoretical Max)
0.0
0

1/2
1
1 1/2 2
2 1/2 3
Figure 1d. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4340 Steel

80.0
70.0

Hardness (RC)
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0

Theoretical Min
Theoretical Max
1/2
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
Figure 1e. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 6150 Steel
70.0
60.0

Hardness (RC)
50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0
10.0
0.0
0
J= 0.18 inch
1/2
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
Figure 1f. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 1045 Steel
Figure 2a. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 8620 Jominy bar.
(a) 1/16 inches from the quenched end, (b) 1/4 inches from the quenched end,
(c) 2-1/2 inches from the quenched end
Figure 2b. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 4130 Jominy bar.
Figure 2c. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 4140 Jominy bar.
(a) 1/16 inches from the quenched end, (b) 1.0 inches from the quenched end,
(c) 2.0 inches from the quenched end
Figure 2d. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 4340 Jominy bar.
(a) 1/16 inches from the quenched end, (b) 1.0 inches from the quenched end,
(c) 3 inches from the quenched end
Figure 2e. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 6150 Jominy bar.
Figure 2f. Schematic diagrams of the microstructures in the AISI/SAE 1045 Jominy bar.
(a) 1/16 inches from the quenched end, (b) 3/16 inches from the quenched
end, (c) 2-1/2 inches from the quenched end
70.0
60.0
Hardness (Rc)
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
Weight Percent Carbon
0.700
0.800
0.900
Figure 3. Average martensite hardness versus carbon content

IV. Calculations
A. Maximum and minimum ideal critical diameter of alloy steels
The sample calculation uses AISI/SAE 8620 as an example to demonstrate the
process. First, use Table N.1 Calculations of the Ideal Critical Diameter from the
lab manual to identify hardenability characteristics for each element in the alloy.
Second, sum up all the hardenability characteristic values to find the
corresponding ideal critical diameter from the chart. All the other values are
shown in table 3 in section III: results.
The process of calculation for AISI/SAE 8620 is shown in the following table:
AISI/SAE No. 8620 Lower Limit

Chemical Composition
Hardenability
AISI/SAE No. 8620 Upper Limit

Hardenability
Alloy Element
WT%
Characteristics
Alloy Element
WT%
Characteristics
Fe
Balance
--
Fe
Balance
--
C (#6)
0.18
0.188
C (#6)
0.23
0.241
Mn
0.7
0.523
Mn
0.9
0.602
Si
0.2
0.057
Si
0.35
0.095
Cr
0.4
0.270
Cr
0.6
0.361
Mo
0.15
0.161
Mo
0.25
0.244
Ni
0.4
0.059
Ni
0.7
0.099
0.04
-0.011
0.04
-0.011
P
0.035
Sum of Hardenability
Characteristics
Ideal Critical Diameter (inches)
0.038
1.285
1.95
P
0.035
Characteristics
Ideal Critical Diameter (inches)
0.038
1.669
4.65
B. Critical diameter of AISI/SAE 1045 steel for an oil quench

1. Find the distance from quenched end of Jominy specimen (J) from figure 1f in
Section III: Results. And J is found to be 0.18 inches.
2. Find the ideal critical diameter ( ) from the lab manual based on the graph of
relationship between the Jominy distance, J, and the ideal critical diameter
(p68, Fournelle). And is found to be 1.50 inches.
3. Find the quench severity factors for oil quench under no circulation of liquid
or agitation of piece circumstance from table 8.6 quench severity factors in the
lab manual (p68, Fournelle). And the minimum quench factor (
) is found
to be 0.25. The maximum quench factor (
) is found to be 0.30.
4. Find the minimum critical diameter (
) and the maximum critical
diameter (
) from figure 8.2 relationship between ideal critical diameter,
critical diameter and severity of quench in the lab manual (p69, Fournelle).
The minimum critical diameter (
) is found to be 0.40 inches. And the
maximum critical diameter (
) is found to be 0.30 inches.
V. Discussions
1) The experimental data shows that increasing the amounts of alloy elements (4140
4340) increases the hardenability. Explain why this is the case.
Hardenability is dependent on carbon content and other alloying elements. It is
also a function of grain size. When there is an increase of alloy elements, it is
more difficult for the material to have formations of pearlite and ferrite. When the
formation of pearlite and ferrite is slowed down, the formation of martensite
increases, thus increasing the hardenability.
2) Describe what the difference between hardness and hardenability is.

The hardness of a material is its ability to resist being scratched, indented, or
otherwise permanently changed or tainted. Specifically, hardness is its ability to
resist those things under a compressive load. Hardness is measured in a unit-less
number that depends on the type of hardness test done. On the other hand,
hardenability is in units of length and measures the materials ability to go from
austenite to partially martensite. In other words, hardenability measures how deep
under the surface the material has become hard after being heat treated and cooled
under specific conditions.
3) Which steel is harder in the martensitic condition? AISI/SAE 6150 or AISI/SAE
4340? Why?
In the martensitic condition, AISI/SAE 6150 would be harder since the carbon
content of the steel is greater than the carbon content of AISI/SAE 4340.
4) Which steel is more hardenable (has higher hardenability)?
AISI/SAE 6150 has higher hardenability, for the same reason that it is harder in
the martensitic condition. AISI/SAE 6150 has a carbon content that is much
higher than the carbon content of AISI/SAE 4340, which allows it to be more
hardenable since it is more difficult for the material to form pearlite and ferrite.
5) It is desired to make a two-inches diameter through hardened steel part having an
as quenched hardness of about RC 62 by oil quenching with moderate circulation.
What steel from Table 19 on p. 152 of Ref. [16] would you select? Back up your
selection with calculations assuming an austenite grain size of 8.
The final selection is AISI/SAE 9260 steel.
From the given information, the initial hardness is 62 Rc, therefore the carbon
wt% is about 0.53 to 0.54 according to table N.2 in the lab manual.
From table N.1 in the lab manual, the sum of hardenability characteristic value
should be about 1.301. The hardenability value of a grain size #8 carbon at 0.53
wt% and 0.54 wt% are 0.356 to 0.360 respectively. Hence it requires minimizing
the categories of elements.
Next, the ASM handbook shows two steel alloys have similar carbon wt% to 0.53
to 0.54 and have the least types of elements. There two alloys are AISI/SAE 9254
and AISI/SAE 9260.
After calculating the sum of hardenability characteristic value, AISI/SAE 9260 is
the closest one. The calculation process is shown in the table below.
No. 9260 Lower Limit

Hardenability
No. 9260 Upper Limit

Hardenability
Alloy Element
WT%
Characteristics
Alloy Element
WT%
Characteristics
Fe
--
--
Fe
--
--
C (#8)
0.560
0.367
C (#8)
0.640
0.396
Mn
0.750
0.544
Mn
1.000
0.637
Si
1.800
0.354
Si
2.200
0.381+
Cr
--
--
Cr
--
--
Mo
--
--
Mo
--
--
Ni
--
--
Ni
--
--
0.040
-0.011
0.040
-0.011
P
0.035
Characteristics
Ideal Critical Diameter
0.038
P
0.035
Characteristics
Ideal Critical Diameter
0.038
1.292
1.95
1.441+
2.75
VI. References
[2] Smith, W.F. and Hashemi, J., 2009, Foundations of Materials Science and
Engineering, 5th Ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, New York
[16] ASM Handbook, 10th Ed., Vol. 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and
High-Performance Alloys, 1990, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio.
[18] Fournelle, R.A., 2014, Laboratory Manual: MEEN 3460 Materials Selection in
Mechanical Design, Fall 2014 Ed., Marquette University, Wisconsin

Material Selection Experiment 8

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MEEN 3460

MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

Date: Friday, October 24, 2014

Table 1. Steel Composition in Weight Percent

ASTM Grain Size

Table 4. Theoretical Jominy Hardness (Rc) Profile Data

Values for AISI/SAE 1045 Steel

Table 6. Average Martensite Hardness of Jominy Bars

Avg. Wt. Pct. Carbon

Specimen #1, Side 1

Specimen #2, Side 1

Specimen #4, Side 2

Poly. (Theoretical Max.)

Figure 1a. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 8620 Steel

Specimen #5, Side 1

Specimen #6, Side 1

Specimen #7, Side 1

Figure 1b. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4130 Steel

Specimen #9, Side 1

Specimen #12, Side 2

Figure 1c. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4140 Steel

Specimen #13, Side 1

Expon. (Theoretical Max)

Poly. (Theoretical Min)

Figure 1d. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 4340 Steel

Specimen #17, Side 1

Specimen #18, Side 2

Figure 1e. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 6150 Steel

Specimen #21, Side 2

Specimen #22, Side 2

Specimen #23, Side 2

Specimen #24, Side 1

Figure 1f. Jominy hardenability curve for AISI/SAE 1045 Steel

Figure 3. Average martensite hardness versus carbon content

AISI/SAE No. 8620 Lower Limit

AISI/SAE No. 8620 Upper Limit

B. Critical diameter of AISI/SAE 1045 steel for an oil quench

2) Describe what the difference between hardness and hardenability is.

No. 9260 Lower Limit

No. 9260 Upper Limit

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