Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Protozoology
August, 1912
Volume 19
Number 3
J. PROTOZOOL.
19(3), 389-400(1972).
of
JOHN 0. CORLISS
Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
SYNOPSIS. The late Professor Emmanuel FaurC-Fremiet, nearly 88 years old at the time of his passing in November
1971, was not only an outstanding leader in ciliate protozoology but also a general cytologist, experimental embryologist,
and electron microicopist of note, and, in earlier years, a sculptor and painter of merit. Both born and marrying into celebrated families, Monsieur FaurC led a career of his own filled with honors and distinction, but he remained a sensitive,
modest man, remembered, too, for his ever-present sense of humor. Author of nearly 500 books and papers in diverse fields
of biology, FaurC-Fremiet made his most lasting contributions in the realms of synthesis, innovative hypotheses, and
heuristic ideas.
Index Key Words: Faur&Fremiet, E., in memoriam.
C E.
389
390
E. FAURE-FREMIET (1883-1971)
Fig. 1. Professor FaurC-Fremiet at his desk in the Coll&gede France (ca. 1950), just before his second major trip to the United
States. Notice the pipe, a constant companion, and the little vase, with three flags, on the bookcase over his shoulder. (Photo by
Dr. Jean Dragesco.)
still resides in the ancestral Fremiet (and, later, FaurC) treasurefilled home at 32 Rue des Vignes in the western outskirts of
Paris (arr. XVIe).
FaurC-Fremiet died on 6 November2 1971, a little over a
month before his 88th birthday. Confined to his long-occupied
apartment, rich in memories, at 9 Rue ThCnard (less than 75
feet from the entrance to the College de France) for only a
few weeks before his death, suffering principally from emphysema and bronchitis, his passing was a mercifully quiet one.
Dear Madame Marie FaurC-Fremiet, patient and self-sacrificing, was constantly by his side, as she had been ever since their
marriage, giving him great comfort to the very end. He is
buried in the Henneguy family cemetery at Prtcy-sur-Oise.
Professional Career
For essentially the whole of his scientific life, Monsieur FaurC
was associated with the College de France, that now long-established and well-known institution which formally broke away
in 1543 from the prestigious Sorbonne (the original University
of Paris) on the other side of the Rue St. Jacques. He suc I t is curious that the father and both of his sons all died in
the same month and within a few days of one another. Gabriel
passed away on 4 November 1924; Philippe on 19 November
1954.
ceeded his father-in-law, L. -F. Henneguy, to the Chaire 8Embryogenie ComparCe of the College de France and to Directorship of the Laboratoire, in 1928, holding those important
posts until his obligatory retirement in 1955, at the age of 72.
(When Professor Etienne Wolff, embryologist from Strasbourg,
next assumed the Chair, incidentally, the name of the laboratory
was changed to Laboratoire dEmbryologie Exptrimentale.)
A modest, unaggressive man, far more interested in his microscope, his experiments, and his cells or organisms than in details of protocol, administration, or so-called professional advancement, Monsieur Faurt never bothered with acquisition of
a Docteur es Sciences Naturelles until rather firmly (as the
story goes) urged to do so by his Maitre and administrative
superior, Professor Henneguy. He took his doctoral degree
in 19243 from the University of Paris with ease, having already
published 189 papers in diverse fields of biology! Thus he was
eligible, a scant 4 years later, to accept the Chair and the
Directorship of the Laboratory.
Little total time in his long career was spent outside France.
After 8 or 9 months every year in Paris, FaurC-Fremiet typically
fled to coastal biological stations, especially Concarneau in
Brittany, in the summertime. He worked on various occasions
E. FAURB-FREMIET (1883-1971)
391
special guest of honor at Americas first all-Faurt piano recital, given by Miss Alstadter under the patronage of Alice B.
Tully. In Washington he visited the National Academy of
Sciences, greeted by President Handler; and he was given a
memorable reception at Howard University through the efforts
principally of Dr. Harold E. Finley (see Fig. 3).
After his official retirement from the CollPge de France,
FaurC-Fremiet was, in due time, given the title Professeur
honoraire (in 1957) and became, if possible, more active in
research than ever, particularly excited by his thorough immersion in the budding field of electron microscopy. Practically
until the month of his death, he worked either at the College
or at his nearby home or at the CNRS center for hydrobiological research at Gif-sur-Yvette, with summers frequently
at Concarneau.
Principal Honors
Breadth of Contributions
Leaving works in nonscientific fields aside here (but see a
subsequent section, below), the contributions of FaurC-Fremiet
are still amazingly broad, even within the biological sciences.
His publications alone (nearly 500 in number) may be classified
392
E. FAURfi-FREMIET (1883-1971)
Fig. 3. Monsieur FaurC with Dr. Harold E. Finley and the author, on the occasion of a reception in his honor at Howard
University (March 1970), during his last trip to the United States. (Photo obtained through the kindness of Dr. Donald M.
Spoon.)
into several diverse subfields of biology, the scheme of the
classification depending on the interest of the person doing it
and/or the fineness of the subdivisions. Monsieur FaurCs own
scheme (in his unpublished Titres et Travaux Scientifiques)
will not be followed here because its 8 subdivisions involve so
much overlapping, though some is obviously inevitable in any
arrangement.
In his own research, in that of his students and laboratory
guests, and in his 32-year-long series of cours professCs at the
Coll&ge de France, FaurC-Fremiet may be said to have made
major contributions to 4 principal areas of biology, simply defined as follows:
Cytology, with emphasis on cellular constituents and the
protoplasmic structure of living matter as revealed by light and,
later in his career, transmission electron microscopy. Here, too,
one might include work on species of bacteria, algae, and nonciliate Protozoa, for want of a more appropriate place in the
present scheme, but exclude the ciliates, which are given a
separate area below. Selected examples of major contributions in this vast field are included among the following references: 2, 4, 15, 18-20, 27, 31, 36, 43, 61-63, 67, 69, 70, 72,
118, 132, 133, 172.
Developmental biology, including experimental embryology,
tissue culture, physiology, X-radiation, diverse problems of
growth and development, and the kinetics of living matter.
E. FAURfi-FREMIET (1883-1971)
393
Fig. 4. FaurC-Fremiet at the time of his election to the prestigious French Academy in 1959 (he wore his formal attire just
once and without joy).
G. Conklin, T. H. Morgan, H. S. Jennings, C. E. McClung, R.
Chambers, M. F. Guyer, F. M. Child, G. N. Calkins-were apparently similarly impressed by the imaginativeness and acuity
in the prolific output of their modest young colleague on the
other side of the Atlantic.
I have mentioned above that a gauge of this mans impact
on fields of science may be seen in his list of unsolicited honors.
Still another approach to judgment of his influence may be
made by recognition of the accomplishments of students or
close associates of Monsieur FaurC, men and women considering
him their Maitre or even Patron. Such people number
nearly a hundred. A few among the nonprotozoologists of the
group who have gone on to establish outstanding reputations
of their own will serve as examples: Jean AndrC, Charles Devillers, Jean-P. Ebel, Bernard Ephrussi, the late Louis Rapkine,
and Charles Rouiller.
The essentially spontaneous arrangement of a touching 80th
birthday celebration4 in the halls of the College de France, in
February 1964, was carried out by former students and col4Not to mention a similar occasion of honor, held about 10
years earlier, in recognition of his official retirement from the
College de France.
The bulk of FaurC-Fremiets numerous publications is concerned with problems relating to various aspects of the biology
of the ciliate Protozoa, problems on which he brought to bear
the experience and perceptiveness of his earlier training in
microscopy, cytochemistry, and experimental embryology.
Leaving to one side his not inconsiderable contributions to
methods of collecting and culturing ciliates,5 to technics of
fixing and staining (his hundreds of permanent slide preparations will long persist as beautiful proof for posterity of his
skill and precision in such procedures), and to use of microcinematography (in his remarkable studies of feeding methods in
gymnostomes, for example 113a), his works on these protozoa
may be subdivided into at least 5 major areas-still with inevitable degrees of overlapping, of course. They are treated
very briefly below, with citation of representative selected
papers.
T o parallel the mention of his students and disciples in nonprotozoological fields of biology, acknowledgment should be
made here of their protozoological (especially ciliate) counterparts, many of whom have maintained very close ties over
the years with their Patron. A dozen of the students or research collaborators best known in this respect include: Anna
Czapik, Jean Dragesco, Jeanine Ducornet, Marie-Claude Ganier,
Michele Gauchery, Yvette Guilcher-Skreb, Marie Hamard,
Michele Laval, HCltne Mugard-Rouyer (always teasingly called
opaline by Monsieur FaurC), R. H. Pottage, Madeleine
Roque, John B. Tucker, Michel Tuffrau, and the writer.6
Cytology and Ultrastructure
A pioneer in many of his observations, FaurC-Fremiet gained
a lasting reputation among cytologists when he discovered
mitochondria in ciliates in 1907, all the more remarkable in
view of the now tremendously outmoded microscope with which
he carried out such early work. At an even earlier date, 1904,
he discovered and properly interpreted the scopula of peritrichs,
an organelle which continued to fascinate him for the following
67 years. The bulk of his work, throughout his lifetime, involved
making cytological or microscopical observations on natural,
and also experimental, material to understand better the structural diversity so apparent to him in ciliates. Key works on
organelles, exclusive of research on the infraciliature and his
ultrastructural investigations, are: 48-52, 54, 56-59, 84, 88, 89, 95,
101, 125, 129.
He was long ago the inventor, for example, of the protozoological car, the set of submerged slides for collecting species
at various depths in a pond or stream (74) ; and, in more recent
years, he maintained a notable collection of living strains of
diverse species of ciliates in his laboratory at Gif-sur-Yvette ( 146).
Some of his earlier microplankton collecting techniques have also
been described in a publication (see 139).
Actually Messieurs AndrC and Rouiller might well be included
in this as well as the previous list, since their contributions to
protozoan ultrastructure remain formidable even if they might
deny being protozoologists.
394
E. FAURfi-FREMIET ( 1883-1971)
FaurC-Fremiets over-riding goal in all of his cytological research was to throw light on the nature of the underlying
organization of the cell or organism concerned. Several examples
of general or review papers of this sort, or of other work not
included in the immediately preceding paragraphs, are given
among the citations at the end of this paper (1, 25, 27, 30-32, 36,
37,44, 48, 107, 109, 113).
Morphogenesis
This was perhaps Monsieur FaurCs favorite area, if he had
any at all, for here he could apply both theory and fact of
the developmental biologist, cellular physiologist, physical chemist, and experimental embryologist to the ever-fascinating problems of the ontogenetic development of a ciliate in its full life
cycle.
Polarity, symmetry, de- and redifferentiation, polymorphism,
auxomorphy, behavior, teratology, cytoarchitectural diversity,
allometric growth, homothety, enantiotropy, inducers, organizers,
regulation, reorganization, regeneration, axial gradients, morphogenetic movements, stomatogenesis, en- and excystation, polystomy, senescence and rejuvenescence, growth and differentiation
of colonies, continuity of subcellular structures, paracrystalline
organization of macromolecules, anisotropy, form-and-function
i la DArcy Thompson (whom he greatly admired)-all
of these notions, concepts, physiological phenomena, and
theories are amenable to straightforward observation or an
experimental approach, both of which Monsieur Faurt brought
to bear on such seemingly simple events as binary fission or
new mouth-formation in a ciliate.
So it was with genuine joy that FaurC-Fremiet tackled such
intriguing challenges, a happiness undiminished, indeed augmented, by the advent of still finer tools of investigation via
Ecology
Ordinarily it would be surprising to find a passionate and
productive interest in ecology and natural history field work
demonstrable in a benchman experimentalist, but such was
the case with Monsieur FaurC. He made numerous contributions
to general aspects of protozoan ecology, and took imaginative
approaches to the several specific areas mentioned in the following paragraphs.
FaurC-Fremiet was long interested in planktonic ciliates,
mainly freshwater forms (recall his thesis research, 7) but also
species found in salt-marshes, intertidal pools, sand, and other
unusual habitats (48, 59, 65, 102, 146). Sand-dwelling forms
of the intertidal zone intrigued him from several points of view:
their adaptability to a specialized habitat, the effect of this on
their body form, locomotion, etc., and their possession of a
possibly primitive nuclear apparatus (24, 48, -105, 111, 115,
120. 142. 153).
I
E. FAURB-FREMIET (1883-1971)
dence of affinity through comparisons of the arrangement and
distribution of infraciliary structures.i
FaurC-Fremiet was one of the first to realize the great potential significance of dynamic events in the morphogenesis of
a ciliate with respect to possible phylogenetic interrelationships
of the higher level taxonomic groups to which thr spccics belonged. For nearly 70 years he studied the prritrichs (44, 4852, 66, 84, 87, 97, 107, 126, 131, 137, 140, 161), fascinated
and challengcd to the utmost by their seemingly unique characteristics, but I believe he never was completely satisfied with
explanations offrred by others or by himself with respect to
their most likely affinities Mith other groups of ciliates, or
with how thcy got the way thry arc.
Major contributions to this primarily highly theoretical arcd
include the following: 27, 48, 50, 94, 107, 136, 157, 161, 163,
165.
Systematics
FaurC-Fremiet had a profound appreciation for thr necessity
of schemes of classification and for naming new taxonomic
groups (species and above) within the general guidelines laid
down by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
At the same time, he possessed highly limited patirnce with
strictly armchair nomenclaturists, was not well informed on
details of the Code, and cared little for involved or timeconsuming solutions to complicated taxonomic or nomenclatural problrms. He also had no desire to cope with the
specialized jargon of the several schools of modern evolutionary
biologists, numerical taxonomists, and systematists of the higher
organisms, For rxample, he was disinterested in tcrms or concepts like homoplasy, monophyly, cladistics, patristic distances,
phenetics, phcnograms, a posteriori weighting of characters,
OTUs (operational taxonomic units), positional, compositional,
and serial homologies, genetic distance coefficient, hypodigm,
polytypy, mosaic evolution, hierarchical priority, populational
character divergence, successional species, parataxa, seventyfive per cent rule, symbolic logic and set theory, compatibility
matrices, optimality criteria, and clustering algorithms.
Nevertheless, Monsieur FaurC was constantly obliged to set
up or revise taxonomic schemes and to name new species,
albeit reluctantly, since many of his discoveries inevitably involved ciliates new to science. An uncomplicated phylogenetkist in outlook, he also endeavored to apply his ideas concerning evolutionary relationships within or among groups to
creation of more sensible classificational arrangements. The key
to his philosophy in this area of research was carrying out
detailed comparative morphological studies, supplemented as
much as possible by data from other fields (such as ecology,
physiology, and niorphogenesis) , as a basis for his systematic
conclusions.
Revolutionary though some of his rrsulting proposals may
seem or may have seemed, his viewpoint was nonetheless a rclatively conservative one. He was more a lumper than a splitter
and particularly decried (along with kindred souls such as the
late Libbie Henrietta Hyman) the post-war rash of erection of
new familial taxa. For him the family-group was a rather
sacred unit and could (and should) support considerable diversity among its included genera.
FaurC-Fremiet was appreciativc of the past and very knowledgeable of the great works carried out in the 19th and early
But cytoplasmic or pellicular characters were not used exclusively. FaurC-Fremiet also appreciated the value of nuclear
properties, especially in attempts to understand relationships
among the allegedly most primitive groups of ciliates ( 115,
128, 142).
E. FAURE-FREMIET (1883-1971)
Fellow protozoologists have long envied the drawings in
FaurC-Fremiets scientific papers. His graceful, life-like sketches
of protozoan species (many unpublished) are, again, reminiscent
of animal drawings made by the talented E. Fremiet. An
outstanding example are the illustrations in his published
doctoral dissertation (7; and see Fig. 6 on this page).
Monsieur F a d s ability with prose, plus his conscientious
appreciation of the historical perspective, and his own longevity,
earned him the rather onerous task of authoring in memoriam
notices for a considerable number of colleagues in biology whom
he outlived (11, 13, 29, 34, 38, 38a, 39). He also was the
author of many papers on other assorted historical topics (3,
10, 14, 1.5, 33, 40, 46).
Often I have been asked if FaurC-Fremiet inherited any of
the musical talent of his father, Gabriel FaurC. Apparently not,
in the sense of being a composer or a pianist (brother Philippe
did play quite well). But his sensitivity and compassion for
life, his appreciation and feeling for the arts and humanities,
and his profound respect, admiration, and love for his father
were striking characteristics of Monsieur FaurC. We have lasting
evidences of this, most recently in a posthumous publication in
Scherzo (the December 197 1 number, dedicated to Saint-SaEns),
reporting on an interview with FaurC-Fremiet concerning
memories of his father; and in a beautiful radio broadcast made
in 1944, the 20th anniversary of Gabriels death, by his elder
son. A quotation9 from the introductory words of that address
follow :
In memory of my father, permit me to evoke some recollections of my childhood : the incomparable privilege of having
been rocked to sleep near him by nocturnes, barcaroles, and
newly born melodies; then the emotion I felt while timidly
listening to a rehearsal of the Sonata in A, the quartets, or the
first quintet; finally, the confused revelation of an inexpressible
world, which I believe now, having become a man of the
laboratory, surpasses in richness all human knowledge, when
the music, this music, uncovers deep within us a mysterious
realm, mysterious because of its impossible verbal transcription.
In a much lighter vein, I must relate the following tale which
indicates that being the son of a great celebrity has its risks as
well as pleasures. Monsieur FaurC himself loved to tell this
story, and with a little more elaboration than space here permits.
Some 10 or 15 years ago, when Faurt-Fremiet was already
about 75 years old, he was journeying to Warsaw (or was it
Vienna?) to give a major address at a scientific conference
and was, rare for him, travelling from Paris via an express
wagon-couchette, rather than his usual frugal second class
sitting-up-all-night mode of rail travel. Just as, with a sigh of
contentment, he was preparing to enter his (lower) berth, an
ample-bosomed lady bore down on him in the aisle, with an
enraptured look on her face. Ah, Monsieur, cried she, 5s it
true that you are indeed the son of Gabriel FaurC, that superbly
wonderful man whose music is so heavenly [etc., etc., quite
literally into the night!]? Barely allowing poor Monsieur FaurC
to admit to that filial status, she continued on and on, with her
captive audience desperately wondering if hed ever get a chance
to sleep at all before the very active day ahead of him at the
next stop. Finally, a couple of hours later, emotionally
exhausted, the lady returned her attention more specifically to
her polite listener, staunchly standing by, Oh, just imagine my
being with a living son of that great master of music!! Please,
kind sir, embrace me . . . but chastely!
Typescript of the full address generously supplied by Mme
Marie FaurC-Fremiet; translation of the paragraph quoted here
kindly made by Mrs. Barbara Whitney.
E. FAURfi-FREMIET (1883-1971)
Some Personal Characteristics
A number of the personality traits of Monsieur Faur6s have
been revealed, here and there, in preceding sections of this paper.
But a few additional comments must be made. Great and often
abstract scientist though he was, the man had an abiding interest
in and generous love for young people and animals-all
the
more pity that he had neither children nor pets. He had a
magic way of making the other person, no matter what his or
her generation, feel important, at least partly through his way
of giving undivided attention to the words of his companion
of the moment.
There was never a more gracious host to visiting firemen
coming through Paris. During my year there, I was introduced
to more distinguished Americans (not to mention other nationalities) in his home than Id met in four years of graduate
school in New York City. After Monsieur FaurC and poor
Mme Jeanne and Mlle Suzanne had wined, dined, and entertained the guests royally in his little apartment, he frequently
would, regardless of the hour, return to his desk to work into
the night on some manuscript or other.
At the Coll?ge de France he always had time for the questions
of students and colleagues, though, at the same time, he was
impatient with inefficiency, irresponsibility, and out-and-out
laziness. He practically adopted some of his students, especially
intellectually. An outstanding example was his deep feeling for
young Jean Filhol, a brilliant embryologist crippled in body but
certainly not in mind. When Filhol passed away, at the tender
age of 28, Monsieur FaurC delivered a moving eulogy (16).
He seemed to have an especially warm spot in his heart for
Americans and Americana, from cokes and sliced bread to
plaid shirts and saddle shoes. And he loved certain expressions,
sometimes rather quaint, in English, for example, Oh my
goodness! On his infrequent trips (about every 20 years!) to
the United States, he always managed to find some souvenir,
often an article of clothing, to take back home with him as a
long-lasting addition to his meager wardrobe. Perhaps the only
object more characteristic of him than some conspicuous article
of American clothing was his beloved pipe, a constant companion (see Figs. 1, 2 ) until the last few years of his life.
Modest and frugal (for example, he seldom ordered more
than 100 reprints of any of his papers), sensitive, gentle,
generous, creative, Monsieur Faurt was also tremendously selfdisciplined and held to the highest standards of quality in his
work. I n fact, sometimes his passion for perfectionism worked
to the distinct disadvantage of posterity-two examples of this
will suffice.
The story is told that, in 1929, the late Maurice Caullery
(whose place F a d - F r e m i e t took in the Institut, incidentally)
sent off to press the manuscript of a book on cytology prepared
by his young colleague while Faur6-Fremiet himself was abroad
for several months. When the younger man returned, he was
greatly upset and immediately withdrew the work from the
publisher, with the typical comments that, first, he must add
a little new information to it; and second, the entire draft
would have to be put into better shape. The book never did
appear.
Then, in the 1940s, when Pierre-P. Grass6 was lining up
contributors for his Traite de Zoologie, keen on being the first
European zoologist to ever start and finish such a series, FaurtFremiet was asked to prepare Tome 11, on the cell and the
ciliate Protozoa, with a deadline set for early in 1949. Alas,
by the time of his passing, in 1971, Monsieur Faurt was still
not satisfied with his draft of the text (it occupied several file
drawers, thus still requiring much heart-rending condensation),
397
398
E. FAURR-FREMIET (1883-1971)
-.
I
E. FAURfS-FREMIET (1883-1971)
(67 ) 1922. Mkthodes chimiques et microchimiques applicables
149.
(68) 1923. Le premier cycle de croissance du tetard de Rana
temporaria. Arch. Znt. Physiol. 21, 403-37 (with J. Dragoiu).
(69) 1924. Loeuf de Sabellaria alueolata. Arch. Anat. Micros.
20, 211-342.
(70) 1927. Les amibocytes des invertCbrCs B 1Ctat quiescent et
B ICtat actif. Arch. Anat. Micros. 23, 99-173.
(71) 1928. La culture des tissus in vitro. Ann. Anat. Path.
Anat. Norm. 5, 157-80 (with B. Ephrussi).
( 72) 1929. Caract6res physico-chimiques des choanoleucocytes
de quelques invertCbrCs. Protoplasma 6, 52 1-609.
(73) 1930. Growth and differentiation of the colonies of
Zoothamnium alterans (Clap. and Lachm.). Biol. Bull. 58, 28-51.
(74) 1931. Quelques rbsultats obtenus avec la mCthode des
lames immergbes. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 56, 479-82.
(75) 1932. Division et morphogensse chez Folliculina ampulla
0. F. Miiller. Bull. Biol. France Belg. 66, 77-1 10.
(76) 1932. Morphogenhe exPCrimentale (reconstitution) chez
Ficulina ficus. Arch. Anat. Micros. 28, 1-80.
( 7 7 ) 1932. Involution exPCrimentale et tension de structure
dans les cellules de Ficulina ficus. Arch. Anat. Micros. 28, 121-57.
(78) 1935. La famille des Philasteridae Kahl (Ciliata Holotricha). Bull. Soc. Zool. France 40, 127-43.
(79) 1936. La famille des Folliculinidae (Infusoria Heterotricha). M i , . Mus. Roy. Hist. N u t . Belg., SCr. 2, 3, 1129-75.
(80) 1936. La structure des fibres delastoidine. Arch. Anat.
Micros. 32, 249-70.
(81) 1938. Structure de la capsule ovulaire chez quelques
sClaciens. Arch. Anat. Micros. 34, 23-51.
(82) 1938. Etude roentgCnographique de quelques collaghes.
J . Chim. Phys. 35, 223-32 (with G. Champetier).
(83) 1938. Etude roentgenographique des kCratines secrCtCes.
C . R . Acad. Sci., Paris 207, 1133-5 (with G. Champetier).
(84) 1941. La nature chimique du pkdoncule des vorticellides.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France 66, 277-87.
(85) 1942. Composition chimique du tegument chez Coleps
hirtus. Bull. Biol. France Belg. 78, 136-42 (with M. Hamard).
(86) 1943. Commensalisme et adaptation chez un acinCtien:
Erastophrya chattoni, n. gen., n. sp. Bull. SOL. Zool. France 68,
145-7.
(87) 1943. Commensalisme et adaptation chez une vorticellide:
Epistylis lwoffi, n. sp. Bull. SOL.Zool. France 68, 154-7.
(88) 1943. Etude biometrique de quelques trichodines. Bull.
SOC.Zool. France 68, 158-69.
(89) 1944. ProtCines de structure et cytosquelette chez les
urcColaires. Bull. Biol. France Belg. 78, 143-56 (with J. Thaureaux) .
(90) 1944. Polymorphisme de 1Enchelys mutans (Mermod).
Bull. Soc. Zool. France 69, 212-9.
(91) 1945. SymCtrie et polarit6 chez les ciliCs bi- ou multicomposites. Bull. Biol. France Belg. 79, 106-50.
(92) 1945. Polymorphisme du Monodinium uorax nov. sp.
Bull. SOC.Zool. France 70, 69-79.
(93) 1946. Sur un infusoire holotriche histiophage Deltopylum
rhabdoides n. gen., n. sp. Bull. SOC.Zool. France 71, 161-4 (with
H. Mugard).
(94) 1947. Les affinitCs des infusoires acinCtiens et la ciliature de leurs formes vagiles. Bull. SOC. Zool. France 72, 12-6
(with Y . Guilcher).
(95) 1947. Trochilioides filans n. sp. infusoire holotriche de
la famille des Dysteriidae. Bull. SOC. Zool. France 72, 106-12
(with Y. Guilcher).
(96) 1948. Le rythme de marbe du Strombidium oculatum
Gruber. Bull. Biol. France Belg. 82, 3-23.
(97) 1948. Croissance et morphogenhse des colonies de Carchesium limneticum Svec. Ann. Acad. Bras. Cien. 20, 103-15.
(98) 1948. DCveloppement allomktrique des constituants du
pCdoncule chez Epistyle capitulum n. sp. et Opercularia cupulata
n. sp. Ann. Acad. Bras. Cien. 20, 95-102.
(99) 1948. Un cas dassociation entre ciliC et tentaculifhre
Cpizoiques. Ann. Acad. Bras. Cien. 20, 117-23.
( 100) 1948. Doublets homopolaires et rCgulation morphoqCnCtique chez le ciliC Leucophrys patula. Arch. Anat. Micros.
37, 183-203.
(101 ) 1948. ktude expCrimentale de la calcification t6gumentaire chez un infusoire riliC, Coleps hirtus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta
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