Turbomachinery

Lecture 1
- Pumps, Turbines
- Subcomponents
- Units, Constants, Parameters
- Thermodynamics
www.engr.uconn.edu/barbertj~
- ME3295 / ME6160

Turbomachinery
Turbomachine: A device in which energy is transferred to
or from a continuously flowing fluid through a casing by
the dynamic action of a rotor.
Rotor or impellor: Changes stagnation enthalpy of fluid
moving through it by either doing positive or negative
work.
Works on fluid to produce either power or flow
Turbomachine categories:
Those which absorb power to increase fluid pressure
or head [compressor, pump].
Fan: pressure rise up to
Blower: pressure between
Compressor: pressure rise

1 lbf/in2
1 - 40 lbf/in2
above 40 lbf/in2

Those which produce power by expanding fluid to

lower pressure or head [turbine].

Turbomachinery
Turbomachine classification
Impulse: pressure change takes place in one or more
nozzles
Reaction: takes place in all nozzles
Path of through flow
Mainly or wholly parallel to axis of rotation: axial flow
machine
Mainly or wholly in a plane perpendicular to axis of
rotation: radial flow machine

Brayton Thermodynamic Cycle for Single Spool Turbojet Engine

Meridional Projection of Axial & Centrifugal Compressor Stages

Essentially constant radius

Substantial change in radius

Turbomachinery - Pumps
Positive Displacement: moving boundary forces fluid
along by volume changes.
Reciprocating, rotary: piston, screw, ...

Dynamic: momentum change by means of moving

blades or vanes (No closed volume).
Axial, centrifugal, mixed
Fluid increases momentum while moving through open
passages and then converts high velocity to pressure rise in
diffuser section
In radial machines doughnut-shaped diffuser is called a
scroll

Through a casing...........Not wind mills, water wheels or

propellers
Flow conditioning..........Stators, scrolls
6

Turbomachinery - Pumps

Screw

Centrifugal

Axial

Turbomachinery - Turbines
Extracts energy from a fluid with high head
[pump run backwards].
Reaction turbine: fluid fills blade passages
and pressure drop occurs within the
impeller.
Low-head, high-flow devices
V across rotor increases, p decreases
Stators merely alter direction of flow

Impulse turbine: converts high head to high

velocity using a nozzle; then strikes blades
as they pass by.
The impeller passages are not fluid filled,
and the jet flow past the blades is
essentially at constant pressure.
Discharge velocity relative inlet velocity
across rotor
no net change in p across rotor
stators shaped to increase V, decrease p

Gas Generator
Purpose: Supply High-Temperature and
High-Pressure Gas
compressor, combustor, turbine

Turbojet
Purpose: Provide High-Velocity Thrust
inlet, compressor, combustor, turbine, nozzle

10

Turbofan
Purpose: Produce Lower-Velocity Thrust
Through the Addition of a Fan
inlet, fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, nozzle
Stations
0=1= Upstream
2 =compressor inlet
2.5=low-to-high comp
3 =combustor inlet
4 =turbine inlet
4.5=high-to-low turb.
5 =nozzle inlet
8 =exit
11

Turboprop
Purpose: Produce Low-Velocity Thrust Through
Addition of a Propeller

12

Turboshaft
Purpose: Produce Shaft Power for Rotating
Component [Not for Thrust] - helicopter

13

Low BPR

14
BPR= mass flow through bypass/mass flow through core

High BPR

15

Gas Turbine Components

Main Flow-Path
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine:

inlet
compressor
combustor
turbine
nozzle

Secondary Flow-Path
Components:
disk cavities
cooling flow bleed ducts
bearing compartments

16

Inlet
Inlet Reduces the Entering Air Velocity to a Level
Suitable for the Compressor
Often Considered Part of Nacelle
Nacelle
Critical Factors:
Mach Number
Mass Flow
Attached Flow

Subsonic Inlet
Divergent area used
to reduce velocity

Supersonic Inlet
Shocks often used to
achieve reduced velocity
and compression

Engine Inlet
17

Fan/Compressor
Axial-Flow Fan
Axial-Flow Compressor
Low-Pressure
High-Pressure

Centrifugal Compressor
Mixed Axial/Radial Flow

Fan
Low-Pressure
Compressor

18
High-Pressure
Compressor

Combustor
Designed to Burn a Mixture of Fuel
and Air and Deliver to Turbine
Uniform Exit Temperature
Complete Combustion
Exit Temperature Must Not
Exceed Critical Limit Set By
Turbine Metal + Cooling Design
Combusto
r

19

Turbine
Extracts Kinetic Energy form
Expanding Gases and
Converts to Shaft
Horsepower to Drive the
Compressor/Fan
Axial Flow Turbine
High Flow Rates
Low-Moderate Pressure
Ratios

High-Pressure
Turbine

Centrifugal Turbine
Lower Flow Rates
Higher Pressure Ratio
20
Low-Pressure
Turbine

Nozzle
Increase the Velocity of the Exhaust Gas Before
Discharge from the Nozzle and Straighten Gas
Flow From the Turbine
Convergent Nozzle Used When Nozzle Pr < 2
(Subsonic Flow)
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Used When Nozzle Pr > 2
Often incorporate variable geometry to control throat area
Nozzle

21

Cross Flow Area Variation in Compressor & Turbine Rotors

Diffuser

Cross Flow Area

Nozzle
22

Favorable [Turbine] & Unfavorable [Compressor] Pressure Gradients

23

Thermophysical Process
Across an Adiabatic
Stator

Turbine

Compressor

24

Compressibility Can Be A Major Issue in Nozzle Flows

Subsonic

M 1,

Subsonic

M 1,

Supersonic nozzle

dA
0
A

Subsonic diffuser

dA
0
A

25

Gas-Turbine Design Process

Well Developed
Developed Fairly Mature
Developed Improvements
Required

Determine Steady and Unsteady Coupling

Effects Between the Components

Determine Unsteady-Flow Interaction

Effects on Performance (e.g.. Wake /
Blade, Shock / Blade, Potential,
Thermal, and Structural Interactions

Under
Development

Multi-Component 3-D Steady

and Unsteady-Flow Analysis

Multi-Stage Turbomachinery 3-D

Unsteady-Flow Analysis

Multi-Stage Turbomachinery and Secondary

Flow Path 3-D Steady-Flow Analysis
3-D Turbomachinery Airfoil and
Design and Analysis
Turbomachinery 2-D Airfoil
Section Design and Analysis

Through-Flow or Streamline
(2D x,r) Analysis
Turbomachinery
Meanline (1D) Analysis

Engine Cycle Analysis

Determine Primary Blade-Row

and Secondary Flow Path
Pressure and Mass-Flow
Distribution Interaction Effects

Upon Stacking Airfoil Sections from Structural

or Aero Considerations, Determine Single BladeRow Performance (i.e.. Loading and Pt Losses)
and Combustor Heat and NOx Release

From Velocity Triangles, Determine Airfoil

Shape as a Function of Radius for Required
Flow Turning and Pressure Rise/Drop

From Radial Equilibrium or Axisymmetric

Streamline Analysis, Determine Spanwise
Variation in Velocity Triangles

From Required Compressor / Turbine Work

Determine Number of Stages and Velocity
Triangles ofMean Radius Streamline

From Required Thrust, Determine Work

Required by Compressor and Turbine and Heat
Addition from Combustor

Fidelity / Complexity

26

Units and Key Constants

27

 Conventional Units
Parameter

English Units

SI Units

Feet, Inches
Seconds
Pounds (force), lbf
psf, psi

Meters, M
Seconds, s
4.448 Newton, N
Pascal, Pa (1N/1m2)
bar (105Pa)
2.989 kPa
0.4536 kilogram
Joule, J
0.7457 kWatt

Distance
Time
Force
Pressure

Mass
Energy
Power

1 ft H2O
Pounds (mass), lbm
Btu
1 Hp

28

Equivalent Systems of Units

System
English Eng.
English Gravitational
Metric
Metric
International System (SI)

Force Mass
lbf
lbm
lbf
slug
kgf
kg
dyne
gm
Newton
kg

Length
ft
ft
m
cm
m

time
s
s
s
s
s

1 Newton = 1 kg-m/sec2
1 Joule = 1 N-m/sec

29

Important Constants for Air

Variable
pressure
density
Universal gas
constant
Spec. gas constant
(air)
Air
Air
Joule constant
speed of sound

Symbol
p

R=/M
Cp
Cv
J
a

lbm unit
lb/ft2
slug/ft3
4.97+4
ft-lb/slug-mole-R
1716
ft-lb/slug-R
7.73
5.5
778.16 ft-lbf/BTU
1100 ft/s

lbf unit
lb/ft2
lbm/ft3
1545.33
ft-lb/lbm-mole-R
53.35
ft-lb/lbm-R
0.24
0.172

kg
N/
N/
83
J/kg-m
2
J/k
1.0
0.7

1100 ft/s

440

R=287 J/kg-R = 287 m2/s2-K

30

Useful Equivalents
Quantity

Original Unit

Flow
Specific Energy
Mass
Rotational speed
Kinematic viscosity
Pressue

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

cfs [ft3/sec]
ft2/s2
slug
rad/s
ft2/s
in. H2O

Equivalent
448. gal/min
1.0 ft-lbf/slug
32.174 lbm
9.549 rev/min
92,903 centistokes
5.2 lbf/ft2

Atmospheric pressure
1 in Hg = 0.49116 psi
2116 psf = 14.7 psi = 1.013 Bar = 101,325 Pascals
31

 For Liquid Water :

62.4lbm / ft 3
U.S. Standard Atmosphere - 1976

lbf
pressure 14.696 2
in
temperatur e 518.67R
32

Standard Atmosphere

Altitude

Stratosphere
>65,000 ft
36,089 ft

59 F

Temperature

Altitude
36,089 ft

3.202 psia
14.696 psia

Pressure

33

34

35

Thermodynamics Review

36

Thermodynamics Review
Thermodynamic views
microscopic: collection of particles in random motion.
Equilibrium refers to maximum state of disorder
macroscopic: gas as a continuum. Equilibrium is
evidenced by no gradients
0th Law of Thermo [thermodynamic definition of
temperature]:
When any two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
Correspondingly, when two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with one another they are said to be at
the same temperature.
37

Thermodynamics Review
1st Law of Thermo [Conservation of energy]: Total work
is same in all adiabatic processes between any two
equilibrium states having same kinetic and potential
energy.
Introduces idea of stored or internal energy E
dE = dQ - dW
dW = Work done by system [+]=dWout= - pdV
Some books have dE=dQ+dW [where dW is work done ON
system]
dQ = Heat added to system [+]=dQin
Heat and work are mutually convertible. Ratio of conversion is
called mechanical equivalent of heat J = joule

38

Review of Thermodynamics
Stored energy E components
Internal energy (U), kinetic energy (mV2/2), potential energy,
chemical energy
Energy definitions
Introduces e = internal energy = e(T, p)
e = e(T) de = Cv(T) dT thermally perfect
e = Cv T
calorically perfect
2nd law of Thermo
Introduces idea of entropy S
Production of s must be positive
Every natural system, if left undisturbed, will change
spontaneously and approach a state of equilibrium or rest. The
property associated with the capability of systems for change is
called entropy.

dS

Qrev
T

TdS dE dW

39

Review of Thermodynamics
Extensive variables depend on total mass of the system, e.g. M, E,
S, V
Intensive variables do not depend on total mass of the system, e.g.
p, T, s, (1/v)
Equilibrium (state of maximum disorder) bodies that are at the same
temperature are called in thermal equilibrium.
Reversible process from one state to another state during which the
whole process is in equilibrium
Irreversible all natural or spontaneous processes are irreversible,
e.g. effects of viscosity, conduction, etc.
40

Thermodynamic Properties
Derived

Primitive
Extensive

Intensive

Extensive

Intensive

Mass M

Density -

Energy Eo

Specific energy eo

Pressure p

Kinetic energy Ek

Sp. kin. energy V2/2

Temperature T

Potential energy Ep

Sp. pot. energy gz

Volume - V

Specific volume -

Internal energy - E

Sp. int. energy - e

E0 E Ek E p

or

V2
e0 e
gz
2

0 T Total or stagnation state

41

1st Law of Thermodynamics

For steady flow, defining:
V2 /2

specific kinetic energy

gz

specific potential energy

specific internal energy

h=e+pv e+

specific enthalpy

V2
e0 e
gz
2

total specific energy

We can write:

V2
e0 pv e
gz pv
2

and

h e pv

and

h0 e0 pv

42

Equation of State
The relation between the thermodynamic properties of a pure
substance is referred to as the equation of state for that substance, i.e.
F(p, v, T) = 0
Ideal (Perfect) Gas
Intermolecular forces are neglected
The ratio pV/T in limit as p 0 is known as the universal gas
constant (R).
p /T R = 8.3143e3
At sufficiently low pressures, for all gases

p/T = R
or

p RT

Real gas: intermolecular forces are important

43

Real Gas

1150 R

44

Real Gas

45

1st & 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Gibbs Eqn. relates 2nd law properties to 1st law properties:

Tds pdv de
h e pv
dh de pdv vdp
Tds dh

dp

46

Gibbs Equation
Isentropic form of Gibbs equation:

dh

dp

and using specific heat at constant pressure:

RT
c p dT
dP
P
dT R dP

T
cp P

47

Thermally & Calorically Perfect Gas

Also, for a thermally perfect gas:
cP cv R

cp
cv

-1 R

cp

dT 1 dP

T
P

Calorically perfect gas - Constant Cp

dT 1 dP
1 T 1 P
2

48

Isentropic Flow
For Isentropic Flow:

T2 P2

T1 P1

1 /

or

T CP 1 /

Precise gas tables available for design work

Thermally Perfect Gas good for compressors not for
turbines because of burned fuel.
49

Gibbs Equation
Rewriting Gibbs Equation:
Tds dh

dP

c p dT

1 RT dP
ds

T
T P P
ds dT 1 dP

cP
T
P
T2 1 P2
s2 s1
ln
ln
cp

T1
P1
50

Gibbs Equation
Rewriting Gibbs Equation:
Apply at stagnation state
T02 1 P02
s2 s1
ln
ln

cp

T01
P01
For adiabatic processes, T0 constant
s2 s1
1 P02

ln

cp

P
01
P02
s2 s1
1

exp

P01
51

Mollier Chart for Air

3,000
P=50Atm

Temperature Deg R

2,500

Isobars are not parallel

20

2,000
10
1,500

5
2

1,000
500
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Entropy - BTU/Lbm/deg R
52

Mollier for Static / Total States

Poout

h02

1,650

h02i

We will soon see

1,450

P out

V2/2

V
h0 h
2

1,250

T 1,050

Real

Ideal
850

Poin
650

h01
P in

450
-0.02

s
-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02
S

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

53