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2014-2015
c)
In aerobic eukaryotic cells NADH is reoxidised in the respiratory chain, where O2 is used as
terminal electron acceptor. Global reaction: NADH + H+ + O2 NAD+ + H2O
d) 2 ATP would be lost in the glycolytic pathway. Under anaerobiose the net production of ATO
would be zero. Under aerobic conditions 30 instead of 32 ATP would be produced, because
oxidative phosphorylation would not be affected.
3. a)
i) Lactic acid fermentation;
C6H12O6 2 C3H5O3- + 2H+
ii) Aerobic respiration using O2 as terminal electron acceptor;
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
iii) Anaerobic respiration using NO3 as terminal electron acceptor.
C6H12O6 + 12 NO3- 6 CO2 + 12 NO2- + 6 H2O
b)
c) Very fast with oxygen, fast with nitrate and very slow doing fermentation. The rate of growth
should be proportional to the number of ATP/glucose.
4. G= -18 kJmol-1. The transport is thermodynamically favourable as expected.
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2014-2015
5.
The citric acid cycle is directly connected to the respiratory chain: if the redox cofactors are not
reoxidised there will be no NAD+ to continue the reactions of the cycle.
Glycolysis is not necessarily linked to respiration because the NADH can be reoxidised by
fermentation. It makes sense that it is controlled by the energetic charge since energy
production is one of the main objectives of this pathway.
6.
7. a) In the presence of oxygen the lactic acid fermentation stops because i tis more advantageous
to respire O2.
b) What is maintained is the energetic charge. The rate of glucose consumption decreases
because much more ATP is produced per glucose molecule
c)
Increase in energetic charge electron transport in the respiratory chain slows down the
[NADH]/[NAD+] ratio increases Krebs cycle slows down citrate accumulates and inhibits
PFK (the main regulator of gycolysis) glycolysis slows down.
8.
9. a) In liver, gluconeogenesis goes faster than glycolysis. In muscle, it is the other way around.
Remember that the muscle needs ATP for muscle contraction and the liver is responsible for
keeping the blood glucose levels.
b)
It can be explained by a difference in the concentration of the enzymes in the two tissues.
Vmax=kcat ET
10. The entry of these compounds in the glycolytic pathway involves the foloowing reactions:
glycerol + ATP glycerol 3-P + ADP
glycerol 3-P + NAD+ DHAP + NADH
glyceraldehyde + ATP glyceraldehyde 3-P + ADP
glycerate + ATP 3-phosphoglycerate + ADP
The complete route to lactate:
substrate
ATP balance
NADH balance
glycerol lactate
-1 + 2 = +1
+2 1 = +1
glyceraldehyde lactate
-1 + 2 = +1
+1 1 = 0
glycerate lactate
-1 + 1 = 0
0 1 = -1
Only glyceraldehyde can be used: it has a positive ATP balance and the redox balance is
fulfilled.