ABSTRACT

Air conditioning has become a standard option most vehicles enhancing comfort
and safety. Modern systems feature automatic climate control, integrated cooling, heating,
de misting and de-frosting, air filtering, and humidity control and safety. Passenger
thermal comfort is mainly influenced by the inside cabin temperature. Cabin temperature
in turn depends on the cabin size, number and shape of air vents and mass flow rate of the
total HVAC system, and the interior materials of dashboard, trims and seatings. Normally
air vent in passenger car have manual adjustment of the vanes to set the airflow direction.
An attempt has been studied and compared with the study air vent model. Airflow pattern
has studied compared with steady air vent model. The dynamic mechanism of round
shaped setup in HVAC arrangement in cabin made in rotate the along with its own axis at
constant speed.
The movement of the vanes is given for central vertical, horizontal vanes and side
horizontal vanes. The airflow velocity due o the dynamic nature of vanes has enhanced
towards the rear passenger. Cabin cool down analysis with dynamic vents has been done
to study the effect of cooling inside the cabin. Comparison with the baseline air vents has
shown that cabin cool down is achieved faster with dynamic vents. With dynamic air
vents an average cabin temperature drop by almost 5 C is achieved within 20 minutes
compared to the baseline. The airflow velocity, directivity and temperature drop rate with
dynamic air vents is observed to be better than in the case study air vents. Todays
business trend the enrichment of design parameter is such that new concept adaption else
slight modification plays a major role of comfort and economical effectiveness. Since this
project scopes and focus the product development team in research and development
department activity of TATA Motors limited, pune which is undertaken by C.S.
Technology, Coimbatore by the method of computational validation.

LIST OF FIGURES
S.No

TITLE

PAGE No.

2
3

LIST OF TABLES
S.No

TITLE

PAGE No.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Lately, most of the automotives manufactures have focused on the increasing
human thermal comfort. To achieve a
high thermal comfort, most manufactures
provide a system for their cars to ensure ventilation, heating and cooling air in the
passenger compartment. The interaction of convective, radiation and conduction heat
exchange in a passengers compartment is very complex. The varying radiation from the
sun and the influence of inhomogeneous air temperature and air velocity from the
vehicles ventilation or air conditioning system creates a climate that may vary
considerably in space and time. The efficiency of the HVAC system is evaluated by
taking into account the equivalent temperature and the surface temperature of clothing of
the passengers. The level of thermal comfort is highly dependent on the local
environment. Human beings respond differently to local heat transfer in different on the
local environment .Human beings respond differently to local results from manikins
should be presented in new clothing independent comfort zone diagrams.
In this project the evaluate the human thermal comfort in the two air zones of
passenger compartment (both for driver and the back passenger car). This is described
and evaluated by the following indices: DTS (Dynamic Thermal Sensation), TS
(Thermal Sensation), PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied). The first two indices depend of the hypothalamus temperature and PMVPPD indices take into account the following six parameters: activity, clothing, air
temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity and humidity.
The numerical simulation was done for a car 3600 second, following a period of the
1800 seconds with air conditioning start-up, both for city and the highway traffic. Also
by numerical simulation we can observe the distribution of the temperature in time
depending on the sun position. The obtained data by numerical simulation helps us to
determinate the comfort indices in every moment, for different conditions and
simulations.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Controlling Thermal Comfort of Passenger Vehicle Using Fuzzy Controller
Prof. Alok Singh, Sandeep Kumar/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248- 9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4
June-July 2012, pp.640-644
The automobile car cabin is complex man machine interface. Two main goals of Heating
Ventilation and Air conditioning System is providing thermal comfort and save energy.
Comfort is a subjective feeling and hard to model mathematically. This is because
thermal comfort is influenced by many variables such as temperature, relative humidity,
air velocity and radiation. Aim of this paper is to design the mathematical model for car
cabin and to show feasibility with fuzzy logics. Fuzzy controller is designed for cabin to
control the cabin temperature.

Design of Dynamic Air vents and Airflow Analysis in a Passenger Car Cabin
Varad M. Limaye1, Deshpande M. D.2, SivapragasamM.3, Vivek Kumar41M.Sc. [Engg.] Student, 2-Professor, 3-Asst. Professor, Department of Automotive and
Aeronautical Engineering, M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,
Bangalore5600584-Manager(CFD), Tata Motors Ltd. Pune.
The paper describes the role of HVAC configuration and design parameters,
such as air temperatures and velocities at the inlet, the size, number and location of inlets
and outlets. The influence of internal and external parameters on climate conditions
inside the car has been discussed in this paper. These results are useful to compare the
temperature patterns for the unsteady state thermal analysis. The airflow velocity,
directivity and temperature drop rate with dynamic air vents is observed to be better than
in the case of steady air vents.

THE HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT EVALUATION INSIDE THE

PASSENGER COMPARTMENT
1Ivanescu, Mariana*, 2Neacsu, Catalin, 1Tabacu, Stefan, 1Tabacu, Ion 1University of
Pitesti, Automotive Department, Romania, 2Auto Chassis International Romania
Group Renault, Romania

This paper shows the influence of the different parameters and situations on
the thermal human comfort prediction of passengers compartment starting
from the bodys energy balance based on Fialas manikin (which provides all
the thermo-physiological effects of the human body model) by THESEUS-FE
software.
Study on the effect of various parameters on flow development behind
vane swirlers
R. Thundils Karuppa Raj, V. Ganesan
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
This study mainly focuses attention on arriving at best vane angle from aerodynamic
aspects for the combustion applications. As there are large number of flow and rather
difficult compared to CFD Analyses. The uniqueness of this study is in arriving at the
best vane angle using appropriate turbulence models for both weak and strong swirl. To
this end experimental and numerical studies have been carried out. It is found that no
single turbulence model is able to handle both weak and strong swirl. From this study it
is concluded that for weak swirl standard k model is sufficient whereas for strong
swirl one has to resort to Reynolds stress model. The characteristics of swirl flow are
evaluated by means of size of the recirculation zone, mass trapped in the recirculation
zone and also the pressure drop. Over the range of vane angle investigated the best vane
angle is found to be 45 .

CHAPTER 3
HISTORY BEHIND OF CLIMATE CONTROL CARS
The primary goal of an automotive climate control system is to provide
passenger comfort in as quick a time as possible. Because heat flows in one direction only,
from areas of high temperature to low temperature, the climate system must create a flow
by cooling the air below the ambient air temperature. This is done with a vapor
compression system the same principle used in domestic refrigerators which cools the
air entering the cabin.
Automotive air conditioning was first offered on the 1939 Packard. The bulky closed
cycle system incorporated a compressor, condenser, receiver/dryer, and evaporator. The
entire system was controlled by a blower switch. At the time, Packard was one of the top
luxury makes in the world, and this new comfort feature was included in advertising
which stated: "Forget the heat this summer in the only air-conditioned car in the world.
In 1954, Nash-Kelvinator introduced an air conditioning system that offered controls on
the instrument panel so the system could be easily controlled by the driver while en route.
It also featured an electric clutch which allowed greater temperature control. This system
was the first automotive air conditioner that was compact and affordable, and introduced
the world of windows up driving comfort to the masses.
Air conditioning quickly became one of the most popular options offered, so much so that
in 1963 Cadillac built its 500,000th air conditioned car, and the installation rate the
following year (the first for Comfort Control) hit 75 percent. The next year, in 1965, the
installation rate for air conditioning in Cadillac vehicles hit 83 percent .
Other manufacturers began to offer automatic temperature controlled systems as well,
with Oldsmobile and Buick getting the Comfort on system for 1966, and Lincoln
Continental offering its Automatic Temperature Control that year as well.
Chrysler introduced its Auto-Temp system for the Imperial late in the 1967 model year,
and Ford's Thunderbird introduced its Automatic Climate Control for 1968, at which point
even less expensive cars had begun to add this feature to their option lists. Chrysler's
Auto-Temp II system was introduced in 1971, and was used by Mercedes Benz in its
vehicles from 1976-1981.

AIR CONDITIONING AND HEATING IN AUTOMOBILES

In mid -1990, Givens (1990) presented the first of a three-part of a three part series
Of articles on the technical history of automobiles, unfortunately, completed in succeeding
months, the series did not address heating or air conditioning subsystems used in autos at
any stage of their development. Other authors works reviewed here are likewise directed
solely to their own alleged improvements to heaters or air conditioners and are not even
claimed to be for cars of one manufacturer or conglomerate or anotherforeign or
domestic. The history of automobile air conditioning, in particularas opposed to the
history of vehicle heating, can be inferred from the biographical materials reviewed here
concerning several pioneers of space air conditioning.
Of particular interest is the return of modern researchesfor thermodynamically
compelling reasonsto the use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, after many decades of its
abandonment following its 1920s use in the earliest public-building air conditioners.
Curhan has claimed that over the past several years...Recent trends in vehicle engine
have led to efficiency improvements but consequent decreases in the availability of heat
for passenger compartment heating (Curhan, 1990, p, 55). Curhan asserted that three
available options for overcoming the drop in available heat to be dispersed through
conventional. The cabin cool down test was carried out to check the cooling effect of air
conditioning with different vent angles. The test was carried for 90 minutes, with 60
minutes solar load and 30 minutes down full air conditioning at mean vane position.

S.No

Driver (C)

Co driver
(C)

Exptl.
Test
Baseline

19
22

LH
Passenger
(C)
20

Avg.nose
Temp(C)

19

RH
Passenger
(C)
20

22

23

24

22.75

19.5

Current vehicle climate control systems are dramatically overpowered because they are
designed to condition the entire cabin air mass extreme condition to a comfortable
temperature in a specified period of time. Typical vehicle air conditioning systems require
4000 watts of mechanical power, whereas the human body only dissipates roughly 100
watts. The real objective and that is much more efficient is to ensure the thermal comfort of
the passengers. The key to obtaining this objective is to understand human
thermoregulation and perception of thermal comfort, and to develop predictive model of
these processes. The objective of the work in this project is to develop computational and
experimental models of human thermo-physiology and perception of thermal comfort.

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES

[1] Ruzic, D.9 (2011) Improvement of Thermal Comfort in a Passenger car by localized
air distribution , Act Technical Curviness Bulletin of Engineering, ISSN 2067-3809
[2] Rugh, J.P., Chaney. and Lustbader, J.(2007) u Reduction in Vehicle Temperature and
Fuel Use from Cabin Ventilation, solar Reflective Painted a New Solar Reflective
Glazing SAE world congress,16-19.
[3] Alexandrov, A., Kudriavtsev, V., and Reggio, M.(2001) Analysis of Flow Patterns and
Heat Transfer in Generic Passenger Car Mini Environment, 9th Annual Conference of
CFD society of Canada, Kitchener, Ontario, 27-29
[4] Kliger, B.M., Feldman, B.M., AND Brien, J. (2006) Fluid Animation with Dynamic
Meshes, Computer Graphics Processings, Annual Conference Series.
[5] Kelecy, F.(2005) Modeling Transient Flows with FLUENT 6, FLUENT 6,
FLUENT Inc.
[6] Arens, E., Zhang, H., Huizenga, C., 2006, partial and whole body thermal sensation and
comfort-part 1 : Uniform environmental conditions, J.Thermal Biology 31,53-59
[7] Arens, E., Zhang, H., Huizenga, C., 2006, partial and whole body thermal sensation and
comfort part 2; Non- Uniform environmental conditions, J.Thermal Biology 31, 60-66
[8] Kaushik,S., Chen, K.h., Han, T., and Khalighi, B., Micro -Cooling/Heating Strategy
for Energy Efficient HVAC system, 2011-01-0644
[9] Chen, K.H., Kausik, S., Han, T., Ghosh, D., Wang, M., Thermal Comfort Prediction
and Validation in a Realistic Vehicle Thermal Environment, 2012-01-0645
[10] Fanger P.O: Thermal Comfort, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1970