According to meaning, Sentence

According to meaning, Sentence:

Definition: A group of words, which makes complete sense, is called a

sentence or A Sentence is a group of words expressing a compete sense or
meaning. or A sentence is a combination of words assigned in such am order
that it expresses a complete sense or meaning. (evK nj Ggbfve
mvRvbv kQ GKwU c~Y A_ cKvk Ki)

Main characteristics of Sentence:

(i)
(ii)

Completeness of sense ( c~YZv)

Correct order (h_vh_ kLjv)

(iii)

Combination of words (k )

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Kinds of sentences : Sentences are of four kinds : (according to the

meaning)
Assertive Sentence
Interrogative Sentence
Imperative Sentence
Operative Sentence
Exclamatory Sentence.
Assertive Sentence `y cKvi :

(i)Affirmative (nuvev K):He is a student.

(ii)Negative(bvevaK): He is not a student.
(2) Interrogative: Questions sentence: Its of two kinds but it has no name.
Auxiliary Verb viv i nj Yes or No viv Di `qv nq| Auxiliary
Verb viv ck Kij DiwU hw` nuvevaK nq Zvn structure
wU ne ; Yes + sub + auxiliary Verb+main verb + object. Have you eaten
rice.? Yes+I+have+eaten rice. Di hw` bvevaK +? nq Zvnj Structure
wU ne: No+sub+auxiliary verb +not+main verb+other words.
No+I+have+not+eaten+rice. Yes+I+have+eaten+rice.
(3) Imperative: Its may be different nature:
gyj Verb ev auxiliary verb w`q D sentence i nj mLvb auxiliary
verb. wnmve Do ne / Does. Imperative sentence G ewkifvM g~j

Verb w`q i nq| Read the Newspaper. Imperative K negative KiZ nj

iZ Do not e Z nq|

Structure : Do+not+ g~j Verb +Extention. As: Do+not+read+the

Newspaper.
Always /Never w`q :
structure : Always /Never + g~j verb + left Part.
As: Always speak the truth. Never tell a lie. Always read with attention.
Let w`q i nj, Abyiva eySvj : let+ ewevPK obj.+ gyj v.+left
Part.
As: Let me do the work. Let him go. Let him come. Let me borrow the pen.
Let w`q i nj Ges cve eySvj:
Structure: let+ ewevPK obj. (plurl number) + g~j v. +Extention.
Let+us+play+football. Let us come into the room.
(4) Optative : Optative sentence e nZ cvi|

(a) May w`q (cv_bv m~PK): \

structure : May +sub.+Present form of main verb. +obj. +left part. As:
May+Allah+bless+you. May+god+give+you+a son.
(b) Long live w`q :
structure: long live+sub+left Part. Long live our country. Long live the king.
(Long live Ggb GKwU k hvi ga mvaviYZ Ab verb Avmbv|)
(5) Exclamatory : Hurrah ! We have won the game. What a beautiful bird it
is!
(a) structure: what/how w`q : What, a/an How+adj.+sub.+verb+note
of Exclamation. What a fine bird it is! How beautiful the moon is !
(b) Alas / Hurrah w`q : (AwZwi `y:L ev Djvm)
* structure : Alas !My brother is ill. Hurrah! We have defeated them!
Hurrah /Alas+ note of Exclamation +sub +verb+ extension.
(c) if/had w`q:
*Structure : if /Had +sub.+verb.+extension+note of Exclamation. If I
were a king! Had I been a king!
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Friday, December 2, 2011

English monophthongs

Monophthong: A Monophthong is a simple or pure vowel which is

produced with some obstacle in the vocal tract. The English language
has twelve Monophthongs.
1. /i:/() as in the words sheep, seen , leap, bean , etc.
2. /l/ () as in the words lip, sin, ship, bin , many sick, sing etc.
3. /e/() as in the words men, pen, ten, sense, send etc.
4. //() as in the words man , pan , tan , can , catch etc.
5. /^/() as in the words cut , but, hut, fun, nut, shut etc.
6. /a:/() as in the words cart, bard, bud , heart , hard, last.
7. /D/() as in the words pot ,long, shot, dog, fog, gob, mock etc.
8. / ): /() as in the words port, short, cord, lord, saw, sword etc.
9. / /() as in the words ago, today, perhaps, about, above etc.
10. / 3:/ ()( ) girl, shirt, bird, turn, lurk, turtle ,germ.
11. / u /() book, cook, look, took, put, hook, hood, July, motion.
12. / u:/ ()Cool, tool, fool, lose, boost, booze, boot, bloom, too.

Monophthongs Diagram or Simple Vowel

Diagram
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Places of Articulation of English consonant Phonemes

Places of Articulation of English consonant Phonemes

The English consonant phonemes are produced by different articulators at different points
in the vocal tract. The different points of articulation are called places of articulation.
According to the places of articulation, the English consonant phonemes are divided into
nine types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Bilabial consonant phonemes: The phonemes which are produced by the two lips are
called bilabial phonemes. The English language has four bilabial consonant phonemes/ p
b m w/.
Dental consonant phonemes: The English language has two dental consonant
phonemes/ /.To articulate a dental consonant phoneme, the tip of the tongue is slightly
pushed between the upper front teeth and the lower front teeth.
Labio-dental consonant phonemes: The English language has two labio-dental
consonant phonemes/f, v/. To produce each of the labio-dental consonant phonemes, a
contact is made between the upper front teeth and the lower lip.
Alveolar consonant phonemes: The English language has six alveolar consonant
phonemes,/ t, d, s, z ,l , n/. To articulate an alveolar consonant phoneme, a contact is
made between the blade of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge.
Palatal consonant phoneme: The English language has only one palatal consonant
phoneme/j/. This phoneme is produced by making a contact between the middle of the
tongue and the hard palate.
Post-alveolar consonant phoneme: The English language has one post-alveolar
consonant phoneme /r/. To pronounce this phoneme a contact is made between the blade
of the tongue and the post part of the alveolar ridge.
Palato-alveolar consonant phonemes: The English language has four palato-alveolar
consonant phonemes./ z t dz /. These phonemes are produced by making a contact
between the tongue, the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
Velar consonant phonemes: The English language has three velar consonant
phonemes/ k g /. These phonemes are produced by making a contact between the back
of the tongue and the soft palate.
Glottal consonant phoneme: The English language has only one Glottal consonant
phoneme/h/. This phoneme is articulated by using the open state of the vocal glottis.
*Manners of articulation of English consonant phonemes:
Speech organs or articulators:
Voiced and voiceless sounds:
Lenis and Fortis:
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Triphthongs

Triphthongs:

A Triphthong is a combination of three simple vowels or monophthongs. In

a triphthong the first monophthong glides into the second and the second
produced by the first glides into the third monophthong. The English
language has five Triphthongs.
1./ /() as in the words prayer, player, layer.
2./ /() as in the words liar, tyre, fire.
3./ ) /() as in the words loyal, royal.
4./ u /() as in the words hour, tower, power, flower.
5./ u /() as in the words lower, mower, slower, goer.
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Diphthongs

Diphthongs:

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A diphthong is a combination of two simple vowels one gliding into the

other. The English language has eight diphthongs.
1.
() () as in the words pay, say, lay, hay, may, tray, late.
() () as in the words by, spy, try, shy , lie , tie , hi , cry.
( ) ) (, ) as in the words toy, joy, boy, coy.
( ) () as in the words deer, tears, ear.
() () as in the words tear, care , air , dear, share.
(u) ()as in the words poor ,tour, sure, cure, pure.
(u) ()as in the words how , cow , now , thou, plough.
(u) () as in the words go, so ,no, sew, low, blow, grow, crow, toe,
row, motion, most, do.
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Characteristics of monophthongs

Characteristics of monophthongs

1.

/i/ This is a simple of vowel produced with the lips in their close and spread
position. This sound is pronounced in the front area of the vocal tract. It is a long
sound.
2.
/I/ This monophthong is pronounced with the lips in their half close and spread
position. This sound is made in the front-centralized area of the vocal tract. It is a
short sound.
3. /e/ This simple vowel is articulated with the lips in their mid and spread position.
This sound is also pronounced in the front part of the vocal tract. It is a short
sound.
4.
// This monophthong is articulated with the lips in their half open and spread
position. This sound is made in the front area of the vocal tract. It is also a short
sound.
5. /^/ This monophthong is pronounced with the lips in their half open and neutral
position. It is pronounced in the central part of the vocal tract. It is a short sound.
6.
/a:/ This simple vowel is produced with the lips in their open and spread position.
It is pronounced in the back part of the vocal tract. It is a long sound.
7.
/D/ This monophthong is produced with the lips in their half open and rounded
position. This is a short sound produced in the back part of the vocal tract.
8.
/):/ This pure vowel is pronounced with the lips in their mid and rounded position.
This is a long sound made in the back part of the vocal tract.
9.
// This monophthong is articulated with the lips in their mid and neutral position.
It is a short sound and produced in the central part of the vocal tract.
10.
/ :/ This simple vowel is articulated with the lips in their mid and neutral
position. This vowel is pronounced in the central part of the vocal tract. It is a long
vowel.
11.
/ / This monophthong is articulated with the lips in their half close and rounded
position. This is a short sound produced in the back- centralized part of the vocal
tract.
12.
/ : /This pure vowel is articulated with the lips in their close and rounded
position. It is a long vowel produced in the back part of the vocal tract.
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English Consonant Phonemes

English Consonant Phonemes

The phoneme which is produced with obstacles in the vocal tract is a

consonant phoneme. The English language has twenty four consonant
phonemes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

/P /() as in the words pen, pin, pay, poet.

/b/() as in the words ball, below, become, because, bowel.
/t/ ()as in the words tree, time, taste, test.
/d/ ()as in the words today, daily, duty, do, dust.
/k/ ()as in the words cow, car, cat, come, crow, kill.
/g/ ()as in the words go, got, get , god, good, goat.
/m/() as in the words mother, mango, might, must, mellow, maintain.
/n/ ()as in the words know, no, nasty, now, near, nail.
/l/ ()as in the words love, last, lay, low, line, ling, link.
/r/ ()as in the words ring, row, roast, rose, routine, run.
/f/ ()as in the words fan, foul, fast, foot, fantasy.
/v/ ()as in the words volleyball, van, very, vary, vast, vat.
//()as in the words thieves, three, thing, thirteen, throat, theme,
thousand, thriller, thrice, thresh, thank.
/ /() as in the words them, then, that, this , those , thee, these,
/s/ ()as in the words see, some, same, so, sun, sir, sick, sin.
/ /() as in the words shame, shut, shine, shallow, show, shadow,
shall, shampoo.
/ z / ()as in the words zoo, zealous, zeal, zebra.
/d /() as in the words jam, jealous, judge, joy, Jew,
/ / ()as in the words pleasure, leisure, usual, television, garage.
/ t/ ()as in the words charge, chap, chief, patch.
/ h /() as in the words how, hate ,hand, his , hallo.
/ /() as in the words ring, ding, making, singing, saying
/w / (/)as in the words was, war, what, which, while.
/ j / ()as in the words yea, young, you, your, youth.