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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This experiment was carried out to determine the molarity of a solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide.
Titration is a laboratory technique applied to study the acid-base reaction quantitatively.
Titration is typically used to determine the concentration of a solution. In most titration, a
standardized solution of base, with a known concentration, is added slowly to an acid
solution; whose concentration is to be determined. A known volume of the acid solution is
placed in a flask, then, the standardized solution of base is added slowly to the flask from a
burette.
Acid-base titration is a method of neutralization process which provides information
regarding the properties as well as nature of either acid or base applied during the process.
Likewise, it is useful to determine the molecular mass and pKa values of the substances. The
end-point of such titration can be monitored by using indicators or as what is used in this
experiment, a pH meter with electrodes. A titration curve is a graph of measured pH values
obtained from pH meter readings versus volume of titrant being added in millimetres.
Basically, the most important information that is supposed to be obtained from acid-base
titration is the equivalence point. The equivalence point is theoretically reached when the
number of moles of base being added into the Erlenmeyer flask is equal to the number of
moles of acid. It occurs in the titration curve in the region where there is a large
and noticeable change in pH with a relatively small change in volume of titrant.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
3.0 THEORY
In this experiment, the reaction above is carried out through an acid and base titration, which
in this case,
The equivalence point: it occurs when all the moles of H+ ions present in the
original volume of acid solution have reacted with an equivalent number of moles
of OH- ions added from the buret:
Moles of H+ (originally in flask) = moles of OH- (added from buret)
ii-
The end point: it occurs when a tiny excess of OH- ions changes the indicator
permanently to its colour in base (when using indicator such as phenolphthalein).
In calculation involving acid-base titration, regardless of the acid or base that takes part in the
reaction, keep in mind that the total number of moles H+ ions that have reacted at the
equivalence point must be equal to the total number of moles of OH- ions that have reacted.
The number of moles of an acid in a certain volume is given by
(
( )
The percent by mass (mass percent, mass %) is the fraction by mass expressed as a
percentage. It can be defined as
4.0 APPARATUS
5.0 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
5.1.1
In a beaker, a
of approximately
of solid
of
distilled water was added into the beaker. The solution was stirred until the
had completely dissolved.
5.1.3
The
recorded with
5.1.4
addition of
was
solution.
5.1.5
A graph of
versus
The molarities of
5.1.7
5.2.1
of
to
After the
electrode tip
, was added.
beaker using
5.2.5
A graph of
versus
was
of
was recorded.
required to neutralize the vinegar in each titration were determined from the
plot. The data was recorded.
5.2.6
5.2.7
The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration was calculated.
5.2.8
The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1, 2 and were
calculated.
5.2.9
6.0 RESULTS
6.1 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution.
Table 6.1.1: Volume of NaOH Solution Added into KHP Solution and pH Values of Solutions
pH
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
0.00
4.68
4.74
4.77
1.00
4.86
4.95
4.99
2.00
5.04
5.16
5.18
3.00
5.23
5.34
5.34
4.00
5.39
5.48
5.53
5.00
5.54
5.62
5.64
6.00
5.68
5.76
5.81
7.00
5.82
5.9
5.92
8.00
5.97
6.06
6.07
9.00
6.18
6.24
6.26
10.00
6.40
6.51
6.5
11.00
6.82
6.92
7.04
12.00
12.01
12.12
12.29
13.00
12.69
12.78
NA
Table 6.1.2: Mass of KHP and Volume of NaOH Solution needed to neutralize KHP Solution
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
1.5013
1.5072
1.5020
12.0000
12.0000
12.0000
Volume of NaOH
needed to neutralize
KHP solution (mL).
pH
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
0.00
3.32
3.39
3.36
2.00
4.06
3.78
3.75
4.00
4.37
4.23
4.25
6.00
4.58
4.49
4.50
8.00
4.74
4.66
4.68
10.00
4.88
4.80
4.81
12.00
5.06
4.93
4.97
14.00
5.17
5.05
5.09
16.00
5.28
5.16
5.20
18.00
5.38
5.27
5.31
20.00
5.50
5.40
5.43
22.00
5.64
5.55
5.58
24.00
5.73
5.66
5.70
26.00
5.88
5.85
5.83
28.00
6.04
6.00
5.98
30.00
6.28
6.13
6.16
32.00
6.74
6.50
6.56
34.00
11.56
7.28
7.19
36.00
NA
12.71
12.53
Table 6.2.2: Volume of NaOH Solution needed to neutralize Acetic Acid Solution.
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
34.00
36.00
36.00
Volume of NaOH
solution required to
neutralize vinegar
(mL)
7.0 CALCULATIONS
pH
8
6
4
2
0
10
Titration 1 4.68 4.86 5.04 5.23 5.39 5.54 5.68 5.82 5.97 6.18
Titration 2 4.74 4.95 5.16 5.34 5.48 5.62 5.76
5.9
11
6.4
12
13
14
Titration 3 4.77 4.99 5.18 5.34 5.53 5.64 5.81 5.92 6.07 6.26
Volume of NaOH added (mL)
6.5
7.04 12.29
12.00
10.00
pH
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
pH Titration 1 3.324.064.374.584.744.885.065.175.285.385.505.645.735.886.046.286.7411.5
pH Titration 2 3.393.784.234.494.664.804.935.055.165.275.405.555.665.856.006.136.507.2812.7
pH Titration 3 3.363.754.254.504.684.814.975.095.205.315.435.585.705.835.986.166.567.1912.5
Volume of NaOH added into vinegar (mL)
7.1.1
For Titration 1;
(i)
No. of moles of
(ii)
and NaOH;
(iii)
)
( )
7.2.1
For Titration 1;
Graph 7.2 shows that 10.00mL of aliquot vinegar required 27.50mL of
0.698M standardized NaOH solution to reach equivalence point of titration.
Assuming that the density of the vinegar solution is 1.00gmol-1.
(i)
(ii)
No. of moles of
)(
)(
(iii)
Molarity of
solution;
(
)
( )
(iv)
7.2.2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
For titration 1;
(
(iv)
)(
)(
8.0 DISCUSSIONS
The experiment was carried out to; first determine the molarity of a solution and;
second was to find the mass percent of acetic acid (
) in vinegar. The method used
in this experiment was titration between standardized NaOH solution and vinegar. But first,
the NaOH solution was standardized by titrating primary NaOH solution with KHP solution.
Through standardization, the molarity of the standard solution was known. The molarity of
the NaOH solution was determined through these steps;
iii-
iii-
iv-
( )
Then, second titration was held. This time it was between standardized NaOH
solution and vinegar. Standardized NaOH solution was added slowly into vinegar. From this
titration, the molarity of acetic acid and the amount of acetic acid contained in vinegar can be
calculated. The steps to find the amount of acetic acid in vinegar are;
i-
ii-
iiiiv-
(
)
( )
( )
v-
in vinegar by;
( )
( )
During the experiment, there was a misunderstood of the procedure of the experiment.
It was supposed to be; the second titration had to be repeated for 3 (three) times to get 3 sets
of titrations. However, it was only done once; 1 (one) set of titration with 3 readings of
volume of NaOH and pH of solution. To solved this, the procedure for the second titration
had been redone; but with a new standard NaOH solution. Therefore, the final result of this
experiment could be doubted. This mistake should be avoided by understanding the
methodology of the experiment before carrying out an experiment.
9.0 CONCLUSION
9.1 The molarity of acetic acid solution is 1.97M
9.2 The mass percent of acetic acid in vinegar is 11.8%
10.0
RECOMENDATION
10.1 To ensure that there is no bubble trapped at the tip of the burette when filling it
with NaOH solution.
10.2 Avoid making parallax error.
11.0
APPENDIX
11.1
No. of moles of
and NaOH;
and 1 mol of
)
( )
and NaOH;
)
( )
)(
)(
(ii)
No. of moles of
(iii)
Molarity of
solution;
(
)
( )
reacted
and 1 mol of H2O.
for Titration 2;
)(
)(
(ii)
)(
)(
No. of moles of
(iii)
Molarity of
solution;
(
reacted
and 1 mol of
)
( )
)(
)(