Biology 11

2nd Practical Examination

Shoot Cap is not needed due to the nature of the shoot's growth..
The nodular areas have quiescent cells and are known as interruptions in the zone of
elongation.
Procambium extends towards the leaf and the auxiliary buds.
Stele is comprised completely of vascular tissues.
Cell Types are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Answers for parenchyma are storage parenchyma, chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.
Bundle sheath cells are comprised of sclerenchyma cells.
Phloem are comprised of parenchyma.
Trichomes function to protect the plants against herbivores and reduce water loss.
Glandular Trichomes secrete substances to deter herbivores.
Tracheary elements are highly specialized cells that are present in both tracheids and
vessels that function in lateral transport of water and nutrients.
Xylem rays are responsible for lateral transport of water and minerals.
Only primary walls are present in the pits, while the other portions are secondary walls.
Sieve tubes are arranged end to end and denucleated upon maturity.
Companion cells are shorter, narrower and vertically elongated. Nucleated even when
mature.
Only sieve tubes conduct materials, not Companion Cells.

Companion cells are responsible for replication of genetic material and protein synthesis
in performing metabolic functions for the sieve tube members.
Vessels conduct water through perforated ends and are generally larger. Tracheids use
pits and are smaller.
Monocot and Dicot roots have intercellular spaces in the cortex.
Gymnosperm roots exhibit endarch differentiation.
The pith is crushed in Dicots due to Vascular Cambium secondary growth.
Tap Root Vs. Diffused Root
Efficient Soil Penetration vs. Efficient Binding of Superficial Soil
Adventitious Roots are mainly responsible for vegetative reproduction.
The root cap secretes mucilage for adherence of soil particles to root tips and root hairs.
Epidermis only has thin cutin layer for water absorption purposes.
Velamen functions for mechanical protection and reduction of water loss.
Root cortex is highly vacuolated and comprised of aerenchyma.
Endodermal cell has suberized casparian strip to prevent backflow of water from stele to
cortex. It has selective passage cells for water.
Stele contains pericycle and vascular tissue.
Pericycle's immediate origin is the procambium.
Exarch or centripetal differentiation.
Metaxylem is the large one in Commelina.

Monocots have pericycle and can have lateral roots.

Pericycle is comprised of parenchyma cells.
Lateral Roots are located opposite the protoxylem pole.
Mangroves and Pandan are prop roots, while Rhizophora are brace roots.
Prop roots emerge from branches and brace roots emerge from stems or trunks
Stems
Monocots have intercalary meristems which is why they have prominent nodes and
internodes.
Xylem differentiation is endarch for angiosperms, exarch for gymnosperms.
Herbaceous Dicots have epidermis
Phloem fibers grow eventually.
Woody Dicot vs. Pine Stems Root
Pine stems have dominant primary xylem when young. Secondary xylem are the tissue
bulk.
Lenticels, Cork Cambium and Vascular Cambium are possessed by the two.
Pine stems have albuminous cells and sieve cells.
All pine specimens have resin ducts and secretory cells.
Wood rays function for lateral transport of water and nutrients.
These are parenchymatic in young dicots and sclerenchymatous in old dicots.

Dicots with vessels have multiseriate pod-like xylem rays.

Tendrils coil around objects and help support the plant.
Gabi grows underground vertically
Rhizomes grow horizontally underground.
Tuber can function for vegetative reproduction and storage.
Palisade layer is elongated and perpendicular to upper epidermis
Spongy layer is loosely arranged for gas exchange.
Bulliform cells are only in monocots
Cuticle Layer, Endodermis, Sunken Stomates and Loss of Blade
Water, minerals and food are facilitated by the transfusion tissue.
Transfusion tissue are parenchyma cells.
Ixora has no bundle sheath in the midrib
Only sclerenchyma and vascular tissues remain (petiole, leaf veins, and midrib) after
boiling.
Border Parenchyma surround bundle sheath, but in dicot leaves only border
parenchyma surround the central vascular tissue.
Transpiration can be divided into stomatal, lenticular and cuticular transpiration.
Factors are light intensity, wind velocity, temperature, humidity and soil water supply.
Root pressure causes guttation.
At night, xylem still absorbs minerals. Osmotic pressure lowers in the xylem. Xylem sap

is pushed upwards.
Transpiration occurs in the morning, and the water provides force.