Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415



&KHPLFDO&LYLODQG0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ7UDFNVRIUG1LUPD8QLYHUVLW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH
18L&21(


6,1*/(67(32;,'$7,212)0(7+$1(720(7+$12/
72:$5'6%(77(581'(567$1',1*
3UL\DQN.KLUVDUL\DD5DMX.0HZDGDD
&KHPLFDO'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\1LUPD8QLYHUVLW\$KPHGDEDG*XMDUDW,QGLD


$EVWUDFW

7KHSRWHQWLDOXVHRIPHWKDQRODVDIXHOLVZHOONQRZQ0DQ\UHVHDUFKVFLHQWLVWVDUHZRUNLQJRQVLQJOHVWDJHSURGXFWLRQRI
PHWKDQRO &XUUHQWO\ LW LV EHLQJ SURGXFHG E\ D FRQYHQWLRQDO WZRVWHS SURFHVV ZKLFK LV H[SHQVLYH DQG HQHUJ\ LQWHQVLYH
&RQYHUVLRQRIPHWKDQHWRDOLTXLGIXHOLVDPRUHGHVLUDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHWRFRPSUHVVHGQDWXUDOJDVGXHWRHDVHRIVWRUDJH7KH
WZRVWHS SURFHVV SURGXFHV OLTXLG PHWKDQRO E\ WKH VWHDP UHIRUPLQJ RI PHWKDQH WR V\QWKHVLV JDV IROORZHG E\ WKH KLJK
SUHVVXUHFDWDO\WLFFRQYHUVLRQRIWKHV\QWKHVLVJDVWRPHWKDQRO

3DUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ URXWH RIIHUV WKH DGYDQWDJH RI GLUHFWO\ FRQYHUWLQJ PHWKDQH WR PHWKDQRO LQ D VLQJOH VWHS UHDFWLRQ $Q
HFRQRPLFDOO\ IHDVLEOH RQH VWHS SURFHVV FRXOG VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFH FRVW RI PHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ FRVW VDYLQJ PLOOLRQV RI
GROODUV7KHPHWKDQROWKXVREWDLQHGIURPPHWKDQHLVLQDQHQHUJ\IRUPWKDWLVPXFKHDVLHUWRWUDQVSRUWDQGLVPRUHHIILFLHQW
IXHO 7KLV ZRXOG PDNH PHWKDQH D PXFK PRUH DWWUDFWLYH DQG YDOXDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFH %HFDXVH RI LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQGV IRU
HQHUJ\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ WKH WZRVWHS SURFHVV ZKLFK LQFOXGHV HQHUJ\ LQWHQVLYH V\QJDV PDQXIDFWXULQJ LV
LQFRPSDWLEOHKHUHWKHSDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHWKURXJKWKHGLUHFWV\QWKHVLVRIPHWKDQROKDVEHHQDILHOG RIH[WHQVLYH
UHVHDUFKZRUNIRUPDQ\GHFDGHV1HYHUWKHOHVV\LHOGVRIRUJDQLFR[\JHQDWHVDUHJHQHUDOO\TXLWHORZ7KHPHWKDQRO\LHOGLV
JHQHUDOO\ QR PRUH WKDQ  7KLV DUWLFOH GLVFXVVHV DERXW WKHUPRG\QDPLF IHDVLELOLW\ RI UHDFWLRQ RI GLUHFW R[LGDWLRQ RI
PHWKDQH (YHQ WKHUPRG\QDPLF DQDO\VLV VKRZV WKDW DW ORZHU WHPSHUDWXUH VLJQOH VWHS SURFHVV LV PRUHIDYRXUDEOH RYHU WZR
VWHSUHIRUPLQJSURFHVV+RZHYHUVLGHUHDFWLRQVDQGSRRUVHOHFWLYLW\SRVVHVVPDMRUFKDOOHQJH(YHQDIWHUUHIHUUHGILUVWWLPH
LQ  VWLOO LW SRVHV D PDMRU FKDOOHQJH IRU UHVHDUFKHUV 7KLV DUWLFOH DOVR GHVFULEHV WKH ZRUN DOUHDG\ GRQH DQG UHFHQW
DGYDQFHPHQWVLQWKHVLQJOHVWHSR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQROWRHQKDQFHVHOHFWLYLW\RIPHWKDQRO

2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad.
1LUPD8QLYHUVLW\$KPHGDEDG
.H\ZRUGVPHWKDQHPHWKDQROFDWDO\WLFSDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQJDVSKDVHKRPRJHQHRXVR[LGDWLRQFDWDO\VW 


 ,1752'8&7,21
0HWKDQRO LV RQH RI EXON FKHPLFDO EHLQJZLGHO\ XVHG LQFKHPLFDO LQGXVWULHV ,WV FXUUHQW SURGXFWLRQ LV  PLOOLRQ WRQV SHU
\HDU,WXVHGWREHFDOOHGDVZRRGDOFRKRODVWKHSURGXFWLRQURXWHZDVWKHGHVWUXFWLYHGLVWLOODWLRQRIZRRGWKHILUVWZLGH
VSUHDGPHWKRGRISURGXFLQJPHWKDQRO7KHZLGHDSSOLFDWLRQRI0HWKDQROPRWLYDWHVLWVODUJHVFDOHSURGXFWLRQZKLFKLVHYHU
LQFUHDVLQJ)RUH[DPSOHPHWKDQROLVXVHGDVDVROYHQWDJDVROLQHDGGLWLYHDQGDFKHPLFDOIHHGVWRFNIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
ELRGLHVHODQGKXQGUHGVRIRWKHUFKHPLFDOV>@

0HWKDQRO LV ZLGHO\ UHJDUGHG DV D SURPLVLQJ DOWHUQDWH IRU DXWRPRELOH IXHO ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI DXWRPRELOHV DQG RWKHU
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQYHKLFOHVWKDWDUHDEOHWREXPSXUHRUEOHQGHGPHWKDQROZRXOGEHKLJKO\EHQHILFLDODVSHUHQYLURQPHQWDODQG
HQHUJ\FRQVLGHUDWLRQV>@6RPHRIWKHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWV RIGHYHORSLQJDZRUOGZLGHPDUNHWIRUPHWKDQRODVDIXHODUHD
GHFUHDVH LQ GHSHQGHQF\ RQ IRUHLJQ HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV E FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ SHWUROHXP EDVHG HQHUJ\ UHVHUYHV F

1877-7058 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.057

410

Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415

LQFUHDVHG FRPSHWLWLRQ DPRQJ HQHUJ\ SURYLGHUV UHVXOWLQJ LQ ORZHU FRVW DQG G HQYLURQPHQWDO EHQHILWV IURP LPSURYHG
HPLVVLRQV LQKHUHQW LQ WKH FRPEXVWLRQ RI PHWKDQRO DV FRPSDUHG WR SHWUROHXPEDVHG IXHOV $GRSWLRQ RI PHWKDQRO DV D
SULPDU\DXWRPRELOHRUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQIXHOZRXOGQHFHVVLWDWHDODUJHLQFUHDVHLQWKHZRUOG
VPHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
7KLVZRXOGPDNHPHWKDQHDPXFKPRUHDWWUDFWLYHDQGYDOXDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHZKLFKLVHDVLO\WUDQVSRUWDEOHDVFRPSDUHGWR
LWV RULJLQ %XW SUHVHQW 0HWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ LV VR H[SHQVLYH WKDW LWV WUHPHQGRXV SRWHQWLDO WR SRVLWLYHO\ DIIHFW FKDQJHV LQ
HQHUJ\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVQRWH[SORUHG>@3UHVHQWO\WKHGRPLQDQWPHWKRGRISURGXFLQJPHWKDQROLVDWZRVWHSSURFHVV7KH
ILUVW VWHS LV WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI PHWKDQH QDWXUDO JDV LQWR D JDV PL[WXUH RI FDUERQ PRQR[LGH DQG K\GURJHQ NQRZQ DV
V\QWKHVLVJDV7KLVVWHSLVYHU\HQHUJ\LQWHQVLYHDQGUHSUHVHQWVWKHPDMRUH[SHQVHLQPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQ7KHVHFRQGVWHS
LQ PHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ LV WKH UHDFWLRQ RI WKH V\QWKHVLV JDV RYHU D FDWDO\VW WKDW VHOHFWLYHO\ SURGXFHV PHWKDQRO 7KHUH LV
VLJQLILFDQWLQWHUHVWLQGHYHORSLQJD GLUHFW PHWKRGRIFRQYHUWLQJPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRODVWKLVZRXOGHOLPLQDWHWKHQHHGIRU
H[SHQVLYHVWHDPUHIRUPLQJDQGZLOOEHPRUHHFRQRPLFDO

,Q DGGLWLRQ PHWKDQRO SURGXFHG E\ D GLUHFW PHWKRG ZRXOG ORZHU WKH SULFH RI PHWKDQRO PDNLQJ LW PRUH DWWUDFWLYH DV D
SRWHQWLDOIXHOVRXUFH&XUUHQWO\WKHPRVWXWLOL]HGIHHGVWRFNIRUPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQLVPHWKDQH,WSOD\VDPDMRUUROHLQWKH
ZRUOG
V HQHUJ\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQGLV WKH SULPDU\ FRQVWLWXHQW RI QDWXUDO JDV 1DWXUDO JDV LV DQ DEXQGDQW LQH[SHQVLYH FOHDQ
EXUQLQJIXHOWKDWLVXVHGWKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOG5HVHUYHVRIQDWXUDOJDVVWDQGDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\WULOOLRQFXELFIHHWDQG
WKRVH UHVHUYHV HTXDO URXJKO\  RI WKH ZRUOG
V SHWUROHXP UHVHUYHV 'HVSLWH WKH EHQHILWV DQG DEXQGDQFH RI QDWXUDO JDV
SHWUROHXPUHPDLQVWKHZRUOG
VPDLQVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\7KHGUDZEDFNWKDWSUHYHQWVQDWXUDOJDVIURPEHLQJLQDFRQVLGHUDEOH
SRUWLRQ RI XVDJH LV WKDW LW LV RIWHQ ORFDWHG LQ LVRODWHG UHVHUYHV GLIILFXOW DQG H[SHQVLYH WR WUDQVSRUW EXW OHVV PDUNHW YDOXH
PDNLQJLWQRWSURILWDEOH7KHORZFRVWORZSURILWPDUJLQDQGKD]DUGRXVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIQDWXUDOJDVPDNHLWXQDWWUDFWLYH
DQGXQHFRQRPLFDOO\WRWUDQVSRUWRYHUORQJGLVWDQFHV7KHUHVWDQGVWKHQHHGRIGHYHORSLQJDVLPSOHDQGHIIHFWLYHSURFHVVWKDW
FRXOG FRQYHUW PHWKDQH GLUHFWO\ WR PHWKDQRO IURP PHWKDQH RQVLWH $ GLUHFW PHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRO SURFHVV FRXOG PDNH
UHPRWHO\ORFDWLQJQDWXUDOJDVUHVHUYHVPRUHXVDEOHDQGHFRQRPLFDOO\DWWUDFWLYH7KHVHDUFKIRUDVXFFHVVIXOGLUHFWSURFHVVWR
DFKLHYHWKLVJRDOKDVEHHQXQGHUZD\IRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUV0RVWRIWKHUHVHDUFKLQWRWKLVDUHDKDVIDOOHQXQGHUWZRPDLQ
DSSURDFKHV KRPRJHQHRXV JDVSKDVH SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ DQG KHWHURJHQHRXV FDWDO\WLF SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ 7KH KRPRJHQHRXV
VWXGLHV DFKLHYHG PHWKDQH FRQYHUVLRQV E\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\  EXW WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PHWKDQRO VHOHFWLYLW\ ZDV YHU\ ORZ
+LJKVHOHFWLYLW\WRPHWKDQRORFFXUUHGRQO\DWYHU\ORZPHWKDQHFRQYHUVLRQ+HWHURJHQHRXVFDWDO\WLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQV\LHOGHG
ORZHU PHWKDQH FRQYHUVLRQV DQG PHWKDQRO VHOHFWLYLW\ WKDQ KRPRJHQHRXV V\VWHPV +RPRJHQHRXV DQG KHWHURJHQHRXV
LQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWRWKHGLUHFWR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQROKDYHIDLOHGWRDFKLHYHDFFHSWDEOHPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQ7KLV
7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV DERXW LWV WKHUPRG\QDPLF IHDVLELOLW\ DQG YDULRXV DOWHUQDWLYHV WR LPSURYH VHOHFWLYLW\ RI PHWKDQRO
5HFHQWO\VHYHUDOQHZDSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGWRSURGXFHPHWKDQROGLUHFWO\IURPPHWKDQHVXFKDV/LTXLGSKDVH
VWXGLHV DQG VWXGLHV RI VXSHUFULWLFDO IOXLG UHDFWRUV /LTXLG SKDVH DQG VXSHUFULWLFDO UHDFWRU V\VWHPV DOVR IDLOHG WR SURGXFH
PHWKDQRODWOHYHOVUHTXLUHGIRUFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ>@

 $%ULHI+LVWRU\RI0HWKDQRO6\QWKHVLV

5REHUW%R\OHGLVFRYHUHGPHWKDQROLQWKRXJKQRZULWWHQUHFRUGRIDQ\GRPHVWLFRULQGXVWULDOXVHH[LVWVEHIRUHWKHWK
FHQWXU\,Q'XPDVDQG3HOLJRWILUVWHVWDEOLVKHGWKHFKHPLFDODQGPROHFXODULGHQWLW\RIPHWKDQRO7KHILUVWPHWKRGRI
SURGXFLQJ PHWKDQRO ZDV E\ WKH GHVWUXFWLYH GLVWLOODWLRQ RI ZRRG :RRG VSLULW RU ZRRG DOFRKRO ZDV WKHQDPH JLYHQ WR
PHWKDQROIRUPDQ\ \HDUVUHIHUULQJWRWKLVV\QWKHVLVPHWKRG)UHQFKFKHPLVW3DXO6DEDWLHULVRODWHGWKHV\QWKHWLFPHWKDQRO
URXWHIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQDQG%$6)FRPPHUFLDOL]HGWKHILUVWV\QWKHWLFPHWKDQROSODQWLQ>@7KHSURFHVVXVHGD
]LQF&KURPLXP2[LGHFDWDO\VWRSHUDWLQJDW&DQGDWPRVSKHUHV7KLVKLJKSXULW\0HWKDQROSURGXFWLRQURXWHXVHG
E\ WKH %$6) OHG WR (XURSHDQ GRPLQDWLRQ LQ PHWKDQRO V\QWKHVLV WHFKQRORJ\ $ KLJKSUHVVXUH PHWKDQRO V\QWKHVLV SURFHVV
EURXJKW DERXW WKH JUHDW FRQWULEXWLRQV WR &KHPLFDO UHDFWLRQ HQJLQHHULQJ FDWDO\VW WHFKQRORJ\ SURFHVV LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ DQG
KLJK SUHVVXUH WHFKQRORJ\ 7KLV KLJKO\ VXFFHVVIXO SURFHVV ZDV XVHG IRU PDQ\ \HDUV XQWLO D PRUH HIILFLHQW ORZSUHVVXUH
V\QWKHVLV URXWH ZDV GLVFRYHUHG LQ  /HH  0HWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKH 86 ZDV VWDUWHG LQ  E\ WKH
&RPPHUFLDO 6ROYHQWV &RUSRUDWLRQ DQG 'X3RQW ,Q WKH &RPPHUFLDO 6ROYHQWV &RUSRUDWLRQ SURFHVV &2 SURGXFHG LQ WKH
FRPSDQ\
V IHUPHQWDWLRQ XQLW ZDV K\GURJHQDWHG WR PHWKDQRO DW  DWPRVSKHUHV RYHU PHWDO R[LGH FDWDO\VWV > @ 7KH
'X3RQWSURFHVVXVHG FRDOWRSURGXFHDJDVHRXVIHHGVWRFNNQRZQDVV\QWKHVLVJDVV\QJDVFRQVLVWLQJSULPDULO\RIFDUERQ
PRQR[LGH DQG K\GURJHQ 7KH V\QJDV ZDV SXULILHG DQG SDVVHG RYHU D PHWKDQRO V\QWKHVLV FDWDO\VW ZKLFK \LHOGHG WKH ILQDO
PHWKDQROSURGXFW7KHSODQWSURGXFHGERWKDPPRQLDDQGPHWKDQROXQWLOWKHODWH
V$WWKDWWLPHSOHQWLIXOVXSSOLHVRI
QDWXUDOJDVEHFDPHDYDLODEOHDQGQDWXUDOJDVUHSODFHGFRDODVWKHSUHIHUUHGIHHGVWRFNIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIV\QJDV,Q
,PSHULDO &KHPLFDO ,QGXVWULHV /WG ,QWURGXFHG FRSSHU]LQF R[LGH &X=Q R[LGH FDWDO\VWV WKDW ZHUH IDU PRUH DFWLYH LQ WKH
V\QWKHVLVRIPHWKDQRO$SSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVHFDWDO\VWVOHGWRWKHHQGRIWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHPHWKDQROV\QWKHVLVURXWH7KLVQHZ
ORZ SUHVVXUH PHWKDQRO V\QWKHVLV WHFKQRORJ\ RSHUDWHG DW WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJHV IURP & DQG SUHVVXUHV RI 
DWPRVSKHUHV 7KHVH QHZ &X=Q R[LGH FDWDO\VWV ZHUH KLJKO\ VXVFHSWLEOH WR SRLVRQLQJDQG GHDFWLYDWLRQ IURP RYHUKHDWLQJ
PDNLQJ FORVH FRQWURO RI PHWKDQRO UHDFWRUV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW >@ $GYDQFHV LQ V\QJDV SURGXFWLRQ DQG SXULILFDWLRQ UHPRYHG
PRVW RIWKHFDWDO\VWSRLVRQVDQGPDGH XVHRIWKH QHZFDWDO\VWV SRVVLEOH7KHVHORZSUHVVXUHPHWKDQROV\QWKHVLVFDWDO\VWV

Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415

411

KDYHDOLIHWLPHRIXSWR\HDUV)XUWKHUDGYDQFHPHQWVLQWKHSURFHVVKDYHOHGWRWKHLQYHQWLRQRIPDQ\VXFKFDWDO\VWVDQG
SURFHVVFRQGLWLRQVIRUHIIHFWLYHSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGV

7KHUPRG\QDPLFDQDO\VLVRIUHDFWLRQV

7DEOH7KH*LEEVIUHHHQHUJLHVRIUHDFWLRQDWGLIIHUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHV>@
6U1R
5HDFWLRQ
*UN-PRO








&+2&+2+ 






&+2&2+ 






&++2&2+ 






)URP DERYHWDEOHLWVHHPV WKDWVWHDPUHIRUPLQJ RI PHWKDQHLV RQO\IHDVLEOHDW .RU DERYHWHPSHUDWXUH:KHUHDV
VHOHFWLYH R[LGDWLRQ RI PHWKDQH ZLWK R[\JHQ FDQ EH FDUULHG RXW DW ORZHU WHPSHUDWXUH 7KHUPRG\QDPLF IDYRUV ORZHU
WHPSHUDWXUHRIGLUHFWR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRODWORZHUWHPSHUDWXUH
&DOFXODWLRQRIHTXLOLEULXPFRQYHUVLRQEDVHGRQDERYH*LEEVIUHHHQHUJ\DW.LVDERXW7KLVLVWKHKLJKHVWSRVVLEOH
HTXLOLEULXPFRQYHUVLRQJLYHQE\WKHUPRG\QDPLFDQDO\VLV7LOOGDWHDVSHUWKHOLWHUDWXUHVXUYH\UHSRUW7DEOHLWLVREVHUYHG
WKDWPD[LPXPFRQYHUVLRQREWDLQHGLVRQO\DERXW7KLVLVGXHWRWKHKLJKHUDFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\UHTXLUHGIRUVDLGUHDFWLRQ
&RPSDUHGWRWKDWFRPSOHWHR[LGDWLRQUHDFWLRQLVKLJKO\IDYRUDEOHXQGHUJLYHQUHDFWLRQFRQGLWLRQVZKLFKUHGXFHVVHOHFWLYLW\
IRUWKHGHVLUHGSURGXFWPHWKDQRO

'LUHFWR[LGDWLRQRI PHWKDQHWRPHWKDQROLVDQDWWUDFWLYHURXWHEHFDXVHLWHOLPLQDWHVDYHU\HQHUJ\LQWHQVLYHVWHSFXUUHQWO\
UHTXLUHGLQPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQLHVWHDPUHIRUPLQJPHWKDQHLQWRV\QWKHVLVJDV+HOWRQUHYLHZHGDQGVXPPDUL]HG
HFRQRPLF HYDOXDWLRQV RI FRQYHQWLRQDO PHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ UHSRUWHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH >@ +H FRQFOXGHG WKDW PHWKDQRO
SURGXFWLRQ YLD D GLUHFW VLQJOH VWHS PHWKRG ZRXOG EH FRPSHWLWLYH ZLWK H[LVWLQJ PHWKDQRO SURGXFWLRQ PHWKRGV VWHDP
UHIRUPDWLRQRIPHWKDQHIROORZHGE\R[LGDWLRQRIV\QJDVLILWDFKLHYHGDVLQJOHSDVVPHWKDQHFRQYHUVLRQRIDWOHDVW
\LHOGZLWKVHOHFWLYLW\ WRPHWKDQRORI 7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHEHFDXVHLWVHUYHVDVDSHUIRUPDQFHVWDQGDUG
WKDWDQ\SURVSHFWLYHGLUHFWPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVPXVWPHHWWREHHFRQRPLFDOO\IHDVLEOH7KHORZPDJQLWXGHRIWKH
FRQYHUVLRQUHTXLUHPHQWLVLQGLFDWLYHRIWKHKLJKH[SHQVHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKH[LVWLQJPHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGV+RZHYHU
WKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\ WKH PRVW IDYRUDEOH UHDFWLRQ SURGXFWV RI PHWKDQH R[LGDWLRQ DUH FDUERQ R[LGHV FDUERQ PRQR[LGH DQG
FDUERQ GLR[LGH )RU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH GRPLQDWLQJ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ IRU WKH PHWKDQH R[LGDWLRQ SURFHVV LV KLJKO\ VHOHFWLYH WR
PHWKDQRO>@

7KHDIIHFWLQJSDUDPHWHUIRUDQ\VXFKSURFHVVDUH>@

7HPSHUDWXUH

3UHVVXUH

0HWKDQHR[\JHQUDWLRR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHIHHGJDV

7RWDOJDVIORZUDWHUHVLGHQFHWLPH

$GGLWLYHV

(IIHFWRQWKHUHDFWRUZDOO

 +HWHURJHQHRXV&DWDO\WLF3DUWLDO2[LGDWLRQ

6LQFH WKH GHVLUHG SURGXFW PHWKDQRO LV PRUH UHDFWLYH WKDQ PHWKDQH VRPH UHVHDUFKHUV EHOLHYH WKDW VXFFHVVIXO GLUHFW
V\QWKHVLV RI PHWKDQRO IURP PHWKDQH ZLOO UHTXLUH WKH XVH RI D KLJKO\ VHOHFWLYH FDWDO\VW 0HWKDQRO VHOHFWLYH FDWDO\VWV DUH
UHODWLYHO\ZHOOXQGHUVWRRGLQWKHUHDOPRIPHWKDQROV\QWKHVLVIURPV\QJDV7KHFKDOOHQJHIRUGLUHFWV\QWKHVLVLVWRGHYHORS
FDWDO\VWVZKLFKVHOHFWLYHO\FRQYHUWPHWKDQHGLUHFWO\WRPHWKDQRO/XQVIRUGFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHIRUPDWLRQRIPHWK\O
UDGLFDOVZDVWKH LQLWLDO VWHS LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI R[\JHQDWHG SURGXFWV DQG KLJKHU K\GURFDUERQV IURP PHWKDQH RYHU PHWDO
R[LGH FDWDO\VWV ([SHULPHQWDO HYLGHQFH ZDV XQFRYHUHG LQGLFDWLQJ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH RI 2 LRQV DOWKRXJK VHYHUDO W\SHV RI
VXUIDFH R[\JHQ ZHUH HIIHFWLYH LQ DEVWUDFWLQJ K\GURJHQ IURP PHWKDQH 0HWK\O UDGLFDOV UHDFWHG WR IRUP PHWKR[LGH LRQV RU
GLVVROYHG LQWR WKH JDV SKDVH ,Q DOO FDVHV KRPRJHQHRXV DQG KHWHURJHQHRXV VHFRQGDU\ UHDFWLRQV OLPLWHG WKH \LHOGV RI WKH
GHVLUHG SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ SURGXFWV &KDQJ 0LUDQGD DQG %HQQHWW  FRQGXFWHG ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH VWXGLHV RI WKH SDUWLDO
R[LGDWLRQ RI PHWKDQH XVLQJ PRO\EGHQXP R[LGH FDWDO\VWV >@ 6PDOO DPRXQWV RI GLPHWK\O HWKHU GLPHWKR[\PHWKDQH DQG
PHWK\OIRUPDWZHUHIRUPHG6HYHUDOWHFKQLTXHVZHUHXVHGWRREVHUYHWKHHOHFWURQLFDQGJHRPHWULFVWDWHVRIWKHFDWDO\VW$
PHFKDQLVPZDVSURSRVHGLQYROYLQJPHWKR[\LQWHUPHGLDWHVFKHPLVRUEHGRQYDFDQWR[\JHQVLWHV7KHPHFKDQLVPH[SODLQV

412

Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415

ZKLFKW\SHVRIFDWDO\VWVLWHVDFFRXQWIRUSURGXFWIRUPDWLRQ6D]RQRYDQG3RSRYVNLLFRUUHODWHGWKHFDWDO\WLFDFWLYLW\

RI PHWDO R[LGHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR FHUWDLQ R[\JHQFDWDO\VW LQWHUDFWLRQV 7KH\ IRXQG WKDW WKH UHDFWLRQ HQHUJ\ RI DFWLYDWLRQ ZDV
SURSRUWLRQDO WRWKHHQHUJ\ RI WKH R[\JHQERQG7KH FDWDO\VWV ZHUHDOVRUDQNHG DVWR WKH ERQGHQHUJ\ RIDEVRUEHGVXUIDFH
R[\JHQDQGDFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\RIPHWKDQHR[LGDWLRQ

+HOWRQ  VKRZHG WKDW FORVXUH RI WKH R[\JHQ EDODQFH ZDV D FRXQFLO LQ PLQLPL]LQJ HUURU LQ FDOFXODWLQJ PHWKDQRO
VHOHFWLYLW\/DUJHGHYLDWLRQVLQSURGXFWVHOHFWLYLW\FRXOGRFFXUHYHQWKRXJKFDUERQDWRPDQGRYHUDOOPDWHULDOEDODQFHVZHUH
>@

*UDQW HW DO  RSHUDWHG D TXDUW]OLQHG UHDFWRU ZLWK LURQ6RGDOLWH FDWDO\VW DW  DWPRVSKHUHV DQG UHSRUWHG PHWKDQRO
VHOHFWLYLW\RIDWPHWKDQHFRQYHUVLRQ>@

0HWKDQROVHOHFWLYLW\LQWKHTXDUW]UHDFWRUZLWKE\SDVVLPSURYHGWRDWPHWKDQHFRQYHUVLRQ+LJKVSDFHYHORFLWLHV
VXFKDVWKRVHUHTXLUHGIRUFRPPHUFLDOSURFHVVLQJGHFUHDVHGPHWKDQROVHOHFWLYLW\WR

:DONHU/DSV]HZLF]DQG)RXOGVWHVWHGYDULRXVFDWDO\VWVWR VHHLIWKH\SHUIRUPHGDVFODLPHGE\WKHPDQXIDFWXUHUV
0DQXIDFWXUHUVKDGFODLPHGWKDWVRPHFDWDO\VWVFRQYHUWPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRODWVHOHFWLYLWLHVLQH[FHVVRI7KHDXWKRUV
WHVWHG VRPH RI WKHVH FDWDO\VWV PRO\EGHQXP R[LGH XUDQLXP R[LGH LPSUHJQDWHG RQ DOXPLQXP VLOLFD LURQ 6RGDOLWH \
DOXPLQD VWDQQLF R[LGH DQG SDOODGLXP RQ PDJQHVLXP R[LGH DQG FRPSDUHG WKHLU SHUIRUPDQFH WR SXEOLVK FODLPV DQG WR
KRPRJHQHRXVJDVSKDVHUHVXOWV>@7KH\IRXQGWKDWQRQHRIWKHFDWDO\VWVSHUIRUPHGXSWRWKHOHYHOVFLWHGLQSDWHQWVDQG
OLWHUDWXUH1RQHRIWKHFDWDO\VWVVKRZHGDQ\LPSURYHPHQWRYHUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHKRPRJHQHRXVJDVSKDVHVHOHFWLYLWLHV
&KDQJDQG$QWKRQ\UHSRUWHGWKDWWHPSHUDWXUHVRIKHWHURJHQHRXVUHDFWLRQVZHUHKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHRIKRPRJHQHRXV
UHDFWLRQV XQGHU VLPLODU FRQGLWLRQV 7KH\ UHSRUW WKDW WKH FDXVH RI WKH KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUH PD\ EH GXH WR YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH
UHVLGHQFH WLPH RI UHDFWDQWV LQ WKH UHDFWLRQ ]RQH DQG LQKLELWRU\ HIIHFWV RI WKH R[LGH FDWDO\VWV ,W ZDV DOVR QRWHG WKDW D
VLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRIKRPRJHQHRXVR[LGDWLRQRFFXUUHGLQWKHYRLGVSDFHRIWKHFDWDO\VWEHGDQGWKDWFDWDO\VWVXUIDFHVLQKLELW
IUHHUDGLFDOKRPRJHQHRXVUHDFWLRQ

6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKHUV/LXHWDO=KHQ.KDQ0DN/HZLVDQG6RPRUMDLDQG'XUDQWHHWDOUHSRUWWKDW
PRO\EGHQXP DQG YDQDGLXP R[LGH EDVHG FDWDO\VWV DFWLYHO\ SURPRWH PHWKDQH R[LGDWLRQ RI PHWKDQRO DQG IRUPDOGHK\GH
8VLQJ R[\JHQ IHHG UDWLRV RI  PHWKDQRO VHOHFWLYLWLHV RI  ZHUH DFKLHYHG XQGHU D ZLGH UDQJH RI UHDFWLRQ
FRQGLWLRQV
7DEOH5HVXOWVIRUPHWKDQHR[LGDWLRQ
6U1R &DWDO\VW
7HPSHUDWXUH &RQYHUVLRQ 5HIHUHQFHV


0R2















&R0R2















)H0R2















90R2















*D0R2















:2







Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415










&X:2















&R:2















)H:2















9:2















*D:2















*D20R2















=Q20R2















*D2















4XDUW]LVSDFNLQJ 



















(PSW\WXEH















&XSV









&R3&









1D;









1D\









./







413

414

Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415



5H









5H0R2









0R









0R









0R)H









0R)H









&X6L2









&82 022









3\UH[EHDGV









0R2 DE26LO









4XDUW]FKLSV









,QHUW6DQG









0R )H








 2WKHUSRVVLEOHSURFHVVHV

,QWKHDERYHOLTXLGSKDVHSURFHVVHVWKHR[LGDWLRQSURGXFWVDUHDOOPHWKDQROGHULYDWLYHVWKDWDUHPRUHVWDEOHWKDQPHWKDQRO
LWVHOI7KHPRUH UHDVRQDEOH PHWKDQRO \LHOGV REWDLQHG GHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDFKLHYHERWKPHWKDQHFRQYHUVLRQ
DQGPHWKDQROVHOHFWLYLW\LIPHWKDQROFDQEHSURWHFWHGIURPIXUWKHUR[LGDWLRQ6XSHUFULWLFDOIOXLGH[WUDFWLRQPD\EHDQRWKHU
PHWKRGRISURWHFWLQJWKHSURGXFHGPHWKDQROWRDYRLGGHHSR[LGDWLRQEXWFKRRVLQJDVXLWDEOHVXSHUFULWLFDOIOXLGLVGLIILFXOW
EHFDXVH WKH UHDFWLRQ WDNHV SODFH XQGHU VHYHUH FRQGLWLRQV $NLHW DO /HH HW DO $QG 6DYDJH KDV VHSDUDWHO\ FDUULHG RXW
PHWKDQHR[LGDWLRQXVLQJZDWHUDVWKHVXSHUFULWLFDOIOXLGPHGLXP>@

7KHUHVXOWVZHUHQRWDV JRRGDVH[SHFWHGDQG PHWKDQRO \LHOGVZHUHQRWJUHDWHUWKDQ $UHDFWLRQVHSDUDWHUHDFWRUZDV
GHVLJQHG DQG DSSOLHG WR WKH SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ RI PHWKDQH WR PHWKDQRO E\ <X HW DO12 DQG 1D%2 ZHUH VHOHFWHG DV WKH
KRPRJHQHRXVKHWHURJHQHRXV FDWDO\VWV &RRO +2 ZDV XVHG WR TXHQFK WKH UHDFWLRQ PL[WXUH DQG WHUPLQDWH WKH KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUH R[LGDWLRQ UHDFWLRQ $ERXW  VLQJOHSDVV \LHOG RI +&+2 ZDV DFKLHYHG GHVSLWH WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WKH
SURGXFHG+&+2ZDVYHU\ORZEHFDXVHRIWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIYDSRUDVDQDGGLWLYH>@

7KHODVHUVWLPXODWHGVXUIDFHUHDFWLRQ/665WHFKQLTXHKDVDOVREHHQDSSOLHGWRWKHSDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQH=KRQJHW
DOUHSRUWHGWKHUHVXOWRIWKLVWHFKQLTXHIRUWKHSDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHRYHU+30R2&D)FDWDO\VWV7KHR[LGDWLRQ
RI PHWKDQH RFFXUUHG DW QRUPDO SUHVVXUH DQG  & DQG PHWKDQRO ZDV WKH GLUHFW SURGXFW RI PHWKDQH R[LGDWLRQ ZKLOH
+&+2&+2&+DQGK\GURFDUERQVZHUHWKHSURGXFWVRIPHWKDQROFRQWLQXRXVO\UHDFWHGRQWKHVROLGVXUIDFH>@

1HZO\ GHYHORSHG QRQWKHUPDO GLVFKDUJH PLFURUHDFWRU HQDEOHG D VLQJOH VWHS QRQFDWDO\WLF DQG VHOHFWLYH V\QWKHVLV RI
V\QWKHWLF IXHOV PHWKDQRO IRUPDOGHK\GH DQG IRUPLF DFLG YLD URRP WHPSHUDWXUH PHWKDQH SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ /RZ
WHPSHUDWXUH V\QWKHVLV LV HVVHQWLDO EHFDXVH ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH VLWXDWLRQ SURPRWHV FRQGHQVDWLRQ RI OLTXLG FRPSRQHQWV RQ WKH
PLFURUHDFWRU ZDOO DV D UHVXOW UHDFWLYH R[\JHQDWHV DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP2ULFK SODVPD ]RQH > @ ,Q DGGLWLRQ HIIHFWLYH
LQWHJUDWLRQRIPLFURSODVPDWHFKQRORJ\DQGH[LVWLQJFDWDO\WLFSURFHVVHVLVDQDWWUDFWLYHRSWLRQWKDWUHDOL]HVHFRQRPLFDOO\DQG
WHFKQRORJLFDOO\YLDEOHPDWHULDOFRQYHUVLRQSURFHVV>@

 6XPPDU\
7KHUPRG\QDPLF DQDO\VLV IDYRXU VLJQOH VWHS SURFHVV RYHU WZR VWHS UHIRUPLQJ SURFHVV HYHQ DW ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH +RZHYHU

Priyank Khirsariya and Raju K Mewada / Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 409 415

415

VLGH UHDFWLRQV DQG SRRU VHOHFWLYLW\ SRVVHVV PDMRU FKDOOHQJH 6WLOO WKHUH LV QR SURFHVV WKDW SURGXFHV D UHDVRQDEOH PHWKDQRO
\LHOG EXW WKHUH KDV EHHQ HQFRXUDJLQJ SURJUHVV ,PSURYHG FDWDO\VW DQG QRYHO UHDFWRU GHVLJQ DQG RSHUDWLRQ FDQ HQKDQFH
PHWKDQRO VHOHFWLYLW\ 7KH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI FDWDO\VW SURPLVHV WR LPSURYH PHWKDQRO \LHOG E\ FRQWUROOLQJ WKH JDVSKDVH IUHH
UDGLFDOUHDFWLRQVE\FRQYHUWLQJWKHKLJKR[LGDWLYHVSHFLHVWROHVVR[LGDWLYHRQHVRUHYHQUHGXFWLYHRQHV

 5HIHUHQFHV

4LMLDQ=KDQJ'HKXD4LPLQJ=KX5HFHQW3URJUHVVLQ'LUHFW3DUWLDO2[LGDWLRQRI0HWKDQHWR0HWKDQRO-RXUQDO
>@
RI1DWXUDO*DV&KHPLVWU\
0RUWH]D 6RKUDEL DQG /HLOD 9DIDMRR 3DUWLDO 2[LGDWLRQ RI 0HWKDQH WR 0HWKDQRO LQ D &DWDO\WF 3DFNHG %HG
>@
5HDFWRU.LQHWLF0RGHOLQJDQG([SHULPHQWDO6WXG\:RUOG$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV-RXUQDO ,661
,'26,3XEOLFDWLRQV
5REHUW/0F&RUPLFN0RKDPPDG%$O6DKDOL*RNKDQ2$OSWHNLQ3DUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHPHWKDQRO
>@
IRUPDOGHK\GH DQG FDUERQ PRQR[LGH RYHU VLOLFD JOREDO UHDFWLRQ NLQHWLFV $SSOLHG &DWDO\VLV $ *HQHUDO 

7UDFH\ - +DOO -XVWLQ 6- +DUJUHDYHV *UDKDP - +XWFKLQJV 5LFKDUG : -R\QHU 6WXDUW + 7D\ORU &DWDO\WLF
>@
V\QWKHVLVRIPHWKDQRODQGIRUPDOGHK\GHE\SDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQH)XHO3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\

5REHUWUDMDSDXOUDWQDVDP\'LUHFWFRQYHUVLRQRIPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRO$SSOLHG&DWDO\VLV$*HQHUDO
>@
//
$QDQG 6 &KHOODSSD 6XUDMLW )XDQJIRR DQG 'DELU 6 9LVZDQDWK +RPRJHQHRXV 2[LGDWLRQ RI 0HWKDQH WR
>@
0HWKDQRO(IIHFWRI&21DQG+DW+LJK2[\JHQ&RQYHUVLRQVQG(QJ&KHP5HV
&DUORV*UHJRULR'DOORV9LDWFKHVODY.DIDURY 5XEHQV0DFLHO)LOKR$WZRGLPHQVLRQDOVWHDG\VWDWHPRGHORI
>@
WKH JDVVROLGVROLG UHDFWRU ([DPSOH RI WKH SDUWLDO R[LGDWLRQ RI PHWKDQH WR PHWKDQRO &KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
-RXUQDO
3 $JKDOD\DP  <. 3DUN 1 )HUQDQGHV 9 3DSDYDVVLOLRX  $% 0KDGHVKZDUF DQG '* 9ODFKRV $ &
>@
PHFKDQLVPIRUPHWKDQHR[LGDWLRQRQSODWLQXP-RXUQDORI&DWDO\VLV
6WXDUW + 7D\ORU -XVWLQ 6- +DUJUHDYHV *UDKDP - +XWFKLQJV 5LFKDUG : -R\QHU &KULV : /HPEDFKHU 7KH
>@
SDUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHWRPHWKDQRO$QDSSURDFKWRFDWDO\VWGHVLJQ&DWDO\VLV7RGD\
$QGHUV+ROPHQ'LUHFWFRQYHUVLRQRIPHWKDQHWRIXHOVDQGFKHPLFDOV&DWDO\VLV7RGD\
>@
-RR + /HH DQG 1HLO 5 )RVWHU 'LUHFW 3DUWLDO 2[LGDWLRQ RI 0HWKDQH WR 0HWKDQRO LQ 6XSHUFULWLFDO :DWHU 7KH
>@
-RXUQDORI6XSHUFULWLFDO)OXLGV
$QDQG6&KHOODSSDDQG'DELU69LVZDQDWK3DUWLDO2[LGDWLRQRI0HWKDQH8VLQJ)HUULF0RO\EGDWH&DWDO\VW,QG
>@
(QJ&KHP5HV
7RPRKLUR1R]DNL$NLQRUL+DWWRUL.HQ2ND]DNL3DUWLDOR[LGDWLRQRIPHWKDQHXVLQJDPLFURVFDOHQRQHTXLOLEULXP
>@
SODVPDUHDFWRU&DWDO\VLV7RGD\
7RPRKLUR1R]DNLD$QO$JUDO6KXKHL<X]DZDD-*(+DQ*DUGHQLHUV.HQ2ND]DNL$VLQJOHVWHSPHWKDQH
>@
FRQYHUVLRQLQWRV\QWKHWLFIXHOVXVLQJPLFURSODVPDUHDFWRU&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ-RXUQDO