Mec 211 Autocad 1 PDF

UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL &
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
AutoCAD 1
COURSE CODE: MEC211
YEAR I- SEMESTER II
PRACTICAL
Version 1: December 2008
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

AUTOCAD I (MEC 211)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 1:
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3:
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING

STARTING AUTOCAD
AUTOCAD WINDOW
TOOL PALETTES:
MENU BAR
TOOLBARS
1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU

1.3
COMMAND WINDOW
1.3.1 ENTER COMMANDS ON THE COMMAND LINE
1.3.2 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE
1.3.4 SWITCH BETWEEN DIALOG BOXES AND THE
COMMAND LINE
1.3.5 DOCK AND RESIZE THE COMMAND WINDOW
1.4: COMMAND ENTRY (ICONS, KEYBOARD AND MENUS)
1.5
SET INTERFACE OPTIONS
1.5.1 TO SET OPTIONS

1.6
SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES
1.7
OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS
1.8
WEEK 2:
2.0 PRACTICE DRAWING USING LINE

2.1 SAVING YOUR WORK
2.2 PLOTTING YOUR WORK
WEEK 3:
3.0 PROPERTIES TOOLBAR

3.1 SETTING UP AUTOCAD ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 SETTING UNITS
3.1.2 SETTING GRIDS AND SNAP
3.1.3 SETTING THE SCREEN LIMITS
WEEK 4:
4.0 THE X,Y CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (2D DRAWING)

4.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
4.2 ICONS, KEYSTROKES AND MENUS
4.3 TASK (1)
5.0DRAWING OBJECTS
5.1 DRAW TOOLBAR
WEEK 5:
5.1.1 LINES
5.1.2 THE LINE COMMAND
5.1.3 COMMAND SEQUENCE
5.2 THE CONSTRUCTION LINE COMMAND
5.2.1 COMMAND SEQUENCE
5.3 THE RAY COMMAND
5.4 THE POLYLINE FAMILY
5.4.1 THE POLYLINE COMMAND
WEEK 6:
WEEK 7:
6.0 THE RECTANGLE COMMAND

6.0.1: COMMAND SEQUENCE
6.1: THE POLYGON COMMAND
6.2: THE CIRCLE COMMAND
6.3: THE ARC COMMAND
6.4: TASK (2)
7.0 MODIFYING OBJECTS
7.1: INTRODUCTION
7.2: THE COPY COMMAND
7.3: THE MIRROR COMMAND
7.4: THE OFFSET COMMAND
WEEK 8:
8.0 CONTINUATION OF MODIFYING OBJECTS

8.1: THE MOVE COMMAND
WEEK 9:
8.2:
THE ROTATE COMMAND
8.3:
TASK (3)
9.0 DIMENSIONING DRAWINGS

9.1: INTRODUCTION
9.2: THE LINEAR DIMENSION COMMANDS
9.3: THE CONTINUE DIMENSION COMMAND
9.4: THE DIAMETER DIMENSION COMMAND
9.5: THE RADIUS DIMENSION COMMAND
WEEK 10:
10.0 OBJECT SNAPS
10.1: TEXT COMMAND

10.2: TASK (4)
WEEK 11:
11.0 SELECTING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD

11.1: TO SUMMARIZE
11.2: OBJECT PROPERTIES
11.3: DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY
WEEK 12:
12.0 POLAR TRACKING

12.1: OBJECT SNAP TRACKING
12.2: TASK (5)
WEEK 13:
13.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT METHODS

13.1: INTRODUCTION
13.2: TASK (6)
WEEK 14:
14.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

14.1: RIGHT CONE
14.2: PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
14.3: TASK (7)
WEEK 15:
15.0 INTERSECTION OF CYLINDER

15.1: PERPENDICULAR INTERSECTION OF EQUALLY
DIAMETERS CYLINDERS
15.2: PERPENDICULAR INTERSECTION OF UNEQUAL
DIAMETERS CYLINDERS
15.3: TASK (8)
WEEK (ONE)
1.0: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING
Welcome to the world of CAD (Computer Aided Drawing/ Drafting)- Through this
module you will be learning the basics of drawing using AutoCAD. The module is
designed so that the commands and instructions should work on almost any version of
AutoCAD, although this version is designed specifically for AutoCAD 2006. By the
end of this module it is hoped that you will gain the skills to develop 2D drawings and
print them out to scale.
1.1: STARTING AUTOCAD

To start AutoCAD software there are certain basic step to follow, and they are as
follows :
Click (bottom left) Start Programs Autodesk AutoCAD2006
AutoCAD2006.
Once AutoCAD has loaded, move the mouse around until you see the drawing cursor.
1.2: AUTOCAD WINDOW

AutoCAD program window is dividing into five main parts , they are as follows (Fig.
1) :
Pull-down menu bar

Docked and floating window
Drawing area
Command window
Status bar
Layer Bar
Menu Bar
Drawing area
Modify toolbars
Draw toolbars
Cursor
Command window
UCS Icon
Status Bar
(Fig. 1.1)
1.2.1 TOOL PALETTES:

Tool palettes are tabbed areas within the Tool Palettes window. You can place blocks
and hatches that you use often on a tool palette. When you need to add a block or a
hatch to a drawing, drag it from the tool palette onto your drawing.
Blocks and hatches that reside on a tool palette are called tools, and several tool
properties including scale, rotation, and layer can be set for each tool individually.
Blocks that are placed with this method often must be rotated or scaled after they are
placed. You can use object snaps when dragging blocks from a tool palette, however
grid snap is suppressed during dragging.
I
Scale Blocks Automatically
When a block is dragged from a tool palette into a drawing, it is scaled automatically
according to the ratio of units defined in the block and defined in the current drawing.
For example, if the current drawing uses meters as its units and a block is defined
using centimeters as its units, the ratio of the units is 1 m/100 cm. When the block is
dragged into the drawing, it is inserted at 1/100 scale.
Fig 1.2
II
To display the Tool Palettes window
On the Tools menu, click Tool Palettes Window. Alternatively, you can press
CTRL+3.
Standard toolbar
Command line TOOLPALETTES
You can change the insertion properties or pattern properties of any tool on a tool
palette. For example, you can change the insertion scale of a block or the angle of a
hatch pattern. To change these tool properties, right-click a tool and click Properties
on the shortcut menu. Then you change the tool's properties in the Tool Properties
dialog box. The Tool Properties dialog box has two categories of properties the
Insert or Pattern properties category, and the General properties category.
Insert or Pattern properties. Control object-specific properties such as scale,

rotation, and angle.
General properties. Override the current drawing property settings such as

layer, color, and line type.
The options and settings for tool palettes are accessible from shortcut menus in
different areas on the Tool Palettes window. These settings include
Auto-hide. The Tool Palettes window can automatically roll open or roll away
when your cursor moves over the title bar on the Tool Palettes window.
Transparency. The Tool Palettes window can be made transparent so it does

not obscure objects under it. (Transparency is not available to Microsoft
Windows NT users.)
Views. The display style and size of the icons in a tool palette can be changed.
You can dock the Tool Palettes window on the right or left edge of the application
window. Press the CTRL key to prevent docking as you move the Tool Palettes
window.
Tool palette settings are saved with your AutoCAD profile.
III
Update the Icon for a Tool
Icons in tool palettes are not automatically updated if the block or hatch changes. If
you change a block or hatch definition you can update its icon in a tool palette. In the
Tool Properties dialog box, change the entry in the Source File field for blocks or the
Pattern name field for hatches, and then change the entry back again. This forces an
update of the icon for that tool.
Alternatively, you can delete the tool and then replace it using Design Center.
IV
Specify Overrides for Tool Properties
In some cases, you may want to assign specific property overrides to a tool. For
example, you may want a hatch to be placed automatically on a pre-specified layer,
regardless of the current layer setting. This feature can save you time and reduce
errors by setting properties automatically when creating certain objects.
The Tool Properties dialog box provides fields for each potential property override.
Layer property overrides affect color, linetype, lineweight, plot style, and plot. Layer
property overrides are resolved as follows:
If a layer is missing from the drawing, that layer is created automatically.
If a layer to which you are dragging a block or hatch is currently turned off or
frozen, the layer is temporarily turned on or thawed.
You can create new tool palettes using the Properties button on the title bar of the
Tool Palettes window. Add tools to a tool palette with the following methods:
Drag drawings, blocks, and hatches from DesignCenter to the tool palette.
Drawings that are added to a tool palette are inserted as blocks when dragged
into the drawing.
Use Cut, Copy, and Paste to move or copy tools from one tool palette to
another.
Create a pre-populated tool palette tab by right-clicking a folder, a drawing

file, or a block in the DesignCenter tree view, and then clicking Create Tool
Palette on the shortcut menu.
Note: For block tools on tool palettes, the source drawing files must always be
accessible. If a source drawing file is moved to a different folder, you must modify the
block tool that references it by right-clicking the block tool and, in the Tool Properties
dialog box, specifying the new source file folder.
Once tools are placed in a tool palette, you can rearrange them by dragging them
within the tool palette.
A tool palette tab can be moved up and down the list of tabs from the tool palette
shortcut menu, or from the Tool Palettes tab of the Customize dialog box. Similarly,
you can delete tool palettes that you no longer need. Tool palettes that are deleted are
lost unless they are first saved by exporting them to a file. You can control the path to
your tool palettes on the Files tab in the Options dialog box. This path can be to a
shared network location.
Note If a tool palette file is set with a read-only attribute, a lock icon displays in a
lower corner of the tool palette. This indicates that the tool palette cannot be modified
beyond changing its display settings and rearranging the icons.
To create a tool palette from a folder or a drawing

1. If Design Center is not already open, on the Tools menu, click Design Center.
2. In the Design Center tree view or the content area, right-click a folder,
drawing file, or block.
3. On the shortcut menu, click Create Tool Palette.
A new tool palette is created that contains all the blocks and hatches in the selected
folder or drawing.
1.2.2 MENU BAR

Menus are available from the menu bar at the top of the AutoCAD drawing area. You
can choose menu options in the following ways:
Click the menu name to display a list of options. Click the option to choose it,
or press DOWN ARROW to move down the list and then press ENTER.
Press ALT and then enter the underlined letter in the menu name. For
example, to open a new drawing, press ALT and press F to open the File
menu. Then press ENTER to choose the highlighted option New.
The default menu file is acad. mnu. You can specify a different menu (for example, a
menu you have customized) in the Options dialog box, Files tab.
To use a menu
Choose one of the following methods:
On the menu bar, click a menu name to display a list of options. On the menu,
either click an option or use the DOWN ARROW to move down the list, and
then press ENTER.
Press ALT and press the underlined letter in the menu name. Then press the
underlined letter in the option name. For example, to open a new drawing,
press ALT and press F to open the File menu. Then press N for New.
1.2.3: TOOLBARS
Toolbars contain buttons that start commands. When you move the pointing device
over a toolbar button, the tooltip displays the name of the button. Buttons with a small
black triangle in the lower-right corner have flyouts that contain related commands.
With the cursor over the icon, hold down the pick button until the flyout appears.
The Standard toolbar at the top of the drawing area is displayed by default. This
toolbar is similar to those found in Microsoft Office programs. It contains frequently
used AutoCAD commands such as DIST, PAN, and ZOOM, as well as Microsoft
Office standard commands such as New, Open, and Save.
Display, Dock, and Resize Toolbars
AutoCAD initially displays several toolbars:
Standard toolbar
Styles toolbar
Layers toolbar
Properties toolbar
Draw toolbar
Modify toolbar
You can display or hide these four and additional toolbars, and you can create your
own toolbars. A toolbar can be floating or docked. A floating toolbar is located
anywhere in the drawing area of the AutoCAD window, and you can drag it to a new
location, resize it, or dock it. A docked toolbar is attached to any edge of the drawing
area. While a toolbar is docked, it cannot be resized. You can move a docked toolbar
by dragging it to a new docking location.
II
To display a toolbar
1. From the View menu, choose Toolbars.
2. In the Customize dialog box, Toolbars tab, select the name of the toolbar you
want to show.
3. Choose Close.
Shortcut menu You can also display a toolbar by right-clicking any toolbar button
and choosing a toolbar from the shortcut menu.
1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU

The object snap menu is displayed at your cursor location when you hold down
SHIFT and click the right mouse button or the equivalent button on another pointing
device.
The default object snap menu lists object snaps and tracking options. If you want to
change the options, you can customize the acad. mnu file.
To display the object snap menu

1. Enter any command that prompts you to specify a point. For example, enter
line.
2. At the From Point prompt, hold down SHIFT and right-click.
The object snap menu is displayed, and you can choose an object snap option.
1.3
COMMAND WINDOW
You can display commands, system variables, options, messages, and prompts in a
dockable and resizable window called the command window.
1.3.1 Enter Commands on the Command Line

You can enter a command by using the keyboard. Some commands also have
abbreviated names called command aliases. To enter a command by using the
keyboard, type the full command name on the command line and press
ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing device.
Some commands also have abbreviated names. For example, instead of
entering circle to start the CIRCLE command, you can enter c. Abbreviated
command names are called command aliases and are defined in the acad.pgp
file. To define your own command aliases, see Create Command Aliases .
I
Specify Command Options
When you enter commands on the command line, AutoCAD displays either a set of
options or a dialog box. For example, when you enter circle at the Command prompt,
the following prompt is displayed:
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan, tan, radius)]:
You can specify the center point either by entering X,Y coordinate values or by using
the pointing device to click a point on the screen.
To choose a different option, enter the letters capitalized in one of the options in the
brackets. You can enter uppercase or lowercase letters. For example, to choose the
three-point option (3P), enter 3p.
II
Execute Commands
To execute commands, press SPACEBAR or ENTER, or right-click your pointing

device after entering command names or responses to prompts. The instructions in
Help assume this step and do not specifically instruct you to press ENTER after each
entry.
III
Repeat and Cancel Commands
If you want to repeat a command that you have just used, press ENTER or
SPACEBAR, or right-click your pointing device at the Command prompt.
You also can repeat a command by entering multiple, a space, and the command
name, as shown in the following example:
Command: multiple circle
To cancel a command in progress, press ESC.
IV
Interrupt a Command with Another Command or System Variable
Many commands can be used transparently: that is, they can be entered on the
command line while you use another command. Transparent commands frequently
change drawing settings or display options, for example, GRID or ZOOM. In the
Command Reference, transparent commands are designated by an apostrophe in front
of the command name.
To use a command transparently, choose its toolbar button or enter an apostrophe (')
before entering the command at any prompt. On the command line, double angle
brackets (>>) precede prompts that AutoCAD displays for transparent commands.
After you complete the transparent command, the original command resumes. In the
following example, you turn on the dot grid and set it to one-unit intervals while you
draw a line, and then you continue drawing the line.
Command: line
Specify first point: 'grid
>>Specify grid spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <0.000>: 1

Resuming LINE command
Specify first point:

System variables are settings that control how certain commands work.
System variables are settings that control how certain commands work. They can turn
on or turn off modes such as Snap, Grid, or Ortho. They can set default scales for
hatch patterns. They can store information about the current drawing and about
AutoCAD configuration. Sometimes you use a system variable in order to change a
setting. At other times you use a system variable to display the current status.
For example, the GRIDMODE system variable turns the dot grid display on and off
when you change the value. In this case, the GRIDMODE system variable is
functionally equivalent to the GRID command. DATE is a read-only system variable
that stores the current date. You can display this value, but you cannot change it.
You can examine or change a system variable's setting transparently, that is, while
using another command; however, new values may not take effect until the
interrupted command ends.

You can edit text in the command window to correct or repeat commands.
You can navigate and edit text in the command window to correct or repeat
commands. Use the standard keys:
UP, DOWN, LEFT ARROW, and RIGHT ARROW
INS, DEL
PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN
HOME, END
BACKSPACE
You can repeat any command used in the current session by cycling through the
commands in the command window with UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW and
pressing ENTER. By default, pressing CTRL+C copies highlighted text to the
Clipboard. Pressing CTRL+V pastes text from the Clipboard to the text or command
window.
If you right-click in the command window or text window, AutoCAD displays a
shortcut menu from which you can access the six most recently used commands, copy
selected text or the entire command history, paste text, and access the Options dialog
box.
For most commands, a command line with two or three lines of previous prompts,
called the command history, is sufficient for viewing and editing. To see more than
one line of command history, you can scroll through the history or resize the
command window by dragging its border. For commands with text output, such as
LIST, you might need a larger command window, or you can press F2 to use the text
window.
I
Use the Text Window
The text window is a window similar to the command window in which you can enter
commands and view prompts and messages. The text window displays a complete
command history for the current AutoCAD session. Use the text window to view
lengthy output of commands such as LIST, which displays detailed information about
objects you select. To move forward and backward in the command history, you can
click the scroll arrows along the right edge of the window.
Press SHIFT with a key to highlight text. For example, press SHIFT+HOME in the
text window to highlight all text from the cursor location to the beginning of the line.
To copy all the text in the text window to the Clipboard, use the COPYHIST
command.
1.3.4 Switch Between Dialog Boxes and the Command Line

You can display prompts on the command line instead of using a dialog box,
or switch back again. This option is useful primarily when using scripts.
Some functions are available both on the command line and in a dialog box. In
many cases, you can enter a hyphen before the command to suppress the
dialog box and display prompts on the command line instead. For example,
entering layer on the command line displays the Layer Properties Manager.
Entering -layer on the command line displays the equivalent command line
options. Suppressing the dialog box is useful for compatibility with earlier
versions of AutoCAD and for using script files. There may be slight
differences between the options in the dialog box and those available on the
command line.
These system variables also affect the display of dialog boxes:
ATTDIA controls whether INSERT uses a dialog box for attribute value entry.
CMDNAMES displays the name (in English) of the currently active command
and transparent command.
EXPERT controls whether certain warning dialog boxes are displayed.
FILEDIA controls the display of dialog boxes used with commands that read
and write files. For example, if FILEDIA is set to 1, SAVEAS displays the
Save Drawing As dialog box. If FILEDIA is set to 0, SAVEAS displays

prompts on the command line. The procedures in this documentation assume
that FILEDIA is set to 1. Even when FILEDIA is set to 0, you can display a
file dialog box by entering a tilde (~) at the first prompt.
FILEDIA and EXPERT are useful when you use scripts to run commands.
1.3.5 Dock and Resize the Command Window

To relocate and resize the command window for your convenience, drag it or
use the splitter bar.
By default, the command window is docked. The docked command window is
the same width as the AutoCAD window. If text that is entered becomes
longer than the width of the command line, the window pops up in front of the
command line to show the full text of the line.
You can resize the window vertically by dragging the splitter bar, which is
located on the top edge of the window when it is docked on the bottom and at
the bottom edge of the window when it is docked at the top.
Undock the command window by dragging it away from the docking region.
When you undock the window, the floating window is the size it was before
you undocked it. You can move the floating command window anywhere on
the screen and resize its width and height with the pointing device.
Dock the command window by dragging it until it is over the top or bottom
docking regions of the AutoCAD window.
1.4: COMMAND ENTRY (ICONS, KEYBOARD AND MENUS)

There are many ways to draw using AutoCAD; however, we shall explain the most
common methods of using AutoCAD facilities.
For example, If you want to draw a line, you can do it in a number of ways:
Method (1)- At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.
Method (2)- Select the line icon
from the DRAW toolbar.
Method (3)- Select Draw > Line from the pull-down menu.
1.5
SET INTERFACE OPTIONS
You can change many of the settings that affect the AutoCAD interface and drawing
environment in the Options dialog box. For example, you can establish how often
AutoCAD automatically saves the drawing to a temporary file, and you can specify
the search path for files that you use most often. Experiment with the settings in the
Options dialog box until you find the best environment for your needs.
Settings in the Options dialog box include the following:
Automatic Save (Open and Save tab). Saves your drawing at specified time
intervals. To use this option, in the Options dialog box, Open and Save tab,
select Automatic Save and enter the interval in minutes.
Color (Display tab). Specifies the background colors used in the layout and
Model tabs and the color used for prompts and crosshairs.
Font (Display tab). Changes the fonts used in the AutoCAD window and in the
text window. This setting does not affect the text in your drawings.
Search Path (Files tab). Sets the search path AutoCAD uses to find support
files such as text fonts, drawings, linetypes, and hatch patterns.
1.5.1 To set options

1. From the Tools menu, choose Options.
2. In the Options dialog box, choose the tab you want.
3. Set options as desired.
4. Do either or both of the following:
Choose Apply to record the current options settings in the system registry.
Choose OK to record the current options settings in the system registry and
close the Options dialog box.
Command line OPTIONS

Customizes many AutoCAD settings.
Current Profile
Displays the name of the current profile above the tabs. To set the current profile,
create a new profile, or edit an existing profile, use the Profiles tab. ( CPROFILE
system variable)
Current Drawing
Displays the name of the current drawing above the tabs. A drawing file icon is
displayed next to any option saved with the drawing. An option saved with the
drawing affects only the current drawing. An option saved in the registry affects all
drawings in an AutoCAD session. Options that are saved in the registry (and are not
displayed with a drawing file icon) are saved in the current profile. ( DWGNAME
system variable)
The Options dialog box includes the following tabs:
1.6
Files
Display
Open and Save
Plotting
System
User Preferences
Drafting
Selection
Profiles
SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES
You can use the Profiles tab in the Options dialog box to create and save your
drawing environment settings as a profile. If you share your workstation with other
users who use the same login name, you can restore your options by making the
profile current. You can also create and save profiles to use with different projects. By
default, AutoCAD stores your current options in a profile named UNNAMED
PROFILE. AutoCAD displays the current profile name, as well as the current drawing
name, in the Options dialog box.
The profile information is stored in the system registry and can be saved to a text file
(an ARG file). AutoCAD organizes essential data and maintains changes in the
registry as necessary.
Once you save a profile, you can export or import the ARG file to and from different
computers. If you make changes to your current profile during an AutoCAD session
and you want to save those changes in the ARG file, you must export the profile.
When you export the profile with the current profile name, AutoCAD updates the
ARG file with the new settings. You can import the profile again into AutoCAD to
update your profile settings.
1.7
To open an existing drawing

1. From the File menu, choose Open.
2. In the Select File dialog box, select one or more files and choose Open.
The icons on the left side of the dialog box provide quick access to commonly used
files and file locations. To reorder the icons, drag them to a new location. To add,
modify, or remove an icon, right-click the icon to display a shortcut menu.
Standard toolbar
Command line OPEN
1.8
To change the default drawing folder

1. On the command line, enter remember folders, and then enter 0.
2. On the Windows desktop, right-click the AutoCAD icon. Then choose
Properties.
3. Choose the Shortcut tab.
4. In the Start In box, enter the path of the folder that should be the default when
you open or save drawing files.
5. Choose OK.
1.9
QUIZ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What do you understand with acronyms CAD

List out 10 features of Autocad
What does WCS stand for?
state five advantages of using CAD over manual Drawing
Explain what you understand tool Palettes window.
explain how display the Tool Palettes window
list out the buttons find in menu bar and toolbar
WEEK TWO
2.0
START, ORGANIZE, AND SAVE A DRAWING
2.1
START AND SAVE A DRAWING
When you start a drawing, you specify the type of units to use and other settings.
You can also choose how to save your work, including saving backup files.
2.1.1 START A DRAWING FROM SCRATCH

A quick way to begin a new drawing is to start from scratch, which starts a drawing
that uses settings from a default drawing template file.
A quick way to begin a new drawing is to start from scratch, which starts a drawing
that uses settings from a default drawing template file.
You can start from scratch from the Create New Drawing dialog box, from the Select
Template dialog box, or without using a dialog box at all. In each case, you use either
the NEW command or the QNEW command.
Use the Create New Drawing Dialog Box

The Create New Drawing dialog box is displayed under the following conditions:
You set the STARTUP system variable to 1 (on).
You set the FILEDIA system variable to 1 (on).
You click New on the File menu or Qnew on the Standard toolbar when no
drawing template file is specified in the Options dialog box.
The Create New Drawing dialog box provides several methods for starting a new
drawing.
When you use Start from Scratch, you can specify either imperial or metric units for
the new drawing. The setting you select determines default values used for many
system variables controlling text, dimensions, grid, snap, and the default linetype and
hatch pattern file.
Imperial. Creates a new drawing based on the imperial measurement system.

The drawing uses internal default values, and the default drawing boundary,
called the drawing limits, is 12 9 inches.
Metric. Creates a new drawing based on the metric measurement system. The
drawing uses internal default values, and the default drawing boundary is 429
297 millimeters.
1 Use the Select Template Dialog Box

The Select Template dialog box is displayed under the following conditions:
You set the STARTUP system variable to 0 (off).
You click New on the File menu or, by default, Qnew on the Standard toobar.
At the bottom-right corner of the Select Template dialog box, there is an Open
button with an arrow button next to it. If you click the arrow button, you can
choose between two internal default drawing templates, metric or imperial.
2. Use a Default Drawing Template File

The fastest way to begin working on a new drawing is to start automatically with a
default drawing template file. No dialog box is displayed with this method:
You set the STARTUP system variable to 0 (off).

You specify a default drawing template file in the Options dialog box on the
Files tab. Click the node labeled "Drawing Template Settings" and specify a
path and drawing template file.
You click Qnew on the Standard toolbar.
From now on, a new drawing is immediately created that is based on the specified
default drawing template file.
If no template file is specified in the Options dialog box, QNEW displays the
Select Template dialog box.
2.1.1.1
TO START A DRAWING FROM SCRATCH WITH

THE CREATE DRAWING DIALOG BOX
1. If necessary, set the STARTUP system variable to 1 and the FILEDIA system
variable to 1. On the command line, enter startup and 1; then enter filedia and
1.
2. On the File menu, click New.
3. In the Create New Drawing dialog box, click Start from Scratch.
4. Under Default Settings, click either Imperial or Metric.
The new drawing starts as drawing1.dwg. The default drawing name changes to
reflect the number of new drawings that have been started. For example, if you start
another drawing, the default drawing name is drawing2.dwg.
2.1.2 USE A SETUP WIZARD

A setup wizard establishes basic drawing settings step by step. A setup wizard
establishes basic drawing settings step by step. You have two wizard options to help
you set up a drawing:
Quick Setup Wizard. Sets units of measurement, precision of displayed units,

and grid limits.
Advanced Setup Wizard. Sets units of measurement, precision of displayed

units, and grid limits. Also establishes angle settings such as units of
measurement style, precision, direction, and orientation.
These wizards are available in the Create New Drawing dialog box.
I. To begin a new drawing using a wizard

1. If necessary, set the STARTUP system variable to 1 and the FILEDIA system
variable to 1.
2. On the File menu, choose New.
3. In the Create New Drawing dialog box, click Use a Wizard.
4. Click Quick Setup or Advanced Setup.
5. Complete the wizard pages using the Next and Back buttons to move forward
and backward.
6. On the last page, click Finish.
2.1.3 USE A TEMPLATE FILE TO START A DRAWING

A drawing template file contains standard settings. Select one of the template files
supplied, or create your own template files.
A drawing template file contains standard settings. Select one of the template files
supplied, or create your own template files. Drawing template files have a .dwt file
extension.
When you create a new drawing based on an existing template file and make changes,
the changes in the new drawing do not affect the template file. You can use one of the
template files supplied with AutoCAD, or you can create your own template files.
I.
Create a Drawing Template File
When you need to create several drawings that use the same conventions and default
settings, you can save time by creating or customizing a template file instead of
specifying the conventions and default settings each time you start. Conventions and
settings commonly stored in template files include
Unit type and precision
Title blocks, borders, and logos

Layer names
Snap, Grid, and Ortho settings
Drawing (grid) limits
Dimension styles
Text styles
Linetypes
By default, drawing template files are stored in the template folder, where they are
easily accessible.
II
Recover the Default Drawing Template File
If the settings in the AutoCAD drawing template files acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt have
been changed from the original defaults, you can reset them by starting a new drawing
with no template and then saving the drawing as a drawing template file, replacing
acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt.
You can start a new drawing with the original defaults by using NEW to display the
Select Template dialog box. To do this, click the arrow next to the Open button and
then click one of the "no template" options from the list.
2.2 SAVE A DRAWING

You save drawing files for later use just as you do with other Windows applications.
You can also set up automatic saving and backup files and save only selected objects.
You save drawing files for later use just as you do with other Windows applications.
AutoCAD also provides automatic saving, backup files, and other options for saving.
When you are working on a drawing, you should save it frequently. Saving protects
you from losing work in the event of a power failure or other unexpected event. If you
want to create a new version of a drawing without affecting the original drawing, you
can save it under another name.
The file extension for AutoCAD drawing files is .dwg, and unless you change the
default file format in which drawings are saved, drawings are saved in the AutoCAD
LT 2004 drawing-file format. This format is optimized for file compression and for
use on a network.
Fig 2.1
Save Your Drawing Automatically
If you turn on the automatic saving option, AutoCAD saves your drawing at specified
time intervals. By default, files saved automatically are temporarily assigned the name
filename_a_b_nnnn.sv$. The file name is the current drawing name, a is the number
of open instances of the same drawing file in the same AutoCAD session, b is the
number of open instances of the same drawing in different sessions of AutoCAD, and
nnnn is a random number generated by AutoCAD.
Files that are automatically saved are deleted when AutoCAD closes a drawing in the
normal way. Saved files remain in the event of a crash or power failure. To recover a
previous version of your drawing from the automatically saved file, rename the file
using a .dwg extension.
II
Use Backup Files
If you turn on automatic backups, AutoCAD saves the previous version of your
drawing files to a file with the same name and a .bak file extension. To recover the
previous version of your drawing from a backup file, rename the file using a .dwg
extension.
III
Save Part of a Drawing File
If you want to create a new drawing file from part of an existing drawing, you can use
BLOCK or WBLOCK. With either command, you can select objects or specify a
block definition in your current drawing and save them in a new drawing file. You
can also save a description along with the new drawing.
IV
Save to a Different Type of Drawing File
You can save a drawing to an earlier version of the DWG or DXF format or save a
drawing as a template file. Choose the format from Files of Type in the Save Drawing
As dialog box.
Reduce the Time Required to Save a Drawing File
You can reduce the time required to save a drawing file if you specify incremental
saves rather than full saves. An incremental save updates only those portions of the
saved drawing file that you changed.
When you use incremental saves, drawing files will contain a percentage of
potentially wasted space. This percentage increases after each incremental save until it
reaches a specified maximum, at which time a full save is performed instead. You can
set the incremental save percentage in the Open and Save tab of the Options dialog
box or by setting the value of the system variable ISAVEPERCENT. If you set the
value of ISAVEPERCENT to 0, all saves are full saves.
To reduce the size of drawing files, it is recommended that you perform a full save
(with IPERCENTSAVE set to 0) before transmitting or archiving a drawing.
2.3 OPEN AN EXISTING DRAWING

You can use several methods to find and open one or more existing drawings, even
damaged drawings.
2.3.1. OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS
To open an existing AutoCAD drawing, you can choose Open from the File
menu to display the Select File dialog box.
2.3.2 FIND A DRAWING FILE.
You can search for a drawing using name, location, and date filters or
properties such as keywords that you added to the drawing.
2.3.4 SPECIFY SEARCH PATHS, FILE NAMES, AND FILE LOCATIONS
You can set the search path to support files such as text fonts, drawings,
linetypes, and hatch patterns. You also can specify the location of temporary
files, which is important when working in a network environment.
2.3.5 WORK WITH MULTIPLE OPEN DRAWINGS
You can open more than one drawing in a single session.
2.3.6 OPEN PART OF A LARGE DRAWING (PARTIAL LOAD)
If you work with large drawings, you can improve performance by opening
only the view and layer geometry that you want to work with.
2.3.7. ADD IDENTIFYING INFORMATION TO DRAWINGS
You can keep track of your drawings more easily if you assign keywords of
other information to them.
2.3.8 RECOVER A DAMAGED FILE
When a file is damaged, you can recover some or all of the data by reverting to
a backup file or by using commands to find and correct errors.
2.4 SPECIFY UNITS, ANGLES, AND SCALE

When you start a drawing, you specify the units of measurement you want to use,
their format, and other conventions.
2.4.1 SET UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Before you start to draw, you decide what one drawing unit represents based
on what you plan to draw. You also set the format and the number of decimal
places.
2.4.2 SET ANGLE CONVENTIONS
Angle conventions include the position of angle 0 and the direction of
measurement: clockwise or counterclockwise. You also set the format and the
number of decimal places.
2.4.3 DRAW TO SCALE
You set the scale for a drawing when you are ready to print or plot.
2.5 ORGANIZE DRAWINGS AND APPLY STANDARDS

Drawings are easier to interpret if you set standards to enforce consistency. You
can set standards for layer names, dimension styles, and other elements; check
drawings against these standards; and then change any properties that do not
conform.
2.5.1 OVERVIEW OF CAD STANDARDS

You can create a standards file to define common properties in order to maintain
consistency throughout your drawing files. Standards define a set of common
properties for named objects such as layers and text styles. You or your CAD
manager can create, apply, and audit standards in AutoCAD drawings to enforce
consistency. Because standards make it easier for others to interpret drawings,
standards are particularly useful in collaborative environments, where many
individuals contribute to the creation of a drawing.
2.5.2 NAMED OBJECTS FOR STANDARDS-CHECKING

You can create standards for the following named objects:
Layers
Text styles
Linetypes
Dimension styles
Standards File
After you define standards, you save them as a standards file. You can then
associate the standards file with one or more drawing files. After you associate a
standards file with a drawing, you should periodically check the drawing to make
sure it conforms with the standards.
Sample Drawing and Associated Standards File
AutoCAD provides a sample drawing and an associated standards file. The

drawing file has been deliberately modified to contain a number of nonstandard
objects to demonstrate how drawings are audited. The sample files,

MKMPlan.dwg and MKMStd.dws, are installed in the Sample folder of
AutoCAD.
How a Standards Audit Works
When you check a drawing for standards violations, each named object of a
specific type is checked against the standards files associated with the drawing.
For example, each layer in the drawing is checked against the layers in the
standards file.
A standards audit can uncover two types of problems:
An object with a nonstandard name is present in the drawing being checked.

For example, a layer named WALL is present in the drawing but not in any
associated standards files.
A named object in a drawing matches the name of one in a standards file, but
their properties are different. For example, in the drawing the WALL layer is
yellow, but the standards file specifies red for the WALL layer.
When you fix objects with nonstandard names, the nonstandard objects are purged
from the drawing. Any drawing objects that are associated with the nonstandard
object are transferred to a replacement standard object that you specify. For example,
you fix a nonstandard layer, WALL, and replace it with the standard ARCH-WALL.
In this example, choosing Fix in the Check Standards dialog box transfers all objects
from layer WALL to layer ARCH-WALL and then purges layer WALL from the
drawing.
Standards Plug-Ins
The auditing process uses standards plug-ins, applications that define the rules for the
properties that are checked for individual named objects. Layers, dimension styles,
linetypes, and text styles are each checked against their corresponding plug-ins. You
can specify which plug-ins to use when checking a drawing for standards violations.
Autodesk or third-party developers may add standards plug-ins for checking
additional drawing properties.
All plug-ins check all properties for each named object except for the layer plug-in.
The following layer properties are checked when using the layer plug-in:
Color
Linetype
Lineweight
Plot style mode
Plot style name (when the PSTYLEMODE system variable is set to 0)
The following layer properties are not checked by the layer plug-in:
On/Off
Freeze/Thaw
Lock
Plot/No Plot
Standards Settings
A variety of settings that may be useful to CAD managers are available in the CAD
Standards Settings dialog box. This dialog box can be accessed by clicking Settings in
the Check Standards and Configure Standards dialog boxes.
2.5.3 DEFINE STANDARDS

To set standards, you create a file that defines properties and named objects
and save it as a standards file.
2.5.4 CHECK DRAWINGS FOR STANDARDS VIOLATIONS

You can audit a drawing file for violations of standards and then fix violations.
The Batch Standards Checker audits more than one file at a time.
2.6
TRANSLATE LAYER NAMES AND PROPERTIES
With the Layer Translator, you can change a drawing's layers to match layer standards
you set.
Convert Layers to Established Drawing Standards

Using the Layer Translator, you can convert layers in one drawing to standards
you define.
View Selected Drawing Layers
With the Layer Translator, you can control which layers are visible in the
drawing area.
Purge Unreferenced Layers
You can use the Layer Translator to purge (delete all) unreferenced layers
from a drawing.
QUIZ
1. What do you understand with a layer in AUTOCAD.
2. Explain the following:
Layers
Text styles
Linetypes
Dimension styles
3. what is command line
4. explain the steps taking in saving drawing in AUTOCAD
5. standard in AUTOCAD means what?
WEEK THREE
3.0: PRACTICE DRAWING USING LINE
Let's try to use some of those available facilities (Fig. 3.1).
Left-click on the Line tool icon or enter L (for Line) at the command line. The
command line shows:
Command: L
LINE Specify first point :
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c
(for close )
(Fig. 3.1)
3.1: Saving Your Work
Select the Save icon from the standard toolbar
Choose your directory
Write the file name
3.2: Plotting Your Work

Step 1: choose file plot.
The plot dialog box appears.
Choose printer
/plotter
Choose your
printer
Choose
plot
area
3.3:
properties toolbar
Changing
the color
of the
object
Changing
line types
3.4: Setting Up Autocad Environment

3.4.1: Setting Units
Select units Tools menu [Figure: 3.2a &3.2b].
Changing
the line
weight
Choose 0
Figure: 3.2a
Figure: 3.2b
3.4.2: Setting Grids And Snap.
Select Drafting setting from Tools menu [Figure: 3.2a & 3.2b].
Make shore
they are 10
Figure: 3.2a
Figure: 3.2b
3.4.3: Setting the screen limits

Command: '_limits
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0
Specify upper right corner <420.0000, 297.0000>: 297,210 (A4
size)
3.5
TASK 3
Using a limit of 200 by 300 units:

1.
2.
3.
Draw a line of 100units

Draw a rectangle of 50 by 70 units
Draw a circle of 60 units radius
WEEK FOUR
4.0: THE X, Y CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (2D DRAWING)
Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact according to the sizes you enter, even
it is more accurate than you will ever need it to be(i.e.2.535683mm). All objects
drawn on the screen are drawn in 2D which means that a simple X,Y co-ordinate
system is used. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Co-ordinate System (WCS).
You must understand this to know how to enter the right dimension. Below in Figure 3 an example is illustrated.
Fig. 4.1
4.1: Angular Measurement

AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram in Figure - 4
that shows this feature.
Fig. 4.2
4.2: Icons, Keystrokes and Menus

There are many ways to do things in most windows programs. AutoCAD is no
exception.
Example: If you want to draw a line, you can do it a few ways:
At the command line type: LINE (or) L and press the ENTER key.
Select the line icon
Select Draw > Line from the pull-down menu.
from the DRAW toolbar.
Command
Line
Keystroke
Line / L
Circle
Circle / C
Erase
Erase / E
Print
Print / Plot
Cntl+P
Undo
Icon
Menu
Result
Draw > Line
Draw a straight
line segment
from one point
to the next
Draws a circle
Draw > Circle
based on a
> Center,
center point
Radius
and radius.
Modify >
Erase
Erases an
object.
File > Print
Enables the
Print/Plot
Configuration
Dialog Box
Edit > Undo
Undoes the last

command.
4.3: TASK (4)

1) Draw the figure below, save file and print it
(Fig.T1).
2) Start AutoCAD by setting the screen limits to (A2) size drawing sheet. Print the
Commands' list as evidence.
3) Try to draw a box using free hand Line command. Print the result.
WEEK (5)
5.0: DRAWING OBJECTS
The "Draw" commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles.
Most AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic
components. A good understanding of the Draw commands is fundamental to the
efficient use of AutoCAD.
5.1: Draw Toolbar
5.1.1: Lines
Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using
the Line command, a line can be drawn between any two points
picked within the drawing area (Fig. 5.1.2)
5.1.2: The Line Command
Toolbar
Draw
Pull-down Draw Line

Keyboard LINE short-cut L
(Fig. 5.1.2)
5.1.3: Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Specify first point: (pick P1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick P2)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end)
You can also draw lines by entering the co-ordinates of their end points at the
command prompt rather than picking their position from the screen.
5.2: The Construction Line Command

The "Construction Line" command creates a line of infinite length which passes
through two picked points. Construction lines are very useful for creating construction
frameworks or grids within which to design.
Construction lines are not normally used as objects in finished drawings, it is usual,
therefore, to draw all your construction lines on a separate layer which will be turned
off or frozen prior to printing.
Toolbar
Draw
Pull-down Draw Construction Line

Keyboard XLINE
short-cut XL

`Command: XLINE
Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: (pick a point)
Specify through point: (pick a second point)
Specify through point: (to end or pick another point)
5.3: The Ray Command
The Ray command creates a line similar to a construction line except that it extends
infinitely in only one direction from the first pick point. The direction of the Ray is
determined by the position of the second pick point.
The Ray command creates a line similar to a construction line except that it extends
infinitely in only one direction from the first pick point. The direction of the Ray is
determined by the position of the second pick point.
Command Sequence
Toolbar
custom
Pull-down Draw Ray

Keyboard
RAY
Command: RAY
Specify start point: (pick the start point)
Specify through point: (pick a second point to
determine direction)
Specify through point:
(to end or pick another point)
5.4: The Polyline Family

Polylines differ from lines in that they are more complex objects. A single polyline
can be composed of a number of straight-line or arc segments. Polylines can also be
given line widths to make them appear solid. The illustration below shows a number
of polylines to give you an idea of the flexibility of this type of line (Fig. 5.4)
.
Fig. 5.4
5.4.1: The Polyline Command
Toolbar
Draw
Pull-down Draw Polyline

Keyboard PLINE short-cut PL
Fig. 5.4.1
Command Sequence Command: PLINE

Specify start point: (pick P1)
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or
[Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P2)
[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P3)
[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P4)
WEEK 6
6.0: The Rectangle Command
The "Rectangle" command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are vertical and
horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking two diagonal
corners (Fig. 6)
.
Toolbar
Draw
Pulldown
Draw Rectangle
Keyboard RECTANGLE short-cuts REC, RECTANG

Fig. (6)

Command: RECTANG
Specify first corner point or
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2)
Notice that, instead of picking a second point to draw the rectangle, you have the
option of entering dimensions. Say you wanted to draw a rectangle 20 drawing units
long and 10 drawing units wide. The command sequence would look like this:
Command Sequence
Command: RECTANG
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
(pick a point)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: D
Specify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 20
Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 10
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick a point to fix the orientation) .
6.1: The Polygon Command

The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to
1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of sides, a
pick point for the centre of the polygon, whether you want the polygon inscribed or
circumscribed and then a pick point which determines both the radius of this
imaginary circle and the orientation of the polygon. The polygon command creates a
closed polyline in the shape of the required polygon.
This command also allows you to define the polygon by entering the length of a side
using the Edge option. You can also control the size of the polygon by entering an
exact radius for the circle. Follow the command sequence below to see how this
command works (Fig. 6.1).
Toolbar
Draw
Pull-down Draw Polygon

Keyboard POLYGON short-cut POL
Fig. 6.1

Command: POLYGON
Enter number of sides <4>: 5
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: (pick P1 or type E to define by edge length)
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>:
(to accept the inscribed default or type C for circumscribed)
Specify radius of circle: (pick P2 or enter exact radius)
Fig. 6.1.1
In the illustration above, the polygon on the left is inscribed (inside the circle with the
polygon vertexes touching it), the one in the middle is circumscribed (outside the
circle with the polyline edges tangential to it) and the one on the right is defined by
the length of an edge.
6.2: The Circle Command

The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of ways you can
define the circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either pick
a second point on the circumference of the
circle or
enter the circle radius at the keyboard
(Fig.6.2).
Toolbar
Draw
Pulldown
Draw Circle Center,

Radius
Keyboard CIRCLE
short-cut
Fig. 6.2

Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: (pick P1)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>:
(pick P2 or enter the exact radius)
6.3: The Arc Command

The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle (Fig. 6.2.1). There are
numerous ways to define an arc, the default method uses three pick points, a start
point, a second point and an end point. Using this method, the drawn arc will start at
the first pick point, pass through the second point and end at the third point. Once you
have mastered the default method try some of the others. You may, for example need
to draw an arc with a specific radius. All of the Arc command options are available
from the pull-down menu.
Toolbar
Draw
Pull-down Draw Arc 3 Points

Keyboard ARC
short-cut A
Fig.6.2.1

Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick P1)
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick P2)
Specify end point of arc: (pick P3)
It is also possible to create an arc by trimming a circle object. In practice, many arcs
are actually created this way. See the Trim command on the Modifying Objects
tutorial for details.
6.4: TASK (2)

1) With the aid of figure- 6.4 Copy the drawings (A and B) use the Command
Sequence shown below.
Command Sequence for (A)
Command: l
LINE Specify first point: 40,160
Specify next point or [Undo]: 170,160
Specify next point or [Undo]: 170,190
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 190,190
Command Sequence for (B)
Command: l
LINE Specify first point: 40,110
Specify next point or [Undo]: @ 50<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @30<270
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 50<0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 90<270 or -90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30<90 or -270

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @50<180
2) Re-Draw figure "C" shown in Figure (xxx) .
Fig. (6.4)
WEEK (7)
7.0: Modifying Objects
7.1: Introduction
AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles etc. Most
likely you will need to Modify these basic drawing objects in some way in order to
create the image you need. AutoCAD provides a whole range of modify tools such as
Move, Copy, Rotate and Mirror. As you can see, the command names are easily
understandable. However, the way these commands work is not always obvious. This
paper is designed to show you how all of the Modify commands work.
7.2: The Copy Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Copy
Keyboard COPY or CP
The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing
object or objects which you have previously created. Copy is a very useful and timesaving command because you can create very complex drawing elements and then
simply copy them as many times as you like (Fig. 7).
(Fig. 7)
Command Sequence
Command: COPY
Select objects: (pick object to copy, P1)
Select objects:
(to end selection)
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple:
Second point of displacement: (pick P3)
(pick P2 or M for multiple copies)
The multiple option allows you to create additional copies of the selected object(s) by
picking as many new points as you like. To end a multiple copy, just hit the
key.
7.3: The Mirror Command

Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Mirror
Keyboard MIRROR
The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing by
picking them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using two
points (Fig. 7.3).
(Fig. 7.3).
Command Sequence
Command: MIRROR
Select objects: (pick object to mirror, P1)
Select objects:
(to end selection)
First point of mirror line: (pick P2)
Second point: (pick P3)
Delete old objects? <N>:
(for No to keep the original object)
Notice that in the command sequence above, pressing the
key when asked whether
to "Delete old objects?" resulted in a "No" response. This is because "No" is the
default option. AutoCAD always shows the default option within triangular brackets,
in this case "<N>". Many AutoCAD commands offer default options. They are
usually the most commonly used and you need only right-click or press
to accept
them.
In order to create perfectly horizontal or vertical mirror lines use Ortho.
7.4: The Offset Command

Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Offset
Keyboard OFFSET
Offset is probably one of the most useful commands for constructing drawings. The
Offset command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object.
The new object is drawn at a user defined distance (the offset) from the original and in
a direction chosen by the user with a pick point. You can offset lines, arcs, circles,
ellipses, 2D polylines, xlines, rays and planar splines (Fig. 7.4).
(Fig. 7.4)
Command Sequence
Command: OFFSET
Offset distance or Through <10>: (specify
Select object to offset: (select object, P1)
Side to offset?: (pick direction, P2)
Select object to offset:
distance)
(to end or select another object to offset)
WEEK 8
8.0: Modifying Objects
8.1: The Move Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Move
Keyboard MOVE or M
The Move command works in a similar way to the Copy command except that no
copy is made, the selected object(s) is simply moved from one location to another
(Fig. 8.1)
(Fig. 8.1)

Command: MOVE
Select objects: (pick object to move, P1)
Select objects: (to end selection)
Base point or displacement: (pick P2)
Second point of displacement: (pick P3)
Note that as with the Copy command, the two pick points, P2 and P3 are used only to
indicate the distance and direction of movement.
8.2: The Rotate Command

Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Rotate
Keyboard ROTATE or RO
The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a point selected
by the user. AutoCAD prompts for a second rotation point or an angle which can be
typed at the keyboard. (Fig. 8.2)
. (Fig. 8.2)
Command Sequence
Command: ROTATE
Select objects: (pick object to rotate, P1)
Select objects: (to end selection)
Base point: (pick base point, P2)
<Rotation angle>/Reference: (pick second point, P3 or enter angle)
Remember, AutoCAD angles start at 3 o'clock and increase in an anti-clockwise
direction. If you want to rotate in a clockwise direction you can enter a negative angle
by using a minus sign.
If you make a mistake, you can use the undo icon,
press U or press CTRL+Z
8.3: TASK (3 )
(Fig. 8.3)
Study the drawing shown in Figure (8.3) and try to draw and modify accordingly.
WEEK (9)
9.0: Dimensioning drawings
9.1: Introduction
This paper describes the options and commands available for dimensioning drawings
and how to use them. The correct use of AutoCAD Dimension tools is the key to
producing clear and concise measured drawings.
AutoCAD provides lots of control over the way dimensions look. Using a system
similar to text styles, dimension styles allow you to design dimensions so that they
look just the way you want them to.
Fig. (9.1)
For example, the illustration in Figure 18 above shows two different dimension
styles. The one on the left is the default style known as STANDARD.
9.2: The Linear Dimension Commands

As the name suggests the "Linear" dimension commands are used to dimension along
straight lines (Fig. 9.2).
.
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Linear
Keyboard DIMLINEAR
Fig.9.2
You can use this command to generate horizontal and vertical dimensions. Consider
the diagram (right) whilst working through the following examples.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMLINEAR
First extension line origin or press ENTER to select:
Second extension line origin: (pick P2)
Dimension line location
(Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated): (pick a
(pick P1)
point to position
the dimension line, you will see the dimension rubber banding)
9.3: The Continue Dimension Command

Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Continue
Keyboard
DIMCONTINUE
You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions. In the illustration
above the "36mm" dimension has been continued from the "64mm" dimension.

Command: DIMCONTINUE
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>):
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>):
or
to end)
9.4: The Diameter Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Diameter
Keyboard
DIMDIAMETER
Fig.9.4
(pick P3)
(pick another

Command: DIMDIAMETER
Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P1)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move
the cursor until you are

happy with the text position and then pick to complete the sequence)
9.5: The Radius Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Radius
Keyboard DIMRADIUS
Fig. 9.5
The Radius command is identical to the Diameter command except that the dimension
measurement is a radius rather than a dimension and the resulting dimension text is
prefixed with a "R" to indicate radius.

Command: DIMRADIUS
Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P2)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move
the cursor until you are

happy with the text position and then pick to complete the sequence)
WEEK 10
10 .0: Object Snaps
Suppose you want to draw a line from the center of the circle to the middle of the
vertical line you extended earlier. AutoCAD has a feature that makes this very easy.
These are the Object Snaps (or Osnaps "Oh-Snaps"). Type OS <ENTER> . You will
see this dialog box appear.
ICON
SETTING
ICON
SETTING
Endpoint
Perpendicular
Midpoint
Tangent
Center
Nearest
Node
Apparent
Intersection
Quadrant
Parallel
Intersection
None
Extension
Osnap Setting
Insertion Point
Temporary
Tracking Point
Snap From
You may also see a toolbar with these snaps as shown below.
You may select whichever points you want to 'snap' on an object.
10.1: TEXT command:

Type in TEXT on the command line.
Command: text
Justify/Style/<Start point>:50,30
Height <5>:
Rotation angle <0>:<enter>
Text: (Start point 150,75)
10.2: TASK (4)

Draw the figure shown in Fig.( 10.2) below , and add the following :
1. All dimensions
2. All text
Fig. 10.2
WEEK (11)
11.0: Selecting Objects in AutoCAD
11.1: Types of selecting windows

One is a 'crossing window' and the other is a box. If you create the window from right
to left, you make a crossing window. This means that any object that crosses the
border of the window is added to the selection set. This is shown as a dotted line on
the screen. If you create the window from left to right, you create a box. Using this
method you'll add only the items that are completely within the box. This is shown as
a solid line on the screen. The difference is very important.
11.1.1: To summarize:
DIRECTION
CALLED
DISPLAY
LEFT TO
RIGHT
WINDOW
SELCTION
SOLID
RIGHT TO
LEFT
EFFECT
SELECTS ON OBJECTS
THAT ARE COMPLETELY
WITHIN THE BOX
SECLECTS ANY OBJECT

CROSSING
THAT EITHER CROSSES
DOTTED
SELECTION
THE BOUNDARY OR IS
INSIDE IT
11.2: Object Properties

DON'T REDRAW AN OBJECT - CHANGE ITS PROPERTIES
There are a few ways to change, or view objects properties. First is by using the
PROPERTIES command.
Command
Properties
Keystroke
PROPERTIES
Icon
Menu
Modify >
Properties
Result
Displays the
properties of
the object in the
Properties
Palette
1) Draw a line from (any point) to (any point) and press (ENTER).
2) Draw a circle and then select it. Right click on the screen and choose the Properties
option at the bottom of the list as shown below:
11.3: Direct Distance Entry

DO NOT FORGET THE BASICS OF MANUAL ENTRY
Direct Distance Entry (or DDE) is a way of bypassing the usual ways of entering in
co-ordinates and just entering the distance.
First method is
(Your F8 key will toggle Ortho on and off. )
WEEK 12
12.0: Polar Tracking
Right click on the
shown below:
and choose the Settings option at the bottom of the list as
The increment angle is 30.
12.1: Object Snap Tracking

Consider that you want to draw a circle in the middle of a rectangle like the example
below:
To do this exercise, make sure that your Midpoint Osnap is on.

Command: _rectang
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
100,100
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 200,200
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: >>
Resuming CIRCLE command.
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:
Move your cursor over the middle of the bottom line of the rectangle. You should see
a light dotted line project vertically through your cursor.
Now move your cursor to the middle of the right vertical line of the rectangle. As you
move your cursor towards the center of the rectangle, you should see the 2 dotted
lines cross. It should look like this:
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 25
12.2: QUIZ SHEET (5)

1) Draw the figure (Fig. 12.2) shown below , and add the following :
3. All dimensions
4. Text
(Fig. 12.2)
2) Draw the figure (Fig. 12.3) shown below , and add the following :
1-All dimensions
2-Text
(Fig. 12.3)
WEEK (13)
13.0: SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
13.1: Introduction
Many articles such as cans , pipes , elbows , boxes , ducts , hoppers , etc. , are
manufactured from sheet metals.
Generally a template of their original flat shape is firstly produced; this forms an
orthogonal drawing . Also the template includes allowances for bending and seam ,
bearing , in mind the thickness of material used .
Surface development methods:
There are basic methods of pattern development .
-
the parallel line method

the radial line method .
the triangulation method .
choosing a method depends totally on the shape of the product to be produced and can
be seen through examples .
1) Right cylinder
To develop a pattern for a right cylinder , it is important to understand that,
practically , a cylinder is regarded as a multi-sided prism with circle base. To
develop a pattern means to unroll the sheet as shown in Fig.(25)
To develop a pattern , the following steps are to be followed :
1- Draw front and top views of the cylinder .
2- Divide the top view (circle ) into 12 equal parts ( graphically using the appropriate
set square or analytically by dividing the circumference D over 12 , i.e. , D /12)
and number them from 1 to 12 .
3- Project the point 1-12 from top view vertically upwards across the front view .
4- Project two lines parallel to the base of the front view from the top side and bottom
side of cylinder towards the right hand side of board .
5- Measure one of the divided parts and step off this length 12-times along the
development base line .
6- Complete the development as shown in fig.106
13.2: TASK (6)
WEEK 14 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

14.1: Right cone
Fig (14)
To develop a pattern for a right cone the following steps are to be followed:
1- draw the front and top views of the cone
2- divide the circle of the top view into 12 equal and number them from 1 to
12 .
3- on the development area , use "O" as a center, then draw an arc of radius
(s) which is the true length of the sloping edge of the cone ( slant length ) .
4- use the divider to step off (12) equal spaces along the arc , each equal the
distance between the two consecutive numbers on the circle ( approximate
method ) or D/12 ( accurate method ) .
5- join the first and last element lines (0-11) and (0-12) . the sector represents
the true pattern for the cone .
Fig (14.1)
There are many types of right pyramids, see below Fig.(28) . According to the shape
of the base, they can be classified to:
a)
b)
c)
Square pyramid.
a-Square
Rectangular
pyramid.
Pyramid
Hexagonal pyramid.
b-Rectangular
Pyramid
c-Hexagonal
Pyramid
Fig.(14.2)
When developing a pyramid, it is necessary to find the true length of its sloping edge
(corner). This depends upon the position of the pyramid. When the pyramid is
positioned as shown in the above Fig. (28a) then line OA in the front view is the true
length of the sloping edge.
However, when the pyramid is positioned as shown in Fig. (28b) then it is important
to deduce the true length of the edge of the pyramid.
True length
To find the true length of pyramid edge the following steps are to be followed:
1.
In the Top view, with a radius OA and centre O, revolve the line OA until it
is horizontal OA".
2.
Project the end of the line OA" up to meet a horizontal line through the front
view of A at point A", in next Fig. (28b).
3.
Join this point of intersection with the front view of O.
4.
The true length of the edge is the line OA".
Fig.(14.3)
14.2 Pattern Development

To develop the pattern of the right pyramid, the following steps are to be
followed:
1)Draw the front and top views
1) Find the true length of the pyramid edge .
2) By using the true length as a radius draw an arc of a suitable length .
3) With a radial equals to the side of the pyramid base , mark off the four side of
the base along the drawn arc (One is to be halved to keep the seemed joint in
the middle of the pyramid ).
4) Joint the dividing points along the arc , in sequence , with straight lines ( SA,
AB , BC , .,DS) .
5) Joint the dividing points along the arc with the apex "O" to get the pattern .
Fig.(14.4)
14.3 TASK (7)

Draw the development pattern for rectangular pyramid .
Fig.(14.5)
WEEK (15)
15.0: Intersection of cylinder
When two or more hollow objects (i.e. two cylinders) are connected together, a
line is formed to the junction of their surfaces; this line is called the "Intersection
line ". In Fig. (15) these lines are indicated as X X.
The shape and size of the intersection line depends upon many factors such as:
- Cross section of the intersected objects.
- Size of the two objects.
- Angle of intersection.
Fig. (15) Different intersections used in industry

articles, ducts and smoke stakes as well known as in ships, oil pipe lines,
automotive, air condition ducting, air craft and offshore construction industries .
Fig.(15.1) Examples of components intersection in practice
Developments of intersected objects are closely related to finding intersectionlines. In many instances, if not all intersections have to be determined before
starting to develop a pattern.
This section presents the basis for finding intersection lines of some common
intersected shapes.
15.1: Perpendicular intersection of equally diameters cylindersFig. (15.2)

The intersection between the equally diameters cylinders may be a right
angle (90o) to form a T-connection as shown in fig
The intersection of this cylinders connection can be determined according to
the following steps:
1- Draw the three views for intersected cylinders.
2- Divide the two circle in Side and Top view into (12) equal parts (by using
30,60 triangle or compass ) and number the dividing points 1 to 7 , see
the figure.
3- Project the points from Side View to Front View.
4- Project the points from Top view to Front View until crossing the lines
projected from Side View.
5- Crossing points are created.
6- Joint these created points to obtain the required intersection curve.
Note : the intersection curve in this case is a straight line .
Fig.15.2
15.2: perpendicular intersection of unequal diameters cylinders:

Cylinders of unequal diameters may be intersected at a right angle (90o) to form a
T-joint as shown in next figure Fig. (15.3).
For determining the intersection curve of this cylindrical joint, the same step
followed for drawing the intersection line of equally diameters cylinders can be
used.
A point for remarking is that if the intersecting cylinders are not of the same
diameters, the intersection will not be straight line but rather a curve.
Fig. (15.3)
15.3 TASK (8)

Fig (15.4) illustrates double intersection of three cylinders, find the intersection
line missing.
Fig. (15.4)

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UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL &

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING

1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU

SET INTERFACE OPTIONS

1.5.1 TO SET OPTIONS

SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES

OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS

OVERVIEW OF OPENING DRAWINGS

2.0 PRACTICE DRAWING USING LINE

3.0 PROPERTIES TOOLBAR

4.0 THE X,Y CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (2D DRAWING)

6.0 THE RECTANGLE COMMAND

8.0 CONTINUATION OF MODIFYING OBJECTS

THE ROTATE COMMAND

9.0 DIMENSIONING DRAWINGS

10.0 OBJECT SNAPS

10.1: TEXT COMMAND

11.0 SELECTING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD

12.0 POLAR TRACKING

13.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT METHODS

14.0 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

15.0 INTERSECTION OF CYLINDER

1.1: STARTING AUTOCAD

1.2: AUTOCAD WINDOW

Pull-down menu bar

1.2.1 TOOL PALETTES:

Scale Blocks Automatically

To display the Tool Palettes window

Insert or Pattern properties. Control object-specific properties such as scale,

General properties. Override the current drawing property settings such as

Transparency. The Tool Palettes window can be made transparent so it does

Update the Icon for a Tool

Specify Overrides for Tool Properties

If a layer is missing from the drawing, that layer is created automatically.

Create a pre-populated tool palette tab by right-clicking a folder, a drawing

To create a tool palette from a folder or a drawing

1.2.2 MENU BAR

Display, Dock, and Resize Toolbars

AutoCAD initially displays several toolbars:

1.2.4 THE OBJECT SNAP MENU

To display the object snap menu

1.3.1 Enter Commands on the Command Line

Specify Command Options

To execute commands, press SPACEBAR or ENTER, or right-click your pointing

Repeat and Cancel Commands

Interrupt a Command with Another Command or System Variable

>>Specify grid spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <0.000>: 1

1.3.2 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE

1.3.3 ENTER SYSTEM VARIABLES ON THE COMMAND LINE

UP, DOWN, LEFT ARROW, and RIGHT ARROW

Use the Text Window

1.3.4 Switch Between Dialog Boxes and the Command Line

Save Drawing As dialog box. If FILEDIA is set to 0, SAVEAS displays

1.3.5 Dock and Resize the Command Window

1.4: COMMAND ENTRY (ICONS, KEYBOARD AND MENUS)

Method (2)- Select the line icon

from the DRAW toolbar.

SET INTERFACE OPTIONS

1.5.1 To set options

Command line OPTIONS

The Options dialog box includes the following tabs:

SAVE AND RESTORE PROFILES