Second-Century Reception of The Fourth Gospel (Supplements To Novum Testamentum) 2009 PDF

The Legacy of John
Supplements
to
Novum Testamentum
Ex"",,,;,,,, Edi/or>
M. M. Mitchell
Chicago
D, p, Moessner
Dubuque
Editorial B"",J
L. ALJ<ANDER. SHEFFIELD - C. BR>.YTeN8ACH, BERLIN
,. K. ELLIOTT, LEEDS - C. R. HOLLADAY, ATLANTA
M. ,. ,. MENKEN. UTRECHT -
J. C.
J. S"'T
S IDING", AMSTERDAM
THO;\!, STELL ENBOSCH - P. TREBILCO. DUNEDIN
VOLUME 131
The Legacy ofJohn

Second-Century
Reception of the Fourth Gospel
EJiud I>y
Tuomas Rasimus
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B RI LL
LEIDEN BOSTON
2010
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H"P
CO:-.!TENTS
list of Figure.
Abbre\'iationo
Introduction
Tuoma, Ra,;mu,
L The Roception and De\'elopment of the lohannine
Tradition in 1.1 and 3 John
Raimo Hakom ... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,.. " ... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,... ,.
,
17
2, The GO'f'i of the Act. of fohn, Its R<l.tion to the Founh

Go.pel
Is,van Czach,,= ,... " ... ,....,.. ,.... ,.. " ... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... .,.. ,.... ,
49
3. Whom Did Ju. I-,,"e ~tost! B-elo,,,,d Disciples in lohn

and Other Gospel.
Marvin Meyer ,... ,... " ... ,... ,... ,.... ... " ... ,.... .. .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,... ,... ,... ,... ,'
~.
The Trimorphic Protenno;a (NHC XlII.l) and the

Johannine Prologue: A RKon,iJeration
Paul-Hub. .. Poi,;er
" ..... ,', ..... ,...... " .... ,.,..... " ...... " .... ,', ..... ,', .
~,
The lohannine Legacy' The Go.pel and Apoan,hon of lohn

John D. Tumcr ... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,.. " ... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,... .,
tO~
6, F'tolemaeu. and the Valentini.n Exege.i. of lohn', Prologue
'"
7. Heracleon
i"ar Thomaen
8. InAuence and Interpretation of the Gospel of John in
Ancient Chri"i.nity: The Example of Eugnosto.
(NHC lII.3 a nd V,I)
An", Pas~uier .. ,... " ... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... " ... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,
lIt
CONT.~ TS
9, "The Onhodox Go'rel", lhe Re<eption of john in the Gr.. t

Church prior to h enaeu.
Char!'. E, Hill .", ... " .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... " ... ,... ,... ,.... ,.. " ... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,.. 233
10. The Di"".",,on and the Sond-Ontu ry Reption of
the Gospel of John
Nkhol~,
P<rrin .,', ...... " ..... " ..... ,', .... ,', ..... " ...... " ..... " ...... "....
301
11, John .nd h i. Go>pei in the Mirror oflrenae", of L)"on"

Per.re<'ive> of Recent Re .. arch
B ,,"II~,J
Mut..hler .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,.. ,... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,..
Johannin. Ech"". in Early Montan ism
T",id Karl,," S<im ... ............. .... ..... .... ............ .... " ... " .. ......... .. .
Indice.
A, Index of Modern Author.
B. Index of An<ient Source .
C. Index ofSubj" ... " .....
'"
llST OF FIGURES
Figure [, Controwr>y triangle. p. 336.
Reprooucecl after B. Mutschler, Irma", ai, jOHanneiH"
n,e%!', S,udim zur S.h'iftaudegung bei lrenau. von L",",
St udien uoo Tex'. m "mih uoo Christent um 1 1, Tubingen ,
Mohr Sieb<,:k. 1004, p. l~, wi,h 'he permi .. ion of Mohr
Siebed Vorlag.
Figure L Prologue triangle, p. 338.
ReprooucNl aft .. ibid" p. 26(), wit h 'he permi .. ion of Mohr
Sieb<,:k Verlag.
ABBREVIATIONS
! Apo/.
lQM
'0;
'O~
1 Apo/.
4QT,,,
Ab,.
Ad Au'ol.
Adv. haer,
At--.'F
AI" 101m
Apoc. Ab.
Apoc. Adam
AI"'" Con.
~
Carn. Chr.
CD
uk
dl<r.
COO. Bruc Vn,i,I,,1

Commlo,
Com",. Mati.
Conj
Con,.
Con"mpi.
DuaL
V< prin,.
Dial.
Di . her. lib.
M
Ep. Apo'"
Ep. Flor.
EpM
Ep. P.r. Phil,
EI'Vd-L
Firs' Apology
War Scroll
The Communi,y Ru/,
Ruk of 'he BI,,,inS'
&cond Apology
T"ti",onia
V< Abrahamo
AJ Au'ol)~u",
AJ,'mu, haer,,..,
Anl<-t--.'icen, Fathe"
In, Apocryphon of 'o'm

Apocalyp" of Abmh"",
In, Apoca/yp><? of A,lam
Apo"oU, Con"itution, and Canon>
Ekrolin,n,;, Gno"i,u, _ B<rlin COOex 8Yll
V< ,am, Ch,i"i
1h< D","a"u, Docum'nt
ConlTa eej,","
V< ,hubim
The Un,i,/,d Text in the Br"" COOex
Common/arii in evanS"lium /",,"ni,
Cornrn,n,arior"m in Matlhaeurn
V< confu,ion, lingua,um
V< con"n,u ,,,,,ngeUs,a,um
V< vita contemp"'/iva
V< d",ajogo
V< p'incipii'
Dialog"' ~'irh hypho
Di ...."a"'''' her,><,on Jibe,
Edosa,prophet;,a,
Episrula Apo,/%,u",
Episrula ad Florinum
EpideVi;. tou apoHoUkou !:hYErna/o,
The utter of Pete,
Plrilip
Epi"" of I'knn' and Lyon'
'0
A"8kE\"ATlONS
Ep. I' kl.

F..xc nrrod.
F"g,
GM
~,
Die grihi"'hen ch,;'tlichon Schrifi"eUer der .,"en

dre:i Ja hrhundene
Go~
Eg.
Go~
Pel.
Go~
Thorn.
Go~
T,",h
Haer,
Haer, fab. compo
Her,
Hi". <cd.
Hom.
In
Epi"u/a ad Vie,o"",
Excerr'a 'x Throdo,o
fH f"ga et inwnlio",
The Go,f>t"1 of rh~ Am of 101m
phy~
Inlerp. Know.
i.g,
"
Marc.
Mon.
M.,..
M""
NHC
NRSV
o.
Opij
Ora',
Pan,
~
Plant.
Prox ,
Prine,
QC
Rewg",
Ref
Sib. Or.
Soph, lu a,r,
The Go'p" of 'h, Egyp'ia", _ The Holy Book of 'h,

Gr<al In";,ibk Spin', (NHC m.l. [V,l)
The Go,f>t"1 of Pe",
The Go,f>t"1 of Thoma>
The Go,p" of Tn<lh
Adw"u, omn hae",~,
Ha,,,licarum fabulan<m comp<ndium
Qui. rerum divina,"m hem
Hi'lO,ia dia"ica
hudoCkm,"rrn, Homili
In A.ri"orcU, pl'Y'icorum commema,ia
The Imerp,erollio" of Know/edg<
i.<gum al/ego'ia,
Tho long recen,ion (of the Apoc,ypilOn of lohn)
Adwr>u, Ma,cionem
fH monogamia
fH "ita Mo,i,
fH m",arione nomi"um
,I,
Nag Homm.di Codex

Th~ New R~vi"" Standard Ve"ion
Origen. Comm<nl,m'i i" <vans,lium 'runni,
fH opificio munai
Ora,io ad Gra,eo,
Pana,ion
Patrologi. gra"..
fH pL:,.,antio",
Ad".."u,Praxean
fH principii,
Qualion,, " <01"';011" in Gmin
hudoCk",,",in, Rffognili01l'
Refulorlio omnium haeri"m (EJencho,)
Sibyllin, Orad"
The Sophia of I"u, elm'"
AOUE\"ATION'
"".
"
Strom.
T. /u,/,
T. Uvi
T. Sj",_
Tra.!. ap.
Treat. Ref,
Trim, Prol.
Tri. Tmc.
Val.
Val. E>.p.
Vir. iii.
D< 'p<<ialibu, i-Sibu,
The >bon 'Kension (ef tho ApocrWHon of John)

Siromara
ref/am,", of /u,/"h
ref/am,", of uvi
ref/am,", o/Simeo"
rNdirjo aron"Jjm
7hc h.nliuc on Ihe R"",,wion
Trimorphic Prolennoia
7hc hil"'rlile Tractale
AJ ...."u, Vakminiano.
A Vakminian Expo,ilion
D< viri, Wu,/ribu,
INTRODUCTION
Tuom., RlI,im u,
Uni,'e"ity of Helsinki & Uni"""it' L.... I
When one .pproache, the Go>pel of John, 0"" i, confronted wit h l>eauty
.nd mystery, with .Imost countle d ifficult i and controve"ies, and
with" text that h.. had a tremendou, inAuence on ooth Chri"i."."d
).wi,h history, One need only think of the impact thi. go.pel h., had
on the formula t ion of the Nicene and Ch.k edon'. n Croed" but .1",
on Chri"i.n anti-Somiti.m th.t has c." it> d.rk oh.dow th roughout
tho centuri . The good.nd evil this "Fourth" or "'piritual" go'pel ha.
in'pired, i, thWi formid"ble topic to inve"ig.te, lh is volume do.. not
.nempt to cover more than. fraction ofth. effecti", hi"ory of John'.
Go.pel, Inst d, the contribution. coilKted hero in"'stigate tho early,
'pecifically 'Kond-century reception of t he Fourt h Go>pei. Thi. i, an
era when its fortun ... re ,urrounded by ,ilence and mystery. It i. often
a.ked, what happened to John'. GO.p<1 in the yea .. after its comrOOtion .nd hefore it wa, pkked up by variou, Chri"i.n thoologian. in t he
mid- to late second century. The st.nd.rd "m",er, until quite recently,
h been that Gnostic .nd oth er so-c.lled h .... <><lox group. we", tho
first ones to appreci.te thi piritu.1 go'peL and hence the mainstream
O"ist;'n voided u,ing it until authon lik< Th>ph ilm of Antioch .nd
Iron.e", of Lyons, in the I.st quarter of tho ""cond century, rescued it
for the church, L lately, t hi. view h.. been ch.lI.nge<!, SoYeral scholars
h.." ca",fully argued th.t from early on, t hero .100 existed a "catholic"
reception of Joh n'. Go.peL' There h.", al,o been advance, in the study
of heterodox form. of Chri"i."ity, pecially IIO-called "GnO!tic" on... ,'
s..oo." t..n. Mi 07; iii!"",", t966, 17<1- 1'" S""," ton. "501'.; on.!
H.. nd.m 19M, to " .
, H'ng<1
N'g<11(IOO; H ill >00<.
' ,1>< ""!!"'1' of a"",briom Iu, !>om ",,,,I,,,,aI by.\l, W;L.m, (tOO6); ond
K;"g (:tOOJ); ,)" <a''!!'''1 of <l,... k '" 'dh o.n a""" ~mn Iu, 1>" I.....;" ,,<Val".
"..! br "')1on ( 1"7); t.og.>n ( 1'0%);.00 .... mu' (100\01 ; ",d . <1<""" uoom'"w_
;ns of . "" 1>" "If",.! by ",,""" (t""'I ;"
to ,...-i,), t .-.d;,"'" ~ ond by
I. , 'um" (:tOOt) in
tonk "..!;t"", """n' ""f""""t <on,ribotiom
to V,",n""".;"" ""'" ..100 1>" mod< by ,bom. .. ,. IlOO6) ond '-"'''''''''''g (>OOt!I.
, s, " t-.
t-.
" Lo,.,., '" "" ....
"Lo,,,,"
TUO.uS USIM US
Thi. has .hen incr ingly led to. ooi", to abandon the old d;,;.ion
be'we<>n 'orthooOJ[" and "hot.rodo, form. of O uisti.ni.y as m;d ding and an.chro ni"ic, and to tre.t . U form. of rly Christianity in
their own right. Addition.lIy,. general, renewed inter.st in the ''''<ption h i:!101")' \or eff,h.. history) of t he Nt'W T.ot.ment "'Tiling> ha.
develored. accompan ied by me .... th.t e.rly exeg<1es must be >tudied
within their own conlexts, that the New Test.ment writing. a,. inJ..,d
ope" to pluralist;' Interpret. tion and that modern .. hol. rty ",ading.
(theories) >llOuld no< "" ,i"wed in isol.,ion from the early neg.,i, t h.t
h", IIOmetime. hod unrecogniz.ecl
on modern views.' Therefore.
the time ..,e me<! ripe for a f''''h, comprehensive look .t the Fourth
Go.pt'l' arly .ec'"P'ion hi"ory,'
A natural place to "." s uch a n investigation is the Johannin. corp~. it""lf. The poss ible-if not probcable-fin. l reJaction.l l.yer of the
gO.j><I, and the loh.nnine .pistles (1-3 John), c.n be coneei,-eJ of a.
rep ... ",nting the rliest ... ption of the gO'j><I ' Whether the go<-
elf"""
rollm .... of ''''J'' Oft "S<ooruI_C<"' " ')" Chru"" " "mb,,- by
""0)0"''' .,.j l"""",,,,n (lOO'),
, On ,o. 'h;"",,)' of inRocnc<-f"</fm;", ~;.,O<)' - 1
' W", ,,,h
g<"'.-.IIy, .... l ... I ,,"' , ,0-." Ili;O>"," ""'.26J_"2; . oJ, of
(~ , "M,
' .g., pp. lMIf. .
I",""" lO_11 ) point> ... " ... ,
of"'" .bouJd "'" be
"Wi<d from "" poin' of,,, ... of ;f,be ;""'P'"'' un.k"lo<>.! d "'''mly, but of 100.the
;"" 'P,,,,d;t. K"""'ng""" (100<, J_101 ,.Jh f..- ,be pl.dng of
,he .ndm' ;nt<'P'<1m .. ,ru,;, "~' n , w<u,ol<n<l ",,;.J ront<.!>. "',", (1006, "_""",_,<H)," odd" .... ,,, ,be" 'm plu,,~ ~"'." the fac" '"'" M>Iic.1 '''''' '" Of"" Lo
",",oJ',bo ..
a nd
by "n"p"g ondm' <Us<''' ;n'o dboo ......... ,th
mode," ""'~ '" nu)' pin "''' ;"' igh'~ l<[" "If"" . mong M. ",be, 01>""","",,,
,he 'n"" .. 'ng . "S8' ...... , '"'" (01 ,he ""g'~' of the V....nt;" .. " """,Iron" ..
""'" " oJ" " ... ,bI ~ m il", to ,ho>< of K"'mo... ("""", doc<1 ' ,m- , K...... ""'.
OW" ".d;ng l' ..... 16, '01",,, ,hen b< >n " n"><I) \' "'nhn","'), "'d~ "''''tl''
ond "'own (""'0 _ ~>< 1 "oclmg"),.,.j th" ;"'igh' , "" hdp "' b<"", .......... " ,be
mode," d _ _ (b) " mx", .... ~ od moch 'n""",,, on how "" ""... ,o. I'ourth
Gospd todoy; a nd
wMk '" "''''' "'''' ,,, ""cM"g of the "m """',, of ""
, ... rth """",1_ i.'_ "" h ),...u"h,.J ""'''''''' of the lobo ... ;", common it)_ '" <lo
g<' 0 ~ jml'" of ,o. "",OO _<m, " ')" ",ode" lik< Hmd",,, and
'her
... ) .. the ' ''''''' ... , con ... ,,, tk,), j"ll .,.. the ....... fin ' ,,""''', p",,,,,,, "~,,l,,"';p an" .." to ,he """nd-n,"'l' "'''pC .... of ,be Fourth
Gospd ,od , d.. s..n.k" , . .J, "',un '"'~,
'%6; ~ .. " Ii " oJ. ''''''' N,8"
"'""" 'hll l OO1","'] ~ ,,", >000_ The oOk, "tsoI.nhip Of"""d un&'" "" old PO"'_
d;sm of ,,,~. c,!hoI" ,<I ..... "" ,.".'"J, the fourth Goop<I, .. ",I .. u""', ,be
..,,, ""td"", .., .... on G"",(i, i"", wbc" .. ""'" ",n' "tsoI.'''''P_'pi'' .Jl
a_ abo
,o. ",,,,",
w''''""N'"'''""'"'' )
rou,,,,.
"" '''I''....
",,,"U
""''P'''" ....
"'P""'.....
t"',
) ,...,
,,,,,,,,,,,,.n<!
"ilImc,
;" <Isoroughn",.n<! ;"'""'''i'''''''._.... no< ""''''''Or """ """ to fully i"""P""''' th, (, "'" ad,-,,,,,, mode in ,o. " 00) of .."""",", fonn, of 0"""";'1 ""dJ..he"","""n
lh" <tu.p<"" ; ,"" odd;h,," Lo ,he !!",pd, " the "",,",,VCTIOI<
1"1 prM.". 'he epistle. , and whother 'hey have differen, a u,hors, are
debatM i"ues, bu, even if 'he priori'y of 'he epistl .. i. a.. umM, 'hey
can k seen '0 reflect 'he e.. en,ial 'eaching> of'he lohann ine com muni'y' 'hot became emt>OOi.a in 'he gO'r<l. Raimo Hakola'. e..oy im'e.'igo'e. 'he ""ep'ion a nd de\'elopmen' of 'he loh.nnine 'e.ching' in
the epi"les, a. well 'he no'ure of 'he lohonnine schi.m 'hat divided
'he lohannine communi'y a nd i. .. flected in 'he epistle .
Related '0 'he queS1ion of 'he e arliest recep'ion i. 'he queS1ion of
'he gO'r<l'. au,horship, .nd, con",<!uen,ly, it> 'i'le. The );<'.p<1 is said
h ..'e b<en WTinen by 'he famou. il<1"" ed Disciple (john lU4),
who i. Ju st as f.mo usly le~ unnamed. The 'itl~ of , m, gO.p<1 ~a(co,Jing
10 lohn) is by m".' a ccounU a later addition '0 the man=ript "adition-p<rhap. ne<",.i'a'.a by 'he circulation of 'he gO.p<1 ouuid~
the )ohannine communi' y 'hat produced it.' Howev~r.'h i. then .. i ....
question. on the ",curacy and o>rigin of,m, ti'le_ Did . John wri' e , m,
go,!",I. and Wll> 'he ou' oor in r.,uity,.,. a' I~a" vi. a u,oori.1 fiction,
John the ..,n of Zebed.." one o f , m, ,welve! Did 'he 'itl~ originate
within 'he )oh.nnine community! Or is , m, title complotely fic ti' ious,
seco nd.ry anJ inaurate! And if so, who inven,ed i,!
The monuKript tradition i. una nimous: no one " , her than "John"
app<o" as 'he au,hor in the till ... Ukewi"" the <hu rch tradi,ion i.
practically unaninwuso 'I"n fmm 'h e uniq"" 'h ird c~n'ury an,iM on tan ist ' raJ i, ion, acc orJi ng to wh ieh Cerin thw wmte the Revel.. ion,
and r<rhap. al", tm, (;0<1"1,' all anci~n' witne ....... igned the Fourth
'0
,,,,,11
""hi"
.t.o "'Usn lh< I"oioguo-<>< fW" of "_.. wdI ....", .... , from ,I>< f..
di,_
ro'''''', '0 tl>< TInoJ ",dad"",_ >, ,_!-' B"",n t966,
& <\," .. ""
..", mol
,".1.
, I tl>< Iohaonj", ,ommu.;'y, > "f"< .... r hi", .. 1071. Rro>m .. , .. -"'''Yn
t""" , n" K,,,, li ,, 01. t .... bo, aI", lh< cr""aI d'~ ,.... ""kh.m , .... I
, ..... d d;KUWoo of,", ,ok of womm ;. '"' Iohamu", ,ommunitr. "" Coo"')'
"ll"""
="_='"
,-'u.
'Jh<ob.ld , .... 1"'_"', L>und"bo' g lOO6, tWnli. 1h< .. mu' m..J< ~.

" Tu""" (t ... 7, OJ_ .. ) ,,"onl;ng '0 wh"j, ,I>< _ I tid, """m, '0 to< . ~, odd,_
' .... - ;n '"' "" y P66 (F'rrruo Ro.lmo, ttl ' PI""" to
"'"y to t"' )'/0<' ..... , of
th< ","' (ot ,I>< ~'o.",g "thn , ),on" lh< ,nd of,", goop"). _ to u" <xi", " of
th< ","' i"d[ 0. '"' "'"" horu.!, '"' "".. on '"' ' "",,)'m"y of ,I>< li<i<w<d !l;,dp\<
.. ;",k,d" odd, ,..itt. '"' "pi"," mmho" of lobo in th< "tk, wj,,,h..Jon< '"SS<'"
"'" lh< tid, <10<, _ ~"" (rom ,I>< ' ....n!"'~ <>< tl>< r<doctoo-(,). H,og<! (1'4".16,
H I, bo"",,', l Mn'" th.t '"' ,"~ .....I..!r f"" of , j" oog'o'" _
I.
4';"""';u, 1"'"- 51 .' .6) ""nho", ,hoI ,ho Aior>' "'itaJ "",j, ,I>< R<-,., j",,,,,
1''''''.
, ,,",,j, Goop" .. C'o,j,"n "'"'ng. tn """,ti'' ', "''''' mal",'", ,u,hon'"ppo>l/y d<",oo'oS oro H;PpoJ)' u>-.....Jo tl>< ..... ""'m_ Ho~""", th< ,r-UWili'y
.,.,j '"'
TUO.u S USIM US
Go.pd to John ' he 'po.t1e, who, according to many. W<luld haw written at [ph.,,,, during th. time of Trojan (98-117 eEl. ~ The ident ;fie.,;on of the earliest known a.. ignment of the Go.pel to "lohn" i.
deboted, but the most common cand id"", are Papi (ca. 130) a nd
the Valentin i. " f'tolem.eu. (ca . 1 ~).1L In addition, if at Ie ., p... ts of
the Act> of John are to be doted as early as the firs' or oecond q uarter
of the ..,,;:ond century. t hen ,hi. fragmentary document-which h.,
.00 rom",;m.,.!><-en .. en a, product of the ",hi.matic element> of
the loh.n nin. community-may .,...,n t.. the .,.,li." document th.t
both identifie. the .,,"ngeli" as lohn the KIn of zro..J. and place,
him in Eph .. u . " ["yin Cuche ... im"otisa' ... the " ' iomhip of the
so-ca ned Go.pel-.. ction of the Am of lOON to the Fourth Go'rel,
Ther. d id .. i>! an a ncient tr.dition of IWO differenl John. in
Ephesu>. known 10 Diony.io> of Alexandria and Eu"'bi .... bUI ...en
Ih~ aUlhors ... ignl only Ihe Revelalion 10 Ih. 'olher John" (...
E"""'iu Hi" , d. 3,39.6, 7.2~) while a" ribuling l he Go.p<l a nd
1 John 10 Ihe apostl . The Iheory according 10 which Ihe "olher John"
of ' ..... 'r.d'b" n, " ,..,,,, n'ng , .. ~ k g<d C,,;nth ... ,ulho,-,h'p of ,.. go>pd ., oft,n
'fU"""""'" S "" W"""",," in 'hli ,.,...
.8-. I" ....... Ad.. "-'. '.n}; '-'- '- , .. ""'n8 ., ""'" '" k->o ;n ",>r<l<nc<
.. "h ,.. ",holorly <on ,,",u, , ..,
go>p<Iwn 90-115 a (llrown I.. ' ,
" " '_ 10" Moionry ' ' ' '. 1-6; "",'" 'OOJ, 140_14'). A do in , .. t.h" hili of ""
"oond n' ",}, "" """" "", , b n '"W,,,d. but gm<.-.IIr ";.,,,01 ,o.!"y ('"
Brown , ..... In" H'ngd ..... , "'--MI.
r", ,.. F'><' of rom!""" ,",, my
""''' lthous" , .. ,,..jitio<W <.nu;d,,. "p/><,m 11 ,,,,", u, Ad,. ' -. J .LL ~"" b ' ",
Hio<. ""J, ' .10.6_" '-lB, 6.1 ..,), ox A ... 'Ii"", S' ",,~ l y , " ...... , .. 1.",,1 ,hOOC<
("""'" 1966,
Akin 1001. n; ",""" 100', 1<0-1<0; " "'''n\o<rg<' , .,.., 6-"
TrdHko 1004, Hllf.). ,)., ... Sl" .. -P.... ,,'" ",01 'f""fK.Jly An,;och. how 01", \o<,n
prop! (""It... nn 1"'1 . ", Aun< 1071. ", Kum md ' 97', 1<7, K ",~" , ..." , " ),
.nd k .. r"qu< n~y Ak..nd", (So""'" ' ''''. ''''', "ro..-nk< 10". '""If.). On ,'"
"'''', "n.!, "" P""'bM)' of
of .. rb<, " ad"",", ,,, , '" pia of
oompooi',""Ipub!ic.';on .g., [,om e ... ~;'" '" I'm". A.... M;oo< ..- S)Y") " ,,,"_
,. 1",01 by "mal " , h o I " , - S<, "rownk< 1971, " " llro..-n 107', "'- " . 166; ""Ob
'OM, '" ,ro! ""~<Y_"""y I.. ' Ivi.
" mil (1004. 18J_1'16) .... '"SB"kd ,... ,
p"...
froll""n' of
Pop'" On Hu'. ""[ UO_", which ....go< "" <K'p n of ,'" '.,.~ h Gmp" '" john .
'-" .15_'6,"",,01;,0... "" oripn. of
nd d",, ~' p-',.Jkl. II) m". ml.
M.ol , nd Mol' ..... ,ro! .. h ~ h """'"'" h..b;u> do" ",,;bu to Fop"" "'u P)
I'".os,,;n I.. " . """,, ~'ho ' " ki>rn<n..- ""1",,,01 "' ..."'""" e.".., ",,,,"n'
of , .. "-'g'" of , .. goo"d. ('.s .. " ''''''''', Ckmcn' of Ak"ndrU, ,'" "'"'""''''.
''r'p"n'. Orig<n . nd Viet"' .... of P,",.), lr.. X"'
in M . ' - .
J.l .I "to. , )u, orig.n. of ~ I [our goopd., on.! 'h" ..-ould. K<..-djng", HiI, ",m
from e.pO' """.
" S<, ""'" "p" ,ioJ]}, l~k m," ' .... '.8-- ' '''_170,"""
in th vOOr"".
"'_l<>< .
d"", ,..
"'M''''"'''
,""_cO..,
'''n'f'lanu''"''
>:_".....
",.I .
'.IH_',
,....aIk, ,.._,
eu,,,,,,,
" ' UOl>VCTJOI<
"'Tote the gO'rel. i. a modern on ." It i. ba .. d.among o'herthing on

,h. f"", t ha, Papia. el ..... her. 'reaks of 'wo John.-I>o'h ".Ide,, -of
whom 'he first one i. a"""ia,I wi ,h the J." apost l and the other
one wi,h a pre .. n, elder Ari"ion (P.pi frg. 3.3-4 Holme. _ E~",biuo,
HjS!, ...-d. 3.39.3-4). Some ",hoi." maintain th., 'he two Johns are,
in fact. one and the .. me, .nd 'hot lohn. placement in both group>
is due to 'he fac' ,hat while being one of 'he . postles of 'he J.". he
.Ione of them had li,1 until the presen' 'ime. when Papia. wa. making hi. inquid .. in'o t he ".. ying. of 'he Lord," and while "'Titten
down rerhaps in the 1J.O. or I ~Os, Papia. may have tried out ""me
of hi. inquiries much .. rlier, when John wa. still a live." However,
o'her ",hola" think 'hat ,hi. p ..... ge doe. i ndeed refer to
differen,
John., 'he apostle a nd an elder. " Funhermore, 'he aut hor of 2-3 lohn
iden,ifies him .. lf .. an "elder" (1 John I, 3 John I), and in the manuscript 'r.di,ion as well a. in th. church ,,,,di'ion, he i. identifil as
"John." Gi"en also the f.c" that """,1 aut hors in 'he fi"'t and """,,ond
cen'ur;'. seem ~naware onohn 'he apo"I" connection to Ephesu "
.nd ,hat ,here i. a tradi,ion according '0 which John 'he apost le was
manyred. rerhap> a lready in 'he first cen,ury." some ",hola.. have
a.. umed 'hat it was 'he "o'her John." 'he elder, who was th e Belo,1
Disciple; he ,hen wro'e th e Founh Go'rel .i,her himself, or left its
final compo.ition to hi. "uden"." Tha' there wa. a .recific Johannine
",hool of .u,ho" . round the elderIBel",,,d Disciple 'hat produced the
Johannine WTiting., i.a popular theory," Ye' ""me schola .. prefer '0
'wo
" Brown ]0066, ",~ lhw SnW~ ,_, '" Aldn ,..""" and
~ lhw "" ..'" ,966, "" lJ'ng<! ' ''9, mi.
.boo,
'"''''''''g''' 100-1. 'n I l.

'1"'"
~ A,,, 2<t."ff. nd Eph." ,wn'

lohn. 'S"" ;"" ';ph.
of P.wI 00'
"'" of loftn; P'I'''' dot> not ",m '0 ,,,,, ... el loftn '0
'n h~ """";ns &.g.
mr",~.nd Pot,... rp. l'Io . dot> oot mr " h"" loh,,- "'hough hr.lor, ,;0, '-l loft"-
lphr,",
Sr< B"""" ,0000,1ll."-;;;_In.,,.

" Ph~T of' ... . nd Gr"'~ H.""rtQJ". offi,m tho, K"",d'''ll '0 Pl':' ,(f,S'- '_6
lJoimr,), jcbn ..."' killrd by J<w' Uk, "', broohr, I.m" (who .... , kill, ;n ' hr _ by
An';"", "" A,,, I n), ~m~ . rlr ,W<> "'~rrolog;r, f,,,," lil<.... oo c.. ,""'~ . AI.",
H"" _"""AI." 2>0-" con lor ,okrn to port"r " .. , p,ttl""ns , Or ... ~Y'dom of
booh ,t.. """ oi Zrbr.k,. On 'hr ",t.., hood. lohn nr<d "'" ""'" Or," kilW " thr
..... ' ;mr "' hh brot"'" (d. (;ol a). S Hmg<1 1_ , ,,._ , ... , ".
" a. "rown 1.79-, "'''8''1 ,_.
~ s<, ''f''"'rCuIprpp<, ,.,,, .. ""II" IIrooo"
"'ngri ...., . nd ~-"""""n
,,.,.,. Thr ",ttl ,,, l""'uUk Khooi ;., 'moog ",,,,,,o;n8' d", to th, . ",' P"'"8'''
.. thr g<p
ok,,"
TUO.uS U SIMUS
th ink 'hat ,he s"lo,''''' Di><:iple i pie of authorial ~<tion (of the
Johan nin ..:hool). wh"", fig ure rna)" or may nol .,. intended to por ''''Y lohn the son of Zebedff," W hile Ihe .scription of the Founh
Go.pel to som"" ne o,h .. th.n loh n the -ro"]' i. common nowadays,
,here are, n"'<nhel.,,, many ",hoi." who m aint. in, in Kw,d . nce
wi.h the church , ... dil ;o n. that the Go>pei and the Epistle. (perh. p
100 Revelation) wore wrinen by the oro"]" the s"lo ... d Di.dple him ""If, . t an .d,.. n<"J age in Ephe,uo."
Whatever II>< true identity of ' he go.pel'. author(.), the figu .. of
' he lIe]o,...J Di><:iple h a. capth -.,...J the im agina,;"n of ma ny, not j ust
,oday, but already in the . ncien t world. S.,..".I "",Iy Ch,;,,;." writing.
p, ... nt a b<lovNl di,dple-someone "'hom le.us 1"..,eJ more t h.n hi.
other followen-who ;. ,hen 'recifically n.med. lhe5< include Mary
Magd.lene. Iud ... Philip and Thom"",ll M . rvin Meyer in,..," igate< the
,.riom beloved d i5Cipl.. in the ..<end cent ury they occu r in .pocryphal g<><pel. and other early Ch ri"i.n writ ing .
Rwt....m n (t9lt .
. . ..... "1
"",Udtlal ,'" ... "",al
U;K;pk to
to., . ymOOI 0/"
g<n'''' O " ~"m " " K"g<rud (t.",) ,h'nx. ,'" <I..,,,,,,, pr<><nb , '" prop/><tX
)oh.nn' .. romm"",!), .. opfO><d to , '" "ap<toIi< Pm' .. , hu" h",...J tJond<rkog
(1006. '"""-'''I'''' 'rg",d
IId",,I DiK'P!< '" nctOonoJ
",d to ".U"""'" "",,),Chri>tO." ' pp'oI. to I''''''' "tOO..y. On tt.. oth< , Iwnd.
"' ngd 0_. ,19jf.1 'h'"", ,'" ... Iov<d u;"' ; p~ ~. rum!"";" "gu" bo"d on bod.
,)" oon 0/"7.<bal<, ",d ,'" ,1.1< ," Aki" """. ~ ""n" 1003. ,,,_, 3'0; K.... ""''l!'' 200<. 6_1; d . o.bom< 1002.
1--6. "" ,t.. trod" ...... """ <.ru'''l! ,,, ~" ..), I""" ,t.. "'" of 7.<bal<, .",.0< ,'"
Go>pd. t_3 loon ...J "'v, ><, ,,,""' .... ~d>. , - ,. ,., .. , .. ' U a l , (~d>. Iuotr. ' .263
..... y ""',,;" on .......... to 3 loon ' I,hu> ,lOU ''''''. "I),d. i'rom< , ,';,. ill. ' . ,''''"
1_J loon , nd/", R,, ... " "nit", b,-. i"""" ",t.., thon th< ... ny ];>!. w .. , n opin .
,ha, ""
.... " ,udy

P"!'w, frp.
",,~al ; n
",,;'n' to"".
'-'_J, ,.,_,
",n"_)."",.: m_
(....:u.ro;u"
"..,. ",I. H'b; 6.ll.0_'0; n"
"oIm<" d. MoK.It 1.. ', "-'...... 1. 1h.. "" Goop,5<h nocu..o..og
'''1, "' .... >; P. ;nl" """. "_>01. A ,hu,," ".dO""'...., t..1d tIw, lolm .. rot< h"
II"'pd ",;th "" knowkOg< 0/" ,,,, oth<, thr 1Ci<m<", of A"",ndrio .. """to;u,
Ii..,. mI.. 6.".' , " " ><boo> h;m " lf, "..,. ",[ J.''-'_IJ, Ep<plun;... , P" . " .'.11_'>;
"."." Aug u ~;", . Co ...... , 1_20). In modtm ",hoI..-.h;p., '"""Y of John'. ",.nhol
d<p<ndmc< _ _
0/" ,'" 'f'"'l""';'
'.!-- ,. ",od""
N';'lndo ,,,,,,,.n<! N"'l'nck , ... , <f. """d' '''''. <2_". V."'n!> ol "" '"""Y
0/" .... n"01 ;""'p<o.i<n<, 1<"," ,t.. SynopO""""'nd. , ., .. ;" IIrown , ..... .1;,_
dvii, Scl"''''''nb."s '%3. to ...... " 'modI<)""n" """. ". f.,,Joho', """'>ruh;p '" "" SynopO;' Ump<I. g<"''''I)-. '" Smjth ' "'' and K"n"
' !XIl. ' Off.
~ ,.,,- ,t.. """' .... ollhomo. , nd lob" ;" ,onftK-t ." R'I<)- , .. " D<Co" ~ k , _
P<g<" ,~ l><CooKk ' 001, P.yb 2001; . col '>piLllr no" ""n<krkrg lOO6.
""y
"'n<!.
,os<. ,_"", '""
14---06. to. "h.m
"i",,"""'.
''''-''58;
,,' UOl>VCTJOI<
Thi. bring. us to Gnostici.m. At I st ,i nce Bultmann, every >tud.nt of the Founh Go'p"1 h.. h.d to d.ol with the qu.stion of its
relationship to Gnootici.m. Bultmann, of cour .., argu..! that po'" of
the Fourth Go'p"1 and e.pecially its prologue originat..! in a Mandeon
Gnootic group that held Joh n the &aptist to be their Sa"ior, and who ..
ideas were then Chri>ti.niud to produce the Gospel of John as we
know it." To be .ure, Mand.,.i.m, in most schol ....' opinion today,
cannot be confidently t raced back to the end of the fir>t century (tbe
probable date of composition of the Founh G".pel)," and in any
ca5e the reconstructed Primal M.n myth on which Bultm.nn largely
built has been .hown to be a fiawed, artificial con.truct of t he 19th
and early lOth century Hi>tory-of-Religions "'hool, " Anot her blow
to Bultmann', h)'poth .. i. cam. from the Qumran discoveri", that
.howed that Johannine dualism find. closer parallels in the o.,aJ Sea
Scroll. (and lewish apocalyptic) than Mandean sourc<>, " However,
the qu"'tion of t he Founh Go'pel'. link to Gnostici.m, 'pecifically to
some kind of p re-Christian Gnostici.m-who .. existence in itself is
still maintained by nurnb<r of 'pK;'li"," -has ewr .ince capti,.. te<!
the imagination of many. sch olar, and th e issue cannot b< >aid to
h..'e been completely resolved.
Some decodes ago, Raymond Brown formula ted an influential
theory of the hypothetical h i>tory of the Johannine community."
Im portantly, he . uggested that tbe Johannine "hi.motics would have
taken t he go.pel wit h them on a road that eventually Ie<! to Gno>tici.m
and other heterodox [om" of Chri>tianity,lt This solution .hift, the
Gno>tk connection to the time after the gospel, in that it "'- enthu.iastically adopted by Gnostic> from early on. But a more Bultmannian
view i, still aliw and reason.bly ",ell , The Nag Hammadi findings. and
"'pKially the discovery t her.in of the Trjmorphic Prote"noia, provide<!
fuel for the fire. Thi' Gnost ic document ",a, hailed a, the proof of
Bultmann', hypothesi, th.t behind the Fou rth Go'pel'. prologue, there
"'... an nrlier, pr.-Qui,,;'n Gno>tk hymn, which was adopted by the
" " ,I' ...... n 1025; ..n, 71[
a.
H.. nc""n I"M, tnlf.
" s,,, Ru<kl<y 100'. JIf, ",_tll<>, .Dd lupO<rl 1001, m_t";. 1M_ In Cf. he,,_
0'0' , R<HloIph ' ''7, J<J_l/i/i.
a S<, "r"''r CoIp< t%L ct. K;ng 1OOJ, 7t_ 1<&
S<, B"",n t966.IU_Ini; ,,-.I a..<1< ...,..h ' '''''.
H._M. """nk< t.. t. tiI)7, "",non t...,. "7_1H; I. Tum ,oot . ,6 t. "I.
Brown ''''''.
Brown
t""'.'"
TUO.uS USIM US
.... ngeli" ," Aner t il< .arly en,hu, ia.m, how,,''''' the links between the
prologue and Trim, PTor, did nol _rn to prove flullm.n" right .fter
all. Trim. Pro" ,,-os and h ~n increasingly explain"'; as. corr",,i... reading of John'. prologue r.ther ,h.n it> somco, although it h
been argued that both texts inderendently go back 10 Jewi,h Wi.aom
.peculation . Howe" ... another Nag H.mm.di text, the ItpocrypHon
of '01m, ","as
di.<ov ...J 10 con .. in a hymn similar nol only to
Trjm, 1'..0'., but also [0 John'. prologue. A, this "Pronoi." hymn "'.,
.wn mis.ing from the .ho".r ,-<rsion of AI" John," many ""hoi."
.",umed ,h.t it wa. an originally independent hrnm b ....J on r.",i,h
Wisdom 'J>e<UI,'ions and wu secondarily annex..J to AI'. /OH"." A.
,h i, hymn also occur> in a texl that d.im. the authority of lohn the
son of ul>edee, variant> of a n<o Bultmannian the.i. h..'e been developed, according to which the origin. of Ap, looN and it> "Pronoia"
hymn lie in the ",hi.m that divided the joha nn ine community," lhe
contribu6on. by Paul-Hub<rt Poirier and john D. Turn..- deal with
Trjm. Prot. and Ap, 101m, ""!'ti,'ely.
What",.er the ",Iatlomhip b<tween the Go.pel and the ApocryphoN
of john, a mre . ign of an early adoption of the Fourth Gwp<1 i. found
in the Valentinian Khool-.lthough V.lentini.no are today inc re .. ingly dropped from the already problematic catego ry of"Gnootici.m,""
Ptolemaeu. put lohn'. prologue to an ant i-Mardon ite u.. in hi. utter
.1..,
n,_,,,-
s .00 I. JtOO;o"", 1.., t .

'D." Cop<~ 'Of'''' bom ,'" "'g H.... ....!' . 00 lkn'n <odK<~
oop;.,..-. "'I"'''"t<d by ,'" ",,-<.JIod ""'" "'"...... ("He llt. l;!\{; "''''.')
. 00
tor '"" Ioog D... ("He !t. l; "He tV. t), Io odd;bon. t",noo", In, .. , n '1'1""m'lr cl,tf",o' ,.." .... , w h~ h '"
'n M,. '-'. t ..
M G. ""'ok< "".
" A,./0"' "to
'we 'wo
~
in
q_'
cr. I. T""" ' 001, 11]_"" "'_'''''. ' 00 ''''.... """. 263.
ToN .... (,. ... t", "-19) "'W'''' ''''I Ap. ioh" ..... procl .... of , '" ",h"
~
mo''''
"kft ";oS- of "'" ,01.0 ..;", ,ommu"",. I. T "'''''' (100', . "tf."nd "'" ..... , 'n ,'"
P"''''o' "," .....1 I""f"<~ by ....,n'WI, ,omIMn;ng ,'" ~y-poth< .. , of .ultmonn .00
R"",n, ''''I '"" 1"""'0,""
p '",d ,'" "0'" of 0.. ....
;n '"" mkldk of"'" ><eon<! ,,",u'1'. wh h '""n kd to "'" prod"""," of
ioh"
Ro, 'mo> (lOOO) " S"" th .. ,I>< ""'I'd . 00 '"" A"",,,.no .....< uoo.'R"'" ,oon<e1<d
.00 P',~kl H,,,,. '1' <kv<1op"",0t>. .00 ,tom from '"" ,Ok., UO"p '00 """" of ,'"
""'",,,ho, "'p'''''~'. 1"" ''''l' by II.!.oIo. CZOCl>< ... . OO T" """ 'n 'h', voIwn<
","0' ,,, '"" D<N to 1")' ..... " ' mbon ,,, '"" q ........ , <ooc<m;og ,I>< .. ' u", of ,'"
JoIunn' ... ",h,un . 00 ,I>< ",I .. ",",),;p of """'" of , I>< ",h'."..,~. to mJr G
.00 th, A<h of 1M".
~ " ' ' ' - (t ..n ron~d", Vokn"o""'"" " "[",,... Uon of 0..,,," G"",'~_ ;
M.<h<h", (t . ." >ro d<n'" thot v.... otiO"' "'" "'''"''''''U, ... '" """""',," """
P"'l"" Valmti"""~ ond Duoo..t..'l! (""'" t_,, ) ,,;oh<, '" ploc, Valmtinion',m
G "",ti,,,,,,.- .. ,I><
of hi' book in<l",.t<~
><Won"',
,,"''"A,."""""',
"""'",',m
""'1"'' '
,"I<
,,' UOl>VCTIOI<
1o Fwm, and ei'hor he or his >tuden" wro'e a commen'ary on 'he prologue. He ... deon ,hen ,,'ro'e a commentary"n the g".pe! i, .. lf, The ..
Valen,inian a uthor. are a ley component in .ny study of tM e.rly
reception"f the Fourth Go'pek a. Pto!emae"" i. perhaps the earlie ..
known .u,hor '0 have comidered it apostolic, .nd Heradeon may "'en
I>< the earlie .. au,hor to have written a full-><:ale commentary on a text
that wa, to I>< induJe<!ln the New Testament canon. lhe e... y. by
Tuoma, Ra.imus and Einar Th"m .... n d iscu .. the Valen,inian use of
the Go.pel of John.
There i. an additional important earty document that show ig'"
of a u.. of 'he Fourth Go.pel, and which has affinities with both
Sethian Gno>,ici.m (repre""nted by Itp, John and Trjm. Pro,,) and
Valen,iniani.m, E"Sno"ru 'h, Biw,J, Thi. 'nt, which i. known in
two ve .. ion. and several read.ptation .. " mak ... he","), use of Jewish
Wisdom .peeulatio"" and ito
compo.i,ional >t'g" may take
u. back '0 t 1>< approximate ,ime of the compo.i,ion of t 1>< Fourth
Go.pel. Anne Pasquier in'-">1ig"<> t he influen of John's Goopel in
the cour.. of the .. >tual history of Eugno"o,.
The atten,ive reader will h",'e no' iced by now that mOKh of the discussion ha. revolve<! around Gno<tic and other 50-called heterodox
evidence_ lhe old paradigm ha. indeed !><-en th.t it was . u<h groups
that first and foremoot used the Johannine gospel in 'he ,,",ond century, while the catholic authors avoided it, But this i. a distorte<! picture. Fir.. , it reli .. on the divi.ion I><tw<,<" orthodoxy and her.,y
that did not yet dearly exist in the ,,",ood century-although t>ecau ..
much of the s<oolarship on 'he early ,eption of the Fourth Goopel
ha. built on thi. framework, it may be u.. ful no' to di" .. d it here
completely, k<eping in mind, howeve" 'hat such a division i. an artificial one. Second, the ... a ... igns that th e catbolic autho .. also knew
and used t 1>< Fourth Goopel in the firs t h.lf of the ,,",ond century. In
fact, most IIChol.rs ag'" that the work> of Ignatiu. and )"", in Martyr,
among others, do contain pnrail,j, to the Fourth Gospel," Opinion
,.,Ii..,
"'P'" ... "'"
~ f"f""''''' it><lf;, "'p",nl<d by"'" Cop<><

N.g H.mmodi iib '-"J
(111,3, v.t). t" ..!d;,,,,", mu<~ ""t.< '<xt "" .... " ,",,",,,,,,,,,,al""o ,I><
documm' known from ,t.< N.g
libn'l' ( m,' ), ,"" Ii< <lin coo<x
(00 ' '''1,3),'' ""II .. from "'" OxymY"'~. ' r'l')'ri (H.. ').
prob.bIy .....
i~, b< h; nd th< ",_ukd Vak"' in"" ."",," k"""n to 'p;phm;., (PO" . " . . , t---6.tO)
ond t"OK. ' "f, ,,,,,oo '" vak"' ;no.n ,.,," '" "'" fin<
'n M.. Iwur-.
".unmo.!'
0.''''.'
S, '_g., Sond<n '''''. WL
H~1mn
,'"l"""'"
poi"''''''''
A,.
1M., "" ...
, .... M,
.nd ml
'.1J.1_1. 0. tt.< "' .. '",...~ ;p bnwn ,'"l""''''' . nd

~
"'ph'" "In"'
".~ 1000;
~"'"' lOO'i_
>00<.
TUO.uS USIMUS
i. divid.,J. how,,er. when it com .. to interpreting the", !"",lIe1o.

Tho"" who demand 0 deu quotation formula or the like. a ... forced
to condude that .ince these are not forthcoming in thi. early catholic evidence. the ... "1l> no early catholic use of John." The pa .. llel.
are then explained a. going bad to an oral tradition that wu "ill
alive in the firs t p.n of the ....:ond century-an oral t",dition that also
lie. bEhind lohn." How,,'''' once a fr""r use of. written text (reference. allusion. !""'rh ...... combination of ,'eroes, etc) i. aUowedk""ping in mind e'redally ,hat reorle in 'he andent world did not
al"'a),> cite accurately or rrovide referenc .." -a different pkture ".n.
to emerge_ Ch .. le. E. Hill exrlor.. not only the different ""')'> early
Chri",i.n authors m.y have quot""'u"'" tex" ("'pedaUy, of course,
the Fourth Go'r<I), but also detects de...ign. of a ro.iti"" and early
use of lohn in the following pre-lrena.. n IIOurC .., treated in a roughly
r,,'er:se chronological order: 'he Epi"/e of Vimne "n,1 Lyon" cenain
Chri"ian. known to Cels"" Justin Mart)T, the Epistu/n A.po,tolo.-um,
Polycarp. Ari"id .. of Athen., Ignatiu. a nd raria._
A!,," from Ju"in Ma" yr. hi. famom "udent Tat ian .Iso u><-o:l the
Founh Grupel in hi. harmony of the g<pel the Diat.... ron. The crudal role Tat i.n giv.. to the Fourth Go'r<1 in hi. work 'r<ak,. among
other thing., for an already e". blished recertion ofthe Founh Go'r<I,
.lthough it"ignificance i. often downrl.y.,J in ",hola.-.hip, " Nichol ..
Perrin exrlo...,. Tation', us< of lohn in th e Diate ... ron, and rropos<'
th.t not only did Tatian give John. hermeneutkally privileged position among the g"'r<l., but t h.t Tatian', use of it rredat'" hi. "lap><
into here.y: and r.ther derives from Justin'. church in Rome,
The ro.itive reception of lohn in Irenaeu., of cour"" i. dear," but
the nLlance. of Iren.eo,' u.. of this g"'r<l have no' .1"",)" been appredated. Bernhard Mu'schler' ..... )-which .... ntlally .ummari,.. the
.uthor'. two pr,,;ou. books in German-offe" lucid picture of how
Irenaem was a specifically Joh.nnine t heologian nd how he also
min.,J earlier tr.dition. aoout John to , urrort hi. own anti-het<rodox
us< of this gos!",L
!!iItme, , ... , 6_
'-II-- !!W""" t%6. , _n.nd "f"Cially K",,,,, , ... , ,,, ..., K"",,, ' ....
, .._m,
lOOO,
d . K",,,,, ,.,,_
~
1006, '-II-~
"~Im<, 1%6, "_" ; B....." ''''', 14". bu, .no "ill lOO<.
H
s,,,. """t<,
3J".
l'J'''.
Iuu,. l.ll_'. ,_ '-'; ' .H; '_ 1 '-' -'; ,-' , . 7-'0; ,_, ., .
", ""'" ,,,,,,,-Iod;

",
" "'.'.s__ ~d.
,..,_:t<H.
"
" ' UOl>VCTJOI<
!renaeu' addi, ional me of Re,'ela,ion and <specially his advoca ,ion of its chili.,rn cau....J later a utho, ... uch :u [u..,biu. (H ;,/, ..aL
3.39,12-13), ' 0 q ues' ion hi. . . ni'y and mental .bili,ie., In 'he .. cond cen'ury, how",'er, chiliasti< view. were not generally comidered
h,,""ical and 'hey were, in fac', quite common. Papia. and Justin
M.rtyr had . Iso been chili." .." and so
'he adherents of ,he
"New ProphKY," mow men' later known Mon'.ni.m-who ..
rn",,' f.mouo member in th" we" w..
be Tertullian. The role of ' he
apparently Joha nni ne concepts of
Par.del< in 'he movern"n" .
'piritu. li'y, a nd "New Jem .. lem" in its eocha,ology." "'I",dally in , be
ea,ly evid ence. ar" di.<u ..,d by Turid Karlsen Seim,
lhe Go<pel of John has . 100 left d.rker tr.ce. behind ince ito
pIc,u", of th. lew. a. 'he "child ren of 'he d"vil" (8o~4) ha. direc,ly
con,ribu,e..! to Christian an,i-s"m i,i.rn ow, , he cen,uri .. ," What",'er
'he ",.. ngelist'. intention. were in u.ing .uch language." i, h.d unexrtedly horrific con"'<!uen. for 'he cen'urie.
com"-along. iJ,,
ver ... such M.tt noH. Fo, ,h i. " r' of John'. legacy, 'he ,ead ..
i, "ncouraged '0 con.ul. 'he ,,,,,,,nt wo,ks by Bieringer N aI., Hakola
and Reinha rtz, a mong o,her>, " Oth .. gap. could h.,.., been filled in
'he compo.ition of ,hi. book, Tenullian and Clemen', for example,
are
treal<d here mo", ,h.n in p ...ing, bu, .. 'he crucial ques,ion concern. 'he Fourth Go.pel'. fortune. in , he pr<lren.ean era , it
"""moo jmtifiOO '0 leave ,he.. two .uthors ou', O ... rall, hO"'",'er, i, i.
hoped ,ha ' 'his .-olume oifen .n .pp,oachable, f, .. h, comprehen.ive
and up-to-date view of 'he oecond-n,ury ,eception of John'. Go.pel.
"'e,,,
'0
'h"
'0
no'
" S,,, HUi , .. , .

" On 'ha qu<>.oo, >
-""jan<n " . }',
<OJ ...
H';n<
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' , ~.
_ .
&oJ
" s.., "1"''''1r ,.... ""p 'n HomnS'," ai, >00'o ""n",,'" ( ' _ 100') and Hokolo. (100' . '6-nl "'''' "",n"y ,""I~ngJ ""
I"""""'"
"pi""""
,,"0
p<<>', Oi' n! """ , .........

,,,,,,muru'y .... , ' ng.osl ;n """'" ,,,,,ft",,
..... ')TI'S08"'. k..bng '" .....
and kiJling of loo..n '", 0";,,,,",_,,""0
would '"'" 0< "Ik",d ;n ........ "" l.rngwg< of 1000n . ,.. , 10', p""' ~; ng "..,. .,
boo...! "I"'WJy "" ...... ~. ",,,,,J'ng to " h ~h "'" '-ourth Goord ,,,,"" "mul
"n<OU~y . - ,.... J;v" of I""' ,nd th, I"""nrun< <ommun"r ( M'~ln ''''''.
"If" IIrown " ", -1<1-41, "'n.o.'1I" ' ' '' , ,}If.; "',,' " 2001. ''''If.I , Aon!;ng
'" "".-.ha", . ..... _"h """"I "'"l' ",D "lkct . n ,UU'",l pict"" of ,....
0<1W<m "'" I"""nn'n< , nd I'''; ')' >mm"n;",,~ kmog "' ""'''
""oS'''''
and th< rom ... n")'. "~_ n 'b"".oo ",,",;,.;,, '''''rioIosr '...... bouo ,.... oct ....
.bou, ,....
o,~_"
"""y,
- s.., ..... ,...-. p'\;"I! foo<not,~
,pi"
"
TUO.uS USIMUS
in a ';Illation ""here new understanding. about various form."f early

Chri"ianity and its multiformity h .... >IanNi to emerge.
This book could not h.w "",n the light of day without hdp (rom ",,'.ral
individual . Thanks are due, fir.. of all, to each one of the <on!ribot""
to t his volume for their t ime an.! ex!"',,; ... Second, they are d~ to
Lie,l>eth Kanis, Aequi,ition. F.JitOI at Brill Ac.Jemk Publish.", for her
instrumen,al role in initiating 'hi:! project. Gr., itude i. also extended
to Mr. 1m Romein. Mo. Mattie Kuire' and M .. <:;era von BeJaf, Edit"r<
at Brill, (Of their encouragement.nd help in prepari ng t he manu><:ript
for publication.
Marg""" Mitchenand D",ci Moeuner read
the manu><ript and made helpful comments t hat imprm.,j the quality
of the mlume. MOrlWf, Margot Stout Whiting and Robert Whiting
o{ferM ,-.Iuable help in improving the Engli.h of ",me of t he nonEngli.h-.p<iling contribut".... last. but not I..... t hank. ar. due to
Risto Auvinen. Ismo Dunderoerg. Matti Myllykoski. Loui. P.iru:haud
and Piihi Vih.hngas for all their comment> and help.
Prof.,..,,,
B ' .UOGkAPHr
Akin. n . ' . 1.
foh".
11>< N... Amnicon Com .... n,,-')' '" N,,),,~k "rood ...... '"
"oIm,... :tOOt.
Am"" tH .. 7.. c.11i< sm'", 4 R",I,,,,I ,..-Io.rolog in
u.n"' iI,, "'Wk"",to '0 """,m T, .. ,,,,,,,, ,,,,, 1', ,-",""" RriII, t'On
c. K .. " M Gaspd ,,,om,"~
fohn' A" ,""",;..,;." "';,h
...1
0.'"
&""',
,. ".
<:em"""'_,,.
NoI" "" , ..
1,.." I'h~..k l ph"', W"tmiruk,. >
,.7.
&"''''''m. R_ l, 7h, ""'/"~ /<" ~U 0.,","." R,'"'"<;''' e.. ""'pd ~ud"""~
(;",k
G""cl ""POI., M..h.' >~nl ="" t ..,.

1",,",y.M urroy, G., 1<>"". w",d .0bI .... Com .... ",,,)' 36. w KG. 1'..., wo.-d lIo"h
, ~
llw, I., ' ,,., AbKh..u"akn ",. im lotw."''''''ng< lium. "'ir"hrift ,., Ji, .......
,,,,... ,"Hi<Ioo- W'<un"lwft"m! oi, K.,.j, <In
Kine ...
(,.m). " , _
.1"".
,~
'11
R.. " "!;,,, R.".!.. ai<.. ~"IiI..w;,m ...I ,I.- """"h Go'f</.- P./""
~i"'". 2000.
J"""" 000
200t.
o.n.' .... ""'ta!/, ""', '.
A"m
of ,'" L.......
u n u.xrum.
R, .. n. M ., i'""" '1 I. I",w." "'" ;",..,;k '"'., I'igl'" . _....... ,,; ~ 1>b"i"
,-oK" I <>IDaIJ", ." .
R,,,,,,n. R."-. ,I.- .""'/"I """,a'"1 .' . foh," (;_.,ii 'n",,"",'",". T",...toti"", .n.! s"',~
11>< A",hor
Gt.ru." Uy, "X, no..bkd.y. ,%/;.
__ 7'" G>mmu"iI, of e.. ",Iowa '~.n"",
Y",k . . ,.10" p,'''. 19"'.
_
7'" q.;.,k, of fohn, 11" A",oo.- ROb!< ].(I. "'on"" COy, N.Y .' DooI>kdty. , ...,.
R''''' n~ ', W" 'whnK< ,I>< ""'1"1 o<c",J'ns '0 John" i<M" .m! 0.""'". p' .
a..,b ....rth, <d.. ,-""don . a..1""'". "71. '60_' ....
BiW<".
"".
,,' UOl>UCTIOI<
""'kky, J., 1M M,...IN"" A",,~"' r,xtJ .... .II",""" ProJN, ilif""d, o""n! Un '_
",moy ,.,..... , 100'.
R.. "I,., Ii<d<uo ""g <In "...no""' .... "' " ... r<Li;., .... n om' "",n,d,;;,_
K ....n Qo.><JJ" n ii;, d.o. V"" .. ndn " &, Joo",,,,,,,nng<!'um,,"
ft'
Wi""'K""ft ,. (on,).
- - ',0. ""'1"1 of}cio", A Com,",", .,., GJlII<a>kr_Morr,). " .. ~ .. 0,""", IlIk
",,',m,o..,
_,,,,...,,,1""
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il'''"''ift
'00-,46.
'p'''h,..,J.
Ji,
R. O ' H..-.. l. """ ughy ,,'" "- fu n"- '''nd .. "''''''''',;;,

Ph;I. ddl'h " , fort,,,,,
a...v,~""'h , I.H., l, I""" ..J ,0. v..d "" ",""u,.
Orig'n, l ;bo-"'l'. ",,'
Y",1c coo..",. d, '''''''.
Colp< , C. 'M '"ipm,~~Kh'Ii<M Sch.', """"Uu"f.,w Kri"l '"'" BiJ./<> rom
Frl.>=.."h"" fon<hu"8' n ,., Rd ig''''' ""Glit<,,,., &. Alt.n ""J
""" n T,,,,,,,,," ,,,"- ""'''nS'", v , nd<nhok", R' F""hl .%,Ceo""y, c . .II. . ."d W"",," '" ,0. f""ri"
c.ndn.,.s Jok-""''''' C""""_
I<ri,.'''''. Soc""'y of 1IibIi<.J li",,'."
,lotion """,, '67. A ...."''' Soc""'y of
0,,,,,...
gm"_'
""''''<
!)i,,,
Bibli<oI lil<, .... " ......
Cull"f'!"" "-A .. ,., loiw""'"" Sc","", An fml",,''''" of'Mloiw"iM-&IoooIHYI"'''~ on ""

of ,IN- Na'"" of A",.,,' ScIoo.x., Soc~'y of Ribli<,.
li"""",, !h>."toli"n "'''' ' 6, ,,~....u. , SchoL", Pm ,." .
- Joh .. ,'" "'" of Z,!oNuo 1M Lif< of ~M, Col, ....... Uni","'y of
c.roI ..... ,.,.,,~ , .....
'-'<Ceo", .. A.U __ s... ,os.. 'Ii", A"'"' .... \';"," ...,.,"d,," '0 ,'" GmI'<I of'I/.,....,.
Su"""""n" '" Vigil'" a."~" no< 3J , L<i&", II<OU , , ....
"""''la''''''
"j,
Sou,"
-- \ 'oK-., of'''' -""r;", ".", C"""'"" " ;'eo,.", '0 ,'"
""""i."
0<"'"'
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0..J
A ......"'
Lit... , ..... ..,.,m.J "" "" Study of' .... N... l'"'"",,n'
Suppl<""'" ',,,'on' " , Sh<1Ddd, ShrlIi<ld Ac'&""" ,.,..... , 100'L>wxkro.<g. ' .. ,0.
i_'1>'< ,. e-fl~"
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7..,..,.... ilif",J, ilifo,o Vn' vm"r P"'~ 1006.
~ C"""Ii,~."
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GaJ..""', H ._G., ..-ohm.""M .... ,hoM.- C",mi,"l'" .,...,. pM""'I"'iKiw. Hmo","_
'i., TUb' ny " , "oJ"
H.."" ....... " .. I"""
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c-..... 'o.,. "" ,'" GD'f'<I of}OO. a..P'<n I-t!, IlW. Fun,,-
""' ~ .. Ph'lod<lph'"' Fort"' "' ....

J... m, """"" Joh .. ,IN- /<"W,.,w /<"W;,],MY, "' F'I'~""n"
H.wu. R.,
T, ~. ""n '"m
" "- L<Mlme II<Ui, 100' .

H,'",. ilL, - II" Rok '" , .... Go>p,"".). ik>wd<n, " ' nd .. lofidon , SCM , Ph'W" r"'"'
T,'n"y P,.... ' n"m <!""",- ' 'n'>.
H;J~ C .. "'z""'" "",I"",m _ """m, of""'.'" " "f< in
Ch"'''''"iI}" ilif",J
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S! ..w. ~ Oxfonl, CI"".oo.. P" .. , , .. ,.
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Rop"" "",h ..- l\oh, A,a.km",. '200,.
'oowiocki. ' .. f . ,.-b; . . .M ,IN- 1<,..;,], A" "",,,, H;, 0'""" T","I""'"" ApeI<>_
Fe e-,,,,,, Ancim' luW''''' , nd uriy o, ri""" "r 6-1. L<idm, Ilrill. ""'"
""~ H . ). U ., ). M. Poff<,.nd J. Zorn''''n. a k ..... romm"",,"'/ p.."""r"''' "'"
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~,..\) ""_.1i'~"~ . . -lI
"".",,1 I'l ",,-{ ~ '-il
'''.l! ~~-"~"~--~~ :;.. '" ~""-,~ ~
i1~~"'".!~~t.l!~~~-p: ... ~,,:r~"": \);f'q~f~..!: f"{!
"E-.'"
:::l~~".~l: .~.""'::I:::1!-; ~ ~.:h'~ ~,.:-;~"':" li~ :~" ',~~. ;~ ""'=:I:.g ~ l

." -"", ,, ~. :;e~~_.!f - ~il-li
,2 ... ,.. -:!~"'j~1-':-li",',f-
H..t '-: ~". _
"'l
]!
i~j(~~Hl>l
~I~ tl~
I ~~ ~6~~~i~ ..~!-~i'" ~-i~;1 tH~~]l~K~
n~H
~.
~.~. z
z
. . . . ....
"',.
"'.:! J!
16
TUO.uS USIMUS
Sd"ok<, G., "I> d... ,...JhU PH."n",,",, Jh~,," w"",u,,,,,i<u"l' W ("" ),

7Jl_"6.
s<"'ok<, 1t.M., .,"" ""''''''''''''''' , nd S;sn'ficm,. of G"",Uc "'h"n'=,- ',10.
R.J"'....' of G..",;.~".__ ,.01.. ... 1, ""''', G"""K~,". ". '-")'Ion, .,;., SO".!;"
'n '"" ,!;~O<)' of "'hv><>' 41 (SuW~m<n" '0 N"mm), 1<;00""rill, 'OS" ""'-
."
",,",",0...,
,KaI,
s<hnock<nbu'J, Il, lit< =fm,",""ry. Il . od ,. folk" "and.
",rod"",,"
"'>I'"",",/,> ,. Ii" I"""'"'''' r".m""" A",r<IAgol"'" " , fohn
,..d ,I.. ",,""h Gc>/> Soc""r of "ilib,.! o.;,,,,,t,, ... 01."",-""" "'." '". Chlro.
N ... '''');, cro...<>Od, , .. ,.

S<I!"""'- . , Low
..-
c. 1~
Scholo ...
e...... ,.. ,.
Sm.oJkr. S. fohn.- bo"go-li" .nd ,",~'N , '.70. "'I"'nl! N"h".".- N<kofl. ,_.
__ " l.,' I"" w",J BON;. .. G>m""nWJ' 51 , Waco, T..., w",d 1Iool~ ",..
Sm .... l U I.
cJ.""""ilr """" "" ,,,
"'""'~ "..d '"~.
Coi umrn.., " n'm.1Iy of Sou,h c.roI,,,, ....... , .....
- - foh. A"","I ,It< Gc>J><k 1M
T..r, lirl . C..,,,.,, "'''"''", Min
"""'no'' '
"'''''''"'"'r ,.
",.poI', furt ...... 'W,.
,-.-w...
__ I""", Abingdon Now T... "'m<n'
"""'g.
Commm'",, ~ N""v U ~ ,
Abmgoon Pn",
M., fA,;,,,:.''''''',"'''" Ux/<. J. "'<li" P.. ~, C<rt, , ....

n..obaid, M., -D<, 10ny" <l<n j<' u, bd,,, B<ob.ch, u'Wn ".m n","'""n ~ onup<
<1<, joh.onn<"''''n "'<Iok"on,'
.-"",Io,;ji fii'
M_rti. "'"tri "'" 70. "''''''''"S' Ba..d ill, "'iii><> o.ri",",u,". It. ""h" n",w "
,d., 1'Ob'"y n .- Mol" (P.W """'k), ''''';' 20 '_1" .
T.-rlHko. e . lh, ,,1, "."'".'" >pM'" f""" Pawl '"
""IWtl~'"
Un ,,,,,,,h,,oyn , urn N .... n T,"'-"" n' 166. TObIng<n .- Moo, """'k,loo-1.
Tm"", c. M",."N,"' "'.... " A.'Iwn,y _"J II" N,w "'i " ~" Gombridy' Cam
bOOy Un'","';,y r ' .... , ,,...;.
T"",...._. (,'"d; " ""U><T7" of ,It< .. ..-~"' World. R,,-;>! alit .... ,
'"Wk .
Un,,,,"';,y of
of d ..., .. 510<1 .... ,
T""",. ,.()., ",10;.," (;,.",~~,".nd 'M N",,,"~ )'''';IIi"", """""00,"' Co!'" <I<
N.g
.ft""", 6. Ou<b<c, la. Pm"" .k r Un,,,,,,..; ,i ... ,..1. Uu'
T
"'''.''"''-)''''.''''''-'''11<'''''''-
,,,,,,'i,,,, w,...
'n
m<n' "" '""""".-
"uIk1'n
loodon 'n,''''"''
"oo,.
".mrnod', ",_."'''<n,
__ -",h;,n {;",,~ "" ' m . n<! ,oh.,"o'", Ch,'''''n''r: Jh.-olop .... a,""'*'rl '"
""n.-
>00(,
"""'no,....
,10. , '" ",," ~ "' ..." b, "" " ,,"1>< ... ef'l.. SNTS
"'';'''1' "'"''''.
G . u n lklk,,"., ,d~, ""'b".h<co f,p/><m<oo" m 1bro1ogK. nun lo.... n~m'''m
' S<. l<o",n .- Uu",n Un'","';,y "'.... 1 P""", 100' , , .....".
W~I~m~ M .
' ,"".ki"1 "{;""'K~"', An A'I"'""" "" V;""".,Ii'g. ,,,,b,,,,, Col<--
"",. pn""""".- en""","
",n. I.. .... .-<dod....
UnI",,""
fi",,~
"'''', , _
It):
<I< riu"l!"' ","" I"n (l l'mmpk d" <"'r" o<

joIo"'""I'" " >0. Ioi""'", .... """"_ .k i'i","pW ... Jro' ON.<
.. ox pm.. ,,,, '",,In, I.U, "",,,II, I." . eo/f" . n<! J. lum ",'n. al,., 1< m<><MI< <I<
.. blbk "'n<"" ut-" ,-;<1<" ' '''''. ""'_1J{<.
Z......
.... ""'''""""U"
THE RECEPTION AND DEVELOPMEl'>'T OF

THE JOHANNINE TRADITION IN 1,1 AND 3 JOHN
R.imo Hakol.
Uni"ersily of Hel.inki
The Ihro. wriling. known a. ,he Firsl , Se<:ond and Third Epistl.. of
John are rel.,ed 10 Ihe Go'rel of John in a dist inclive way. Scholar>
ha", become more and more .keplical .boUl Ihe common aposlolic
, ulhorship of ,h... wrilings. bUI Ihe g""rel and Ih. epistl .. are "ill
uni,..... lIy grou~ logether and reg.rded. if nol a. ",rinen by a .i ngle
h.nd, l hen a. produced in a common IIChool of 'houghl or communily
which explains 'he affinil'" belween ,hem, ' It i. undecided whelh er
it i. legilimale 10 'reak abou' Ihe legacy or receplion of
Founh
Go'rel in Ih. Johannine epistle. al all. There is no agreemenl among
",hola", abou, Ihe seq uence in which Ihe so.pel and Ih e epi"l .. wero
,,~il1en, The qu,,'ion i 11 Ihe mo", wmplicaled if we reckon Iha' Ih.
gO.p<1 il",lf ",a, composed in differenl st.ge . In Ihis ca.e. il could b.
argued Ihat an early ve""on of l he so.pel pred .... l he epistl .. which
are. howe"". conlemporary or prior 10 Ihe final red."ion of l he g"'p<1
(e>~ially John 21 and po .. ibly . 1"" John 1~-L7),
In Ihi ...... y. I do nol in'end 10 ultim.tely ..nle ,h. que"ion concerning Ihe sequence in which the g"'p<1 and the epistl .. were written .
In my opinion, there is no ""lid evidence for 'he view thot the epistle.
predate the go'rel. but. fo, the ",a",no detailed in the course of thi
..... y. J think we .hould al", be c.utious in ",.ding the .pistles wilh a
preconception tha, they pre>uppo'" and build ul"'n t he fini.hed ver.ion of the go.re!.' Instead of I"'"ulating direct lite,..'Y ",Iationship
,h.
, It " dO'l"'"d t.ow 010. <1),---<>< Of .. aU_th< """" ol R",,j.,,,,, " " I.,al '" th,
"""nnjn< ""PO, .-.x &t.0al d;",",,,,," of u.. q...., ........ r,,), '''', 326-. 1 .
lI<cou" ol". ,<mOl ....... boon ",t.., "'~ ' '''I!' ,'S',dal .. I""'nn;n<. ",,,,Lo,,,,, ,""
hod I;nl,_;[ . n)'_';gn ,fic. n ;n "n' ".n"""' ..... ol "" hO~"'l' ol J"""nn'n<
<omrn",,"),.
, """""", """ n<N' 10 t.. CO",''', On ......mg tt.. >JU<" amoag ,t.. th",
'1"""', "'" I..., """ .0< ol "" bo-"';,y ol, ...d , "",n . .-.x "" dOtlKolt"" 'n tW n ~ ,
<I", "'1""'" '""'"8 ,t.. <1"""', ... R.K Brown. '''"-', JO_11. Broom '0'"", ,Iw ,
, nJ , ""'n w"" .. nto, n ,tx.., ,t.. .,,'" !Om<, ~.""' , ""'n """" lozKoIl, oft" """.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
be,ween 'he~ wri'ing" I oxplo .. how id""" .imil.r '0 ,00.. found in
'he go.",,1 wer~ r",~ivM a nd de,..,loreJ in 'he Joh.nnin~ "Pi"I~,. I
will n r" Ii" 'he moot import. n, of the . imil.,;, .. , and ,hen dis<u ..
'he m a in differene.,. be'",een 'he go.""l a nd 'he "Pi"le,. I.ugge" ,h.,
'h ..... im ilari,i ... and difference, a re be" under"ood if "'.., ,ake 'he
go<",,1 and 'he "Pi"I., a. indepe nden' ,,i'n .... ' of ' he .har.d tr.di,ion
,h., is d""eloreJ in differen, way. in differen, con' ex' .. The foUowing
disc=-ion quite obviously (.xu"", on ,he Go.",,1 of lohn and I lohn
becau .. l . nd 3 lohn are '" bri.f ,ha, th~ do not provide much material for the discu .. ion.' r finall y Jiscu" the ,heori.. concerning 'he
opponent< in I lohn becau .. 'hese t "-'ori.,. h.,-e pl. red a n importan'
role in how the relation.hip be,ween 'he go<",,1 and 'he epi"l.. ha.
been under"ood. I aloo . ugge" ,ha' in.ights from the Social Ide n'ity
Pe"f'K'ive could pro\'< helpful in explaining 'he func,ion of the portrai, of 'he opponents in I John a nd 'he func,ion and rol. of lohn',
legacy a, i, wa, de\'<loreJ in the epi"le ..
N<H only are mo" o(,he 'hem ,hat are di''''IS",d in 'he opistles pre.ent in the go.",,1 bu, aloo 'he wa)'S of oxp .... ing t he<-< ,hemes are often
,imilar. A detail.d co mp.rioon of 'he vocabulary, gromm.r, .yn' ax and
idiom. ha, ro,..,aJed th., ,h. "yl. of the long.. t of 'he epi"l.., I lohn.
h.. a gen ...1 .i m ilarity to 'he "yle of the ~""""I but ,hi. compari><Jn
....... 'hough ..< n,,_ bo .u", wbo,j...""
WH
.bo o.~.U, th, 1.., ""'.
"row"
,,,,,,Judo. ,ho, -,h< th",< I"""";" ",;,11<. w",", <omF"""J abou, tt.. "''''' "m< . nd
d.,1t wjth "
(p. '1). a.
m;fK,';",. of tt.. ..... p<OOI<m 'hroughout tho I""""" ;'" ,t.u,,""-
.1." lM.
lOO8.o. '". Aaon!'''I! to lMu, 1 101m ;, ""'" .... Ir t;'",rilr

d<p<oo.n' "" , I'"'" a nd "'"l' .b" d"w on J I"" ...h ~b "'P"''''' tho IOo-m of.
!I''l"''''' k it" mon . u,h<.bnlly. ,. '"' folk>.o"8- t km Of"" "" ;""rrW ",,k, of
, j..., <P;"~~ I ,bj", " ;. " k to ..,um< ,,,,,- ' h< """I." ~.", wr;" <" .prn"'m.t<~ "
' h< ""'" ,;"" ,nd t ho, th<y .. bo.. ,.;, .... to _ U,u ')"1'" of <1<0..<1,,1'"""' of tho
l<>Iun .... " "M"". It;, d;ffiruJ<_;f no< ;mp""'bk-to fu. dm dol< . nd 10<..,
for '"' ,omp"'~"n of,", . 10 . nd, I""" '>--IO ... m to 1'""uPl"""
;t.,boo of .. riou~ I",... mably <ott.., ,m.oI~ lI""'P' ..... ngod .,,,,,nd ;nd,vhlu.o!
hou"hoId>,. ~'.""n .I.. ~-.D known from "'"" Ch"" .. " ""''''' (d. wh"< I.....
'0J- 1IOI. On "" ..., ;, of ,bo "",m..J <""lm". th< 'l' ; ~k. m ""'" " .... monIr
...... d 'n A... Mj,.,.-. <>p"'Iy;" >ph< ..... . nd .i>,ro ,. 0000, 10000I tO a . f..-.
d;" ... _ > RE. "row" ''''. 100--10'.
, I h.o .. ;ocl, okd ,,,{"''''''. '" 1 and ' ]0/>" ..... ""'." thoy m "",.." ,- " >hould
"" notN, how",,,. tho, thm . " "'" d;!fmoc" ' '''''''g "" <pi>tk... 0:, <.&-. lM.
1"';,111_111.
,I.., IO ... , I ..,me ,ubtle d ifference. b<tween t il< ... two writings.' The
matte" of style. ho~er, are "'" enough to ",,,Ie 'he question <oncerning til< relat ionsh ip between the go<rel and the epi"l .. b<cause, ifthe..,
writin&> stem from a common cirde or <ommunit)", we must en .. rtain
the possibility that this circle u ..! a distincti ... sociolt characteristic
nO! only of a .i ngle author but of different members of the drd . '
The theological terminology <ommon and, for the most port, di.tinct;'.. to the go.pel and to the epist le. pro,ides a more con,.. n ient
roint of departure for a comporioon of t il<.., writings. In what folIo>w>, I list the mo." imponant of the .. common expressions . nd then
proeM to evaluate what they ..y about the relation'hip betwe<'n t il<
go.pel and ,h. epistles.'
lh. Exrr .. oon

the beginning,
tbe woN (J.O-,u.;)
lif.
"'" h .." ...., . nd

testify
1"" Ep!,tl..
lh. Go5j><l
1 John U
JohnLl
In the i>f.ginning wa,
the Word
John L4
in h,m ",.. Iif., and
the bfe ~-.. tbe I'ght
<L . 11 peopl.
Wh. t wa. from the

i><&inning, ~'hat ~~
h.." beard, ",II .. ",.
h..~ .... n with oor
ey<>, ~' ru.t w. h .."
k>oI<e<I . t .n d tooch<d
~i th oor rub,
concermng the ",ord
<L life-thi. lif. w..
,,",..11 "d we Ita,,,
... n i1 and ""ify to it
...,
U~
We h. v< ... n his
II I
W. 'p". k of ~+t.t ~.
know a"d testify to
what we Ita,,, ""n
A d , w< romp"""'" i><,,"<nO Ih< >I)k> of ti>< !",\,odO lOll, " '_156. Dodd i"'m..J ,.n K>m< d,Ok",.", ,. " rio .. "'00 to ''l!'''' fo<
Ih< " 1'' '''''' ... ,ho.-.h 'f" oflh<" ....,"'_ S<yI; ~ ~ n'''"," 1.0 "',.,,,, ","",.00 b ><0<1
'0 "'I'P"" Ih< ,ommoo ,u,hoM'p of,i>< t"'I"I . nJ 011,1."" I"""'ni", ,," ~ b , Cf.
Rod"' "hl an<il<hu"'igg '''H .
H I l ";
, A, .. "-- 1Irow. (t9"' . >I ) h.. "'''''''''', '" m." ,u, 'nto """"n' ti>< po><,bilOly
of dd,b"... <"I'y;n8 '" "u",on,,"" ;mi.. t .... ""hi" , ",hooI of wri'", 1><_ w,
u'" ")i' ~~ n;","- '0 ''l!"' roo Ii>< rom""", .. ,hoMjl' of Ih< Johann j", wnhnS' t h,,,, """ w,,o Ii>< m<> >mpIn< W ~ 'n R,E, Brown "". ,,,n ._ t ",",',
""P"'''" Ii>< " ..;I,,;,;., 1h<m<,;c.Ur.uwl om ,",d ,I.< , ..., ~ hm Ii>< ....,,,,;,y '"88,~,d 0.,- Brown ,, " " "b,n' or "n,,,~, i,,- I" Ih< "'bk. t ",,,, sO"'. Ih< G",'
foo-nu .00 'I""'..J ti>< P""lI" ..I.<"
" &n'&,"' roo "" <=>8"'""" oflh< " ....00 diJfm"" ~ An ..'u'''' {'I "'_" " P"''''''" "' .. " d'~ 'n<';'" .. ti><
", .. T",,",,", '0 "" Go>l"lof lohn.oo t" . n<!) lohn. F", . <"'"1"""'" ofth,
"-"l!"'-S' of Ii>< _ I '"" Ih< 'I"~k, ..
to ,I.< "'~ of "" ",,' T,,"""n ',
'" P,;n", ""'. 6'_6<.
<"""'.
"-<i,."
th', ;,
"Lo,,,,,,
"
OA'''O HAKOI..A
1m",,)
1.... Exp=ioo
"
"
"
"
"
,."
light
11>< Go.pel
1 Iohn D
I""n 8012, "'~ IN6

I am 'ht light of tl><
God i. light
",wid
light ,Iu".. ("m,i.)
1 lOOn 2,8
I""" I,'
, .... tru< Iiglil (,b .....

'" ~).~fh""')
light ... J"kn"",
1 Iohn H
loon 19
1 Iohn L6-7; H- ll
loon 1,', 119-1o-,

8 .12; 119-10;
IU~46
wall (..,.""",,;.) in
the lightld.,k"""
t lOOn L6-7; 2, II
do truth
ki/ln L6
1 Iobn L8, H;
2 Iohn 2
!
truth b<inglabiding in
,
111< F-rist'",
.~
know
It"''''''''''/
I""" U2, 11,9

(walk d uring ,he
d. y), l U a (,,-.Ik at
night); lB'
lohn j,21
loon 8M
1 lOOn 2.21, 2 John I
I""" 832
1 Iohn 221, 119
I""n 1837
! loon H i
)00" l U7;
16, IJ
,iSh",,) , .... truth
M be of(i. ) Ih< truth

k
, .... SpIrit of truth

know It'''"''''''''') th<
true ol><lt .... only true
~
I lOOn
,,2Q
koow the 1m< one,

J..... i, , .... lrut God
1~ , 16;
I""" 173
(ef ,1>0 nS)

kn"", , .... only 1m<
~
be from
(.t"" ,.)
! Iohn llO, 4,1,2,3,4,6;
"
H9, J loon 11; d.

1 Iohn H6, bot from
,be father
be bom from (",j
1 lOOn 229, ),'J;
H,4,18
be from (,;"'" ,.)

tM devil
1 lOOn 18, d_ 1 lOOn

112, be from tM <vii
be from (,;"" ,.)

tM ororld
1 lOOn H6,
4, ~
loon U7
I""" U3
loon 8.44 (-y"" ....
from YOU' fat"""
tM d"in
loon 8,23, 1~19;
17 , 1~16; 1836
TI,. lOliA""'''' TkAl>IT!ON ,,; 1, 1, 3 JOHN
(0"1.)
"
"
,--
11>< upr''''''
1'" EJ>I'tl..
(onquer (,,"';,) the
I loon H
>
I loon lJ3
lOOn
n ; [H8
I loon 11
lOOn
[7J~
-"
,o.
world h.le,
)""
,o. work! dod 001
know God
>.bid< ( ~ ;"",,) in
)<>"<lGod
> God/)..... .oi.!<s in
o.l""<f
> word of God .oi.!<s
"
lOOn 16JJ
(~,o,i,)
'"~
<hdJ",n (pl. ,i<v<w)
"'~
k.." (,_i,) 1.. ",'1

God.
words/com-
I loon 2,6,27,28, 16,24; lH,6,7

4,13-[6
I loon 114; H2-16
lOOn 6, ~ " ,'
I loon lJ4
Jolin 'J8
I loon ll,2. 10; H
lOOn Ll2; IL'l
I loon
lJ-', 112,24;
lOOn 8,11-,2,",
"
14, 1 ~, 11.23-24;
[loon 1,7,8, 2 Jolin'
lOOn [134
(om m.ndm.n, '0

low 000 another
I loon l23; 4,2[,

1 loon " d .1>0
I loon In '''''
m'=g< (,,-n,),,,,-)
,h., w< sbooIJ ""'<
00< aooto.,.
lOOn [134; [H2,[7
> '0 Jov< l<su>lGod i,

'0 hep hi, com"",ndmenl
n.w comm.odmo",
(fvtu),~,
,,,,>1\.)
down 0",,' li[,
for ("(;oW '

~dp)
....,m,
1~1O.2Q-,
[loonll6
' , 14- 1 ~
Jolin IH3,14;
",7-I6,I&2l
lOOn 10;11,",17, 18;
nl7
orh ...
> 1". ,. k.. (n;"",,)

, w'y ,in.
>
p.a.....t
" h.,
" (""ail<> " "') from
d."h ' 0 lif< F-rist''''
11>< Go.pel
"
my fOl<V" ("""" 'i;

,iN ai ....... )
llohnH7
loon 83', 120)4
"
! ki/ln ~, '2 (d. 1 lohn

4.2(1)
loon US
00 or><
has
.v<' ...n
w. ba,~ known . 00
" oro.'
! Iohn H6
"
btliev<d (~""'"
.""""~,,~",,,)
,,-.1 .00 bIooO
joy fulfi lled
1 lohn L4, 2 joon II
lOOn 16.14, 17oU; d.

.Iso 3,2\1, I~ , 11
the purp<>'" of writing
1 lOOn H3
I""" 2(}.3(l
'"
"
loon 6069 (bal"

,00 known)
1><] .. ,...:1
Iohn ' ,' -8
lohn 1'J:J..i
With >ome exception lhe .imilarit ;.. p,,,,,,nted in the Ii" al>ove are
uniqu~ to til< GOIlpel of John and ,,2 and J 101m. It i. nOl ju st a qu,ion of similarity of langu.ge but in many ca, ... , the Odiom. I>e1ray a
common .nd d i>!inctiw view of the world. The language of light a nd
d.,kn ..... (20-') i chuoc' er;',ic of. du.li"k world" iew whkh
th e world d ivide<! into the realm' of light and d.rkness, The world is
J ..cribed . s a oo..i1e .phere ,h., hal not known God (6<) and hot"
G<><l hi. Son and the believen (6b). Only tho .. who are born of God
and bElieve t hat Je.u. is the Son
God can conquer the world (&0).
They know t he truth (3<:) and the true God (4), keep God'. or lesu'
commandments a nd lov. one another (9a- d) a nd have p ",d from
death to life ( 13) . The do .. relation.hip bet~n Go.i hi. Son and the
beli ..". is expressed in " n", of mutual indwelling (7a-c). The dualistic nature of the worldview common to t he g<><pel and the epistl... is
hest captured in the use a the prepo.sition i K to denote the dichotomy
b<twffn t oo.. who belong to God'. realm and t ho who do not,
unique usage in the New T.... m.nt p d, ~a -d),
Given the . im il.riti.. not only in the fund.mental theological terminology b ut also in the ,",-orldview, it i. no . u rprise that. from early
on, esp.;ally I John .nd. to. le"",r degree, 1 and 3 Joh n, came to be
.een in dose relation.hip with t he Fourth GospeL In the early church,
this relation.hip w explained in a tradition that a",ribed the gospel and th pistles to the apo<tl. John . There already .ppear poosible
ech"". of the lohannine epistl .. in work. of ~eral SKond-century
,.
",~i .. rs
but the .. writers do not identify the ",ure. th~ are u.ing.'
The first .. phdt and undisputM dtation of t he epistle. come. from
Iren.eu. who q~ote. both I John and 1 Joh n but po>.ibly th ink. that
hi. quotations stem from the ... mo letter which he a"ign' to lohn,
the d i",iple of le.u. (A.dv, hoi". 1,16.3, 3.16.~; 3.16 .8).' Like I.. nae ~ .,
"",er.1 .ubsequent wri .. rs cite both I John and 2 John but .how no
knowledge of 3 John. It i. reve.ling that the fi rst attest.tion of the exi. tene. of 3 John refe .. to the di.puted po>it ion of 2 and 3 John a mong
Olri"ian ""ite .. , The pooition of 1 and 3 John .. mained di.puted
e'ri.lIy in Syrian churche. where they, along with 1 Pet .. and Jude,
were t .. n.latM into Syria< only in the .ixth century.'"
lhe doubts concerning the a uthenticity of 1 and 3 lohn notwithstand ing, t he preniling view "'""" that the go<pei and the epistle> were
",~itten by ingle author who "' ident ified a. Je.us' disciple. In
modern scholarsh ip, th e common autho .. hip of t he go'r<l and t he
epist". i. still ,uprorted by some ",hoi." who a .nib< th..., writings
eit her to the 'ro"le John or to the pre>byter mentioned in 2 .nd 3
loh n (llohn 1,3 John I)." How,,'''' the majority of ",hoi." now.da)~ think that the go.pel and the <pi"le. we .. not written by a .ingle
hand." lh. reason for this is that de.pite t he .imilariti.. in the style
and in theology. t here are also marked difference. which . ugs.,t that
, , '" 1"""'''' """,", of , I>< loo.nnin< """. " P''''' ' 0 m C>.
> u. Bro,,"
,I>< ....... ".~ by ,,,I >004 "'. ,'''' moo< 'mpo"'n' "".Jkl ' 0
"'" """"" " 'n pol. I'M ] , ' , ",..- "",,)' on< ,,00 ,hall "'" 'n roo oIut J".' chri"
',,,,,",,;n tl><
. nh<h".: ,''''''' ..-ord. p"'"blr .J loo. '0' lohn , and to
, lohn .,'_" ,I>< ' PP<""'" of ,he ph,.... ;. '''" 3~ ;n the urn< oom""ho"
Id . , John H) and ,I>< ",n'""" -..., u'--.'urn ... k ,,, ,I>< ..-ol wh"h .... dorh""",
t .,. 6_. C[ . 100
Ok","
to "' from the "'ginn'ns- (d. 1 John n. 2<; },", 'Iohn 'J
"'" likdihoo<l of t h', ... """. Cf. H ;llOO<, ... _....
;n 1'<>1. ""d. n 'n'''''....
S<r It-"- """'n '''' . _'" HW ,..,., ..... ,_ ' 0030, 1. ,6.
Aon!;n8 to .._biw (If.. " .m 6.".10). Ooig<" .. Od "", lohn ..... 'hr .",hor
of the Goop<~ Aponl)l"<. "Od ,n >P;"~ ,Dd ,l><n..J.lrdo ,hr .. ""T "'" 1><. """""
an<!
on ;,J but "'" .. .. y th<y m sr nui",,:
'1, """"",",,"".
R."- 8rown " "-'.

" 11>< 'I'"'''''' au tooo"'" of tl>< goop<l and ,he <f' i ~1n ;. dorkodrd. for ,um r~ .
b,- 'hr folkowms ",halo", I.R.
A . 5<hJ. "rr, T. ~~n, R. F. 8U<h><l. W . M ~ hM t;~
A. W;l.m ...... "'. G. M,.". L Moori. &n<,;. i,
"'pportrod..,. A. ' Ion..... W ............ IV. H<itmuu"" R.' '- 0,.",,- " .H. s< .. <orr.
"- K' "n,"", IV.G. KOm"",'. "- ~ ... "'uhl , Dd M. "'"srI. s<, K;m >001 . _w.
"'gi>'-'
""'_310.
" lh,
",halo" f""'wO< two J'ff"m' .... hen for ,he I!"'pd an<! tl><
W;"W "h. C.H. l>odd. R. S<hn"'krnburg. C.K ."m" Ill. """'n.
I. Z""uO<;n. H.-J. KJ..",k , nd U.M . ,,""h. " u ~I><",""" . ""'ny ",hOUn tMnk ,h .. th,
go",," "Od 'hr """"'. ~.",
I... , on"" d;ff"",n' writ",,"- "ul'","nn.
,,,>tin
fo&~; n8
II.
""-;",n"""
OA'''O HAKOI..A
'he go<pei and , I>< .pistl .. h .... emerged in differen, .i'uation. a nd

rep",,,,nt 'wo d ifferen , ",ndering. of ,I>< .h .....J tr,di,ion.
2.
D'Ff'kfNCF.s " TWEEN T H E GoSPEl ANI> T H E [vISnE.
The moo' ob"ious difference i. ,h .. ,h. go.pel (ente" around ,he c""me'
betw.. n Je.m and 'the Jew.; while ,here i. no . ign of ,hi. conflict in
'he epi.tle . " The word '10"&"01 ,ha, appea" in 'he gospel seven'yone ti mes is n<H uoeci a' , II in 1. 1 and J John, While th. goope! d.,.lo
exten.ively wi,h . IKh <:entral "pee" of lewish iden'it y ,. ,h. temple
and wonhip (John 2,13-12, 4,20-24 ), ' he Sabha,h and circumci.ion
(~ , 1-,8, 7; '9-24), 'he ,"" .I.t ion . t Sinai, Mose. and 'he law (~, 37-17;
6, 26-~) and Abraham (8:3 1-~), ,h e ' opk. do not appear a' 011 in ,he
epistl .. wl><re 'he 00;"''' of 'he a.. ack OI" tbooe who, from the writer'.
pe"'peetive, havel. ii 'he community and deny t h.t Je,,,, i. 'he Christ
(1 John 2,1 8-22; I lohn 4,2-3; 1 John 7)." Thi. dearly ind k .... th.,
'he main concern. are quite d ifferen, in the g""pel .nd in the .pistle ..
The former ..eks to clarify a nd maln,ain 'he iden'ity of ' he beli ..,.,.
in rel.,ion to ,he Ie",.." a nd lud,i,m whe .... the lauer addr .."". a
community ' hat ha. experienceJ an internal d ivi,ion "
In .ddi,ion
dis,imilarity in the main roc,," of writing, 'here are
more s ubtle d ifferences be,ween the ~'OSp<1 and the 'pi.tIe., Together
with 'he gospel, the .pistle. pre .. nt )em. a. the Son of God who h
be.n sen' '0 'he world (I John 4,9-10,14) and rep<a,edly use fixed language when .peaking of t"" Fatl><r a nd tl>< Son (, John U; 2.21-24;
( ,, 4; 2 lohn 9). However,the d lvi.io n ofl.oor be,ween 'he Fatl><r a nd
'0
H. Coru.dm.nn. E. HanK"" f . l,,/,,<, P. v~,t..un, K. W'"S>!, G . '"k,,, U.

S<~"dk K. !I<'Y,.nd "'. Ubohn. S<, K'm 200', 310.
" 1 .. ",,,ROct ,,"~ """ 1<"'- 'n ,J" _ , " qu'" commonty uod",.""" '"
r"'k rt ." "~ !!"dIy b;",,"";
",,,fl Oct .. ,""" tho J"""nn'", rommuni'f . nd
tho pool7" c . ""''Yn' rabIM"" I..... ""'. El"""v. , .. "" , .. I
100- tM,
k'''{ of ,,,,,ftOct ;, m"s", " h h '"lIB"" ,boo ,.. o<OOI..-ly ""',," '", "",,", '0 bo
""",..0.,1. So< ""Rho", "'"". ll_OJ, HH""- 100' . , --16; Hrn.Io " '" "",Rho ...
,don,
,,''*0
1001, lJI_'.,.
,. ,I>< .... of """'o%g)- ,,10,1 ,,, tl>< ""P''''''' ("""'" .,."....", ........ '"
b<1ow) "' tl><
"tkru !hi> ",ormoc<.
" '1><"""1"""" K>m< h;nt, of . n ;",,,"01 <Ii,."",,, .monS bol"",," "' ,I>< g0<p<! (J<.h" 606Ii, ' ,JO_31 ). , .. " P'''''!!'' ""1 ,,", ,,,. groop of"l ~v,," "ho ron ';n_
u<d '" '"" .... ,,;th ",J", 1<'" ...I iound tl>< p.... ", of",~
of ""''''''''''
" OU .n,,,,;v<, "I"ch .rou><d ,1><;, ~"'< "'"""''''"'" b-,- , .. ,von!!,,';". s., H.kolo
"",ok,
...,,'"
' 001~
'''_107.
"
the Son i ligh~y different. Many of tho~ imag 'hot a ... uS! of
J<>uo in the gO'r<l haY< God as ,h,i, focus in the 'pi"'... In the go.r<1, )eo"" i. pres<ntro as the light of 'he world (John 8: 12; 9,~, 12A6,
(f .1.., 1, ~) but in I John I " , it ;, God who i. ligh.. In the go.pel , it i.
exclusively Jesuo who abid .. (~f""lV) in the heli,,",. or th. beli ...er.
in J<>us (Joh n 6:~: I ~ A-7). " while I John },H a nd 4,] , . peal of the
mut ual ab iding be,w""n God and those who beli,,"." Funhurno.e,
the epistles lack 'he idea of the mutual indwelli ng of the Falh .. and
the Son that form. a fo unJ"io n for the indwelli ng of the belie ... " in
God in the gO.p<l (John 14:10-11,20, 17,21). Judith Lieu i. right in
concluding ,ha' the language of indwelling i. "both more
and more ,..," .... ine<!" in 'he &""p<l than in I John which "do<. not
exhibit the d iKipli ne of the Go'I"'L""
In ,I>< go.p<l, 'he knowledge etf God i.tran.miued exclusively 'hrough
Jesu. (John 14m bu, 1 John 4,6-8 .1I0ws 'hot e"eryone who 10"e. God
kn o",~ God. In , he goop<l, Jesm' love i. p",... n,ed a prototyp< fOf the
mu,uall"".., of , he d i,ciple, ( 13,]4; I~, 12), 'his model 'PP<"" in 1 John
], 16 but, in add i,ion '0 ,hi., Goo i. described a, I",,'e and hi. love a
model '0 be imi,.ted (1 John 4'7-11)_ In 'he goop<l, Jesu, rep<atedly ..y.
'0 hi. di>ciples ' hat '0 10"" him i, '0 keq> hi. commandments (1 4. 1~>21,
l~, 10); in the epistle"~ 'he >arne kind of I.nguage is u...a '0 undeu<OTe
'hot ' 0 love God i. '0 k..,p hi, commandments (l John ~,2- J; 2 lohn 6).
In ,I>< gwp<l, J<s ... promise, , h., he (1 4,1 3-14) or 'he Father ( 1 ~ , 7>16,
16,13 ) will do wh.'e"er hi, diu:ipl< sk in h i. name, The >ameldnd
of promi .. 'pp<ar, in 1 lohn withou, 'he men,ion
prayers mould
be >aid in Jesus' name. Those who obey Goo', <omm.ndments and do
""ha' pI..... him (I John J,22) and who ask anything according '0 his
""ill (~ , 14-1 ~) , ree";"" wh.'ever th"J' k.
At >ome roints, ide .. tha, are >aid of Jesu. in t he gO'rel are presen,ed
ch.racteristic. of an ,ho .. who belie"e. 1 John ~,4-~ st.te, tha,
"ructu,ro
,ha,
8 0 .. how",,,, ""'n 'U}, .,""'" ,,"" m. "" .. Ul kp mp""d, an" m ) ' f,<he ,
,,;110..-, t""m, on" '" .. i~ rom< to t""m , 00 nul, 00' hom. I"""';'" 00''''''''''''')
,,; to <hem,- 1~ ' , vw probabl)' p""nu , ""'.. n'", "'nk'1'''''' .... (d_ ' '''I of
,,-,d'(jon.J .pocal)l'''' 'm<S''l', S, ,-t-, l,nroln >00'5, J", J%.
" 0 R,n.b<'S"
lIm .. ho "mut. "",
.bid'ns 01 God J',,,,I, in
Chn"w" on"
in God p " ~ , n),hing tlut .... o.l 'n th, Goop<l of Joon,, ""'n ''I''",dlr "''"' ,ho ,~!!'"
in Mm- "h",h """"
~ oft," .nd",
""''''', God ." ... " ' ~ m,<nd<d (d, H, n_10; H), lh', "'8"'''''' i, typ>ool of tho
(= bd",,),
" 0 "" " """'- "-
'''''r
<J""'"
(I""
.,o.
",to..,
'w'"
OA'''O HAKOI..A
wh.. e... r i. boom of Goo" or "our f.ith" or "the on~ who believ., , h.,
J<>uo is ,he Son of Goo" conquer> the world ;" in 'he g""pe1. i, i. Jesu.
who ha. conquerN 'he world ( 16,33). According '0 1 Iohn 1, 17. 'he one
who doe. 'he will of God st.y. fore ... r (~iv" fi:; "IV <Ii';",,,). while. in
'he g05pel. i, is 'he Son (John 8ol ~) or ,h. Me .. i.h (1234) who ".y.
fore,..,r. Th. id ,hat no one h ever .... n Goo i. used ChristologicaUy
in John 1,18 '0 .et up t he ide. tha, 'he only Son ha. m.d. Goo known."
In 1 101m ~,12. t he ph""" "no one h "'er "",n Goo" pav.. 'he ",'.y
for the conclusion ,ha' "if "'.., lov~ one .n<Hher, Goo Ih..,. in us, and hi.
love i. perfected in ...." A .imilar kind of d ifference c.n be found wi,h
'he u .. of t he expre .. ion
pa .. from life
de.,h." In lohn ~, 24, the
ph ...... i. clos<ly link<d to J<>u> who promi ... ,hat "anyone who h.ar.
my WON ... h"" p.as....J (~"'''Il<~~'-''') from death '0 lif~." In I John l,l4.
'he phra .. i. linked '0 ,he mu,ua] 10... of tho believe .. , "We know thot
we have pa...,J (~",uP.p~ru~,v) from "".,h to life becau "'.., 10... on<
.nother." It "",nlS ,ha' t he cent ....1 r"'. p1ayM by I<>u. in 'he go<.,.1 i
, lea" partly. absorbecl in'o 'he idea of community in 1 John."
We hav~ ~n ,h.t many par.llel, be,wHn 'he epi"l ... and the go<pel be, .. y. at . do .. , in'pec'ion. nlianeN difference. which .how that
i, i. no' enough to Ii" par.llel .. pr ..... ion. wi,hou, d.. ailin~ 'heir u ...
The difference. in how lem' role in relation
God i. ron .. y"" gain
more .ignificance becau .. many of ,h. t heologic.lly I.den term. that
.re u .. d in 'he go.pel do
ap.,."
an in 'he epi"le,ll "'''!laiv"v
(16, ~ '), m"'l\iv<lv ('7. 9'),
and it~ (8, ~ '), ""f"lY,,", (19),
~VO~v (~), &04:< (18), ~n~'" (H), ~piv"v ( 19), ~pi,n:; ( I 'j." <>o.1;"v
(6), iI,o)')";,,,,,,, ( to), o:v,,,,,ha, (8), o:vIi"",,,,, (4 ), ~""'~Q1<iv (3),
.ip~,... (3). {,110:Y,'V (4), 1f"l~~ (Ll ), 1rO:<P<'V (to with .. ference to the
.",iptm.. ) and v';"o.; (14). It i. especially noteworthy that the ba.ic
elemen" of the hi~h Chri"ology wh ich;' qui .. commonly .... n a. di,tinctive to tho go<.,.1 do not ap.,... in the epist'es. In the go<pel. J~.u'
'0
'0
'0
no'
it""
a'
" A=mii"!! to t Jobn U, "you m born God. and h.o,.. <onq""''" 'bem: WhKh
,be 'pi';' ollh< anlKhru.
in U .
M F..- ,be """"';"!! OOffip",;.om, ... """"
LO_n.
O'. ,-""t"',106.
~ F..- Ih< ~ .. of ,be t<n", '1'1" ""ng;n Ih< ppd .... , m; ";ng from "" <1';,,1<>,
.. , Dodd ' ' ' '. "O-t"".nd ""0 ' .... 11'- tn tbe 1;" "", foIow>, "" oc,""nnm
ol It.. 'mn ;n Ih< SO'f"'I m g;,m ;n f"T<n""", ond Ih<~). ';gn;&"" w'g<'
('j.
m m","d "';,h ,n
~ " "'" ~ lOOn<! 0,,"' It I""" "ilJ;n ,be "1'",Won'" rji ""iJ"i' '''' ' '';'''''''
~-t.Kh ;, not "",nd .. oil ;" tbe ~ .
"",n'_
"'''" '0
,,'<r'o>;
".,t.
f'l"'(IAp""" ,,, .....
'"1""'" ""..
,(\It, '~I . ""''''''''' "~,
"'I -m '".,
"(I " " " """,," UH.' p>n",!, ""W " " ~
~u "'l"'u, ,.,,,
""fl" l ,u"u>w>fd wo> 1" "'>OJ
>WOO
,odu><l.-...u>o vw 'pu,,, ""'" " " "'l"tJO ~"'p" >U"',p

"""J ,'1""'" >q ~nw ,.,"";"'"j '. '''I'''!J'>"
'~\"I'" """ "'I' f'>U'~woo ""I
0,
>WOO
'"'I "I
'I"'." PI""" ".,,,oJ
"(I
'I"'~"
"' P'"
:''''1' ~ '."'I"t
>WH
"'I' ' .... ~~
"'I' '-l 1"""""' , '.'1"1 YO Am",...""" "'I g, '''I''' ..... "l '1''1'' '''l'''>="'''''''
-,n-or. ',,,,, """"" ... ." ". 'I>d.oi "'I' JO ~"fK> "'1'-'" "",6""''1' "'.' ~
l,,~rqdw' lOU ..... '""10, po>') ""'J 0"!""",'1" 1''''''1'

-"'~~. "I' ,,,..~ J,m""u,{:) >u"""!"I_""" 0, 1>Jwli ,.., ""I' ""'I'" ... """"'1
'" "'''I JO ".., "G> "" "f'OI' "., i><'l " u><W<ido "l' ,.n.~ po<) " ".. ,iorn ""1, 00
''l' "'I' ",.,ftd< ,>!j""I'"'" '-"''1''''" " " "'l ...... "I' .... ,u..,oow, nil".
'""'I "' ij"{' ' I'U "J'OD po. ''''''''''0 "'-~ . ''l'"'"'''''' ""'P "l' " I"''' " ....
"" AfU",,~d ""OJ 0, .. " .. ,,.,,,<1. "I' ' ..... ---po,.,,'w'l' "'" " . "" 'I j~ .... "'1'><0
I'"" .m'l "".. d,,!,,,,,,,,,,,, 1""'.P" " f'O'} F"" ,"",,,mp "".~I><J """POW .. 'f'"
g, '"", U" pu. l>ohoi "l' _ " , d ."".. ' "l' '''l' '~>q,oo.(~
q,," ''!'O'' , >i.."'l' " """, ',<6, ,>i<"1' "'" "'I" 9 'm, ',,-It ',<6, "", "
., m,". '"'I"I ,
"'I'
,,1><1<02 ''I'
JO ' 42n04' .... ' 'Ill,'" ,><>uuo> 01 P'04 ,nq ,.>moo U.l")J4:l "U1UU~40!
_"ou '''4'0 WOJ) l O'11WOj >J~ '''''Pl "''1.1 -(L( ,t '~",!J, ~~l OO!~~
~'i',!) ,u,wllpn!)o .(.p ''I' uo ,,,uPloq .A~4 0, ."~,, 'PI ",2Jn pu.
(g,:, '''1.,..-.00,,") liu!wo, >In,nj "n",! 0, "'j" '(l :, 'sl 'll.W!4 .",1
"'I U",," '''''''!l'''l .... ' u.4'" pm P"].\>l '! , m,,'! U.... M ,wI' ~m,nJ
JOJ "1 .... '4 '(&FI) 2u!wo, '! ")J4'pu~ ~4' u'4'" (000): ~l"rg!) moq
"~I ''I' '1 '! '"'I ' 'Pu."J~pun J>llJ,., 0'1.1 ,dod.oli .41 U! Pl" '1 ,~ ....
pUoA>q "j ,..,li u40J ( '';jIoloI'''!= oJn,nj JO "U~'"~I. UlO,UO' ]><I.oli
.... ' ul ,02"ftd ~WOll 4linoql uOJ\] -.(20(0' .4"" p"z!l0" P"U.>-oo ''I' jO
o]dw.x> pooli. 1><1.02 .41 .""'w pu. om,nJ .41 ul UO!,UMJ01Uj I~uy
',~ ,noq. uO!'.ln:>..J. JOJ WOOJ 4,mu "'~~] 'O<l .>op uOjD1Auo> 'l'U
'lUlOJ .A!l!UYOP "! .n ! U! JI,,"W!4 P"]."'" .(P 'l~ '.4 ~ ' 04'
.,u."!'U! "1 ' 1 ]><Iroli ~4' JO "!"!Jo"'J~4' ''I' JO ouo -,.],,! ''I'
ul liUHU!41 I~'ljlol0,"q'" ''I' 'UJ~)UO' o,u.J0J!!P JOf'w J.4lOuy
,,-]><Iroli .4 ' 0, uO<!Jalwo> ul 'Ol,,!do
.... ' JO 'lPl-lIU.""041 .4' ,noq~ ~~ 0 , pOYl"nf '! ') 'UO!"OjUO, '4li!J
uo ')"qdw, '141.,!d"Q '(L u40J " ..-]'f-l't ',,-,T, U40! ]j,n"'J jO
UO!""Juo, ,.l!J ~4')0 .>muoow! ~4' ".J" .(IP",~><I~J _1.4"'UOU
"<'I' "I''ldo .... ' mOl] liu!"lW '! 'jO!!"'I 1.,!liolo''l''D I."u "''I'
liUl"Oldx. .(2OjoulWJO, 0'1.1 ',u>lu2pnf liulliu!-,q " ]'-'P.UJ>lI. '10
'Y!AI"' ~ U01"!W ' l'lJo [roll 0'1' pu< UO!lDYlJo(.l 'l 4'. JO dn lIuPJ!!
'1'1" poo,,,opun 'I q ,o,p "H 'UOA"" 4 01 JO l>4'~d .... ' 01 liulPu~",
W01] 10 ~.'oq. WOJ) liulPun.op'. P"'I!-'=P '! UO!"lW
'~pUO U>A~~ 4
NKOI",',
"
.~, ~ow"vu ' N'SNV~ol",u
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Unlike th. SO'I'"I (Iohn 14016,26; 1~26; 16m, I John dO<'> not apply
,h. fOrm ~" F'OXA~"" to 'he Spirit bu, only to Jesuo (I John 101) . Thi.
applica 'ion i. only implied in the go.pel ""here the Spiri' i. called
"a noth er Paradele" (14.16) ...hich <ugg,"," ,hat lesu. i. unde .. ,ood a.
,h. fi" t Paraclete. The term 'Spiri' of ,ruth' appea,. oot h in th. gosl'"l
(John 14016-17; 16,0) and in 1 John 406 but 'he u"'g" a re differen, ."
In the gospel, ,here a ppea" only one Spiri' call.d t he Spiri', t he Holy
Spirit, ,he p.,.,dete o r 'he Spiri' of tru,h a nd pr...,n,ed in personal
term. with a function tha, i.tightly connected to lesus. Howewr, .. a
port of the duali" ic framework of 1 lohn, 'he Spirit oftru,h in 1 lohn
406 ha. a. its oppo<ite 'he Sp irit of error (," ~""'~"- ' .... ~).U,~<;), Th.
id.a tha, 'here are d ifferen, . p iri'ual being. in ,he world ,ha' act either
on 'he . ide of God or ag:aim' God h.. dear p.rall.1s in lewi .h apocaIyplic a nd dualistic 'hinking. The dea...,,, po,.llel.to t he jUXl ' po.i' ion
of the Spirit o f truth and t he Spiri' of error are found in 'he docttine
of 'he t wo .piri .. in the Qumran C.""munlty Ruk ( IQS 3,7-9) a nd in
The Testamem of lud"I, (20,1 , cf also T, Sim, 2.7, T. I"J. 1904; T. Uvi
3,3), Th. pattern of th ought appearing in t he .. WUfC<. form. > much
doser background to 1 loh n 4. 1-6 than the more refined concept of
th e Spirit-Paracl ... fou nd in lesus" farewell .~hes in the go.pel ."
lhe .!>m'.-mentioned difference uggest that, in .pite of t he common t heological terminology, the th""logical profile< of ,he go.peland
the epi"] .. are d ifferent. The idea. in the ~o.pel related to the cent raJ
role of Ie",. and high Chri<1oiogy. realized e><hatology and the role of
the Spiri,-p.",dete are more "ructured a nd di<tincti>" in compari",n
with the epi"le. who", ide .. are. in many ca",., mo..., loosely formu !>ted a nd akin to other Chri>fian a nd Jewi.h ..,urce. ," We may add to
",<If.
'P',"-P".d."
~ II m" 0. <lut ,0.", m J,If",m' """'<pt, of "" Sp; ~t 'n "" _ ,

cf.
T.G. Hrown ""'3. 26, _267. Hrown <onctoon <Iu, ,0. "" of 'h< ",'ri' "",,'"< I"" '
f",,,<l1 'p<h<. (JoI.n 13-17) ,. " "I",n' from ' h< rooc<p< of ,I.,
' 1''''''''''&
("' ....
'P"h<~
H-,h ... '"
l"',,n.""'"-'.
t ,..
tn. romp.orioon of, ,.,.... to 'h< IX..!
obo
<>'<n ooncioo.. tt.., "w <1">1'" ,. odd""..
to. Chri,".n rornm"n;')' """,,, m<mh<n '0 luI!' ,,"n' hod " 'n " ...... ... If w<
... ;n'-" n th< "oJ"""",, Ok .. ",,,,,.H"g to wh"h <h< 100."""", ,,""nv ,,,,,,;.. d lh<;,
."" >o.m .. "ph=o~ "" >houId "" .ok '0 """Iud< tho, ""'" "",,"" .. Ephn", .n
, ...... rornm,""y" (p. 'M). Ho""',,,,, th< 1",011<1. ""'.... 'n W """nn;n< H,,,,,",,,
. nd "" [1. .<1 "'. Scroll, a " "" "'pt..;.. d <.,.- <om""", .... k!!""'nd .... Ilakot.
'0<
s,,, ""oil, ...
_""",d '''', ,,.;.. ,6,. 1loUm,,"
100', '''_100.
w
cr. R,n"""I!"
fowMl 'n 'h<
(''m, ll ) who """', 'hoi th< ... of ""'" ,r<! rooc<p<. 00<
,,,,,rlh Goo!,,1 Out <onunon , I"",h<,,;"
<o ~y
0"",;",
1;,,,,,,",,,' ,,.
the features thot a.. d istinctive to the Fourth Go'rel but mi .. ing from
other ea rly Christian wurc<" induding the Johann ine epistl .., t he
figu .. of the BelovM Disciple (Joh n ]J,23; 193~ , 20.2; 1) .7.10). That
the epist les lack m.n ) features that are unique to the gwrel must he
explai ned in any hn",thesi. concern ing th e relatiomhip of th e gO'rel
and the epistle . The .. [eatures rose a serious (hallenge to the th""'Y
thot the epistl .. were writte n a. a reaction to the mi.interpretation of
the gO'rel (_ helow).
3. COMMON JO"ANS'N. T k ... I>tTlON
Thot ' he epi st ;'" are. at the same time. d"""ly rel.ted to and yet dilfere nt
from the gosp<l "'gg"''' thot ,be>< writing> "'pr<><nt two differen, [ "!'1m
of the . hared trodition, Thi< reinforces the scholarly consen.u. th . t .....
them .. emerging from a distinctive <irde or community. Certainly, the
<onsen.u. ,hat the g""relo in general or the Go.rel of John in p"rt kular
emerged in d istincti", Christian commu niti .. ha, .-.centiy ~n callM
int" question," Thi' criticism may be jmtified in the sense that many
earlier stud ... h.,,,, .. ken quite. bold leap from the n ..... h,e of the
gO'rel to t he historical reality beh ind it . ~ It i, also undeni.ble ,hat t he
Go'rel of John, like the epistle>, con"in .."",ral feature. ,hat , prealed
to a "ide range of dilferent Ch ri<t i.n <ommunit;'" beyond its local area
of origin. H",,ever. both t he "idence concerning t he rffeption of t he
go'rels in the e. rly church and ,-.r""" ext ra-canonical texts .uggest t hat
it i, not anach roni"ic to tliink thot, just a. mony "'her early Christian
documents, the Johannine writin);> also ref]t, at least to some extent ,
the exrerience. and n.,.,d. of that particular community or a duster of
communit'" where t hey were prod uced, ~
'I""',
-""P I"'"m" ;,
" ",xuin! ' 0 Rm .... 'lI". ,hi. """'Y "'pm.".n .ffort 00
op<n , ... JoIeon ..... """m.""y .p '0 "'''''' fonm of ",.dop'''!! Chri .. ",,"y."
~ Moo' -.bIy. ......... kIwn , ..... _"" ...... klwn d.;=
.11 oh< """",,,"
_10 ~.< ~T"kn fo< all 0:)",,""'", . 00 noo fo< part~ , Ch ri ~"n <om m un ".,~
". II.o",khorn (:tOO,. 10' _1 l4) -"!"" ....
~.
w. of ,... fourt h Goof><l
.. 0)1"""" aI""", '",pkI,Iy!h< Johmni'" .p;.tk. ","" '"ppoct , ... """m.";'y_
,ho,
,h;, ,... "' ,..
h)~"'''',
""
hx ""'ho.IoIogKaI <ri ' o<"'" of ).L

11_"'-
H~. >00'5.
pa'ri"~
" h"
>Un'''_''''''''''
M . ~yn',
(10[13) "",,!<vol " .,j;ng of lohn,
..n,,,,
,h.
[0,
rio" ,..., ,I go>p<I< wm
fo< all
Chri"w.~ .. , Mj" .... :tOO' , 30-79. "" , .. "'"... "" .... of II.oorlh.m'. p"'f<"-'l en
"" i;gh' of ."",.""",,;00 Chri>' ''n ,<X, ~
K." n >00'5. ,.;,_", . ..". ""I." <rih_
<i"", of ..... "'kIum'.,. .... ~ .... F.>k-< ' ..... l " _l ...
Sim " " ' , '_11.
""
,.rul
OA'''O HAKOI..A
On purely Ii....') grounds, it i. difficult ' 0 define 'he mu, u.1 rela'ionship of 'he gO'rel and 'he epi,des. Tho>< who 'hink that 'he epi.tl .. pr .. upro'" the gO'rel, often cl.im ,hat 'he beginning of 1 John
(1 John [,1--4 ) is mooell after 'he prologue of 'he gO'rel (John [,[18)." How",..,r, th e beginning. of the goo!",l and 1 lohn ,..,n though
'hey "",m to be surpri.ingly similar, also .how dear d ifferenc. lhe
gosrel begin> wi ,h t he ".temen'. "In 'he beginning w:os t he Word:
(i.v "PlU ~v ;, J.iryo;;) ",hich pre .. n" J.. uo the preexi"en' Word
,h., "'- wi,h God before Cre.,ion, !t i. no' de"" ho",..,,,,r, th ., 'he
phr ... "wha, was from t he beginning" (0 ~v~' "Pl~:;) in t he beginning of ] John refers 10 ,hi. view. The expr ...;"n "from t he beginning"
can sometimes be us...J in [ John '0 refer .i,her '0 God or '0 J<sus,"
Howe,'", 'he neuter pronoun ,u);g"" ,h., th. u>age in 1 John Ll
i. rel... d '0 [ John L24, "I.." what you he.rd from ,h. beginning (0
~'''''''IH' a~' aplit abide in rou ." O,h ... pa ....g .. 're.k of 'he commandmen, 'hot t he community h h.d "from the beginning" ([ lohn
2.7,1 lohn ~-6) or of t he m.... g. ("TI,l;, cf 'he verb "~IlTIfi..loJ
in ] lohn 1,2 and 3) 'he communi'y ha. heard "from 'he beginning"
(1 lohn 3:11). Funhermore, 'he <xpre .. ion "concerning ,h. word of
life" (",pi
~ Tii; l;.,~;) at th nd of [ lohn I,] ,u);ge'" th.t
' h e term "word" i. not used ab.ol u .. ly 10 refer to God', eternal Word
a. in the go.!"'1 b Ul mean. "word " or "messoge:" In [ John U, ,h.
word . o\\,"v;" deno' .. ,h. fellowID ip of 'he beli",'''' with 'he Father
and 'he Son, a word 0>0' found at all in 'he go.!"'!. Th ... d ifference
ugg." t h., 1 lohn U-4 i. no' simply a reproduc'ion of lohn U -18
but ,h., ,h.rl ... di,ion h .. ""-'n do,,,Iope<! in differen, way' in ,he",
p ....g"'." If ",e ,uppose ,hal 'he prologue of 'he goo!",l i. reworkl
,or.
"row" ,..." "_.,, lIk<r ' '''''',''.

cr_ , 100" ! ,13 ,,-.I , .. "You ,,,... him "he ;. 1<"", <h< b<g;nn;"lI" (,"" a. a.xfj.J. H ;, t yp .... 01' , 100"
,,,,.ay am;" "b<""" 'hi> uP"'Won
",fm
God ..- t o I" ....
~ ,..- ,Ii< d;.cu""," wh<fh.. u-,-.,,; ;n , loon U ;, u"" . booMdy..- _
"" "-E.
B""," ''>3l, ,,,,_,6,. Brown '"['I""" ~i, h goo.! UP''''''"'' tli< ;mpmon.1 m,,.n;"ll
01' Jffro; .. "won!" '" """''''s<- Ilrow" 00<0, ;" ' p it< 01' hi, """ , .. , , 100"
;, wntl .... ;m;\o';"" 01' 100 "
CO"_ !ot>. l ~ dop<oo 1m- gujJ..n on
<h< "'" o('..-on!' ;n tli< Glolm ProIogu<:
M f..- mo dru jl<d ''11"''''''''- > Schn<&< '''', 65-61,
1M" ""'"", ,,-06.
1h< l;];dH""", 01' ' hi' ..... rio ;, '"1'1'0''''' "" tli< loct ,.. , """" ,doolo" m ",oJy
", ..knc..-l<"8"
,Ii< ...... hulk ofIOOn u_" ~ o..N on, "..lit;"",. hymn. "
01;," uS...-d th.. , John '''' i, o..N "" ,b< ""ig;"'" ,OO;n8 of ,b<
lohn ><>J1. S, '_~, P';n'" >001,
~"
c\.,.,
tli< lu"";""
01' , I"'m ' oU i, '''';[,,''0 100" ><>JI . , lOOn , , " ;, ott .. ukn . , <h< cone,",;"" 01'
~ 1h.. KE..
~
,h.", " ;, "'"
'0
u_,
'0'_11, ,.., __
,n"
;, ,I.,
,h.",
'O-n " ;'.
,h.",
_ I ..
in John 1,1-4 we mu" aume th.t the writer has delib< .. tely playeJ
down tho.., pan. of t l>< prologue that emphasize the revel.tion of
the divine reality as a pan of his " ... tegy to counter the d.im. of h i.
opponent .. "
Mo" of the other .im ilariti.. Ii""" earlier in thi, e.....y are common
th.m .. or idiom. that, while dearly indicat ing tl>< !<in.hip betw""n the
g""pel and the epi"l"" are used in t l>< epht l.. irrespe<:tive of the textual or thematic context in which they appear in the g""peL For example, there appea .. in 1 lohn ~,6 the combination of water and blood
which i. found.1so. in re ... ""d order. in lohn 19,34, Both the.., p >age< a.. ",ell-known cruxes of interpretat ion, and ",hola.. h.,-e not
reached a definite agr""m.nt wh.t the.., ambiguous reference> me.n,
o.-spite the we of t l>< common .ymbol the meaning of which w..
prob.bly more ob,-;ous to the original audience t h. n to U', the p .ag"" are d ifferen., In I lohn ~,6, I.,u. i... id "'0 come by water and
blood .. ,not ",i.h the water only bUI wi.h the water .nJ .he blood:
while in lohn 1934, blood and ",-.teT com. ou, of I.. us' p~rced .ide .
AccorJing '0 1 lohn ~:6-7. 'he Spiri' i. ,h. one who testifies, a nJ t l><
te"imoni .. of'he Spiri' and 'he water and t he blood agr"", 1he th eme
of testimony appears in lohn 19,n but it i. "he ",ho ..", ,hi,' wh o
testifies; el .. where in 'he go.pel, t his figure i. iden.ifieJ .. 'he Belo,-eJ
Disciple, The ,heme of 'he Spiri' appear< in Ihe crucifixion ",ene
only if the ment ion, "Then he bo,,-ed h i. head and gave up 'he 'piri':
(John 19,}0) i. take n '0 refer '0 lesus giving of lhe Holy Spiri' to hi>
followe .. at th e time ofh;' death. Even though common ,heme< appear
in bo.h pa ... g ... i, ;. by no mean. ",If-e\ident
'hese ,hem", are
used in the .. me way, Rather, a. luJi,h Lieu has condud"", we have
here ano.her example of "diwrgence in application and reference of
.har"" b nguage and concep"" t hat i. "the main character;'tic of t l><
relatiomhip" bet ",,,,,n 'he Gospel of lohn and I lohn, "
,ha,
"'" lou"., . ~' hoI< in "h ..h "'" th< _

' :14_11 i, . k,nd """pp,n,];, ,h.< i,
ot""h<d """""h.< dunu"r '" "",,~ 01 'h< ~"". f ... oh< d,,.u,,""'. "" """k
,,...;. '''''_100. lh,,, ."".. ho", b<m tW" '" ",ond>.')' oddi'''''' to 1 lOOn, ' . ~.
by"- BuJ' .... " " . c'H . Dodd .. Y. \',<lb."" and "- w'"R't whik """k<, hm ;0;"'
R.E 8rown. R. Sch""'k<nbu<& E "'S''''''"'' W .G. Kumm<l . nd M . <I< ""'g' in
,kf<Thii"S ,I><", v<,,<> .. . n '""g< ~ pm 01 1 100". A. ,,,,,k .. _,~ , fob"}01l
" p"" "'-'fly 01 "" h I' ...,.-do In 'h< p.""wnS "'co"'"
folio ... th', ",too
".m~.~ y . ,h<" I. no ",,I '" ' hi'" Wt ' hi' , ." ' .. ~ i"mrily <l<pmd<n' on Joh"
"'_".00
u..J .. U<O _
~ lhw ....
l lO:JI.
. lID-ll'.
&"'"" '''', 1"'_10'. f"" "'" probI<""
".h thu vl<w. "" I><lo" .
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Som~
p.rallel. fou nd in ' he go.spel .... , on 'he I>o,i. of ' he internal

analy.i. of the gO'l'"k explicab l. a , stemming from 'he <ommuni'r
'radi, ion, In Joh n 3,11 . ,her< appears, qui... urpri.ingly in 'h e midd le
of , ~ dialoguo be"o'.. n )e.u, and Nicodemu" a (onfession in 'he
first pe=n plural 'hat i, pu, in I.",. mou, h, W peak of what ..... e
know and te"ifr ' 0 ,,h., we have """n." Thi. i, qu ite <ommonly ... n
as a n example of lesu. represen'ing "the pe"!",,,h-e of ' he ",,"ngeli"
.nd h i. comm uni'y."" We .100 find elsewhere in , I>< gO>1'"1 a nd in
' he epi"l... imilar kind. of "w." confe";on>, and 'hey """m '0 I>< a n
e"ablisheJ part of 'he Johannine tradition," FA!""i.lly 'he end of ,h.
conf... ion in John 3, II (0 ,O>p<itro~'" ~"p"'f>Ol.~(v) comes clo .. '0
' h e words " .....e have se<n and ''''tify" (;O>p<im~'" ml ~"p,,-..,m;~'v)
at , ~ beginning of I Joh n (1 ,2). Thi ugge ... 'hat no' only ,h. "we"form of ,h. pa.>ages bu, .Iso 'heir common terminology "em. from
'he ,h.red , ..d i,ion."
The po"ula'ion of a <ommon Irad ition u..J bo,h in ' Il< go.pel and
in the <pi"les may h.lp u. ' 0 ~.p l ain some .. ying. which are no' complet.lyat hom. in ,h.ir pr..... n' <onl<''','' In I fohn 1,2, Jesu. i. called
"the atoning .."ifico for (lAa,,~1.; ~'ri) our . ins. and no' for o urs only
bu,.I", for ' he .in. ofthe whole world," What i ignifican' h ere i, 'he
id t hat lesu. h died for th e . in. of 'he ..... hol. world. [be"'~re in
I lohn, ' he .. h'ific .ff"'t of I.,u' mi .. ion i. u.""Uy r~",icted '0 us:
' h at i., ,h. belit'Vingcomm uni'r (cf. I John H,16, 4:9, 16)" In I lohn,
' h e duali.m of ligh' and darkne,. i. d,,-eloped more con.;'l<nt ly ,ha n
in 'he goopeL and it i. even ... ,ed 'hat "til< whole world lies under 'he
,-,,,,010 2{"". m ,
cr. I .... lOOSb. ' ' ' , - .. ~ ,,-;&., ,..., , od\ ... ",,,, ,,'" of '""i "I""~nc<. !''''_
. "~ .... 'od in f,"l"'.Uy '''''''Y'''''''' =nf"",~ '" '<>"monw fO<m .... ,
",.... rly
W<.
6#,
f...,~w
.. .-.tog)'
"'1<, J loh.
~,,,h;.
,,~.
" A"""", 1""'-8" ...... .
,.. b-roo<I<, loh.....'" ,,""""'"
~ m;J .,.
<;" u of
()ohn 101',16; J,Il,
,,,,,f...""-'l [",m.a. ,. ,I fi,,, 1"'''''"
pl., .. '!'P'''' " p", ,,,,,f,,,"," '" John 6# ow, ... ,"
<om< to 1><1;.,-, .nd know

<Iu, T"" ' " "" Holy On< of God.. A!I'-in. " i, "gruoc,n' ,... , ,.. lmg ...S' of ,'"
roof",;." "'"'1 ,,!kct. rommofi ",",nn;", i>o-m.Io, an "n" ..... rom"i"""," __
"'I;,,,,.nd
know (... "~,,,;, ......... "'; .............. )', .... Iound do<_
w .." In ""'" '"' In "" NTbo, "1'1""" .
",0. " In , 100" .,,6,
k ..... " , nd "', .... (........... ..,i """"""'-") "" low
God h,u i>o- " ,.
~ F., ,..., foI"""ng. <f, N""h '00' . J.I_",
~
I 100.
"God "'., hi" "'ly "'" in'o ,'" """id .., ,,,,-, ... "ugh'
1;", 'hrough h'm, 1hi' '""''' do", to ,I .... '''I''",..j in John ",6 .. "h , ..., ..pworld ;. ,..., obj<ct of God', om . oJ ..J,-;oc '""'" in "" gO'P'L
... '" rom< '"
s,,, ''f''ri'-llr
h"" ,.... ,...,
'n ".",,,"
u,
,t..,
"w,"''''
B
rower of the ,",'iI one" ( ! John ~,J9)." In light "f thi>, the " atement
in 1 Joh n 201 i. surpri.ingly uni ... ""l and inclusive" While t he..., are
no p.r.llel> for the uS<' of t he term iJ..a,,~&; in the go.pel, the id ea
that J.su,> ..crifice is for the';n< of the W<lrld i. logically do .. to the
t.stimony oflohn th e B.pt;st in John ] ,29 (d.!so John 1:}6): "Here i.
the Lamb of God who take way (0 alp"w) the .in of the world !" No
matt" whether t hi, p.... g. i. to be u nderstood ...... ferenee to t be
Lord'. Sulfering Servont (I .. H) or to .1><:ribed in univen.al term .. There are funhe r echoes
of t il< Bapt;,,', <timony in 1 John J" , "He w.s rev.alM to take .w.y
.in,"
0 ,a<; "~"P"<"; iip~). Both the combination of t be
verb al"", with .im (only h ere and in John 1:19 in ' h e NT) and , he
u.. ofthe verb \>Uv,pbm fo, Jesus' mi .. ion (ef. Joh n Ul) connect. thi>
ve, .. ' 0 'he Bap'i"', t... 'imony." It i. con. in ly po"ible to ' h ink ,hat
'he wri'er of I lohn h d eriwd the", id anJ ,erminology Jirec,ly
from Joh n ],29, but ' he ..." e,ed referenco. found in d iffe,en' pans of
'he WTi'ing could he expl.ined, a' Ie." .. , ..son.bly, by pootulating.
(ommon traditio n that i. u se<! bot h in t he go.pel .nd in 1 lohn" Thi.
hypothe.i. i. also helpful in expl.ining t he .ppear.nco of t he ide. of
atonemen' in John J;29 whereas el",where in 'he go.pel Jesus' Je.th
is understood prim.rily as h i, lifting up and glorification or as hi.
(,,,,,,,,,,,.;,e.,. "..
"o u.
" ' 0 ''''. 100.
How ...", > .bo I I""" . ,", -:rh, !ho, bo, " n' h', Son .. ,I>< "'rio< of
"" wOOd.- """ ( 1'>&1, '"'I "" notN tho, , I""" n , nd . ," '"",nd hk< ...t<.
'"'"" """h bo,,
""j"",,, and th<y h.m "" dnet "" ,o. ' hffliogy of th,
'm ... ","," ".,,"XI or of th, "pi,1I< ... ~' hoIo:
(1<:<>0., 66) bo, " ,,,,,tN
th', ,,,,,,1"_ .. tho , ... of, john . ," but >0)" of , John ,,', -:II>< lo<k ol .... ""'.
f" ,~ "", mill,,,",,,,, dHfi<uIt to "',rna. , I""n n .. , " He of w l ~ , """,,,,"
,,; th DO " """,,on ";bun",, to ""
john n ""y, thon, off" ""'" hop<
to t""" yrt to bom, ... mb<n ol tl>< ,ommon" r of 0""....... . " ,. but >ierukr
th""j. how,,''', .ml <10<, I",~ '0 ,bo,,!!, tho 0.",]1 pou". of ,I "',: Cf. obo
"I woo "Y' ,hat ,I U";'tological .."",,,,,n, ,,)inS' (d;, mm,o/.,_
ru<'" ,.r>iih'""l"'","'!"nl ,. 1 I""n U. ,,' and . ". ,I<m from ,o. ,nd""," """
,,,,,,'vro '"
"'to< ....
'''''"YO'---'
"",k<r ("""
by ,I>< ,.,-j,.
- U. R.>" B"'>m '''"2, <01.

R<n.... <g ( 1.. ' , ") ,h,ok. <Iu , tl>< ,,,,10... ,,, "",,,,,,n' 'n 1 J""" n ,. prob.
obIr
dj=tly from John U'. U:. Brown ('''1. Nol "Y' ,hot tl>< ,to,,",,"'
"... y hn' o..n . n 00 of tl>< 'loIop of ,.J,"1i< douh 'n tho lohoon '"" ""bon""
fo.-mul, (john 6 , "~ .-,,, Rrow" thi. " ,""'h"
wh", !ho . ,,"'" of I John
"" 'y '" " ..hinS bock to ,I "rlr "'P' ol Johonni"" tnd",,", . .. to " I..", h', oppo.
", nli ".ru"S of ,I>< ""'''''''': 1 John , ,' m.) """," "1""""' ".1",
,,"';,ion loot ";' "'" n"" .. ,ay o>l poIem".uy ('" 0."' .. ).
"",,0.1
'.>Un
J'""""''''
34
OA'''O HAKOI..A
r<turn to the Foth<r, Anoth<r pa.sage in the gO'rel where Juo' death
i. pr~ nted in .. rm.of atonement i. lohn 11,~1-~1 th at is formulated
in a .... y that i. do .. to I John 1,2, which is another link bet".""n this
,'eH" and t ~ gO'reL"
lh"", "'3rnp'" of ""attered and mo.tly isolated links do not .""m
to establi.h a direct literary relation.hip bet",,,,,n the gO'rel .nd the
epi"I"., The .imilariti .. concern briof idiom>, ~xed linguistic pattern.
and common yet different ly ohap<'d theological th.m .. which could
regularly h..'e!><-en tranomined in cat""hetical... nnonic or liturgical
tradition. of the community. whether in oral or in written form. It
i. fully plau.ible, therefore. to explain the c<><x;".nt .i miloriti .. and
difference. between these writing. by 0 common Joh.nnin. tradition
th at i. d",'elop<'d in a different way in different .ituation.. Thi. condu.ion has !><-en rut forward in a number of writing. by Judith Lieu, and
it i ff.<tively argued by Wendy Spro"on Nonh. who h used this
hypothis to explain the formation oft"" Lozanu "ory in lohn I .. "
The alx",. conduoion do<. not represent the m.jority "iew among
""hola.. , Conj:tur .. concerning the mutual rel.tion. hip of the gO'rel
and t ~ epi"les are .eldom dedded on the bo.i. of the ...... nlent of
parallel. and d iff<rence . Many ..:h ol .... are re.dy to admi. that there
- I""n ",51_", "1< ....... oboo t t. d", f<x ().., ... ,,,", a nd not "'" ,I" ... ,.,.
only. bo,.oo (<ni "'" ;.,ue ' ''"
au ' '(,,, "'i) ,.
on< ,'"
d;'p"' .. d ,~;kh,," of God." t john , ,' , 'H, ;, ,'" aton;ng .... ;0 fo< .m Mm nd
"'" "" """ onlv "'" . 1", (oi. "ei , ....
iiAJ.D. ,oi) [0, ().., ~ of
i"""".w"",
""",i_ ilI-.......,.
().., """'" ,,'.,.WI:"
V'''', .".
,,_t"
w ,Xu 1906. " i6_116; """ '99' , ,.._to7,lXu """->.

"""~ 1001, '7---00,
G.. )"'on (, .... '1_") .1w ok"",,, th, u.d<p<nd<"" ofoh< 'patb from oh< S"'f"'1
..... " ,"' .. "'" h"",. " S"" r.,,p.... ;'Y of "" 'I';~I<,. Cf. .100 s""k" , ....
40--1 1, .Dd """ ... 1....s, >.I, " " '... th;nk,
pp<1 ;. _ "oN '" ,'" ,,",ok,
. nd ,.... oh< go>p<I,"" , JoM "" ;nd<p<nd<"' "'P",,,"',,;m of
00"" ,__
hon, <v<n 'hooogh '" dot" I I""n r"'" to "" go'l"l (" "", "n>o). ,''' ""'" d;'P""d
po".,( ""', ..... , =on,,"", .... , """",... , " h" ,;n,.nd J loon ... '" writt,n
bd",,,'" pp<land , loon ,"" "1"'"'''' ,'" ,hH ...,;, Ook. .h" ,""m ni"!",'h1 y
.nd ''''l'''''.1 ""'''" .... " ;go, Cf.. ""'.,, , .... , . _ '"" ""'.. , '0%. )1_,>6,
""',.,~. ;n"'P"' .. ' .... ;. bo .. d to , Io'l!""'"' on , '"
"hI>< P"''' n'
po"~;pI< f""nd ;. 'I"". ), "who do 00< "",I"", 1< .... Ch.;~ ,,,,,,;ns j;","""",) '"
oh< ... "': "",,,In "y' ",-" ,'" F"",dp!< >houId b< ...&ntood;. , '" lid "" ... 0<
to .d" '0 1< ....
rorn inS ;n , '" ... "'. ,'" """y.,( wh",h "" "f'I"""n .. of ""
P"''''Y''' <l<ny, 1hi' ~ g. om ... '~.uy , poo""'" ;""'P"" " '" of , '" portidpl, bot
,I>< lo.<k of .on)' "'''''';go' of ,h""'''k ,h;nki,,!!;" "" lobonn;"" " Mon_,,;'h ,'"
""'''''' of ",,,,10,,,", j .. , f_ _ , ,)- .... " st."k,,, ,"""'" .... ""P<"""'"""
, Io/;n 7 i. p'oo.bip " ..,,"oo,,,", .,( , john "'"_ , .,.j u . Dd , '" pm.,n' P-'~;
dp!< con '" <xpt.;",d ... ,...-." ion of ,'" I""",nn;",,
1<>"' ;, "'1"'''_
eJly
",,"S ,'" P'"'' po~;";pI< of ''''''''''' .. ,'" on< who """" ;nto ,'"
..-.xl<i 1'.8-. john "" .... , "B) , C[ lXu 20000. "1_'''.
t'"
,b.,""
t'" ,.....
,b., ,
;.'''1''''''''''
Ii"",,,
<1<.,,,_
"ad".... "'" '"
" littl. "'dene< 10 , u gg"" a d irKI literary dep<n dene< belw""n th.",
",~iling' bUI lhey " ill Ihink Ihal lbe epi"le. build ulKm the idea. pr<",nled in ,m, goop<l." Thi. ,lew "l.rgely based on Ih. rem n"rucl ions
of the ",hi.m Ihat i Ilogedly >aid to bt- in Ih e b.ckground of ,m,
epi"!. .. l h erefore. we need
,ake . look at Ihe Ih",rie. concerning
the opponent> in I loh n in order to get a b.l.nc...! piclure of the ..... y
Ihe loh.n nine trad ition i. doyelo r...! . nd ",,,,,hed in Ihe epi"l...
'0
Schol. rs have become incre ingl)" aware of Ih. problem. of Ihe wcalled mirror-re.d ing lhal Irea" polemica l 1<xI> as mirrors in wh ich we
can..., a de.r piclure of l he J>Ipl nd l he argumen" u nder attack."
Th. h i"oric.1 .i,u.,ion of Ihe <pi"l.. i. " ill quile olton inferred from
Ih. Katter"'! allWlio", th., are I.Xen 10 d irectly repre..,nl the Ih inking of Ihe opponen ts of Ihe wril'" (' lohn 2,18-22 , 1 loh n 4,2-3 ,
2 John 7) . Thi. mpJl"O""l ""hi,m i. then u,.,a 10 darify ab o 11>0", pa"ag'"
where Ihe writer <LIe< qu ite gener.1 a nd ,ague expre"ions th., do nOl
utomatically. n""d 10 be und.."ood.s a r"pon.. 10 l he d a im. of hi.
"Pponen". !l The circui>rily ofthi. "" ><ln ing i. obviou nd. Iherefore.
~ Cf. R->e Ilrown 1981. JJ. Ilrown odm'h ,"', ",., ...... ;n ""y of ,'" of Epi>tln
;, . d; ... d or " ..... n ~ .....
[rom Gloon. a ,.",""ng f... if' I""n ~... "ri''' n
oft" GjOOn.- 'n h', <1<" .. " "'g"~~ how""" . B"",n oII"n
Ih< knowINg,
of Ih< SO'f"" by ,o. "'"" of, I"""
a ;U~''''d 'n'~;,," of "'0"0" '''"''. ""
t""
."u"",
"0<
,,""" >00,. 11_14.
" h" "" probk m' of m i""' .....odin!o .... &.,c\ay ' ' '' . n_n >.wn ' hough """,loy
m<m""" "I",ioIty "" PI'. "p;,u" to ,o. G.... ,,"', Ih< probkm' ",", n"",d b.,OOm m 01., h'gh!r " 10,,,", ro. Ih< in"rpU' '''' of, 1"""-" '"
too ...y to
;ump '" , ondu,""" .bou , "ho,
,,,,bon ., .bou, .rod. on _ "''''' . n ....
" ",I in "'" m'n<!, "" m', in"'l'rr'l oil t'" ,," of t'" ,""""",t",,' I p. 7<). """,I.)'
Ok nt'''', .. 'f''" '""'P"'"'t"""-i pOluU. .au< "kc",;" ~' o. n " bolo" bo .. Ih<i'
on oom< "",",,,d ,n<!i, oJuo] ..... 'S"~ """'""'I'm.';" ","'n """"~."m< n' in ..-rili"J! ;, tak<" "
of
'''''"''''-''1\u""", of ,'" oppo.
",nto. .. w..,..ai'g '" Ok"'" ","'n " halon ignor< he" t'" "f'I"'"'"" mj~t ho"
"nd<r~.,."j th< d i "g'w", " '~ .00 ).,I,h. nz ""'0 ,."..... , "",-a. .nd
tho, or<
lak< " .. di,m ho<, of ,o. "I'I"""'nt' vocol>ulo,,- , nO '"",n ",hoi< ,"",~ i, hung
"on " - llirruy ""go. - 'or Ih< probI<m ' in "" "..dy of , n"gorU'" in mly a,,'~"n
oou ,~ "" obo lhw-.'n 1001. 79_'>'. ' n ",,,",, folio"" , ~,.< "'"" "."""" of he"
"" .. problem. "",., .. rlK<d in ' ""' =mh of, 1"""-
""'n
t'" ",,,,..
'""rpr<'"''''''
,<bu,,"
t'"
fir'.'"
und prow"' .... ""
B,own " ". ''''_'63, P.'n", ,.... "_71,
" '''' <hi.

of
RIC
.00 P... ,,,, >001. ,"_H"", m mpl<. "'''''' "",,,,,n" """"minl!'" (".!o. ' Joon
'00".,,, ""_10) or< "",,, o""n tak<" '" "'1"'"'''' '""' think;ng of t'" oppon<n" .-.,.
"" probI<m ' of th', v~"'. "'" ""ndtrbng lOOI!.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
we shoukll>e cautious in ",.ding 'he ano i'h .. icallanguage in ,he <pi .. l",
a di""" reil"", ion of rulity.
lhe m.jori,y of ""hola" 'hink tho, 'h e alleged Khi.m reilee,ed in
'he epi"l .. deals wi,h 'he righ' in .. rp .... ' ion of 'he Johanni ne tr.di ,ion a. i, is enc'p>ul.,ed in 'he go.pel ." It is a.. umro ,ha' 'he opponents interpreted ""me el.men" fo u nd in the go.pel in. w.y 'hOI wa.
unaccep'able '0 , h. writer of I John who offered wh., h. regarded
as ,he true in .. rp .... 'ion of ,he legacy of 'he go.pel." Th. ""hism i.
oft.n understood in Chri .. ological term nd uid '0 concent ra'. on
the meaning of le>u' earthly lif. b<cause in 1 John ~,2 it i... oted , h.t
"every .pirit tha, con f....... Jesu. Christ h a>i ng come in the ilesh i.
from God" (cf al"" 1 lohn 7). The u", of the perf"'t in the exp .... ion
." ,mp" a~i..t&", "",m. to refer not only to the moment of I u'
incarn. tion (cf the aor; .. u.ed in John Ll4) but to J<su' completed
coming and the r",ulting rem.i ning in t he il",h." I John 4:2 is o~en
connKtM to t he interpretation of 1 John ~ ,6-8 ("Thi. i. t he one who
came by wa1<r .nd blood. J<>u. Chri... not with th. "... r only but
with th< wa.. r .nd the blood.") where t he word "blood" i. taken to
ref.. to I",u.' deoth. The combined in1<rpre" ' iom of I Joh n 4,2 and
~06-8 ... then compared to ""me early Ch ristia n writing> 'hot polemidu again .. those who deny that Jeo", truly .uffered and that are cu.tomarily defined a. represent ing some oort of doceti.m' It i. claimed
'0
'or , n ...",,,,;,, ...... tho<"''' ,t.. !!"'f"'I'" "'I"""'"

th< ",.'un ... n_
,Oonj 'n ,t.. ""ok~ > St""<,, ,....
. nO
~
",_M. ,I><", ",hoI.o" <h'nk t"', oh< !!"'f"'I .... ,
t 'n I"~ . 'go",,, 'h<
",h,,",,,'''' ""nlOON .. docdX. ", , I""" u . " " ,." ..... n!. t.ow.m...t..oh<, ...
con ond 'n "'" Il"'pn, d" " "oJ 'n ~"''' n , Ogh .. n<I "'" 'n H"o' of 10", 'h<oIogOcaI
d'KU"""'~ "ph,," doc,"~ "" . n'; doc,,~ w.guos<. ' or , w",u,,,,," ...... , .. , ' ' ' ',
7<'-7'''' Ikck" 1001, I16-IJI . ... , .. , rooKl""'" !hot ,t.. ~"'''''''' ol doc<o'.., 00..
no! ,m,,,s< On th< go>p<1 bo, h<~. to , I"" '''8'' ;n 'h< h'ot"'}' of th< lohann;",
rommun;." "fI<",d "' ,I><
'h< 1"0000m, of fin<l'ns pld ",hdocrti<
poI< m ~ n ', n On tt.. ... " .... "" 0.,10 ....
~ lh;..., ... ;. "'II",d ""'" "on~'l< ntly b)' R.IC B"",n (l9..,. 6,,-, 16) "'tn """',,0
~.
n" ..... I>n p,,,,,,,,d o.k>. 'or.
,,;th ~ ; "o' mg,""",
,rr P,;.,.. '036."_'~. P, 'n' .. 2001, '6-11, K" ",); ' ' ' ', H_" , dr
no_
J,,; ll<n"""s<, ' ' ' '. 10_1'' Cuip<I'I'" , .... ' 3-6" , nd "",",," >OO6.1"_lH
" For ,umpl<, > T...,,, 100'. 36" a.Bum ... 1006. " " _N'. a,,,,,,n "P ""' ,, ', "'" hrlpful '" ,.!I "'" "Pro""n" 'n 1 ""'" .;mplr doc<,~. b<cou .. ""'" ... " >n..... ~uj" d"b"" ",n.ti<, of
docrt',m 'n .. rty Chri" ,,,utr. ,I>< fin<. "I",,,,.d by ""'"""'. d" ""o th" 0.""
ooly ' l'I"",d to >utt",
rI ....... """fir<! 'n h" ploc< 0",,,,, " ,
~J>. S-. UO"'). 11>< >ond. '<pr<",n o<d by C<rin,h...,
<lut "'"' , nd
,I>< Chri ..... " ""tW)y ...,.,,,, =t ;,~, O" n.., u ~ ~J>. .....
I. 1h< <h;ol fo.-m
'I'P'''' On th< poI< m ~ of 't",";"' .V .... ,hoot who d,""," ,... , )<'"' , u,f""d onIr
~
'1, s<h,,"J',,,,,,,,,-,,
" ''''. N._',..,
....
T..... "'"",
<p'"'''' '''''
""oK ' .....
,Om""..,,,
1>,"" """"""
llo,,, '''',
'hough'
u,...
thot the oppoon<nts in I John took the high O uistology of the gO'r<' to
i" <>"<m< co""1",,ion and thereby ooKUIed the salvific ",Ievanee of
lesuo' .. nhly life or death, 1hi> i> . lso.een o. a ..ason why the tern"
that "p..",nt the high Ch ristology of the go.pel and the "prog"''''iw"
th>logy of the oppon<n" do not appear in the epi"le."
It i. not ",If-evident, however, whether we .hould read 1 lohn 4,2
an expr.... ion of anti-docetk polemOe. 1hi. conclusion may be an
m..,rinterpretation ""'--au.., it p uts too g .. at an empha.i. on the word.
hi ,,,, p~i iA~h9&r,,- .. the focus of the right confe .. ion. 1he structu ..
of the ntenee " b~oJ..o.-r"p~i a~Au9&r" .ugge". that .h< whole phea>< "Jem . Christ h"'ing come in the fi .. h" i>
the object of the confe .. ion, no. only its latter part." lhi. is confirmed
as the writer d""'ribes the wrong conf"",ion in 43 only by .. ying that
"ewry . piri. that d"". not confe .. Jesu. i. not from God." It ...,m. that
the writer i. not inter.. ted in .he fac" that are conf.....,J about Ju.
or in the erroneous details of the f. ith of the alleg.d opponents," "
number of early Christian ,,'riting. connect the word "tl"h " to Ju"
while t hi. conn""tion may Klm"irn .. arrear in polemkal conte,ts
([gnat i",), Ihe word i> also used in an un polemical way to .. fer eit her
.. ' PI',,., ..,,,, . nd not ' ruJ)' ('ll'" Smp". U _1, ,,', J ,I , U, "" Ill" . T,.lt 9-.t_"
t<>t) ..h"""n ""Iud,,, "", ,'" ~ , of,h< "1'1'",,,n";n t loon U " '''''l' ,10",
'0 Ign.<!'. ' "I'I"'",n". 1h",.oo Rm.b<,ll" ' 'fll,
Cf. .. ,,--
"ro~TI t .. 2,
01_".
'_J.
>fif'''....
" lh",." .......Jly th,,,, "'P 10 'h< .D<k,,,,,nd ' h<

;n 1 lohn . ",
Uri" ....... g rom<;n th< Ok .. ", {1) "Coni""", i"w o,riot ..
..... 'nJ <om< "' 'h< Ok .. "; ,nd I') "Coo"',... 1<"" .. th< Cl,,;~ ",,;ns rom< 'n th<
11<.0. f"" th< ''l!"mm'' 10< th< fi, ~ on< "", .. 1<0, ' h< ..-hoi< ph ..."
X ..~ro.
;. "",,,.-i ii.",h<l.;,a .. th< 00:Jt of 'h< "","'""", , "" R.E. &o"n t"" . '-tn
and 1><. ' ...... ">Ii_ t60. A. "". _,,~ I lobn U_, .... qu; oftm in"<p,<d ;n , n
""".doc........r .. ,'" ...Ir ,,,.,,,,. ,,;.
tlut "',,
",,,,'im<>
frlt 'h< n<ilo ,bong< 'h< ,..,,-,j;ns of ' h<", ,.." .. , '" tbo, th<r m< d ..rlr ' rr'"
.. , fornW ,on","- tn U",h< Cod. . """,n", "" th< ","""h'" i)."."""'"
'n" .." of th< f'O~K;pI< iJ.".""';' .. , "..linS ,bo, ""m. ro pia mo" "mph>>i. ""
1< .... ,""'''s 'n th< Ok", ("Cool...... 1<'"' O,'~ .. ""rinr ro .. , ;n "" 11<,),"). 1h,
;Mn;'i, <.oo '1'1"'" in rol. P1<iI. "t ..I..<h i, p"'UbI, "'ti u<nc<d by t John . ". tn
t loon "'. ",,,,,,<OJ ,".,," u th<n ..l )."" ",,,,ad of_; ~i.. ,,"";ns ,!w, i,
~'" p ..1'f"""I by ' h< " ulE,,,.nd ,!w,
bo, bn """" .. th< ""is'n~
on< "",n '",""," ;' dot. ,." _1'1'''' in th< G""I; .... ""rip< tOO,,""'- a. !tE. Bro .. n
t"" .... ----1'>6. Erum.n {1OOt5, 12 l _1.6\!w, ohow,,- "'-<m. ,bo, J."" ;.. &100. .."
",",n' "", ~ mot< ..... ",,'''' '" th< O,'~~".J
"f'I""<d by "",,", ,"u"h
fath<" ,bon th< ong;';.l .. i"E
(1) "Con[......
I".'
t-",
_""'''''"r
"'''<P''''
"""""m"
,..'"
M l"," ' ...... 170.
OAt"O HAKOI..A
to J~.U' .ulfering. or to hi. e.rthly life in gene .. t" Wh""""r the

exact mea ning of .. <Jupd iJ..~h&", in I John 4,2 i., this exp .... ion
i. unspecified .nd general a . compared. for example. to Ign.tius' antidocetic rolernic." Therefore. it i. not wi", to h.ng the whole ' Kon"ruction of the .itu.tion behind 1 John on the di.puted interpret.tion
of t his verse or on the ,,'en more di.puted interpretation of ~:6,
The above condu.ion i. confirmed if we read 1 John 4,2 a pa"
of its imm""i .. e context and tbe ",hoi. I John, The .ntithesi. betw"",n
every .pirit t h.t confe"", and e....'1 .pirit th . t doe. not conf....
i. only one form of .,,'e ..1 antithe",. found in I John 4'1-6,'" In thi.
serie. of .ntithe.... the expression iv oap~i iJ..~Au&,,, de>cribe.
Jesus Chri,," in t he same way .. the perfect i9).~A;a" nv de>cribe.
f. l.. prophet. in the preceding
(fal", prophets have gone out
into the world )" The use of the analogou. form. could be talon to
imply the .. noe of confrontation with the me.ning that
who ha.
come in the fi .. h is gre. 1<, th.n fal", prophets who have gone out into
th~ world or the .pirit of the antkhri" th.t i. coming and i. alr~ady
in th~ world (v, 3). Nothing in 4,)-6 ,ugge". that the npr"";on"
aap~( iA~h9..i", i. t he chief pa" of t he argument.tion, on 'he con-
,'.,se
res""
"II>< on< ....... ~ in )"" "

(1IlO&o. (60) ....... "Y' tho<;
,n.,
tk"'" ... Y ,,","' "'0

""'''h ,I>< bd',',,-n.oo
"""- lkl"f', _ ilict<d to . . i>ol .. ,d "",,' ,;'"""" ,,, ,I>< 1"" "'" " ;."rloc .. d
... h b<l.,,,,,,' " .. " "-" "'Y ol d ,,';n< i,.j",U'''!! .. abo ,,;,h ' h<", ob<w.",,, to ""
rorn ... ,.j~" L.,. odd, th.. "" fin< "...,,, wouId.oo ,",,,, '<>gn'"d "' ,I>< "P'''_
,;00 " On tM tkoJ,". ,,"mh<, of ' .....n..'" from"" ,I""d I""-'"mn< ".who (d.
100" 'H,",,}6,6J).
~
~
cr. ''''''"' '.71), >OJ_"".

Min<"
,.ro, ~ """ lOOI!'.
'67.
trory, it i. only 3 p.,t of ,h. . . rift of contr. ". and, "a. t he num,,"r
of ,urroga'", for one <xpression gro",~, the more flexible must one',
thinking become. and the I.... en.lawd to . si ngle formulation.The .." of I lohn .uppon.'he abow conclu.ion. I lohn 4:2-3 i.
only one of the m.ny p.... ge. empha.izing the need for right ,,"lief
and confe .. ion, bu, there is no interest in I..",,' flesh or blood in the ..
other p>. ...... g. .. " The role ofth. p.... g .. urging 'he conf"';on of lem
, ,h. enri" (2 ,22) or as the Son of God ( 4 ,1~) is problematic if we
unduly .. Ieet I lohn ~,ll .nd ~06 .. ,h. foc.1 points of the confession
and think that the aut bor w.s m.i nly combating t hoo< who denieJ t he
,,1"'3nee of le>uo' humanity and lif. in th e flesh." If we 40uld tak< up
some o,her confes.ions in I lohn .. the point of dep>.nure for our hi,torieal rKon"ruc,ion the portrait of 'he .lIeged opponents would he
very different," The diwr:sity of confeuional terminology itself ".ugg'''' ,hat 'he author wa. no' inter<>,ed in t he juridical formulation
,,, ...., l.m,:m.
~ , lobn "'1_H " who i, .... ,.. , ... , .... on< who "" ..... "',,' I""' i, ,'" o.ri'"
lh~ ;, .... ,n""hri>t, , '" . - ~TIo ""n~. ,'" ,,,"', '"" .... So,,- No on< who Qrn~'
.... Son "" ,'" '''),'0 "'')'00< who roof",., ,'" ""' .... "" .. ,,"',....,: UJ,
.,hi. i, h', """"",odm<nt, "'" ~. >houI<l b<U.,. in ,'" ,..,,'" of hi' "'" J<'> " '
o,ri>' :
"God ob;d<. 'n , 00.. ~TIo <on"", "", I<'>m;, .... "'" of God." ,,',
"Emyon< who b<1.,,... "'" 1<'"' i, ,'"
b<. n born of God." , ,' , "who ;, rt
""', ronqun. ,"" ""rid but ,'" on< .. ho ",,00'" "'"
,,,b< "'" of Go.W , ,10,
",00.. who b<1~ .. 'n "" Son of God N", .... ",timon)' ..
ho,rt~ ,ho" who
do _ b<1 ~v< .. God NY< """" him ,,;., by not b<1""',,!! 'n ,'" "" imo")' 'N' God
0.. g;><n ",""mins hn _ .OWl, H) adm j"
"",,,"n ",k.. ho,. .... P""ll" , "'" .. ~"
on """n. .... of I".' &< a",~ ."d "'" of God .. " ,"" ,., ... ,"",.i. g to ,.h.,h ""
_ n " dn' ~",''" 1<'.' pbP'<oI ,nd h.mon '''''''y. Cf....., K"",k t .. ,. ,"l<Io",k ,<>OJ"", .... d,th",",,, in "."k,,;.,oo ""g"'g' by ..... mi"g th>t "" >or",.
,""" "'" """""" fo. ith .. 1<'.' " ,b< n~" (' ,ll ) 0< . . , "" Son of God ("!
from the , ,,,,,,,,,,, ""''''' ,'" ,,,,,f,,,;"" 'n U ~ ,n 'IfWWon of , b<" ....",,, iorrn.
.... '0< 1<10", .. 'hi> .. f""' .... <1;",,,, ,'" in",!,,""'''''' ol "'''', <onk"""'~
" U. G"l""'" I
Il) .. ho ")''''''C from ....
I""pm''', ,"" probkm
of ,"" "I'f""~n" wa, "'" , n . ".... "'0/ hie" a,"~oIogy bot .. hot"" "" ,... n"",,_
"'Y '0 .,,,,,h 'ny <hri"oiogy ' 0 J".' at . IL " .... "" pproprio .. fo,- tho 'W"",n" ' 0
,oI'l"w ,"" a.ri>' ,nd "Y 'N' "" '''''' ,ouId pro>'"'" .,"'" '0 God (p. "I. t" m )'
opin ion. thi> """I""",, i, on th, ' ish' "",k boc,." J,If",n' Io,-m, of ",,,k,, .....
",W'." 'N' ,'" wri'" of, lo'm .. , n" to~, tho _ " " .....kinS 'ny fo.j(h
'n 1<.... " ...
ho ....." ', 'a, th" . , ' " "',.,," port";, of .... f.j(h
ol , b< _n'~ Ao<<I;ns to Sm<lky ('OM. niii_x...u,). ,"" dith",n' ",,,k ...... ,
'rlk "'" d,lf",n' S'''''I'' of 'W"""n'>: , 00.. ... ho com< from J"""" b.c~rou "d
."""'~<tology, whik ,oo.. ... ho
cu," from , G""",'" b.<~'''''oJ ",.1",,000
God ,oJ "'P""''" 'oo ""g!>-
.,!>,
A.,," ....
- """""'11"
I''''
,hri,
,t..!".
".m
t_.
"",d,
w,.-'" _.
a,~>tology.
i"'"'"
OAt"O HAKOI..A
of a .ingle c .... dol te" ..... Thi. di,-er>it)" .. nd. to blur any detail. of
the faith of tho~ who do no t .hare what the writer regards a. the
authentic faith in lem" The cumulative for ce of the nrying dem.nd.
of the right confe";on i. t h. t the opronen" .imply lack any authentic
fa ith in I... u nd, from the writer'. p.".p<"<th'e, an)" a uthenoic f.ith
in God,
There i. little evidence in I lohn as a whole t hat the human ity of
Jeou. wa, the main concern of the . uthor. In ,,'eral c. .... the wriler
u>e< undefined la nguage a. he .pe.k> of God or Jem. and onen il
i. difficult-if not imro .. ible-to determine ,,'hich of the two th.
a uthor in tenJ. (. g .. L9; 2,3-4; 1,19; 33,7,24), A. Manin <Ie Boer ha.
rem.,ked, th io "lack of cI.,i,y call. into qu",'ion the claim that th.
a uthor wan" to umhline Je",s' humanity .gain" tho;e who hold a
docetic chri"olo!;),." De Boer continue" "ating that th. frequen' US<
of ,he .. rm. "Son" or "Son of God" . ugges" tha, "the a uthor ac,ually
wan" to empha.i", Dem ') unique, divine "atu. and origin. - At the
end of'he epi"le. the writer own call. Ju. "th. true God."'" It i, not
OO,-iou., therefore, that there i. a delil><rate tendency to avoid term.
related to I... u' divine "at", in I lohn. There i. nothing complicated
in th e ",oy Jem. i, Jeoc.il><d hoth "' d ivine and a, "h.vi ng come 10
Ilesh" .. the>< ide.. ar< pre><nted in I John . Th i. combination a ppea ..
problematic only if we read I lohn with the a.. ump' ion that the writer
had in hi. mind a clea rly defined theological agenda th.t w'"' di,"'ted
M;n< _ , "'j<ru
<om""", un.k,~,,"L n g ,"', t lob";,
d;",,,,,, op;">t doc.,;"" .. ,uch <nJ ,n ';"" "-"""",,, llIo"m ', ;"'"1''''''''''' of
,... pOOt.", '" ,... "I'f"'~ m . A",,,d;ng '0 tlrown (1""-', lb-17), th< ="""' ; ~,
' ..!m;"'"
,,,,,"y "'1< .... hu ..... ;') but ",f.....J '" ookno..Wl!' th., h;, ",;n ~ ..
,... tk ... ,.... "om'''' '" ,... p~'u", of
CIon,,- '"' "'" of Go<l- ,,,,. ,...
~
t'"
t'"
O......,.,;~~
I""' ., '"'
I"." mm ;ng only <onfi,ma1 I""'" u,< Soft of Go<j h", dM! "'" "''''
.ny ..... ;!K ..I ",. D< 110<. d",d"I" "ro..-n', ,~..- fur! .... <nJ d,-"", to.., t lohn U
.. in"'p""d ;n ligh' '" , .. " '!'rima,;I,. doim abou, tbr dr.. h of I".' Chrut .nd
",Or" only ....-..nJ.nI, Lo h;, humo""y .. ,uch.- Thr ....... _~, ,, ~U< I".' wilily
<,-<r" . . '"' w,;n<!y ,-",horiud b.pt"" (d. ..-.." in , Iohn ""J, ..-hiJ, ,... ,-",00.1'""
, mriu'" on I".' ",.. h (Pr.
''OJ . ., ..... """,.nd more """""d .... y,
to "''''''~'"'' tbr 1""''''''' of,", aII,sN "I'P""'"t> ~lum;"'1< .... riy thr probInru of
"''''';"11 1 loon U '" ,,", whol< of t lob" ... n "doc,,~ '"m, ........ '" my ""ini"",,
ho..-. .", ,... "
bU '0 ,"""' ... '- compding
tMnLng
of
"I'P""'n'. , ... "Ml<n ~.< hn' ;, "mply too ohLkr ...a t..Nf b<c.o"", thr
"""""'01 .""'~ '" ,... writ" .. _ "'-"" "" u,"""Vc" p"",oo but 0 8"n...l;u';"", tluo, f"""nt '"' ""f""~"" ,;mpl. ., ."M ..."".
~ f", ,..... s"""n" tluo,,, iL\."&',oi..; """;n , ,10 ,rf", to ,.'"~ oot to God, ...
R-" llI""n t .. " 61'-616.
t'"
t'"
"G.
""mpt,
.on,""""" '" t'"
.gain.. the opponents' mi, .... of the 1IO"p<'1 and that explain' t he ",Ioctiv. us< of tho &""pel materi.1.
Additionally. tho role of the Spirit in 1 lohn i. explain...! . . . reaction to t he extremist belief. of the oppon.nt> based on t ho role of the
Spirit-Par.clete in the gospel." It i. not cleaf, however. wherher the
alleg...! ""hi,,,, can account for the lack of tho ref... nce. to the Spirit
a. t ho Paraclere, One of the main funct ion. of th. Spirit-Par.cI... in
the gO're! i.to remind the d i""ipl.. of .1I that iesu. h ...... id when ho
still was with them (lohn 14 ,26), It i. emph .. i,...! th .t the Spirit 'Will
not 'reak on hi. own' but will glorify I..", "b"cau,", he will take what
i. mine and ded.re it to you' (lohn ,6,,3-,4), If th e writer of 1 lohn
knew the gO'rel .nd its teach ing of the Spirit-Paraclele. h. would have
had a ready model to emphasize the connection betw",n the testimony
of the Spirit and t ho e.rthly life of i<>u . " On the ha.i. of the gO'rel.
however, t he juxtaposition of the Spir it of truth a nd the Spirit of error
in I John 4:1 -6 i ..,mething that i. not <>re<too .ven though it i.
quite regular on the bui. of i.wi,h apocalyptk and duali"k t ... ditions
(cf. abov.) ,"
On the basi. of the above observ>tions. it i. defen.ible to conclude
thot the allegoo ""hism doe. not expl.in why certain f ture, d istinctlv. to the Fourth Go'rel do not 'prear in the .pistles. The writer of
"_93.
" "" .,in' ... 100'.

C[.!", R.' .. Bro~'n " " . m,"l1>< owon, nl> = y
...,' d.~N tl><mod"" .. ,..,1><,,'00 propb<t, .od tw" d, .... d to ,pule '""""
"" 11"",-, of,b< Sf'i'": wI><o B",..., upI ..... ho" ,b<
of , 101m ""pond<,!
to '"'" d.;m" "' "l" ttw, "'Nil """""""Y ;, wtw, I>< 00.. ,.,. "r .. """'mabIj'
"" ..,,00,- would not d.ov , .. , ,I>< ",int n . "" p,,-"""t<, bu, I>< n".."
" . ... "", I>< 'mpho.oi'" w'h.t i. Oftly ~int<" " "' u" S""f"1. n,""Iy. tho, ", .. , "u"
P.... kt, (PI" '_141). 'n , _I><, '0"""'",". """'n (''''. WI """ .... t'" ""
"" oc< ,boot tl>< P",,,,,"t< io ""
"'r b< "ocr""oul:
n lbw abo G"I""" __ OJ. a . aI", T.G. &0"" 100'. ,"'. T .G."""", OOG_
c""". thot tl>< f""''').... oftb< Sp;,it ;n ,I>< I!"'pd.n<! in Iloh" do _ "d"'f)'
,00.,." "'l u<nc< of ,b< ",ml""'""'" of ,;,1><, "nli"S 'n "lotion to ,I o<b<t: ' n
'1'"' of thi~ "" <. 'nd'nN '0 ,hOok tho, , loon borrow'" >Om< of it> i<k.. from tl><
goopd. Sh< I".. ,.uti" 'pp. 107_"'), how<"",",guN w"b p>d ""' "" ,1wI " i.
"0100,1y tho, ,I "' ..... K.". i" 1 Jooo <l<riV<d ""i, """',"'ooi"8 of ,b< Sp;rit " i''''f)'
from tb< p pd. T .G. B"",n ,b", "i" "" , ..... "'" '" .... m mpl<. "PC"" "'N 0,fl,o,," , od Jooo r,i"' ... (d. "" pc""""" _'I. A"o"'"'g '0 T.G. """'n,
w< find, "' tb< f",,~-d d;.."",,,. of"" I!"'I"', ", ~, of ,mp"'" Oft "" ron' i" _
oN Usn ific,nc< , 00 P""'" of ",.U. ,o.t """"'" >m ,. 'oo" odOct th< "I'I"""n',
wri'"
""0'_
,,,,,I<.
..,,mond
,"'" "" i""':
".o,,,,,",
S",,,
,pOi'
" Cf. RE. 8""", ' .. '.17o "lb<

of""
of'f,"th olon!,i<k ,I
of
)00" 4,1_6 ;. ""oS'1y ns", """'" tl>< 1"""""" q "";'1' of "" Spirit:
R,mbu!" ''''7, '14, .PIo<;"g u,< Holy Spin' ""n w in ~ "" 'Sf"'it of """,;,' i.
"""",tw, 00d. "" "''''' of in,,"'''lI 'Sp<rit of tNl h' into , d"""ti< f,,,,,,,~,,,Ic
D<c," "' ,
OA'''O HAKOI..A
1 John portrays th ..... who, from hi. p<"pec'i"" have left the communi'y ( I John 2,19) .,lacking any real fa ith in Je.WI which fru"rate.
our a"emp" to rKonstruc' a detailed posi' ''m of ' he opponen .. , If
we are ' 0 believe ,he au,hor and condude ,h., , he .. opponents once
belonged '0 the communi'y, i, i, quite ,ertain tho, 'heir portrai' .,
unbelie""" i. exaggera,ed, The .. me kind of .weeping us< of language
i, "",n .. , he au,hor dewlop'. on the ba,i. of 'he "aditional duali:!1ic
imag.., ' he con'"",' be,ween ,h. children of God who >lIould 10",
one ano,her and 'he children of the devil who .. deeds are bad and
who are full ofha"ed (3,7-17). In , hi. connK,ion, , he writer u ... ,h.
example of Cain '0 portray 'hooe who hate ' heir bro'hers or .iSle"
as murderers (3,'~), a depiction tho, i. hanlly ",'er taken literally bu,
,een a . hyperbole,"
The.. kind, of contr.". are quite exp<c,ed if we 'ak< s<riously
'he f.c, 'hat the Joh.nnine epi"I .. , or a ny o, her epi"l .. in the New
Te".men', were no' wrinen primarily '0 give an unbi ... d po"'ai' of
,ho .. "'ho are differen,ia,ed and devalued as "o'hers" bu, '0 p<rsuade
'he audience '0 rKei," 'he m .... ge of the ",~iter. Therefore, what i,
.aid of 'he alleged opponents .hould be ,een nr" and foremo", a. a
part of the rhetor;' of differen,iation that mi..." '0 reinforce 'h e colI""i,'" identity of the "'riter and h i. audience, According to the Social
Iden'i'y Perspee'i,", i, i. predictable 'hat the nega'ive traits of 'hose
who are p<rceh'ed a, "o,he,,' are exaggerated a, a group cO"'tructs
i.. social id.ntity." Thi. p<"p<Ctive hoW. 'hat social categori ... 'ion i,
a fundamen tal peet of group beh"ior, When we define our",h '.,
in relation '0 o,her people, ,,'e exp<rience our .. I,'" . , umilar '0 one
dearly-defined category of people and ,herefore .. differen, from
,ho .. in other categori .. , Thi. process helps u. to orien' .te our",h '.,
in , .. ,iable ,od. 1 environmen" by making ' hose en" ironmen" more
predictable and meaningful. Social categoriza'ion, how",,,,r, results
h cr. "--,,- R,o,," '''' , ...,,"n.. ,n,,,,.,,, to my,d<", hYP',ooo, frn- m.J",,,_
"",n',- Romb.'l!'" ,...." .., -,-,,,,, " tkn ....., ' ....." th< ,YmbOO< """'ns of
th< mmpk of Co,.,th< mu,"""" ~ '.l""" whe ..", , brotho, '" ~,",. "h', .. ,m,
ot "," Sl.",, ' ""J' ''''''1'"''3 "'-tomont. .. [bu'l ~ ~ _ """"''Y '" '.1'1""" ... ,
f"""l ,n oct.a! mortal d,,,!!,,, '0 "'h<, a,,~",,", H-=,. r" .,,,
63) 8"" "Y" fic,,,"y fu ""ron.! t hO ~ "It ~ poo>ibk , .. , 'h<
only
"I"" l<d from th<
,00 hO, .oh<"," " but ... '" ,0000ntly ' .togoni,h< to th<m
"',. to 'h< poin' of " . "n8 'h<', ,",,,h,~ 'h< Soc,.t
Pmr">< ... '''''''''''ngi)' 1><.. , pt')"d '" ... Iy a,ri~"n
,00 I"" '" ""'""~ roc , . ",trod."h"" , . d ' ppiO<""'" ofth< 'h<"')'. 0, ',s__ H.kolo
~="
('
,.,box
''"'''''tT
,oon., !5'_17~ H,kolo ""'", 1lJ_1J'>. , 00 ",kolo 2OO\l.
opponm"""
in <xaggera.ion and. pol.riza.ion of perc<plion wh<r.,j,y individual,

belonging .o diff.. <n. groups a", view..J as being more different from
each o.her .han thoy ",.11)" are, while individual. belonging '0 .he ... me
group are percoiv..J a. more alike, Funhermore, it hH ~n demonst,.t..J that. in the context of intergroup ten,ion dear lingui"k
intergroup bia, i. di.cernibl. because J'O'ith'e ingroup beh.viors .nd
negative outgroup behaviors tend to be desait>ed in quite abm"". and
generalt<rm.," The use of .uch ab"roct adJect;'". or
,'erbs a.
good ,-., evil. t rue v . untrue. or hate vs, love is <spially .ui.abl. to
induce and commun",.te a one-dimensional view of the world beau ..
general des<:rip'iom of behavior ar< detacheJ from .pi~c situation>
and thus become too vague to be tested, Generalizations do not invite
veri~cation attempts and are relatively immu ne from falsi~cation."
lhe way the lohannine t... di.ion is de\'eloped in the lohannine
epi""s. and .. pially in t lohn. i. a good ca .. in point of t il< abovemen.ion..J intergroup bi . The writer doe. not try to de><:,ibe hi.
opponents in any detail but creat", an imaginary unive"" wll<re t il<
children of God are dearly "'p .... te and distinguishable from th. children of .he ,,",'il ,,'en .hough t il< fact that the latter originally """nt
out from us" (l John H9) .uggest. that th e .. ali.y may h"" been
much more complicat..J and unpr..Jict.ble,
".te
~. Co~ClUSlO"
In t hi. e.. a)", I h.ve argued that the lohannine 'pi"l... hould not be
read as a re.ction to .he alleged "hi.m prompt..J by the .xces.ive
interpretation of th< go.pel. The detailed comparison of the gosp.1
and th. epi"l.. dearly demonstrat .. the kin.hip of th .... writings but
also r"".I, dear ddf.rences in how common idioms and them . . . re
d'\'eloped. Th imilariti.. can be apiain..J by th. u s< of the common
"adition but they are not .nough to <stabli.h a d irK' liter.ry dependence between t h.-.e writing., 'The main d ifferenc .. concern 110m. major
th<m .. that are distinc.ive to the g"'pel but mi .. ing from the epi.d ..,
lhe lack of the h igh O uistology and t he Spirit- p.,..dete in the epistl...
, nd s<hm.J 1001. ,no

" >i<dk,.nd s<hmid 1001, 167, 11>< >,,""&y "" " .-.did",), >t."""n" <onm_
Ong ~n in t lohn . 100 '''" b< two to ,rlkct th< ;ngroup I&nR"'S' of tI..
s<,
~
Cf.
f~<ll.-.
UU .... rn.'l! 1000,
w""",
OA'''O HAKOI..A
for oxample, canno' b< explainro a. an inten,ional reworking of 'he

go.pel m.terial bu, .uppons ,I\< view ,h .. ,h. go.pel and ' he epi"l<.
repre..,n, ' he morro Joha nnine tradition ,h., i. developed in differen,
way. in d ifferen, .ituat ion.>,
The view a rgued here . uppons ' he d ive"ity of 'he Johannine tr.di,ion in its rly " ag ... No' only 'he difference. be,ween , I\< gospel
and the epi"l<. b u, al.., the fac' ,h ., there .<em. '0 be some kind
of di.pute-however , .. guely deocribed a. i, i.-in 'he background of
' he epistl .. . peals for the dynamic na' ure of the rohannine "ad i,ion."
The epiSlIes can be .... n a. an anemp' ' 0 come '0 term. wi ,h 'he fiuidi'y of ,hi. "adi,ion in a .itu .,ion where no external authori,y solved
' he di.pu, .. among ' hose who beliewd in I.. us. While 'he Go.pel of
John, owi ng '0 its refined portraits of resus and ' he Spiri,-Parad"e,
made a lasting imp .." ion on the formulation. of later OuiSlological
and , rinitarian 'hinking among various Ch ri"i. n group., ' h e epi"I<5,
d .. pite 'heir more mundane 'heological profile, .1", influenced late'
' heolo&),. l h i. infiuence was no' ach i,,-ed through ' heological preci.ion, bu" on 'he con'rary, by creating a ,;,ionary '1'0<, where people
are divided in' o 'wo plain categori ... on 'he basi. of 'heir f. i,h in resu ..
Thi. vi,ion may already originally h.ve be.n an ovenly .implistic rep.. sen,.,ion of a much more diver", rea li'y bu , it " ill pro'ided later
Ch rini.n. wi,h a ready model a. 'h ey defined ,hem",I",. in oppo.i'ion
not only ' 0 ,h. ou" ide world bu, also '0 som<-re.1 or im.ginedintem.1 threa,s." While 'he Johan nine .pi"l , .. tify to 'he original
di,-eni'y of , I\< Johannine , radition, ' I\<y also be,,..y a clear tendency
'0 reduce this d" ..,,,i'y in'o (on'roll.ble categori... Thi. tenta',,-e
move from dive"i' y '0 un iformi'y may be the moo' impon.n, legacy
of the Joh.nnin. tradition as i, ",a. developed and 'ransmined in 'he
Johannine epi.de.,
ru.c. ''l!"''
"":r
~ cr. JIl.c. ,..,;... 7_ ....

' g.Uost tM """ tho, ,I 1"""00 ''''' '1",11<.
"I'",,<n,. kin<! of "<ut,- C.thoIi,m .00 """,1001<, t .... ~,
h.,'< 0.," p 'io<lr
b<au .. f< iOh ;n , .... rum""m";', .... '" dyn'_ ,00 "". ,n.t . h..! >lwl<d
;.'0 0,, 1 ~& " " ocp',bk
81 ... 600. """"
""boo of
'orthodox,'" in 01'''''''''0 "' ho .. oM <p~II<, " ru,w< to ",obI;>h ,I ,,""'" by "h;.h
""th ,n<! <ITOanct"'n ,he f<llo~' >h;p .. ith ,boo< "'S.ml<d .. Kh,.... ho or he",1i<>.
K~",k 11 .. 1. m_I36) "'k" to how , ""'n '''' ... ,bon,N .... <ktm .... ofh.... ;.,
,monS ,boo< who hoJ "''s'o.ilr b..n " odmtood .. belons'ng 'o.he <h"",h.
'0 .... p,..,....,..-
,..J'"",,,,,,--,-

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~...;";;, t r <5 ~~n ~JJ~ ~qr." ~
~!~lf !l~i fo ~~ ~!~f ~~U
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~"'.~~ ': ~1 ~ ~ , ~ ~r f~Jj I~z," 1 ~~~ ~~ 15j tl~ q~:;~' ~
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r~d ~ 1: 1~ "'-~:<:1~ ';~~~~:~,.;"Pi"!~HH~:< ~ ~n !E :" iil t~
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.!I.
1'" "' ''~ . " ,l":;" ., "
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~d~ ~]~ ~ ~~5~,;d""_-!1,'h;:]Hh
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~~i~ ~nH l5 ~ ff.]~i~!Hf.~~p~~j~
.,,,,' , ~~.'~
~] "'.r~]~~. ~ {u'-1!"~f ~ ;;~ J: "'.!l:~,l

~d1=: u~ )f-6'l ~ ~~ 1L E ,.::ji~ ,~ j~
~n~ ".t~,, '"-; ~~
l.l!- t-;..~ !{I;ul ~JiCl ~ ~ ::: j ~", ,"t _
-.l! S-;< ,, ~ >, --'E
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td~ V11 ~ H -II"I ,~~ gl]~1 'I i I' hH::i;!-,rl

H ~A~-Hi~ 0: ~ ,J~
d ,,:J:
h~j
u
~
:
OA'''O HAKOI..A
__ .,1>< J"'",m' D< Comm,",'y .. ",~; oh o.ri"""" Som< Probkm.;n Cm , " '
5<" oLuly Goru< .. u ~ /<,.;,n CIo,;'"''"''' ~"" ""hi,,);'", A,..~"' G"",1'
...! rub, M. look.oofi McC&o., ,d., M;n",,.poIi,, _"'''- 2007_, ,",_>01.
__ Soc,.1 [<I<n, 'b" , .0 Groop ""'""""n. 'n , '" s.cond T<""'" P,riod,' ',yloi .
i", I!<>rl, / ...." ......!
fro .. ~'Ii .. m
5<~"""
r . C"""",""n, ,. I'yyWin<n , 00 Il Uro. ro,_ BilK ....
s.,-;" ".kl
<l<n' B,JI, 1007b,
__ "SOCW '.k"tlty .nd St"""'YI" ;n ,'" ".kin~' 1h, """".,." .. H)pOC'"'' In
M", n:
II.- N... T"",,,,,"'. II. '1oImb<'ll.oo M. W'nnJ"lI'.
,d~, W',,,nKholil,,,,, Un,,,,,,,hun8"n ,wn N, ,,,n T......... n' 2>7, ")'Omn8"n ,
MohrSt.... ,k, 2001, IB_Il .
__ .,'" Ilw-<l<n of Amb'zu"l' NOrod<mu> an<! ' h< SOCW 'd.nti'y of "" ........ n;'"
0.,,,,,,,",,,, c-,,;/,,,,,,..
'""'1"""'''''
"'._>lb.
,J.-.".,. _,.", '"
0.,1""",: N,,. T'~ ' m,"' "oJ;" , 100\1 lforthrom '"gj.
"""I
11i"-.'
H ili>Io, R. and A. ""' n",,"'. "I"'m ', .... ri .... : " (/u<" of ,...
"""n""~
I- N........- an.! "D. OW_. io., "'oro, T<,-, "")"" Un''''''''y P,=.1f1. "'_141.
HW , C... ',,,, """'"" ,.., 0.,/,", i. ' ''' Eori, CIo"ffh. oIfont oIfocd Un '",,"y I'r<"
",""n. T., "S ......
""'r<"to.
Sam< ClH; ~" n "
'n" n' .... .,.j
MlITO<''''od;" ~ In
,.. "&h' of f.1" . 'C, nonic&I Tn'~ Nn< T,""m,"' 5<..J,,, ,, 1'00' 1, 56'-"'.
"" m.
M .G.,
"'"m
,',m;;lrni,
J.-, foho""'''''''''r.-/'"'''' '" "'" IMo""<>bri4<' Z. ,
V,.j"~""ft"" ';oIw"""''''''"' Schnft'" '" "'" """""'g. "wopAl"'" Hoch

"hulKhrift<n, ",;I" H17Ii' . >r",Uurt.m M,in, Ung. O'OOL
"'io",k, H. '1 .. "'" "''' /oM""'W,;'I, ""'"8"~Kh- "'-' ,,' och<, Komm<n'" .om N, ... n
T,,"""'" ' nil. 7-'1ri<h, 1I<n-<;g. ~ N, ukl","'n \' I,y"' "noL ",h<"" \' ,,~!!- , .. L
L;"'. I., lIN , ,,,,,,,4 " . . ,"- 'lhi,J '1'",1" of foh'" Stoo .... of , .. ",,' T.... m<n' . nd
[ o. w .. ld, Edlnt..,gt., ntT auk, , _ .
- - In' lloroloJ:> of ,'" ",""."'", Fpi"/r,, N,w T'~' m< n ' ''''oIogy. c.mb.W1g<e
c.rnbridgr Uni,,,,I'l' P"'''- , ....
__ I. 1I .oJ iii foh. _ ~ Com .. ,"",,,..'''' N,w T..... m<n' ""my, LouI" JI!., K"
"' '' tm'n~'' I""n Kno.. lOOI! .
__ U, .. You' P"' ....... and 'd.nli'y '" , I""n: ",",,,,,I of ",,~ ~.J LiI".'""
'" I''"'''''). ""'-"0.
U",,,n, A., 'lIN '""'1"1 AO'"'"f 10 """Ion", ,,",k. N,,, T'~' m< n' Com",, " " ,_
;. Co",."' Cootin, wn, P,.body. M. ... ' H,ndri<k""" ><105.
M.?",n. ~ . .,1>< "'1f'rinS of On< who " , ' '''''S'' '" Suff<ring' '''' c",,1600.
of J""" ;n "" '-<Ik' of .,'" to " hUip:
1'1<0"
c..jbPIrm<n" ' 0 ><ovum T.. """'n'um 'U. ,-<Wkn , B,W, >001,
F."
.,,-....
__ ., .. Port .. " of /"'" ;n "" GMpn of 1 _'
col,
""'rr'
I);"",,,,.m!
'11,,,,,,,,,i,,, l'mJih,,", i.
~""q
1h, soo.l . . .
...i ...",1./ of ,'"
of '!110m"" /. A'g'l ....... A.D.
D<Gon ..' . nd R. Urn. ro~ , ~''!I H.... mod; ",cl M' n ~"'. n
L<",,", Brill,
2Mi.
M.rtyo. J.L. H"'",!, ,,>tJ 'IltroIog] i. "" , '"",," "",pd, Lou,.. ;a.. Ky., W<"min""
"'"
"'_"0.
/""n
K"",
r" ... ' >OOJ.
MI".... PS . .,'" ,.k. of ' nw .. ''''n ;n ","
"'
,,,<I.... "',
1OOn.'
I""""".,,,,, ,. ( ' .70),
m_
MIhdl, M.M., "p,,,,,",, Coun'u Eoo.oc< '" ' h< Cl.;m lh .. 11>< Gooprl' Wm
W,itkn !O< ~H a.".. ,,"~ "oJ;" " ("""'). J6-79.
North, W .s.. lIN -""""" st"'!' ",,"" ,"- I'""''''''' T,.,j" "",. /oum" ro. th< Stud,
of oh< ",,' T""m< " ' '~'""" Sr,;., "', ShrIfWId, ShrIfWld ~co.km ~ F't<"
100L
p'; "'<T.
N,,. T,,,",",",
I.. .,'" 'Oppon<n<' in , I""n: .""" Tn'...",,' "..d", " ( ' ''';),
"'_1'-
-,
__ J . :t, ..d J 1010", ,..,,, . >g'n, to, ,-... 'l! ...W,. M'",,-, 11>< U"''l!'''.J p",, ~
R<inh.m, A., &fr~..ai", '"' &"",4 1XKitk .. I"'"'" '-J,,,! of ,'" Gc>ph
N, ... y",,,, Con"""um, >001.
R'rub<~ , D_. J fohn . 1 I""', j JoIo". """SOOn "". '!" " .... ", Com m<nta"' ~
N..." Uk .. OingJon, , .. ,_
R"'''' uhl. f nd P. l<huin'!!8. ,mk,;,,,, ".a \"ifo-if"'g< ,.. JOO-''''''''''nr<',.m,
1M p..,,,,,.m. '1"",h"rn...I, ".f J"", Hi.,"I"..J J., N,,,," T.sto",,"" ....
""
~itrmO"_" Iorlk.id'",","
'<I,nft'""'"
Hm'um
T"Umm'.m '" o.t.i,
Anb"" ". GOo"ng<no V.oo.n"""k" Rup=hC , ....

Schndl<. U_. A.,--."" ... a,,"'oIog;. im , ....."""''''"grli"'", "'''''
'" st,U."f <k> vim," '-""gri'."" i .s". joIw""""''''" Schol<. GOtt'nl''''
<i<oho<ck" Rup",hl, , . . "
"m, D .C., - II" Goop< '" IOC ...... "'u<k/um,- I"''''
n<J
st...i, of /I" "..,.
{1001). J_17.
'...&<y, ,_ ' . L JIM wonl " ,bI,.&I Com""n",), ". Wooo, T,,_, won! I\ooJa.
U,,,,,..m.",
"<n_
Jo"'"
T,"...,,' ..
,.....
"""la, G ., "0;" An ",,!!, "",, ;01>. ...","'""" Schul.: .\'", T ,,' .....' Slwli" 32
(I'IM), JI .... 7.
__ ,., /<>M"', .... j~n"', A Com"",,"., on I, 1 ... I"" . H,,,,,,..io. " in...
j
opol'" '"""". , -
T.Jbort. CII, R...a,"~ 101."

Go>pd.m! ,II< iw"", ....
A...,,,.,
"",1.'.
..I III<,i'l 1 c"m ...... ,." "" 1M ..""rio

,,>i><d ,<I;'ion. ""'""'. G.. , Smyth '" Hd..)~
lhu.'n. L. "Anugon',, __ Rh<' o<i<.Jiy M.<wn.oJ.,.,j '&n' ;'.,. in ,ho N<,. T"",
........ J,x"'''f _ ... ,,"" i. ,10< N"" r"",,,,,",. 8, HoImIK'g and " , Winni,,!!,
.,j.,. Wa.. "",h.oft lKh< Un''' ....j,Uflgon ,urn N<om T""""", '17. T.... ng<nc
.,ol,,-'......k. """'" ,.-."
Whit<, LM" B"ijd'.K God,

""""'I Pap'"" I'.,., .m!
,~
""",,"
AJar"'''''''
a..,,,,,,.,.
IWh""", I""n, Hopk"" Uni.""j,y
,II< _ . w.n.t A"/o'''',,,.,j
"". ~
TH GOSPEL OF THE ACTS OF JOHN,

ITS RELATION TO THE FOURTH GOSPEl.
Istvan Cuchesz
Hel.inki Collegium for Ad,.ncl Studi.. & Ruprecht- Karl.
Univ."it't Heidelberg
The apocryph.1 A", of Jolin i. one of the ",-caIlOO major Apocryphal
Acts of the Aro"I, which d.te from the second and early third centuries CE .nd rerort the mi"ion, mi rade> .nd martyrdom of t he 'ro'ties. ' Unlike the canonic.1 Acts, .ach of t h... writing< focu",. on the
story of one ch.,..,n 'ro"l" Paul, lohn, I'eter, Andrew .nd Thorn
re.j>Kfively. Th.re are different .ugg<>tion bout the proven.nce .nd
date of compOllition of the A", of John . E.rli." I propo..J ,h.t t he
000k in i" ple .. nt form prob.bly dat .. from the I.te sonJ century
.nd its fin.1 , evi.ion w.,; made in Alexandria, although much of the
m.terial contained in i, is .arli., and perhaps originates from A.ia
Minor.' In this e ...y. I will focus on th e Go'pel of 'h< A", of John
(GA/). which i. found in ch.pters 87-10~ of'he Mts of Jolin.' The 'ex'
of 'he GIIJ i. known from ingie manu>cript of , he Austrian t>a,ional
library, Cod .. Vindobonen.i. historic", groecus 63, d.tl '0 t3 t 9 or
J324.' These chap"" contain . complete gwpel narra, ive, which h
"""n preservOO independently of the r,,,' of the book-wi'h dear . igns,
howe",r, th., .. >orne point it forml part of 'he Mt> of Jolin' The
GIt} i. connectl to the 1'101 of ,h. A", of Jolin by. nar""h.., frame
(ch. 87) and begin. with. prologue and the calling of John .nd lam ... a'
lake (ch .. 88-89). Subsequently. it repon. a numher of .pisodes from
Jesu' ministry, many of ,hem known [rom o,h., go.pels, .uch as le.u'
tr.",figu .. 'ion (in
ve"ion.), 0 "isit at ,h. hou.. of. Ph.r;,.,..nd
the multiplica'ion of bread. There are aloo episod... , h.t do nOl re.d ily
evoke .ny of ,he canonic.1 !IO'pel n.",>!i,..,,, loon watch .. Jesu. on
'wo
, _. ",,,n' O,""O<w ..., KLo",k 1001, I_t<.
,>0-"'.
.oJ,,,...,,.. '''68'''''''''
, CzKh< .. 1001.. O2n'.

"';,h ,rfmoc... '"
100'.. 10'_'1)6, CzKh<" 'OOlb. 'In '. 1"_,. .
, c. ..h<"
, .... _
'-'1"'0 ..... T" d,,,,.,,'" " .... ..,,, Juno< .....
"""~
aI,_.
''''. >6-1 .
Rd""",. 'n u" , ""y folio" ,'" 10", numb'ng of 1"000 .no! .... " 1...
, Lolk""n ,-, l' _JO.
ISTVAN CUC ..."
..,veral occ.,ion" I",us neyer blinks hi. "Y<'>, leav .. no footprints on

'he ground, and once pulls John'. b..rd. I"'u, and hi. diocipl", do not
,ha .. a I." 'urr" bu, rather they .ing a hymn and c.lebr.te a dance
ri,ual (chs, 94-96), After a p<culiar crucifixion epi,oJe, an a ",en.ion
""ene follow. immediately.nd con d uJ", 'he narra,i ... (chs, 97-102),
Finally. an exhortation (ch., 103-104) a nd a dosing narrative frame
comrlete , he "''' of the g"'p<!.
Aft .. 'he publication of ,he m.nuscrip' by M,R. I.m ... ",hola,,'
anen,ion wa, directed '0 , he possible connec,ion> be,,,,,..,n ,hi, text
and ' he Fourth GooI"'!. In p. rticular, it has be<n ,uggested 'hat 'he
Fourth Goop<l was influenced br 'he ""h of John, a hypo,hesi. 'hat ha.
been . bandoneJ in ,ub~uen' schol.rship.' During most of the ' wen,ieth n, urr, 'he conntion bet""een 'h"", source, has no' r",eived
much ."ention from schol .... including 'he commen,ed eJi,ion of
,h. Am of/olm by E, Junod and 1.-0, K.."li,' In 'he I. " '""odecades,
ho""ver, con sen",.... m, '0 have emerged tha, 'he """ of John uoed
,h. Founh Go'p<l,- According '0 R.I, Pervo, "Most of the material in
Adn 87-1O~ may be .ccounted for a. intra-johannin. Je ... lopment. a.
' h e r",ult of fresh interpretat ion of and medi'otion upon the m",sage
contained in 'he [Fourth ) GO'p<l , LI More recently, P,). Lalleman ,uggested that the common tradition of 'he
,,'ri'ing' wa, ,ransmitted
orally," and concluded 'hot "in ' he AI I""" of John], lohn h become
an opronen' '0 the Goop<l 'hat bears hi. own n. me: attribu'ing par'icularly the gO.p<l SK,ion '0 an "ultra-Iohann ine group which wa.
"forced '0 combat 'he very Go.p<l [that i" t he Fourth GOOp<l) 'hot wa.
formative of 'heir though,," In t his .... y, I will a rgue for . differen,
rela,ion betw..,n 'he Fourth Go.p<l and t he GAl, According '0 my
hypo,hes"" the Fourth Goop<l did not rely on 'he GM ,ugge"ed
by Cor ... n and Hilgenfeld, nor did t he GM use 'he Fourth Gosp<l as
a ",urce, a. maintained in ren' ",holarship. bu, ,..,her the .u,hor(.)
of'he GM had acco" to a (Johannin.) gO.p<l t .. d i,ion ,hat also influenced 'he Founh GosI"'!. In 'he rim pan of my ....y. I will
'he
most imronan' parallels be'""een ' he GM and the Fourth Go'r<1. In
'wo
''''''e""
,.m,,, to."
, CO"
,.nod...., nd18%. '''_'''''; Uilynl"o , ..."
K ... " j j .....
Wkmo. ' ' ' '. '10_111.
",,'" ' ' ' ' , 6 ) ,
" UIkmo. , .... 116_

" l.all ..." ," , .... '''_
TH. GOSPEL
O~ THE ACT.
OF 10HN
A~"
TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H
' 1
the ~mnd part, ! will diKu" ""id~nc< that fo", .. u. to look !><yond
the previous r"",arch f'O. ition .. In t he third pan,! will <how how my
h),poth<si. explain. the p ..",nt ,hare of th~ >ourc~ .
I. THE
Go'~H OF TH E AGTS OF IOH,V A~' U THE Fou~n,
Go'Hl,
PHAllUS
A. Lalleman already noted, th~ 0 ..... 11 ""Kture of the GAl agr"""

with that of the canonico! go>pel., and in particular, with the .Hu,ture
of the Fourth Go'reL " Thi. 0..... 11 r"",mblanc< i. d~monst ... t"" by
Lalleman', chart,
A,ts oflohn
lntrodLKtioll
publk nllm.try
private teaching
""'"\(lny
t<>chlng rroper
the glOlk.us ero ..
epilogue
U9- 1 2,~
87,1 88.8
88.9-93.17
1J-17
w-%
11I-J.O
IHI- 17a6
18-20
LI 18
"
94-~'
'17- 102
IOJ-1M
Whereas the b ic plot of the n ....tiv~ asr""" with that of all four
canon k a l gOpel., the de.ign of t he GAl ha. a particularly Joh annin~
character in mlKh .. it empha.i.e. the ..,If-revel.tion of Jesus before
hi. di.dpl"", In Bultm.nn'. word., chap .. rs 13-20 ofthe Fourth Go.pel
are about !em. love for hi. followers-which can be equally said about
GM 94-102. Another f~atu r~ of t he Go'll, howev~r, ",,, its plot apart
from that of all four canonic.1 go.pels: this go.pel ha. no r~.ur"",
tion narrativ~, but rather Christ d irectl), ucend. to h~aven from the
Mount of Oliv<'>, while hi. hum.n aprear.lKe i. king crucified on
Golgotha. Thi. m.jor difference h"" to do with the Christology of the
GM, according to which .... he I-"rd n~'..,r wa human king .. , but he
wa ""n now .nd t hen a. a divin~ me>Senger in. more or "' .. hum.n
'prear ...,," which .hould not be confu."" with. re.1 bod),,"
" lal~m." t _, " .

" lal~m." '''''", <6.
"
ISTVAN
Th~
cue ..."
..,,,;ng of the orening ",ene of t he GAl, the colling of lohn and
Jam p.,."lIel, the ')'lloptic call story found in Mark U6-lO and
Man 4,18-22. yN without much agreement in the d etail . The GAl
doe, not mention that John and I.me. were the .on, of z.,bed"", had
hir..J worke" and were "pairing their net . on the .hor<. Unlike in
the synoptic story. the brothers are at ... (we do not know which one)
r>ther than on the ,hore, le,us' word. to , hem are rerorted a nJ I u.
heirs ,hem bring the bo.a. onto t he shore. The "ory of the GAl Joe.
not indude til< point of the synopt ic "ory, that "'hey immediately len
the I>oa nd . h<ir rathe" and followed J<om." The call >tory ofthe GAl
also shO\..~ parallel. with an episode from the Fourth Go,!",k that i"
the root-E."er ' prearanee of )"'UO at lhe s.. ofG.lile< in lohn 21,"
"'her< ind<ed le<u. ".nd. on the shore "'hereas the di,drl are sailing. and steor 'he boa, '0 'h~ shore after 'hey r""ogniz~ j~.",The public ministry of J~.u. in 'h~ GAl isconciuded by john', st.' e men'. "Now. ,he.e 'hings. dear bre'hr~n. I .peak '0 you '0 encourage
you in your fa i'h 'o ..... rd. him. for we must at 'he pr"",n' mp .ilen,
abou, hi. m ightr and wonderful work>. ina.much a. 'hey .r~ m)~'eri ..
and doubtle .. cannot be utte red or h""rd" (93.14-17)." Lalleman. who
accepts Ju nod and Ka..lIi, hypo,hesi.tha' chapters 94-102 and 109
were .dd.,J '0 ,he ' ex'" a I.ter point. in'erprof> this ><ntenco as 'he
epilogue '0 a n ~arlier ,..,,1on of ,he go>pei narr.,ive and can. atten,ion
'0 it> ,imilari'y wi,h .he fi r" epilogue of .he Fourth GO>pel'" "Now
Jesu. did m.ny o,her .ign. in 'he pre .. nce of hi. d isciple>. which are
no' written in ,hi, book. Bu. 'hese are written.., .h., you may com~
'0 b<lieve ,ha' Jesu, i. 'he Me .. iah, 'he Son of God, and ,ha' .hrough
believing you may h"" life in hi. name" (John 10 ,]0). "
Beyond 'he .imilari,i ... in 'he ",,,r.1I struc'"" of .h~ Gil! and
'he Fourth G>opel. respectively, ",bolar, h,,'e ob",,,'.,J a numb<r of
.har.,J lexical fe .. ur~ . " The Hymn of Christ in GAl 94-9~ coli. Christ
by names .h., 01"" occur in ,he Fourth Go'p<1. .IKh .. 'word " and
"ligh'", Christ wa, "'he word " and .he life .h., wa. in him was "'he
ligh," Kcording '0 'he loh.nnin~ prolog"" (U-IS), he i, "'h~ ligh'
of 'he world. Kcord ing '0 one of 'he Joh.nni n~ "I am' uyings (Joh n
,. ,.""" ,n<! K..
~I; ' ' ' '. __ . . " LoIkm>" 19", tt2_tt3_

U"''' 011.<",;", ;"d;co'od. ,;"hom from ,I.< Ah" m
f ~_ ,.... , 3II>-H.. .
"Ulkm, n , .... , "-
,.,,00", "" ...."',d from NOS\' (, .... ).
Un~" o<hn..-'", u.dico"d. I>Obh,oI

KM,~; ' '''''
Ul~m," ' - '
p,,,,,, '"''
odopd from
'!4_' '6.
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H
8,12, ..,., "''''w), Other expr ..,ion, in the hymn are al>o cha .. cteristic
of t he language of the Fourth Go'p<l , "glory" i, an important attribute
of Je,u. (~,g., John 1:11; 1:11; 17,~,22,M); he
"gra" (John
);[4,16,17) .nd ".pirit" (~ ,g_, John 7:39; 14:17,16,2(1;22 ), ",..., ..1 lin ...
of the h)mn remind one of the form of the loha nnine"] am" uying>
(~,g., John 6,H; 8: 11; I I :2', I ' , I )," p.articularly the do.ing ver .... "]
am a lamp to )'Du who...., me . Amen, ] .m a mirror to )'Du who
p<ri,-e. Amen. ] a m a door to you who knock on me, Amen. ] am
a way to )'DU, wayfarer. Amen." The attrib ute. "door and ",,'>y" are
on .. that occur in t he r"p<-eti>'e Johannine "ying. (John 109, 14,6),
It ha. to be remarked, however, that where.. in the Fourth Go.pel an
"I am" .. ying. "'gin with the p<r><>nal pronoun q.;" this i. not t he
ca~ in the parallel> of the GA.!. Furthermore, where .. the attribute>
in the Fourth Go.!"1 always have the definite attide (~OOO;. ~ &;', r'u),
they "and without an a ttide in the G.-\/. Ot her attribute. from t he
"] am" .. ying. ap!"" in t he GA.! in Je.us' word. to John on the Mount
of Olh-<o, ~'ri.lIy in hi. explanation aoout the c,."., of light (from
which le.u. talk. to John),
po"""'"
lbi. ern .. of light is ..,metlm,,. ",lied th. ,,'Otd by me lOr YOut ",k ...
",",etim .. nllnd, somn,m", "'m~ ",mnim.. Chri", ",mnim ... oWer
(John 10}91, so"""in", ....,y (Joh n 14,61. ",,,,,,,i,,,,,, l",aJ (John 63 ' ],
",metim.. ..,.,.], ",mni""" ....,""mion IJohn I U~], "'m .. in....
100, ",met,,,,,,, rather, IOm .. in", 'r"it. ",m .. i ...... loft (John 1];2"
14,6], ",n .. tlme, tru,h ]John 14,61, ",mni""" f.;th. IOmetim.. g.. .
(GAJ98.8-13)
A .urutanti.1 verbat im p.arallel occurs in the t.. mfiguration K~ne of

the GA.!, when J.."" rebuk... lohn with the word., "John, be not un"'
1O''''ing but belifi'ing, .nd not inqui.it i...," (GA.! 90, 16), the fi"t p.art of
the ..,ntence (~~ yivou
"ill
agrffing ""rbatim with
Je.us ,,'Ord. to Thoma. in John 20,27b, Another parallel i. found in
Je.us word. on the Mount of Oli,... , "John. to the multitude down
"']ow in kru.alem] am "'ing crucified nd pierci with lance nd
reed" and gall and vinegar i. given me to drink." The joint occurrenc~
"" "lanee" (Un:~) and "to pierce" (""""',,) agree. with t he Johannine
crucifixion Kene (John 19.34)-wliich i., ho....ever, not the only ",i,,
ing p.a ..ll<l.lJ
""''''0.:;
p",,,, t ..
,.63.
" l"~m," '''''"; Cud"" ' 0071>. 24 .
K,a,,,,,)
ISTVAN CUC ..."

Oth~r
.imilarit;'. "'tween th~ two text< indude common them ..

nd motif. without . ign ifi,ant , .. rbatim agreement. In t ~ GAl, John
,el"'rt., ' when I .. t at table. he (Jesu. 1 ,",'ould t.ke me ul"'n his bre."
(i.; ru <Troj&r,), .nd I held him' (GAl 89.11 ). The corresl"'nding 1"' g.. of the Fourth Go.pel mention ingle ,,,..ent during the I." . uppe~ "One of the di.dples, the one ""hom )em. loved, w redining
on hi. bre." (;'" rt!> ~OM,!,), .. So while ,esting on J<>u' bre ... (i. i
'" <Tr~eo.) .. ." (John 13,13,2~), The theme rem" in fohn 11,20. where
fohn i. referred to a. "t ~ one ""ho rested on Jem' br..,t (io; '"
or~lh;) at the . upper."" In the Hymn of Christ. )em .. y. , "Who
I . m, you .h.1l know when I go away," which p.rallel< hi, word. in
John Solg, 'When )'ou h"'e lifted up the Son of Man, then you will
re.lize th at I a m (he)" .nd John U.7, "You do not know now what I
am doing. but later you will under11and." The GAl mention. th.t lesu,
loved fohn (~ W-"" 9(1,7), doe, t~ Fourth Goo!",1 (<<yu.o."" lohn
13:23; 19:16, 20,1), OUght," a, we ha ... ""en . I>o"e, i. a cen<r. ltheme of
th~ Fourth Go.pel,'" a nd it becomes. I""ding motif of the GAl, especially in the .ppearance of th~ c,ooo of light (98-10 1). The idea t h.t
Christ "de><ended" from heaven, mentioned in GAl 100,], i, I"ralleled
in , .. rio", Johannine I" . ..ge. (John 3,13,31; 6,62), as well the claim
"[ . m wholly with t~ Father .nd the Father with me" (GAl 100. 11-11;
cf. lohn 1O ,}8, 14, 10-11: 17 :21 ),I< Fin.lly, the GAl mentiOn> the hour
of the cnKinxion; "",hen he "'- hung up" n t ~ GO .. on Friday, at the
. ixth hour of the d.y" (97.6). According to lunod and K.estli, well
a. Lallem.n," this is . n agreement with fohn 19,14-16. from where
the information w.. al", derived. Schola" h .v~ 01", ident ified further
"allu.ion," and ' ""hoes" in the two tex .. ( .<Kh t he w< of the verb
~wr<:'" in GAl 88.4 . nd John 2L2~), How,,', t he identific.tion of
.uch pa .. llel. i, o~en quite , ubjecti ... a nd i. lorgely motivated by the
fact that one already se,,, particular relation between the two text .. '"
NRSV , ,,,,"t< . .... ,

D HuI'""nn , ....
~
Lo ", . . ""'m-
all t/,= hm,,,.
~ a. ~m>n l ....,.' "
DI"""".nd K.. ~ " ''''.6'', Lolkm.o. ,_, .,6.
M eo..6"""h"" ..... Ilr><"'k <nJ K...", 100'. ,70----<"") " . "gn;tic.on' f"""" tho,
co."'" l>< =mrkt<ly ",1UdN from ",.. mh. It ........ tho, . find" n""h ""'r
,,>I,
to
'"f'I"X'"'8 ",u" .... f<x on ,,;, hns h)1""""" (''f'Wly "'" ""'.) tlun '"
;dmhfy ,on,,,,,jj,tory " ....... .
According '0 , he (On n>~. of ren' scholar:shlp> cite<! in ' he introduc,ion, 'he .imil.riti.. r""iewe<! in 'he previous >Ktion ",.ul,e<! from
'he u>< of 'he Fourth Go'pel by , he author(.) of 'he GAl (in a writ'en form or 'hrough oral ,ran.mi .. ion), the 'wo ' exts were pos.ibly
"'Tinen and read by ,he .. me loh.nnine communi')"' and/or the GAl
criticized , he theology of ,he Fourth G""pel. or at least the in'erpro'a,ion of ,h. wri'ing in contemror.ry (pro,oorthodox) Christi.n
cirde." My purros<' in 'his >e<:tion i. '0 ci' e evidence ,ha' require. uo
'0 recon.ider ,h. relationship of the ',..0 texts,
W. begin wi,h comments on som. minor details. A. we h ........ n
,1>0,.." scholar. hav. argued ,ha' 'he GAl men,ions ' he ,im. of , he
cruci~xion, relying on lohn ]9.]4-16, Among , he canonical go.pels,
information .I>ou, 'he hour of , he cruci~xion i, only gi,-en in , he
Go.pel of M. rk. where it is ", he third hour (Mark 1~ , 22-16). In , n
,hr. . .ynop,k I\O'pe]" 'he -,ixth hour- i. th. ,ime when the d.rkne .. o,-er the whol. land (0' earth) begins (M.n 17A ~; Mark ] ~ 33,
Luke 23,44), According '0 'he Gosf'J of
l ~. darkne .. feU o ... r
, n of Judea., noon CH, lH: ~<"~~I\pi,,). Th. Fourth Go.pel doe. not
m.nt ion , he time of .ither of 'he .wnts. bu, rather 'he ,ime when
Pilate sentence> lesu. '0 death, whic h ' akes placo "al>ou, , he . ixth
hom" (john 19.]4). Now, in 'he Greek text of ' he GAl. , he , he .ixth
hom of the day" ei,her indic.' .. 'he beginning of tho darkness, or , he
,ime of tho crucifixion and 'he beginning of 'he d.rkne, The word
order of , he .. ntence >e<m. '0 ,uprort the ~'" op,km. "And when on
Friday he wa. hung upon 'he CroM!,! a' 'he .ixth hour of 'he day d.rkne .. carne o,-er all the earth." Junod and K.",tI;', a. well a. Lall.man'.
re.ding i. only plau.ible if we insert a comma beforo "d.rkne"bu, .uch interpunction marks were at-n' from ancient manuscripl" "
Thed.rkness, in contrast, i. no' rnen,kmN at all in ,he Fourth Gospel,
Con""luendy, ,hi. gO!p<1 agr"". with 'he .ynop'ic. a. well .. wi,h , he
Pe,,,
"-t-.
, .. _,..s.
K"",,,, "'"', 6"--0", "".. I, 1.. ',"" P"''' ,.." .... UIk ... n
"-t-, Pm"
' .... 2, .... UIInnan , .... Ill.
......
w"oo., tw,-'ng ""'" 10 ,'" ""Iy ... n"",;po of ,I.< GAl. , "nn,,klnm;n< ;f
,t.;, ""''''',n,o.n'"'1' " XI ron"'" a"""... " 'h', pla=---~o"h , oow"",,. " not
'mporu"' for ,h;d;,,!! '0' q"'''''''' of ,,1.<1h<, ,I.< ",,;'n' ... '0"" Oo.rowro from
"" ''''''' 0 """p<l
ISTVAN CUC ..."
Go'pd of Per" I ~ on the hour of lh. d.,kn.... which il p<rhal" also

identifi .. a. the moment of the crucifi,ion.
Anothe, d .. ail th.t wu assumed to h"'e been bonowe<! from the
Founh GO'rel i. the mention of "piercing" and "la ne"," in GAl 97.9.
If ",e look at the whole sentence. we can identify mor< word. th.t
have to be taken into con.id.... ion when deciding about textual paraile!. and sources: -Iohn, to the multitude down below in Jerusalem
I a m king aucifie<!. and p;er"J with !.:i"U' and re<d,. and gall and
v;"<g<lr i. gh"n me to drink." One or more of the", motif. occur in
,-ariorn canonic.1 a nd non-canonical p . .. ion n.,rative . " Among
the~ p.rallel., the Go'J't'/ of 1'<1" (9 and 16) mentions both piercing
"with rff<!" (in .ingular) and drinking gall and vinegar, but doe. not
mention "lance"; the Fourth Go.rel ment ion. piercing -with lance"
(in .ingular) .nd drinking ,inegar. but lacla - reeds" and "gall" (John
1~J4); Mark has "reed" (1~ ,19) and "gall" ( 1~ , 36) but none of the
other word.; Matthew m.ntions .gall" and ",ineg": but in two different episoJes (27,34,48); Luke only mentions vinegar (23,36); finally,
the 1';,,/, of 8drna/>a, has both ,-inegar and gall, in t he .. me order
as the GAl, Inte .. stingly. mo>t e.,ly patri<tic ,""urc.. agree with the
Go'p<1 afPete, rather than with t he canonic.1 go>pel. in ""peet to the
order of drinking gall and ,'ineg.r." Thi. i. a dear indication that we
cannot easily decide which of these ,""UKe. contains the oldest tradition, and therefore it is difficult to ",,,,h a condmion with regard to
who borrowed whal from whom. Sueh diver>ity in the use of related
.. prelon. could be explained in the framework of oral tran.mi .. ion,
a rer>peetive th at I ha"" pur-me<! e]se",her<." Gh-en this general picture, the fact thaI -lance" i. p.. ser""d only in th. GAl and the Founh
Go.pel doe. not n. .. arily s uggest direct borrowing by either of
the a uthon ,"
The mention of lohn le. ning on lesus breast and t he motif of the
Beloved Diocipl. , both of which h"" pa .. llel. in the Fourth Go.pel,
belong to the major, ov.rarehing th.m. of the GAl, In the GAl, ph)'>ical intimacy betwffn lohn and J<>uo i. not limited to the I... 'uprer.
When! sat at table: lohn sa)' "he would take me uron hi> brea" and
M Ulkm>. I .... Il .... 'J{I; c.....h<", :r007b. " '_"6.

" Ulkm>. , .... '_17',
~ ez..h<" 1IXI7!. c ,..h<" lOOO, Cueh< .. en P"''''
~ UIInruo. ('''', ' 1On1n) en rod _wn> hi' c.'" whm h< <;1<, hi. "'h<,
.bout "",. . . . Dd ,t" GAl" ,"ppOOing ........._
oo.c",,,.,.
~7
I h~ld him" (89.11- 12). Thi. habi,ual ph ysical contact bet",..,on John
and Jem. I>om ... sourc~ of knowledgo abou, Jesus, "and some,im...
hi. broa" f~h
me
I>< . mooth and tend .. , and sometim", hard
liko "on~" (89.12-14). The mo,if of ph)".ic.1 ,0lKh oecu," once moro
in th e 'ext , "Sometimes when I moant '0 touch him, I met a mot~rial
(i.MOO~<;, literally "woody") and solid ('''Xi.:; li'e ... Uy "' hick") body,
and at o,her time< when I fd, him, tho .ub>'anc~ wa. imma'erial and
bodile .. and., ifit w~r~ no' exi"inga' aU" (9].1-4). A. Iha ... .,gu~d
else""her~, 'h~ 'h~m~ of fondness and physkal d .... ness I><,,...,.,n John
and Jesu. origina'.,. in tho Pla'onic , radition." In 'he Sympo,jum,
Soc ... , .. arri"", for the dinner aft .. " .. i,jng outside, d~ly immersed
in hi, ,hough". Aga,hon expro .... hi. wi,h 'hat Socral .. would
recline nexl
him. "Here you are, Soc,.,es. Com~ and recline next
10 mo; I wan' 10 ,hare Ihi. grea' , hough' ,hat ha. just "ruck you in
Ihe porch n~" door" (l7~8-.u)." Soc,..te, complie. with Agathon',
wi,h, r"din~. next 10 him and an.w"rs, "My d~ar Agalhon: Socrat'"
r~plied .. ho took hi. seal be.ide him, 'I only wi,h that wisdom wer~
Ihe kind of Ihing one could .hare by . ilting nex' 10 som..,ne-if it
flowed, for instance, from 'he one ,hal wa. full 10 'he one ,hal was
emply, like the woter in ' wo cu p. ~ndi ng its level Ihrough a piece of
wo",ed'" ( !7~4-d7 ). In 'h e famou. Dio,im. 'J><1'ch (20Id-2!lb),
Socra' es 'peals .bou, Iwo differenl ,ff" of Ero. M"", people are
"fertile in bod)": lurn 10 womon ond rai .. a famil)", in Ihe hope ,hat
Ihe)" will ""ure immonaJi'y, a memory of thom .. lv~" . nd h.ppine.
They who ar~ "fenil~ in soul: in con"a", conc~i"e and bear Ihe thin&>
of 'he spirit. They look for be.u,iful souls, edncale Ihem, and procroale more beauliful a nd immortal children. Soc,..t", ,hen ~xplain' how
Ihe philosopher proc",,& from dfi'Ol ing h im",lf ' he beaulie. of , he
body
Ihe re ... lalion of ab>.olute beauty:
'0
'0
'0
'0
'0
And.." when hi, corrt boy-loving hal "rritd our <. ooida II<> far 1h>.1
].., begi ns 10 w(h .ighl of 'hot beauI)', he " . lmoot wilhin ",,,h ofll><
1in.1 "",,. ,ion. And lIIi, i> ' he .... y, Ihe only "'y, h. mu" . pproach,
or be led IOw"d 'he m.''''", of lov. S.. ning from individw.1 I><. uli..,
III. q""" for ,he unive=l be.u,y mull fioo him e\-" n""ing up""rds,
"'Pping from rung 10 rung-,hal 1>, from on. ' 0 ,,.0, .nd from lwo to
e\'efJ' I",..,ly body, from bodily beauly to It.. be. lily of in""utiono, from
in"it"""'" 10 I.. rning, . nd f,om " "nlng m genefOllo lbe <pt<w 10",
" DK"'" ""'" DKM>Z ' OO7~ 106_" 1.

~ T"mLoh"" ro.. p".J from H.mj!,,,,, >00 Cairn. '''' ,
,26-,,,.
ISTVAN CUC ..."
t.... t pertain. to nothing but t.... be, utiful it.. lf-until " IHt .... <om",
to know ~'ha t b<auty is, (l !!bl -dll
later, Agathon', pl.ce next to Socwe. i. token by Aldbiade" an <xceptionally handsome young man, who earlier im'ited Socrate. to hi. home
in the hope that he would sleep with him. Socr.t.. explairu th.t the
int im.cy bet",ee" m.ster and di,dple, which Ag.thon.nd Aldbi.d ..
conceive in erotic term., mwt be de.n ,nd ,piritual. In ,um"he rel.tion b<tween Socr .... and hi, disciples in the Sp"pa,ju", i, , imilar
to the ... Ia,ion of lesu. and lohn in 'he GAl. While the GAl is more
re.e,,ed in the w< of ero,ic vocabulary, the overall theme of ph)"ical dos<ne".nd fondne .. bet ween master and diKiple i, still dearly
recognizable. According to t he'eaching of the Sympo,jum, .uch dosene .. and fondn ... provOde an opportunity for learning. Furthermore,
.ccording to the Diotima 'p<"<'Ch, the love of phy'ical bodie. i. the
fir<' "ep on 'he way to absolute beauty-an ide. that i. elaborated
in another >,ion of the Act> of lolrn." What d"". this imply about
the parallel. between the GAI.nd the Fou rth Gospel' In the Fourth
Go. p<1, the tradition that John i. the "B<k",ed Di,dple" is m .. ely
reported as an epi'het, without filling i, with .ny ,"ntont. The content
of thi. tradition, in tum, becomes dea, from the GAl. Thi. lead. to
the cond u.ion that 'he GAl, rath .. than borrowing from the Fourth
Goop<1, pres<rved an a<pe<' of loh.nnine tr.d ition ,hat i, only ,,"guely
recognizable in 'he Fourth Goop<L
In order '0 understand the ,ign ific.nce of 'he knowledge that John
g.in. about Ie,,,, through ph)"ic. 1 d o""ne .. , we h.w to tum to
another m ajor theme of the GAl, that i, J.. us abili'y to .ppear in different fo,m" Thi. phenomenon h been d iscu,..,d a. the " polymorph y of Christ' in P' '';o", ",holar<hip." The c.lIing of lohn and I.m ..
in the GAl 88-89 contain, various in",nc.. of polymorph y:
And my broth .... Id, "loon, this child 011 the .ho", who c,lll to u~
..-.... t doe. he w. nt!" And I .. id, -W .... t chdd!" He r<pli<.!, "1"" one
..-ho il h:komng to us: And I ,n,_red, -ll<cau"" of our long w. 1<h
t.... t we kept at ,. you are not seeing ",. igbt, brother Jam", but do
)'lu oot..,., the man who " , nd> there, f. ir.nd <ornely , nd of , che<rfu l coun1<n,n'" But .... said to n>e. "Him I do not..,., brothe~ but let
Am 0/1""" "" d . Cll<h< .. lOO<i, 67-68; Cll<h< .. >007 . 1 It _1 "
",,"'''''' t"', 13_""' "room.. l ... t, ,u""" .,'" """....". ' '''1, 0-6"
L>lk"",n t"''' ,",I rm ... t_, .,_t OS, Gorci. t""'" Cll<h< .. >007c, tn_t<O; ""',,,
~
"w .
~9
us go .nd ". mall ... "hal i. m""n~" .. , An.! ~'h.n we I.fi .he place,
~ilhlllg 10 10110", him >gam, he 'g. i" 'pre .. <d.o me, b.ald-he:ul<d bu.
~i.h , .hick . nd Il.o~ing b.. rd, 00' ' 0 10",'" h. ' pre,r<d ., , you.h
~-II"", be ..d was jU>1
We W<fe p<rpI<X<d, bolh of"" '" '0 ,I><
m .. ning of ,,-II.. we hod ""'".
,,.,,i"1>
AlKIth<r imporl an. ex:unpl. of pol)'morphy occurs in GA/96-101,

""her< peopl .... J<sus dying on .he CroM on Golgotha, while he 'p<oks
John from the cro .. of ligh. on the Moun. of Olive<, Wh .. other
pa''''g<> of .he Go'll qu alif)' as co",. of polymorph)' depend. on how
one define he concept. !n 'he "'k.~st sen.." polymorphy meon."'
metomorphosi. of .uch 0 kind .ha h~ pe''''''' or dei'),can b< ",en d ifferentiy by d iifer<n. people at 'h< , am< "-"","" According.o LoUeman,
this has to be distingui.hed from ..,he wider COrK"!" of metamorpho.i" in whkh a p<,-,on .. , takes s<ver.ll form. GJ1I"cUI;vdy,"" Indet>d, in
the first example, lohn.nd James ... Jes"" in differen, form imul.an<ou>ly. and this motif recurs in GIt/ 89. Ho~''''..,r, in'~ .ubsequent
epi>Od ... "'.., can ... no distinction bet", .. n s),nchronic poIymorphy
and d iachronic m",amorphosis (that i ub>equ~nt appe .. anc~. in
,,,,iou. forlm), lmmedia'~ly after 'he >Kond par.]]el ,i.ion of John
and Jam~'. we read J.,hn', repon th .. l~.u' body was >ometim .. ><>ft.
but >ometim .. hard, In the same _tion, he ""an. thot Je",' ey.,.
"""~ al",,)', open, on<! that he often saw him a. a >mall figure looking upword o the dy, At h i> transfiguration on the mountain, J<->us'
head reach .. to .ky (90,]3). but when John cries out with fear, Ie",.
tum. around, bomes a >m all man and pull. John'. beard (90.1 4-16) .
Rell"'ting on the><> e\'en". John .peak. about "hi. uni.y which has
many f.ce' (.oh.pbo",.o, <,,y,~,,,, 9 1.6). At (.he lak<.,f) Genn~ .. r'"
(ch, 92), John .e." "a nother one like him" who .peak. to jesus. In
GIt/ 93, we read about lesus' bod)' again, which fel' ",m",imes solid,
but ot other tim .. "imma.erial and bodil", as if it were not exi>1ing a.
all," FinaU)', in the crucifixion episode (du , 97-102), J",,,,, i. crudfiecl
on Golgotha and .inmltaneou.ly appear> to John on 'he croM.,f lighl
on the Mount d OliYe>, Even if.,,,,, can make a d istinction b"'".""n
.imultaneou. aM consecuti,'e appe a"'IK~', .uch a distinction was not
important ,., the autoor of the GAl, in which .11 of 'h~.., im .anc.,.
'0
l"~m."
l"~m. "
I",,", "'" 'mph>~, by P. u&m<n .

'''''", 101, , mr""" by P. ,--"'nrum.
ISTVAN CUC ..."
'ogeth .. form ' Il< ,heme of ' he "rolymorphous I<>u ."" From ""he",
did ' he .u,oo.(.) of , I>< GAl toke 'he concep' of rolymorphy1 The
polymorphy of Chr;'" according '0 Lalleman, ""a. introoucM fi"t by
'he Acts of fohn , and ' Il< other Apocryphal Acts of 'he Aro"les borrowM 'he concepl from it. The Act, of lohn, in 'urn, reliM on 'he
canonical writings, including 'he tr. nsfiguration .ne of Mark 9,2-8
(and its pu.lIel as well a. 'he po&t-Ea" .. appearance., particularly
in Mark. Luke, a nd 'he Founh GOIipel (Mark 16, U; luke 14; lohn 20),"
H.,.".-,,-er, 'here i. one a.pect of rolymorphy in the Apocryphal Act>
,h a' almo" "ainly exclud .. 'his aplanation, ' hat i., the polymorphy
of the evil In Act> of 101m 70, 'he loyer ofDru.iana i. "intlamed by 'he
intluence of the polymorphous Satan '0 'he mo.t ardent pa .. ion ." In
Act. of 7hom", 4-1, , he apo"le ca ll. the .-11 ,h e polymorphous 0"""
(Il ~oJ..';~~)-referring to 'he two black demon. ,ha' ."acked 'he
woman and her daughter on , I>< "",,,,." A similar sto ry i. found in
the I.ter Martyrdom of Mau/I<M', where the 'po"le .. orei .... the king's
wife, daughter and son- in-law, but the demon app<a" again a, a sol dier, In a numkr of other, later Acto .nd a pocalyptic te"", S.t.n and
th e demons are capable of pol)'morphy" Where .. the sour of the
idea of polymorphy in the Apocryphal Acts can not k decided with
ab.oI ute cenaint)', I will ou, line a n ahernative proro.al ,"
lhe moot proo.ble solution;' that the .uthors were acquainted with
the colKept o f rolymorphy from Gr.. k and Egypt ia n tradition. a nd
combined it with Chri"ological idea. oftheir communit"" Except fOf
one debatecl occurrence, the noun "rolymorphy" (~oi..,,~~i,,) doe.
not appear before the fourth century C E. and then it is...."j mainly in
Chri"ia n sourc<->." The ad/<'<th.., "polymorphous' (~oA{,~~), in
contr.", ha, been in us< .in t l>< fifth century BCE, in the meaning of
~ I"""" """ ""',,~ (' ''', 466- .,) ... oIy d".I7_01 "'0 ''''_'''' ... ,h<,oricaI
un;', and ' I'",".bou, ""'n', '1",1,. ""'mon'" of I"w' poI)'''''''l'hy, I fi no th<
fom,.J rh<''''''.J . n.Jpi' ...m<Wh" forr<d , bo, 'I!'''' "d,h th< ,",hen ;",0.., .. 'I><r
do "'" ,NO , I>< 'h<m< of p>J)motphr '0 , I>< ~m uJ ,", ...... ' Pf.. ,.. n"~
" Ulkm>. , .. ~
"",'n 2007, 67_ll.
,,--Ii,.
eu"I><" 2001, c",,1>< ... 200'"

~ fot. I~, of ,I>< .. P""'g<~ > ",nod and K.. " j j ' ' ' ' . 4"_' ' '" '.
~ a: Cll<h,,,,, 2007<. w_'46.
~ l>dddI, Scot, .nd I""" ,,...;. "4(I . nd """,,''''" " '"" 11>< ...."n linS_
G_eo< 1001'- A """ ~)' .. rl", """ ' " '''' " ~>n..io-Lon8'n"', On ,It.
19.,-", GnN b<t,,n ,I>< firn ' M ,M," ","ti,,, a ,
~
,ubi,,,,,
TH. GOSPEL O~ T HE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H
61
"having many form . "" The mythographer Heracli,us, writing in , he

first <en'ury CE, men,iom 'he "p"lymorphous xylia ."" lucian, a con'emp"rary of 'he major Arocryphil Act., ,,'ri'e t>ou, ,he cap.acity of
Ero. '0 ch.nge Zeus in'o m.ny form. (!l i .o).~~_v .. . ,',).).0:"",),Hipp"I)1~' of Rome (died in B~) wri, .. . t>ou, 'he "p"lymorphous
Ani. .. and quo,e n invocation '0 "Gorg." Mormo, luna, a nd ,he
Polymorphous One,- Which deity i. meant by 'he laner i. uncertain,
bu, Hom. migh' he a good candida,e (..., belo>w), We h .... to> .dd
another Egyp'ian dei'y "'00 i. caned "p"lymorpOOu." in Oxyrhynch~.
papyru. 1380. dating from the e.rly >e<ond century CE, In ,hi ..,urc~,
his i ddre...-d .. "p"lymorhou' and "of many name.,"" That , he
epithe .. in ,hi. in"ocotion were perm.nen,ly aMOCiated with his is
demonstrated by a !=",ge in Apuleiu' A/namorpho"" 1 D," wher~
'h< dei'y 'pe.k. '0 I.uciu", "My divini'y i. one, worshipped by all , he
world under differen, form. (mu/'ifo.-mj 'f>'d<). wi,h , .. rious rit ... , and
by manifold nam ... "
Thi. bring. us '0 a n imp"nant .. pe<t of 'h~ term "p"lymorphou."
wh~n used in conntion wi,h dei,ie . 7.eu., Ani, and I,i, ,..,r~
undoub,edly p"pular in the ><cond cen'ury CE, worshipped in differen' form. ""rOM the Mediterranean b in." lhe p"int is made
explicit in Mnamorpho"" I I, where .n extensive list is provided of
the nam .. under which I.i. i. worshipped in differen, countri ... , The
cult of Ani. 0' C),hele play. an imp"na n' role in another chapter of
Mnamorpho"", where Luciu" in the form of a n ' '', ca rri", her statue
on hi. bKk," But where Zeuol/m'e in,.. ded the Mediterranean ba.in
with 'he .pread ofHelleni,m and the Roman Empire, and hi. w""hip
remained tied up with the religion of the "ote and with t he public
.phere, C),hele and I,i. tr .."led without .uch in(no>tructure," lud . i,m
~ H ; ppom"~ Ai", W.'",~
1LJ""'"_'l,
PI"w ".", An""'""
""",n. "" .. ,,1,"", 6<>Ib.lS,
f ....... ", >I"~.

<1<" H"",';'''' Ali<yori<. ' O.I Ll (dak u"",,""'n).
lIKi>n, Di.!o:r> of'M God. 10,1.'~ H ;ppo/yI u, "1 B.'. " ;f'!"'IY'"' k" '""l' ".,...uk Ih< Am of /./ .. , bo, hi'
olPolfn-phr oloo, "'" "" m inli"meN by iI.
~ H ;ppo/yI u, "1 . " ., .
" Cf. Wl<m.on , .." ' ".
luooO ' ' '', .."Go,," , ..... , 11.
b< -.d ,"',

o;"tov ofl'" (;0,/, 10. 1.' ,<I", '0
'n d;,f<nt ""P" ..,b<, ,"'" h" "...,..j,jp in monr fon....
" Apuk " ~ .\I,'""""1'i-' ' .1-1-17.
~ ,",oc' ' ' '', <>porul'y pp. n _.. , ' ''ow "~<m cull, T"",~-
""!I'
"m."
,-"<,.n.
z..' ad",",,,,,,
ISTVAN CUC ..."
was also repr<'Sent..J in m.ny pi...., but its p..",nco "' ti..J up with
the p..",nco of the Jewish population. Cyb<le, lsi" Mith"", and ~e ...1
other popular cults of the time reli..J on their p"ychological apreal
... ther t han on migration, d.mographkal f.ctors, or political power
t~ t,..vel..J."
In the light of th .. e parallels, I .ugg... that a u i.. "'"a:I call..J "polymorpho ..." ba>ed on the .nalogy of A"i. and lsi .. A. Christianity
" .....,d geographical, cultural. and soci.1 houndari the cult . nd
its deity nee .... rily follow..J other popular religion. in dev.loping
toward polymorphy. In early Christian art and literature, Chri .. could
be identifi.d with. number of wellknown figures uch a. Apollo,
A.depiu., Diony. u., the eagle (bird of Ze ...), Herml . .. Heli< . nd
th . shepherd (biophom.). " The puIpO>< .nd extent of identification
,'ari..J acro .. t ime and .paco. The quick ' pread of Christia nity i. probably responsible for the f.ct that Christ did not h..'e . "prorer" form.
Thu. , ,,'herea. Christ had m. ny form he actually had none. Thi. issue
m ight alre.dy be addre ....J in various p . ... ge< of the New T .... ment,
",he..
ache< th.t he i. pr"",nt in the form of child",n, the
nee.iy, the .. ... nger, the ,ick, the prisoner, and the 'po"le .. " Otri,,'
mbiguou hare i ign.led in the po,,r<surreetkm ' prea rances,
",hen h i. di><:iples fail to recognize him" Fin.lIy, the same . mbiguity
i. expres>ed in p . ... ges ahout Ch ri .. '. return to e anh, "And if anyone
say. to you at that tim., ' Look! Here i. the M""i.h !' or 'Look! There
he is' -do not believe it, - Such ambiguiti .. ahout t he .ppea ... nce of
Christ contribut..J to the form.tion of. particular im.ge of the polymorpho ... Chri .. , one that i. different from the polymorphou. I.... ,
",ho>e polymorphy r.ther con. i"..J of .wallowing up th e form. of
other goode"" . The polymorphy of Chri" in t he GAl rather mean.
the I.. k of a prorer form, Ie"ing the reader with ""er ,h ifting, elu.h'e im.g ..... In .um, the concept of polymorphy in the GIt/ was not
in.pi.-...:l by the transfiguration and po"-r<>urrtion n.rratives (such
res.....
to".
I1' l7.".
to"".')O; .
Nock
<>p<,wIY
- II" App... of , he .. Cult,.DrtKh<w
!!<n,,!! I "'", 71>& "",n ... n t ... " Mol""" 1000, 130;
R.,y" 1000, T romOkr lOOt , ... t~ CzKb000.
M a.;Id,,", "' .... '>"; "'," to,. ; '- ok, u . ",roy, '''''''Y'', 'iLk. rru",,,~ M."
" ," 30,.,_0; Apooth ", .. t '(to<>, luk< 1{'."_)obo l no.
~ r,~iL"'rly ; n luk< " ,tj.. t6."""; . 00 John 2<>14 16.
~
" 1he ,Iu~", ..... p" of Ch"" w .. ;n"'I"",d ;n ",,"" of . "' ~h" th<oIog
(' I"'r iwh,,,,)" ... " , '''I!< 1> bolow).
~
M." " ,n "'... ''''I.
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH
GO.,'H
63
a. John 20) of 'he canoniall gO!pel., bu, ,..,her by ' Il< div~"i'y of
contemporary Chri"i.n wo"hip ., well nalogi .. in th ~ religious
context of th~ .u,hor'. community.
Yet ano,her gene ....l f"" t ure of th. GM to be diKu.>l in 'his con,~xt i. its intriguing 'heory of miracle . The GM contain>, .. rie. of
mirade.-in fact, apart from 'h~ ri,u.l danco, i, mai nly focuses on
miraculou. episodes from I~'u, ""tivity on .anh. Mo.t of ,he", episod , how"",r, .r< qui'e differ~nt from ,h. miracle ..ories known
from otll<r gospels. Th. c~n, ....1 'opic of mo" ofth ... "ori i. Ie.",'
polymorphy (understood in a brood ... n.. ). The mir.cl culmina'e
in 'he crucifixion episod~, .ccompani.d by ' he in'erpre'ation of t il<
"-~nt 'hat i. r~lated from ,h. cro .. of light, .ccording '0 which t il<
lord did no' "",ually .uffer .ny of ' he 'orm.n" ,,-hich r'ple ... w him
.uffer. lhe final m irade i. Chri,,' s<~nt '0 h""v~n, which is not .... n
by .nyone in th. mul,i,ude (GAl 102.1- J). A. we ha,-. """n abm'e, in
'he conclu.ion of
pre-E.".. """ion, lohn ...y., ow. mmt at t il<
p....,nt k..,p .ilen' about hi. mighty and wonderful work" (93.[~- 1 6),
Sinco 'he GM in f.ct contains m.nr miracl .., ,hi. . . n'ence can be
in'erpr<ted only on .. planation of why ..,me o,her miracle., k nown
or heard of by 'he a u,hor, were not includeJ in 'he go.pel ,
Whereas the m.jori,y of th e mi,..d", tha' are report.d in GAl are
unknown from other go.pel., ,he .. are 'hree importan' excep'ion.
'he ,,..n.figu,..tion of le.m (repon.,J in 'wo dilferent ,'e"km. in
Gltl 90), 'he multiplica'ion of bread 13.4-10) and ,he .... noion
( 102, [-3), Neith .. 'he "an,figura'ion of Je.u. nor hi. as<~n,;on occun
in 'he Founh Go.pel. Among the thr"" 'ynop'ic ,'."ion. of ,he
figuration "~ne, Lux t~" probably come> d.,..,,, '0 'he GM, both
containing 'he information 'hat )0. took the 'hr"" d 's<iple. '0 t he
mountain'op '0 pray. The GAl report' 'he ascen.ion wi,h 'he word.,
"When he had .poken '0 me ,he .. thing. and o,hen which I kno,,' not
how '0 "'Y" he would hav~ m., Il< w.. taken up (a,,~iw&tl), wi,hout
any of the multi,ude h"'ing .. en him." Among 'ho different .... mion
episod~ in 'he New T."amont (Mark 16,19; Luke 24, ~[; Act. 1,9),
'ho do .... ' parallel i. found in tho long .nding of Mark, "So ,hen t he
lord Ie"", aft" h. had ,polm '0 them, W"S take" up (a",i..~~~)
in'o he",'en and .. t down at the righ' hand of God" (M ark [6,1 9),
1he multiplica'ion of bread i. t he onl), mi"",\< ,hat occurs in aU four
canonical go.pels. I, is remarkable, howe,,,,r, 'hat 'he GAl, in ag"om.n' wi,h all 'hre< ')'llop,k ,'e"ion. of 'he f~ing of ,he fi,'e ,hou>and (a. well a. wit h t he "ory of the fe.ding of ,he four 'ho .... nd in
,h.
',..n<-
ISTVAN CUC ..."
M.tthew and Mark) " ... 'he \"ern ~('f""~'" when it mention< that " .. ryone "wa. fill.d" (Mark 6.42; 8,8 parr.)," w .... r the Fourth Go.pel
use< ;.~.(~ ~~~, to expre .. this (John 6.12). Mor"",-er, 'h e GAl .." the
mirade into , .... episode of a vi.it to , .... house of a Ph .. i..... Thi. scene
h .. ,-arioll> 'ynop'ic paralle'" yet the do..,,, ones are found in the
Go. pel of Luke." In .um, .mong th. m iracles that occur in the Fourth
Goopel, but not in the .ynoptic., the Gill mention> none, wherea . it
doe. contain mirael.,. (tramfiguration and .scemion) that occur only
in t ..... ynoptic. but not in the Fourth Gospel. finally, when it come. to
mirad .. found both in t ..... ynop'ic< and John, the account of' .... GAl
contain. no particular reference to t .... Fourth Go.pel'. ,'."ion, The
,,-ay t .... multiplication of bread i. present.d in the GAl , ugg"''' that
the a uthor did no' know the mirade stories of t .... Fourth Go.pel .
The Gllr. terminology of miracle. also de",,,, .. attention, When
describing the unutterable charac'er of Je>u' mirades, the GIt/ refers
to t .... m .. - mighty and wond erful wor"': in Greek ,it ~q(l).z;a ml
,it 6a"""",a (GIt/ 93.1 '-[6). Thi' terminology i. different from the
u ..ge of' .... Fourth Go<pel, which famously call. Jeou' mind.. -.ign '
(,,~~<ia, e.g., John 1'11,23; 2(030), or ".ign. and wonders" (,,~~<i:a
~,,-i rif"Ha, John 4AS ). Thi. difference in terminology . 1>o challenges
th e a.. um.d paral..1 between the fir" epilogue of the Fourth Go'pel
and the Gllr. conclusion of Jesu' ministry, .uggested by l.aIlema n
("'" above). But where dO<'> the terminology of the GAl come froml
Both ~<r<'hi" and 6au~';m" occur one< in the New Testament, but
not in the Fourth Go.pel , ~<r<').zi" i. found in Acti 1,11, referring
to God', mirades, wherea. 6a~~"o,,, in Matt 1U , refero to those
of Jesus, Both word. occur frequently in the s.,ptuagint, the epilogue
of Dt>uteronomy containing ,it 6au~6m([ ,it ~q<iJ..o: (Deut 34,[1)
next to 'Jlw"a ~"i "pam (34 ,[1). We cannot decide with certainty
whether the GIt/ creat.d the ph .... from e. rlier ("po ..,.) occurrence.
of bo,h word" borrowed it from the s.,ptu.gint," or the combination
wa. already p. rt of Chri"ian u.age," We can con dud., howe\"er, that
~ 11>< ,uc!
fo<m , how,,... i. J,jf",n" h~u. in , U')nopt"' P""'S" ,nd
;"""alj<o 'n LA/ .H.

~ Luk< n6, t U7, <f. CDcI><" 100'" .oj"".
"'SS''''" ..
H
Ulkmon to"
_~ of OIJ T",,",,", !"-,.]kb '" th , Acl> of","".
''f'Wlr " ith "" LXX 8001; of w;./om. II, f"OP""'l ,h>.t ""'" ~mU ..it'" ",m
[rom ,I>< S' "".J "" ol ,...-i<h vocobulo'l' 'n CIon""" lI""'l'~
~ _h Am
,.t.6-7 a nd b m ... "",. c/. Lt !..-. [ " " ocom,na.
ol tl>< up"Won.
of'''''''''''
TH. GOSPEL O~ T HE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H
6~
the GM did not employ the u.ual designation of Jesu' miracl in t he

Fourth Go'pok including the epilogue of John .ID30. and th ... foro its
author(.) probably did not borrow from the epilogu .
To .um up th~ finding. of thi, ""'tion. we have seen that various featUr<' of the GAl challenge the majority "iew t hat thi. gospol relied on
the Fourth GospeL In particular, we haw .hown that the polymorphic
OHlstology of th~ GA.l doe. not originate in p"'t-r<surre<:tion na rrative . Furthermoro, the t hem. of intimacy i>etween J<suo and John. the
Belo,ed Di.dple, i. an el.boration of Platonic t",dition> and creat", a
framework for the Olristology of the g""peL Th. pre .. ntation of mirad in th. GM also d .. ,,~ on sou",,,, other than the Fourth GO'pel,
Other .,.rl"'r . uggestion> .bout "borrowing'" in the crucifixion Kene
al.., proved q"""tion. ble on dour Krutiny. A number of quite int~r
"'ting parallel. , however. remain between tho two
which I will
attempt to explain in the final part of thi ..... y.
te,".
], PROTO-JOHN , TH O HYI'om.,., OF A <:O."..,ON Sov~c. BHtN"

THE
GM AN" TH .
Fo u n~ Go'Hl
We can explain th imilarities and difference. b<tween th. GM and

the Fourth Go.pel if we hypothe'ize the exi,rence of common trad ition u>ed b), both authors. lhi. tradition wa. prob.bl), accessible to
the .utho.-. in the form of an or.1 go.pol narrath..,. Th is gospol, which
I will call Proto-Iohn, ,,'a. much d"",r to t he pre><nt form of the GA.l
than to the present form of the Fourth GospeL We ca n now attempt a
t~n .. ti,.., reconstruction of the content of Proto-John.
In tho pre\iou. section I have a rgued, first, that th. themes of polymorphy and the Beloved Di>ciple in the GM did not originate in t he
Fourth GO'pel or in ot her known gO'pel>, and ON:ond, that the two
them are intertwined a. part. of. larg.. OlristologicaJ concept. In
particular, th. theme of the Beloved Di><:iple i. moro consist.nt in t he
GM th.n in th. Fourth Go.peL I .uggest that Proto-John featured
the ap"'tl. John a. the intima .. di.dpl~ of le.u .. who learned about t he
true n. ture of Christ through th.ir affectionate relation.hip. Th. narrath.., relied on Soc ... tic tradition (p.rticularly on Plato', Sympo,;um)
to char.cterize their relatioruhlp, and wu not lacking in homoerotic
connotation., The background of this t radi, ion within Chri"iani'r wa .
the major .ignificance of .bared meal>. witnessed by th . P.ulin~ corr ... pond~n'" and other p.... ges of the New Testam.nt, a. well .. a
whol. rang. of non-canonica l li",.-.ture (including Didnche. 19natiuo
'lI"H">P ,." '",a''"''D "o,no""", ',,,,,,i'l" "' ""'lI-o""'D"'
'''"''' '''''::1
'<n,
-oro<
'" 'l'>l
"'''1' -"'_' 't ( - { f
"'"0'"'<1 ~'P "'" ' <0---(. ')<I.. """" 'Of'4J ~
__ , I "" 'J-"'w~>s "'" UPU'" '0i,6, ""'D

'000' ""'"'1"1" .. ,
~
m .. ~
-'''' ,~(~ ~
-"lJ'O JO UWAH I.U!~!JO ' q, JO "u,w'l' JO 'U,,! ' '''

_oqol' U'''!L'' J~110 ~u1'" W~ I. 'q' ~U!U!~'UO, j><l009 qu nof
JO
"4,,><1, '4' ' 04' '~JOPJ~q, '",j!jjn. ! ",uo1li.oowo, u ' ''!-L",n 1><1'09
4Unof ~~, U! .SU~(O. " ' 4' 0, P"4""0 ... JnoYJ1P ~uol ~~, " 4' u10u"
>l!nb '! 'I 'J'A""JOI~ 'AJ.puo, .. '! 1><1= qunof "4 ' U! ,~u"''' ~ 4 'jO
Jre,uA. ,u,oJ1un '4' Alq",!"Jd "U"!<.I'A 0"" '4' JO '1><1'09 4Unod '41 u1
Jre,uA. ,u.J,J!'P ' .A'4 .J'4 'WOj ~,.oo 0 U! ,.><Id~ '041'~U"' '' .wo
I.''U. "j><l= qunod '4 ' WillJ UMOU~ "'I. OJ. ' .4' " ,nq1Jll~ ',"lJ q:.
)0 l>qwnu ,uo)lu~w 96-1'(; /V9 jO uW~4 "4 ' " .'oqo u......,~ ~Io\
'Y .... ~!SOI.U. AJ",odw>luo, JO ,.Iii U! 'lq1'.'j J",/"'~O'j' ' ! 'l.n,1'
n~4' JO u .d ,~ nu.p pn!""d 'U~"lJ4:' '"'U. "'! f""od,uo, 0410\
,u~!1'1J4:' ~4' JO 'l"'w '4' U! u',/'l "'! OilS "! 'A04 O<I~ Plno, l'lJq:.
)0 uwAH "'/' 'UO!,!P"" Joddn'_'," j " jn,!uod ~ JO uod .. P'''!W'U''',
~U!"'I 0, u"!'!PP' ul -wn1'odwA, JO ~JOM'm"J ~4' U! 'PI'S ~ q, jO
utuAH ' q' , Su1' 'I'rod. '41 ~J>q,,, 'L-9 wwo'lL jo '101' Aq I"'p,.,oJd
'1 "" q:. "!,,d 0 , A,!unuoddo u. 4'ns ~u!'n JO ' Id,uox> UO!"!J q:.
Y '1"II':l->9LJ) ,Su", lon,n '41 q,,10\ ~u!p'..n o Jd JO P"" u1 .013 0,
O!WOOU, .. odmo, 0, P"PP"P '! ' 1 'um!,oduds ',o,"jd ul .. -"u"I' pu
Suo< q'oq "pnpu l P!"o, .!,odwA, u .woll pu . ~""9 -'''jdp'lP 'l4
P'" , n" j Aq I"''''!' I" m 10uy 0 J" ~JO""'w"J '41 o ,u1 (uw.(4 .uo u~q,
>.lOW ~U!U!qwo, AN!"od) "u4:' JO uW'H '41 pu. "mp 1='1' '41 , ..
UOll !P"' 1'4' 'lq1'rod .,mb '! ' ! " jod",S j,,!uoun '4' '0 In.d wOJJ
""'0"'1 .. 'Jodd n. "01 "'/ ' JO UO!,U'W "u 'f1'w /1'9 "4 ' ....J~q,\\
" jdp'!G I"'Aol~ ,m .. ( .. "10.1 I" !:d, '!4 puo
u qO( JO ,mllg .q' "lwO,!d~ 0, ",n!,o.jruis ',o'.ld J0..J.(, I~.PI "'/' 0,
~~ P"'1",J u40( -O,OJd J! ~U!')ldJns "'I IOU Plnolo\ I! 'U01'1I"'Jllod.02
'loqM "'!' U! ' Io,w JO J!lOW ,'" J" u.uodw! '41 u~" !9 "UO!l!P" " A10
-mil JO I.oP , ...JlI. JO UO!"lw""." "'/ ' ,oJ "",.-1 W! "'liS ,u~uodw1
,. P',"'"' AN~OJd '.)l!umu,uo, u"1"I''O ":1' " U! 'l"'w P"'"4' Aq
P"'"'' ,u"l,n,o,'I1 ,"~Jn'.m!l SU!=''''lP pu~ ~ul'.4' J"J ,Su1" "
,u.uodw1 P"P!""l d pm ~J!lI~"'II~'U! JO "nU'A ~4' '" p'lU ... Ano
-UOlllP",l ,.!,od",.1. Aq I"'MolloJ 'SJ.UU !P ''''A!-,d ''In ' ln, u.w"lI pu.
ul ,,'("I ' .ooy ~q, J" "'Y j''!'i.lnody ' q, pu.
''I'
~><>J9 ,ll!"odw~,u",
"'HO>VZO> Nr AJ.S1
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF /OHN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H
67
The passion narrath.., of tho GA/, especially the accompanying 'oaching of Christ from the cro .. ofl ight, i> also a written comrooition in its
p....,nt form. Gi,-en the Chri>tologieal view. of the prKeding sectiom,
it i.likely that in a n ""rlier, 0 ..1 ,-e"ion. lesus also "",.ndeJ to he .... n
withou, undergoing death and resurrKtion, One can, in f.et, omit the
teaching from the cro .. of light (ch', 98-10') without interrupting the
narrative ""Iuence, In Proto-John, Christ could appear to John, who
fleJ to tho Moun, of Olive lell him he w.. not actually .uffering a.
the crowd thought, and a.nd to he ..",n,
How w.s Pro'o-John u..,d by t he a uthor(.) of the Fourth Go.pel'
It i. not ro .. ible to offer a th.ory of the compo.ition of the whole
go.pel here, We can identify, hm'''''-<r, the m",t important differene~.
,i. -it-vi. the GA/. which include t he accommodation of its Chrutology
to th e Pauline and .ynoptic view. and the in,egr.tion of lohn'. figure into the .. m~ lin. of tradition. Th. Fourth Go.pel, like ProtoJohn, cont.in, a great deal of tradition t hat is unknown from other
sourcos. induding a s<quenc~ of miracles coiled -signs; and a numher
of theologicol di..:our,.,. pr~"'nted a. Je,W1' 'j>'<he., The ov~rall
eomro. ition of the go.j><l i uch ,hot all of the", unique t.-.dit ions
are ewn,ually streamlined to fit into the Pouline tradition of death,
resuITKtion and ro"-r"uHKtion apj><arance. a. "..,11 a. the .ynoptic pictur. of Jem. a. a wandering prophet/philosopher and mi racle
worker. Fir". let u. con,id .. briefly how the Fourth Go<j><laccommodoted the Christol"!.1' of Proto-John to the Pauline and .ynoptic view.
Three imrortant . ttributes of Olri>t in Pro'o- John, that i. , "word:
"light, " and "glory" b",mme the leading motifs of the Joh.nnin. prologue (Joh n U-18), However. t he prologue refra m .. these key term.
in such a way t hat it leav no doubt about the truly human nat ur~
of I~.us (-the word b<-came fle.h -), which wa. d~n i eJ in Proto-John .
In".ad of reroning the mi .. cle. of Proto-John, which are strongly
tieJ up wit h its peculiar Christology, the Founh Gc>.j><1 r~Ii<. on t he
mirad ("signs") found in the ..,-caUed S<m.ia >our"." Although
the .. miracl are olten mi .. ing from tho 'ynoptic., they are, most
of the tim~, fully comp>tible "ith 'ynoptic Christology, A, we hav~
noted, the t .. n.figu .. tion and "",en.ion ofJ~,u. are .. rorted in ProtoJohn but not in the Fourth Go<peL Thi' i> undentandable if,... "'"
\' ,nli<lk , ..... 11>< " '''m,, of II>< "''''';, ""'= ;, "'" """;"""'~r "'''plN
by "".
T'~. m<n l .d."I,, ~
0", thi. don "'" 'nR",,,,, my hypoll><'"
ISTVAN CUC ..."
th"", episode> as .. pr.... ion. of Proto-Johannine Olristology, which

was mitigated by the author of the Fourth Go.pd, Additionally. this
might indicate that t~ .uthor of the Fourth Gospel w not familiar
with the tex" of the Synoptic Go.pel', The passion n."at".., reports
the ,,~J .uffering. d"",h and resu"e<tion of Jesu notwith<1anding the
,-ie,.. of Proto-John. It ha. to be remarked th.t lohn 17 conn"".
the motif. of .uffering and glory in w.y. that are only implied by th.
Hymn of Christ (GAl 96). where the interpretation of suffering is followed by the do.ing doxology of , be hymn. Se<ond, let u. "'" how
the figure of John w. . .Itered by the au,hor of the Fourth Go.pe1
W~re.. 'he theme. of dining, 10'-', phy.ical contact and knowledg.
form a theological and phil""'phicaJ oni,y in Proto-John, this particol.r epistemology and th. excl",i,-e po.ition of the a]>O<1Ie i. not
maintained in the Foorth Gospel. where John' o'hority i. b.lanced
.gainst , hat of Peter," lohn i. refened to .. the Belm..,d Di .. iple, y<t
the exac' natore of this "low' i. not descriW. The hom""rotic connotation. th., are ",dent in Proto-John are downpl'y<d in ' he Fourth
Go.pel, lhis migh' also r<ilt th. adapt.,ion of a distinctively Greek
tradi,ion (with a po.itive view of certain form. of homo",xuality) to a
coho ..1 milieo m.ped by Jewim conven, ion. (in which homosexo.lity
w unacceptable). The c.lli ng of John and Jame>. with its polymorphic theme, i. no' mentioned, but perhaps its element< are foond in
the post-East" appea .. nces of the Fourth Grupe!'
Fin.lIy, how did ' he author(.) of the GAJ use the text of ProtoJohn' We cannot did. whether ' ~ GAl in its presen' form existed
independently of the Act. of lohn, We c.n, howeyer, identify a fow
p....ge. ,h. t "..,re probably not in Proto-John bo, were added when
the Go'll reiyed its final .h.pe. First, , h..... ctiom indode 'he .. ferences to the onotterable character of Jesu' words and d..,J. in 88,3-'
and 93.1'-17. The.e pusog .. reflect 'he philosophical a nd ' heologic.1 tradition of apo",,_ti,m. in term. of which human language cannot gra.p God, who c.n be Irnown only through m)~'ical .. peri.nee."
Although parts of ' he GAl lend the",,,,I\,,. to . uch an interpretation
(for example. lohn ofien gain. knowledge . bout Je,u. through mrs-
" 'or ' " ""mp< to = ... ~n.ct lh< .odol dy " ,,"~ , lo<h;r<! I"" ,,,",oct,,, of ""'"
e,,,,, ;" I"" h>u~h Go.p<~ "" ,'''';'''' " t _ 1"";.",". j . ;[..., ,00 , ;". t9'16.
'il'O-ll ,r<! 'I"";"",n , .... , 157_',..
..d
" "oII<nw<Kk, t.." t '_>7; '"row t... , ",WId""""", ' '''11 . .-.X di""""'n of
om, "" ~ of Jolon , "d .p>phawm. "" Cuo""" lOIYl' , 11 '- tt .
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H
69
tical e'peri~nco rather th.n from word.), it i. cortainly not tm. of

tho text .. a whol., the.. interpretation. are probably later .dditiom,
SKond, the tea<:hing from the cro .. of light, as mention"'! above, i
piec~ of written compo.ition that introduc~. a complex co.mological imagery, which i. not oth.rwi .. mention.d in the GIt!, Previous
><hoLar>hip id.ntifiNi a number of character;,ticaUy Gnootic th~m ..
in this ""tion." It i. po<>ible that t he author of t he GA.l want"'! to
criticize the tr.,.tm~nt of Proto John by the author(.) of the Fourth
Go.pel. The "ate men" ahout Jesus' minel.. could be directod aga inst
the Fourth Grupel' ..... of "sign,": in t he opinion of the GA.r. a uthor,
tho .. reports 40uld not be inelud...! in tho goopel narrati ... , becau ..
thoy cannot capture the unutterable character of Jesu' power. Th~
toaching from th. cross of light, in tum, criticiu. the Fourth Go.pel'.
u.. of ehri,,'. attribute, found in Proto-fohn, and reinterp"" them
in light of t he final author', own (docetic) Chri"ology."
What can W~ .ay, in conelu.km, ahout the date and prov~n.nco of
Proto-fohn' Sinc~ it pre-Jatod the Fourth Go.pel, we can provision.lly
do .. this go.pel to tho ~arly .. conJ contury." The use of itporup.im' a
word for Friday (GM 97.~) might provide a elue about t he place of
origin." Thi. evidenco, howe\'er, doe. not nece=rily point to S),!,ian
Christianity in a ",ict s.""~, . . . uggested by Junod and Kaestli."
lhe word is a transcription of IIn:lnl1, the torm us...! for 'he Jay of
p"paration in Aramaic. .. cept in tho dialect of )ermaJom." A Gr..,k.peaking Christian community could h.v~ horrow"'! the word from
Aramaic-.peaking Jew, in "n~ of the multicultural cities of th~ .a"ern
Moditorranean." A. far a. the final "vi,ion of the GM i. conc~rned, it
could have taken place when the go.pel wa. added to the A.m of lohn,
which I earlier locat"'! in late oecond century Alexandria,"
~ l .. "i<bow,n ''''. "'_'47. for "' .... ","n "'n, .00.., ,,,. G"",,", <""oct .. of
d\,
Lalkmon , _ , "_J>, -li' .
" 'n ,!,'I< oflh< <kt>..t<> oono !hi, 'm, "doc",,";, ,,"I ,t.. "'~ '"" 'gn.bon
"P'"'" ,t.. "'I'I"'mt" honunity 0( Chri~ ' n ,,,. ''''. talk"",n , ..., ><><_>1'.
~ , "i' "" """ tho, lh< Rrl.od, P'Pl"'" """"",,,,' .,~ .c<"'u'l' do" 10<
"" fourth """", , .. o"'p! ,,,. <"",Iu,""" 0( Nons"'; (>00., ";1 tho, ,,,. nun_rip!
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g
TH . GOSPEL
O~ THE ACT.
OF 10HN
A~"
TH " fOUkT H GO.,>H
71
v.. KI,i", Po.I" 1<x""," . " A"'iM. ~ . ZO<gI< " W.

Soo<h<i""" n . a m", <no A. . "'" ..... r. I, .. Mund",n, "'oj"",,, TOK""n_
IKKh. lO", ...... "'.
'''mil,,,,,- E. . nd H. Coim,. 'IM C<>II",<d ""'io:fu<' of .... ,...-I...u"!l ,'"
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ti,,",,, I'I.H .. S)mpoo'"m:
1<,,,,,.
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Hilg<"f<ld. A. "0., W""hoci>< " M d." "''''''''K"" lobonn.""",, J.,., '-<b<n I" " :
ll"Khrift fo' ";",,=hoft/;c'" l~ ., (1_), ]--61.
... "" ~ M.R , A/"K')'/'M A ...
1. C.mbn<lg<, eo"""OdU U n ''''-'~'r p"", , . ., .
-No<" on Apoc' yp":
1~ "u./i" " (19' 0). 1"___ 19' .
lOOn ..", I'I .A.. "lo""J. SocOoios)' R,,od,"I! 'n CIo .. i<oI A"hquitr: 7.. Am,,,,o"
}o<onooJ of!'l.iJokg 111 (1000), '~J_6"I.nod. L, ".oIymoo-ph", d. '-""" .. ",.,"': C,""'i<~",, .., "'''''.., "'1k.~Ii'P", I. Ri<,
" .J., a k . ,-""". in_Lo_N",,,,, Un ;"",", Col!>"h,!", ok '-""",'n, 'OO'. JI .....
I.nod. .... nd 1._". """~h, Ad. '''"'' ''. T.n,""." R'<p<>I~ 193J.
Ka<~ li. 1._"., -'" mY'''''' <I< ko. noU ok "'m;1" " k ""","n' .... , Art" ok I'<n Ch
... _'01: f',,; <1 ,;, .,; (' . . 7), " _40.
I<iou<k. "._1 . 7M Apoayp/<.J A" . .f h A/,<,>''''' A"
WK<>. l"L' B.oy\o<
Un' Y<n"r P",~ lOOO.
~", .I<'. H .. f"foh"",! i. do. .""" T,,,... ,", i", _ . " ...... RdipM'l'w,,,,,,, "no
K"".wsm;m, ",run, ok G"'l'''", ''IW.
Wl<m>n , P.I . "PoIymo<phr of Q",~: A/"K'1pIoaJ Am <1100., I.N. "",mmu , I .
,oIo<.
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1.
and H.S. I on<~ A G,,"' . '"~m l,, __ '"'," 0
lOd&D. H.G .. R Sc""

(19%) , 0,10'-'<
""pol",,,"'
a."ndoo
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lu,""'''",n, ,".P. "A G"","" RudinS of th, A<" of Iohn. A~I A<~ <1 Joh .
I N. "",mmu. I .. K.mF'" ~ ol Po.ro.. ' '''. '19 ___ m.
"'oJj"", A.L. 7.. Ad, oj Pn" 0"; ,'" r...1", Ai">"'" (NHC
A~, A"",',
.nd Mi";,'? i. ,.. W"", of 1M '-'i., "'''''"'''"'. All",,,,, SocKty of 1I-ibIi<&!
Uk'''"'', 1000.
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D.ro.-d, 0.10<<1 U n;m'"r p"", IOn
"""gbri. 8,,"'1>< u", . nd AOu of,., r.I'!" uJogi<oI ""roll. in t'"
of t'"
" "mh ""'1"1: H ....... l".-.IozKo' Rffioo- .. (100'), 1J ___ ....
Pm.... R.'., "I",",n""" T,,,,,,,oo,, 'n
A<" of lohn. A~ , ( ' '''), <7--M.
p'''''''".... F"'H'"",- l..u,,,," "oo G"";,
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l'IiI;.-.1""'ory. """'- c",,",oIo"; "Ip'" Lif<
, nd
s.. Sofr>i, M. ' ' ' '"- " . l'iu"'"' .... W .e. om U.n"', ,<I.. A""no
,u (;orrum; 1'h0Wk1ph'" ,''''''''''- 1076, '00' ___ '030.
It"'!!"'" LV . "'0'=.""'. """,,, '" s..h of 1M . _
<1 o.''''''''iI, i" ,I><
""'''"'..."' <1'''' ,',,,",,, CiI,. IN'''", P","'~ lOOO.
Schm'ot P.n,,' p .. "G .., ... hI, GriI><ru.nd,' u" N' .... Po. I" f""llopoJi' v..
Anli'" H. eo""",, H. SChn'..., ' .... A.f. yon P.uIy, "'-' .. StuotS"" "<tn.,. ''''.
1Ub;",
c.""?,, Hi~",~a1 Grofmpl<"
,.,IiI"Ii_
" ' ___ ""J.
,"Un_'"
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",h", " ri'""m "i'1""'""' n"nCRA I. "01. 1: P"i"",',,",. ',iI '"'''"'. Ii",",.,,,,",
ISTVAN
AI'<'lIwrui~ "'''''''''''.
cue ..."
1.>0""'. Mg,i.-, c..1, J""'g<~ v. Uffio,'nou<!ili. and!_ .... '1'.

""><urn, >004. ,.._}<3.
,d~, loo ""!Id.." 1_ p.w "'''r

51"". R.I ..
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"1""
oil.",.,.,. T""
o-",rl, 37 ( ' '''7), 1lJ_111.
in '""
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,,""Ie
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.. ,.
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.ph_... ," "'....... ,'""I.""
n...... n. G ., A"on'Otolont!; 1, on d<n joIw ...."' ... " "'m, ;n", " ,urn ""' ... ,-<bon'
:!.>oolooo'"
do" )oIunn<."....ngd'u ...

Slop.",""
V .. Slog""""', I., ,""..Ionill Am_I< .. F'n<p;",m", 11=",",,"1.,,. >:1';0-
""""'"" ~prt'''''h<olog"", "'hok~ " '"' '43_1,..

Prim"' ... 0.,,,,,""
SUo'. ,.....
o.n",.,;,,,,,
- - A 11..."" of
'""'P>", In<kIon,
Th<'""n, G ., I . Joiilrt.,..j A .L """. H;.to;", """,k"u
I'rimirif },,""
P.," , I"'", G<",." ~ '" 'Odn. 1"";,
c"""", "'tpjl''''''''""~ll&-ori.I". "m,
Trombky, H .. H,U..", jq~gm. "., 0.,;""""";.,,, . J7U-ll., l<i<l<n , Brill
,....." .. "'"r~,
to.
v.n II<H,. G .. ,., 'it"' ""''''';.

",,",,10 ""'pd' 1I;,'",~01 "'''''I'.,..j er;,~01
~voI_'''''' ",II>< ........ II"",""H, l<m n' P1"', , .....
\'011<0"',,",',5., N'"ria''''';'''''' ,,..j ,hri,,'~1>< ,~, b< . , -,."bn M,n)'''' Apopho'."",,: ",,";. Polri".," XXXI", Po/>">
p""."d", ,o. lit;"","," ,.,...... ,i<moI ConP"'" '" P",,;,';, ",J;., 1><Id;.
O.foro , ... , M.'. W",", " .J., ak, ku,,,", .''',n., 1001,
'''_31'.
WHOM DID IESUS LOVE MOST' BELOVED DlSCIPI.ES IN

JOHN A~D OTHER GOSPELS
Manlin Meyer
a.apma n U niversify
Whom did Je.Y> love moot! Once upon. time t his question may have
~n .ru5wered with rel.tive confidence and ea><, .nd the typical an,wer
to this que,,;"n i. d i.played in much of a.risti.n liter.. ure and art ,
Je.u. loved the Beloved Disciple, 'pecifically a. pr<><nted in t he Go.pel
of John. While the text of the Grupel of Joon certainly rai",. a number
of question. about t he figure of the Beloved DiKiple-the diKiple
whom Je'W1loved-in the gO.p<l narrative. t he traditional understanding h.. been that t he Beloved Di.ciple may he none other th.n John
son of Zebed ... taken to he the author of th. GOIlI"'I oOohn, Leonardo
D.Vinci a nd m.ny others in t he hi"ory of Chri"i.n .rt thought >0,
.nd in DaVinci'.
Supp<r" he paints a young John lea ning on Jesu.
a. hi. dear friend a nd confid.nt (comp.re lohn !3:B-2~). In our Jay,
in popul.r culture, Dan Brown in The DaVi"d CoM also a.. um .. th.,
this figure in the p.ainting i. the Belo.... d DiKiple, t hough he .uggest
dramotically different identity of who the
actu ally mighl be.
With careful a nd oom<1ime. inno,-a tive study of the Go.pel of John,
e.peeially in mooe," tim .., the complexit... of the Go. pd of John
are b<-<oming increasingly app.rent and t he identity of the Beloved
Disciple i. op<n ior renewed discu .. ion.' Furthermore, o .... r the 1"'''
.... er.1 decade. the discovery of new manuscript>, ofien in the .. n.ls of
Egypl, ha. made a""il.ble a numher of p' ''''iously unknown Christian
texts that contribute to Ihe discu .. ion of the B<>loved DiKiple, or
helo,-.d di"ipl<s, in the early chuffh . The", manWICript disco,'erie.
include the (,upposed) discovery of the
Go,~J of Mark in t he
library of Ihe Mar Saba Mon."ery; the discovery of Berlin Gnootic
Codex 8~2, p<rhap. deriving from Akhmim; the disco .... ry of the
Nag H. mm.di library at tM bas< of t he J.b.1 . I-Tarif in Upp<r Egypt,
and the more rKent diKm-ery of Codex Tch.co pp.renlly from tM
-La"
1"''''''"
&,'"
r<gion of aI-ktinya, The stud y of the .. texts shed. new light on the
qu .. t for t he BeIOVM DiKiple. and now ",e ",em to h"'e before u.
more beloved di""ipl than we eyer im.ginOO before.
So who. aording to early Chri"ian KlU"' ... might be the follower
Je.u. 10>'00 mo"> In a' king this question. I do not intend to addre ..
the broader i""" of the role of love in accounts of the proclam.tion of
Je.u. or in description. of relatioruhip. among Jesu. and the followe" of Jesu., Nor do I .... k to trace the widespread " .. of .uch word.
a> a)'U~~,,,, or I
for "10"00" or "beloyOO" and rel.tOO verb. and
.imilar .. rm. as they are appliM to a yariety of followe" of J..... a,
,,'ell .. the "uden" of other tehe" in the world of Mediterrannn
antiquity. Rather. in thi, e""y I su""y the figures who are .inglOO
out in early Christian literature-much of wh ich may be d.tOO to the
fir" two centuries C F. or may cont.in tradition. deriving from the
first centur",-a. tho .. f.vorM beyond others among the disciples
of J<>u .. '
K' pn
l. T~ Yotll~ WtT~OUT A NAMO-O" LAzA~us
According to the Gosp<l of M.rk. the earlie," New Test.ment go.sp"J.

a cert.in obscure and unnamOO vtvio.-o, pl.y. a minor role a. a
youth who wear, > linen rob< and nothing more a nd leaves it behind.
and so goe. ",.. king through t he g.rden at the time of the arrest of
Je"" ('4,"-'2). A "lv;<m><;;, aloo mentionOO in the account of the
e\'ents following the cnKifixion. and this vmv;o .~ (the ... me ehancte!!) i. found in the tomb of !esu where he i. ",earing. white robe
.nd procbiming Jesu. to the women (l/d-8). The I.tter figure of the
v"'vilJ'~ "",m. not to function ., an .ngel. though Matthew .pparent ly lake. him a, such (28,)-10) and Luke envi.ions two angelic men
(24,)-))) .t the tomb.
Since the announcement by Monon Smith of the d is<overy in the
Judean de .. n. at the Mar S.b. Mona"ery. of a le" er of aement of
Alexandri. with referene .. to and quotations from> &,m Goil'd of
Mark. new dat. on a Markon ,-,-",(" . ",,-or ,h. Markan V"'Vi"Ko;;has been made .ce=ible, though the <ontro>'e"y that ha, ,wirlOO
'" HO" UIU IfSUS
co\'.
MOST! H'CO"fU UISClI'll'S
around Ihe m anuscript h .. cast a .hadow ov~r Ihe discu .. ion.' In t he

P"" few y~a" t wo books have ~n publishM (Stephen Carlson, The
Go,~J HOdX; POler Jeffery, The SeCT" Go,,,,, of Mark Vn",(kol) Ihat
offer '&gre"j,'e cha lleng", to Ihe honesty and integril)' of Smilh',
work, and he has ~n ch.rged wilh perpetualing. hoax .nd a fr.ud,
Meanwhile, other ",hol.n (p.nkul.rly XOII G, Bro,,'n, and now.l>o
Allan L Panluck) h",'~ ~n busily involved in an,wering and refuling
Ihe .. charge:., .nd Ihe debal~ mnlinu"," Fo, the ..h of t hi ..... y,
and in rognilion of the distinguishe<l c.,ee, of Monon Smith. I her~
a"ume lhe .uthenticily of Ihe Mar S.ba leller of Oemenl a. well a.
Ihe Secr" Go'pe/ of Mark.
Two p >ages from Ih~ &erel Go,pd of Mark are mentione<l in t he
leiter of Clemenl, .nd both describe .hi lie. of ","vi<>~o.;. The fi,,,
fragmenl, to be placeJ, according to the letter of Clemenl, afie:
And th..,- WIIW 10 Bethany. l his woman ,,0.- brother bad died "'
ther<, She carne and knelt btfore/esu, and ")" '0 him,"Son of David,
ho,'e mercy on n",: BUI the di,dples rebuked her. lhen I.. u. became
angry and wenl ~i lh her Inlo the garden ~'here Ihe lomb "as, Alooce
a loud I'ol<e ~.. , heard from the lomb, .nd Je",. wenl "I' and rolled
Ihe "01>< '''-.y from the door of lhe lomb, At o""e he "~nl in wher<
the )'OIIlh (b vro.,;o",,,) ,,-.., He .. ",hed oul his hand, took hIm by lbe
hond, and raid him "p. lhe youlh looked at '<>w and I""ed hIm, and
be began 10 beg him 10 be ~';u, h,m, lhen th..,- lefi lbe tomb and wenl
inlo lbe youlh'. bou", (,i; '~v o jri"v '"" ,~"v;~.""), for h. was rich,
Six do)" lal<' , ..... ,old hIm ~-h .. to 00, and in the <I'.ning the )'OIIth
(i> ""';~ ,,) comes 10 hIm wearing a li""n oIlrotld over hi. naked bOOr
He .. ared wilh him Ihat nighl, for Ie .... ~... ""'hing him the my"ery
of Ihe kingdom of Go.!. And from Ihe", be gol "P and rOlur!><'d 10 lbe
other .ide of the Jordan.'
lhe .ond, .bort fragmenl, 10 be pi><ed alter ~tark IOA6 read. a.
follow" "The .is.. , of t he youlh whom Jesu. loved (~ <i&r~~ tot.
","vi<>~o~
ir!<i."
I~"ol.;) ",a" here, .Iong ",ilh hi. mot her
and Salome, bUI Jesu. did not r~il'< t hem,"
A co .. can be m ade, .. I hal'e t ried to m.ke .uch a ca.. elsewhere,
Ihat Ihe fr.gments of Se<ret .\lark, if ,",hen,k, may reflt a version of
ov
, On the "",., (;mpd
""'ov"
of"'''', d. Sm;!h
,.,,,-, Sm;th 10"0. Sm;th , ..1, M.,-"
"'"'" "G, """'" >em,

vnk .. othtrwi>< o.dK. ted. all ,he '''''''',,'''"' of 1";""'1'
my .....
It,,, ;n Ih;, ",ar
Or<
'he Go'rel of Mark 'hat precMe. wh., we now call canonico! Mark.'
Further, i, may 1><. a. I ha", abo argu..!. ,h."he ~gure of 'he ,,,,-,,om,,
in tm, Markan tr.di,ion (rerhap. interpretro '0 indude 'he story of
'he so-called rich young ruler, who had kep' 'he commandments
"from you,h" (h \'''''~fO<;J and i. lo",d by le.u>. according to Mark
HH7-21, the references '0 t he ,,,,-viom.; in the o'her Markan pa.sage. d ted. and 'he fragments of 5,</ Mark) communicate. a .ubplo'
on di.dple.hip in the Markan tr.di,ion. According '0 ' he n.rra,h'e of
'hi< .ubplot, a certain you,h, a
exrerience. 'he ,'id"itude.
of di>ciple.hip, but he i. ,here in 'he ,omb of !em.. iden'ifying with
Je.u. and procl.iming hi. ri",n life. at the end of 'he goo!",L He h
no n.me, but he 10\'.. Je.W1 and in 'urn he i. 10VM by Je.us: he i. 'he
unnamM yon,h "whom le.u. 10"ed ," He may function, if my argumen' i. con,'indng, li1< ... ry figure rather th.n an historical figure
in 'he Goo!",1 of Mark. The "''''',,,,....,, 1><1o,'ed of I.. u., i. everyman.
e"'!)'W0man, ",ho m.y m,.r 'he go'rel, follow Je.n., .nd I>< lovM.
The par.llels betw..,n t m, story of 'he """,.,,,,,,, in 'he Gos!",l of
Mark (including the Sa'reI Go'p<l of Mark) and 'he figure of La zaru.
in ' he Go.pel of John h.ye been dear ,ince the initial publica'ion of
' h e 5re! Gospd of Mark. and from ,ha, ,ime it ha. ~n .uggested that
' h e story of the Markan """,i"~,,, preceded the story of the Johan nine
Beloved Disciple. Morton Smit h h imself concludes 'hat ",here can be
no question that the story in tbe longer tex' of Mk, i< more primi'i'"
in form than 'he story of Lazaru. in In,'" Some scholars concur with
Smith, some do no', Fea'ures o(,he >tory ofLaum. in John II r.ll
'he .ccount of tm, Markan ""-vio ,,,,, "red.lly from 'he fragments of
S.cr" Mark in 'he le11er of Clemen', and Lazoru. i... id '0 be lo",d by
Jesu. in four p .... g .. in the Gos!",l of John' Laz.rm i. 'he one whom
Jesu. 10VM (;;'" <plui". I lol), Jes", I",'ed (~.,..,.,,) Martha. her .ister,
.nd L.zarus (I D), Je.u. can. Lazaru. onr fr iend (or. our IoVM one.;'
",iJ..c.; ~~ffiv, II, I I), .nd t ho .. who are around ..y of lesu .. "look how
he 10"ed him " (i& ~"" ~ iMI n"'';''" I LJ.6), Thm. it m ight be .uggestM ,hat 'he li'erary figure of 'he """(0",", a belov..! disciple ha.
been hi"oricizM 'he belo,..,d Lazaru. in t m, lohannine , ... di,ion,
"""""m>:;,
, M'rn 100 "'..-' '',

SID"" '~730. "',
'" HO" UIU IfSUS
co\' .
2. 1011"", MAVO. TH. SoN 0. Z'.WH, Ok
77
P"~HAPS IUUAS THOMAS,
Ok MAk' MAGI>AleS.
lhe pl.c~ .nd identilY of Ih~ Beloved Disciple in the Joh.nnine tradition ha, been discu .. 1 by schol." in counl le .. publicalions, and
Ihi. is prominenl I~ me in I~ pr"",nl volume. The lexlu.1 .ilu alion concerning Ihe Belo,1 Diociple in John is m.de complicall by
Ihe presence in Ihe "", of Lazarus, said 10 be 10,'1 in John 11. along
wilh cerlain unname<! di>ciple (or di.dple.') >aid 10 be iovM by
le.u., ".noth.. di>ciple: and "illo>l ~r figure,;. The Belov.d Disciple i.
explicitly menlion.d in fe.." pa .... g.. in Ih~ G""pel of John in addilion
10 Ihe Lazarus accounl. '
(1) In Ih~ )ohannine .ccountof Ihe lasl ,upper, when le.u nnounc~.
Ih .. a diiple will betr.y him, Peler asks one of II>< discipl .. 10 find
oul who the be"ayer mighl be, and ,h., disciple .ddr"""d by Peler i.
idenl ifil .. the II<lovM Di.dpl"
0... of hi, d ..dples. whom )e"" kwed (.;, I ~ , .... _nihl, .... ;"oti . .
[;,.. ~y.i." 'I".,.,,,,), was ,lining in 'he oo..om of I"'u~ Simon Peter
I><don. 10 him'" . <1< ~'ho i, migh' I>< of whom he ..,.ah wmng 'htu
on ,I> <veral women
are "and ing by 'he CfOM," are 'wo ot l><r"
J...... ..,.,inS hi. me,her . nd tl>< diKipJe ~'hom he [o"ed (,/w ~<r&.,,~ . ..
[;,.. ~-,6.ru) ".ndinS "". r,
10 hi, molh .. , -Woman, look, )'o ur ",n,"
l h<n he ")" to> the d,.dpJe, "1.oo:Jt. your moth ..: And from that hour
II>< dI>Ciple ,ook h<r '" hi, own .., .... : (l ~26-27J
"Y'
We ,h.1l relurn '0 this p .... ge below.

(J) According '0 lohn 20,1-2, after the crudfixion M.ry Magdalene
g"'" '0 the 'omb of leou. and d iscovers 'hat the .. o ne h.d been mo'I.
The .ccount continues, "So she run. and comes to Simon Peler and 10
'he other d isciple, whom le,u. 10vM (,"" ii)j,,(w ~,,&r.,~,. ii> ~w.,;,
'I~""",), and say. '0 litem, 'They h"'e ,aken Ihe lord from t he 'omb,
and we do not know where 'hey h.", l.id him' (20 ,2). Peter and t l><
, 0. lh< ikiov<d I ~K;pIr" ,'" Go>p<1 of Jobn in U""aI, d. R.E. 11<0"" 1'0\6;
I.ro. """"'8 num,,,,,", oil,
~ud ....
o'h~r di"'ipl~ (0
iiiJ.o.; ~,,&r, r~<;. 20,3) run
'0 'he 'omb. and while 'he
o'h~r
disciple rne"'" 'h e ,omb before Peter (20,4) nd looks in.We.

he him .. lf doe> no' enter un,il Peler Jo..s so. "lhen: i, i> >aid. "'he
o,h er d i.dple, ,,'ho came
,m, tomb rim, al", entered, and m, "w
and beli",'I" (20,S).
(4) The final p .... ge th., refe .. '0 'h e Belovl DiKiple occu .. in 'he
epilogue the GOipel of John (chapter 11). There i, i. maintainl th.,
,m, risen Chri .. reve.l. h im",lf
hi. diKipl.. and disc ...... 'he ' opic
oflove wi,h Peter. and he m.k<, mention of 'h e BelovM Disciple. It i.
,m, BelovM Disciple ,,'ho initially ",cogni"'" Jeo u, according
Joh n
1 L7, "That disciple whom Jes u. loved (0 ~,,&r,rie; inivo.; Ov ~rU'" 0
'1 1)<>ol,.;;) .. y. to Peter, 'It i. 'he lord,'" Later, , hi. IId o,'ed Diociple i.
linked
' he one who i. leaning on Jesuo at ,h. I. st ,uppe"
'0
'0
'0
'0
'0
irr<\."
P<ter, turning, ..... the discipl. ""hom J..", 11",1 (, .. ""ih),~v ~'"
" I~""t.;) following. ";'0 al", "'.., Ie. ning on h" brea" " ,h. ,ul'P"r,
aod .. id, "Lord, ,,'ho i, " 'hat ;, going '0 bet",y you'" Peter, ... mg h,m,
" Y' '0 I..u., "Lord, what .bou, him'" 1.m, "Y' '0 hin!, "If I ,"',nt him
remam until I con"" ,,'hat i,
you' A, for you, follow n,,: So
,hi...yiog .pread '0 tilt brother>. ' hot ,hi, di,dpk i, not ' 0 die,
I",", did no' .. y '0 hIm that h. was 1>,,' '0 die, but rath". "If I w. nt him
'0 ",nwn unull come, "'hat is that '0 you'" (21 ,11>-23)
,ha, '0
'0
b",
Near 'he wry end of 'he epilogu., t he author or Ii,or of ' he chapter ",~ i' .. t h., this Beloved DiKiple i. in fact 'he witn." who stand.
behind 'he Johannine ... d ition a , an .u,hori'y figur" "Thi. i. 'he disd ple who be.rs wi'n=> conc~rnin~ t he>.< 'hing> and ,,'ho h., written
,h e", th ing and we know th., hi, witne .. i, 'rue" (2 U ~ ).
In hi. study of 'he Beloved Di",ipl~ 'rad i' ion" Han.-Martin
Scm,nke is certa inly correct when he ob",r".." "The figure of 'he
Beloved Di><:iple i. admittedly one of tm, grea' puzzl~, in 'he my.terious Fourth Go.pel."' In the h i>tory of the schol.rly study of 'he
Joh.nnine Belm 'I Disciple, .ttempt. have ""-'n m ade to connfft 'he
Beloved Dis<iple with ",me h istorical figure-John son of 7-"bed ...,
of cou"", a nd al", John Mark, John 'he presbyter, Matth ia" I'. u l,
Andrew. or 110m. o'her d iKiple, includ ing tho", ment ioned here, or
el ... a Johannin~ character comidered to be the . u,horita,i"" witne ..
o[,he Go.p<1 of loh n' -bu, Sch.nk< doubts th., ,h. i"ue actually ha.
do wi,h any h i"orical figure of a beloved disciple. Schenk< .urv<J"
'0
""'ok< ..1!6, " .

U.
,,,,oo..oo! 2Mi.
'" HO" UIU IfSUS
co\' .
79
olher figur.. who funcl ion a. beloy."j diKipJe.-a lask,.., ..~ un d~r
I.king hore as well-and he concludes ,h., "th. Belov."j Di.dple pa.>age. are only a simple fiction of Ihe red.ctor_ H. "ale>,
""p'
Referenc. i. n1.ade 10 Ih Ile~ Beloved DI.ciple in Ihe <om<

II><
Pa>lorals refer 10 Paul. 1h< function of Ih. B.eloved Diipk i. 10 ground
III< Fourlh Goop<l (and Ih.,raJilioo oflhe Ori""n group in which il
origina... and h .. il! inliu,j}{,) in Ihe <)""'il""" I..timooy of 0"" "ho
.... <>pially inlin\;l" ~ilh Ie"", lhi. kind oi d.ption may fin d i"
explanarion . nd, whol" n",re. i.. iU5IIfic,'ion. only ~irh i ". particular
hi .. orical ,iluarion of conflk!. 111< cirmrn",n ho"eY<I, do nor pornl
10 con8icl wilhin III< group. bUI rarh" 10 cOflfronwion wilh ,,,,,,her
Ch""i", IP""ne) l .. dillOn. ~
Of Ih. olher II<lo.... d diKipl .. in early Chri"ian lileralure, Scll<nke
ill mo" inlrigued by Iud .. Thom .. , and h. propos<' Ihal it i. ludas
Thoma . who, a . a do>< di><:ipk and beloved brother of r... u. in th.
Thoma . lileralure. m ay have serv."j as Ihe prototyp< or "historical
moo.l" for Ihe B.I",,,d DiKiple in Ihe Go.p<1 of lohn. Th~re ..~ problem. wilh Schenke'. proposol. in my e"im" ion, bUI hi. Iheory dO<'>
addre .. III< prominenl rok of Thomas-doubl ing Thorn .. or Thomas
Ihe pious Syrlan apo,,\e-in Ihe loh.nnine gO'rel .nd Ih. >)'Ii.n lileralY lradilion. FUrlhor, anolher bel",-ed brother of lems, I.me< Ihe lu",
has .1.., been propo<..J, now by V,r,lhelm Pr.,scher, "" poibly .Iso
being connecl."j 10 III< figure of Ih. Bel",-ed Discipl~ in Iohn," W
halilum 10 I. m~s Ihe Just as well below.
ElIII<r d. Boer, echoing some of III< work of Ramon lu.ino, pro,ideo. differenl an.ly.i. of Ihe Belo .... d Disciple p .... g.. in Ihe Goorel
of John anJ draw. .n enlirely differenl condwion. Jl According 10 J~
Boer.th. besl c,nJid.1e for re"'hing Ihe q",,"ion of who Ih. Beloved
Di.dple i. in Ihe Go.!"1 of lohn musl be Mary M.gd.len._ Though
r~pre .. iv. ~kmen" of Iho~ oppooedlo the ,ulhori.y of fem.l. d i.<iple.hip may """ure the I..,., 10k of Mary Magd.len. in Johannin~
II.dillon, J~ Boer J~d.r .. , , dose ""ding of lex" cenlral for our
und~r".n ding of Ihe Beloved Disciple may ~1w:id'le who the Beloved
Disciple .nJ .uthor of Ih~ Go.!"1 of John Imly is. For example. in
Ihe ",counl of the mother of I~.u nd Ihe Bel",-ed Disciple at l he
cro .. in John 19, Jesus .ddr~"'" hi. molher as ' woman: bUI he n~ver
8 "' ........ 1036, 11._
n Pn' ...... ' '''7 . .. ""'''' ;" r:>..ndnb<'l! 2001, 181>- .. ,_

I" ';"" I... , <1<""", 1000.
.ddr... ~ the Bolovro Di><iple with. g.nder-.recific vocative. So, if

we read the p .... ge with eye ympathetk '0 de Boer'. ,hesis, when
Je.us tells his mother
look at her son. he may me.n th., Mother
Mary .hould look., lesu. on 'h e cross, and when he tell. 'he Beloved
Di><iple
look at Mary .s mo,her, he m ay be invi'ing 'he Beloved
Di><iple Mary Magd.lene .nd Mary 'he mo,her of Jesus
find hop<
.nd iden'i'y in e.ch o,her. (The reten,ion of the masculine posse"; ...
pronoun in 'he phra .. hi. own ho""' could <imply .. em from ,h.
gender of the W<lrd ~Il&r,r~<;, or i, couk! retl"" complexities in ,h.
edi'ing of 'he go.p<I.) As de Boer OO""r..... ""The ult imate import.nce
of ,he Kene in 19,26-27 Ii .. in le.uo' invita,ion '0 hi. mo,her to look
.way from her dying son
find him, .Ii,-e, in the d iociple h. lo ... d."
On the I..i. of .uch .nalysi., de Boer .... wide-r.nging and promcati ... comequence. for t he study of the Beloved D;,dple and her likely
pl.ce in the e.rly Ch r;,tian mov<m~n"
'0
'0
'0
'0
1 conclud. that .l,Iary MagdawD< should be "",n . s . .. rKm, candid. " fo r the identification of the . nonymow dlscipl. Ie .... Itwed in the
Go,!",1 of John. Ih-. inJ<I1ook upon ber ... n impo"ant c. ndtd"e,
thi. h>., con"'luen<e' f", our gen.ra1 !"'''p<Cti,.., on M. ry M.gd.lene.
She would h. y. had d"dpl, h" tlimony would ha,'e formed . community, her OCCOUll" not only ofth. de. th and r",urrtion of I<>u" but
also of hI> Itf, .nd t<a<hinp. would h>.,.., been p .... ,,-ed. But not onJ-,thot, her word, W<luld h>.,-. been coOOllized .nd t.ught through the .g.~
. nd 'Pread 0\'", the worki-"
l. "-tAR'
MAC"AH.~.,
Tk COM j>A~' lO~' O. I.SlI',

Buo,',u hl"~'"
AI , O~C
WtTH Hu
Beyond the Go.p<1 of John and t he other New Te"ament text .. the
figure of Mary Magd.lene occupi ignificant place . . . di.dple
.nd foil"".." of km and .he i. des igna,ed as. disciple whom Jes",
lovro more than t he other women or the other d isciples in a number of
texts. In ",me of these texts ,he i. pl.inly understood to be a beloved
di><ipw. "
In the Gaspd of M",y. the fir" text of Berlin Gnootic Codex 8~1,
Mary (almo" alw.y. identified b)' .chola.. as ~tary Magdalene on the
b.si, of par.llel. elsewhere) i. the central and mo>1 .ignificant disci-
" D< lion !OOO,

,. On hi,,),
<n<j "" ""'pol of .... ry,
R""k 2001, K;ng 100J, '" Bo<, 100-1, "')'' '' >00<,
".g.!.tJ,,,,
d , ""k'm , ....J, '"
Bo<,!OOO;
'" HO" UIU IfSUS
co\' .
81
pie of J<>us on Ihe exlant p>g'" of the g".p<l. When Ihe di,cipl .. are
w ping in sri.f, il i. Mary who "and. up. gr""'. Ihem, .nd olf.rs
word. of imighl anJ comfOrl aooul the ",vior Jesuso "Do nol weep
or gri"'e or be in d oubl, for hi. grace will be with you all and will
prol1 you, Ralher. I., u. p rai>< hi. gr<atne><, for he has pr.red
u. and made u, lruly human ," The texl <onlinu .... "When Mary .. id
Ihi., '"". turned l heir hearl' 10 the gOO<!, and lhey began 10 di.m .. , he
word. of Ih . [' '''ior)" (9), p., .. lhen addres",. Mary' "Si".. , we know
Ihe .. vior loved you more Ihan .ny olher woman (1'<'''''' ''' 1',. ,00Y"
'~'f'fl"(';W]' o,",,">If< I<:,oyo ""~>. 1"",,,,,,,,"" I ",~lt ",), Tell u. t he
word. of t he ..,ior that you rem.mber, which you know but we do
not, because w. h"'e not h.ard t hem" (10). Mary r .. rond. to p., ..
by .a)'ing, "What i. hidden from you I ,han rev.,.1 to you: and ,he
roun" a .pecial ,i.ion of the master Jesu . Following the occount of
the "i,;"n (and a long lacuna), Andr<w and Peter, brot hers in anger
.nd chaU>'inism, pro"''' agai n" Mary a. a woman, Peter play. t he
gend .. card and say. about I.. u., "Did he really 're"" wilh. woman
in pri..... , witho>ut our knowledge! Should we all turn and li".n to
h .. ! Did he prefer her to u.t" (17). Such hostility between Peter and
Mary Magdalene i. al", a"e"ed in the GOird oflhoma, anJ th e PMi.
Sophia, and it may call to m ind the lemion between p.,.. anJ t he
Belo"ed Di"'iple in the Go'rel of loh n. Eventually. in Ih. Goird of
Mary, uvi opro"" 1'.,.. anJ defenJ. Mary. and he .. y., 'p., ... you
alway. are angry. Now I..., you arguing .goimt this woman like an
ad"" .... ry. If th . . . v;", made h .. wonhy. who are you to rejt her'
Surely the .. ,'lor know> h .. well. Thai i. why he has 10vM h .. more
than u." (en"
"40YO<'"' ,,,,oyu "fOI', 18),
In the GO'p<1 of PlIUip, from t he Nag Hamm.di library. Mary
Magdalene i. calle<! the <omp.nion (.01'''''' '0'', ~'""'I-') of )",,",, On
one occa.ion a meditation in the Gospel of Philip di<tingulshe. among
the thr M.ry" "Thrff women alwaY' ....alked .... ith the rna"." Mary
hi. mother, <hi.> ,ister (or, without .mend.tion, h<1' ,i"er) nJ
Maf)' Magdalene. who i. called h is compan;"n ("''''-1''01 1"'''00;), For
Mary i. the name of his sister, hi. mother, anJ hi. companion"
(l'e'-12Wl' f"" '9), Anoth .. time M.ry Magd.l.ne i. de><ribed a. the
moot beloved of the di",iple"
,,
,,>.,
Wisdom, ~'ho i, C111eJ b.imn, " tbe motber of tbe angel,. lhe <om
panion (IT \l<o,"" ""oc) of tbe l.. vio,J is M. ry Magda""". the ["viot
1o,-eJJ bel more thon [aU l th. dj,dpl.., [.nd bel kj..eJ h<r ofIen on
ber [moothl. lbe OIber Idi><ipleo] " ."Id to h,m, 'Whydo you ""~ he,
more th.n.U ofus!" 1ht .. vi", . n.""erN.nd .aid to them, 'Why do I
nO! 1o," y"" hk< her! If. "hnd person .nd on< ~'ho <on .... r< both in
J . rl:""s>, they . " ,h. ""n". WOen th. light com"" OIl. ,,00 <. n "" will
.... the j,ght, . nd the blind penon "ill "'yin d arkne ... (63--64)
Th. ,,"oration of I.cuna. in thi. p .... g. m.y be a'pled with a
consid.rabl. amount ol con~d.n, .. pt for the won:! " [mouthl ,
[n"f'Ol , which may be ","ored variously." Th. ",fer.n to kissi ng
can be interpret"" variomly, though in th. eo,pd of Philip a ritual ki ..
with a .piritual intent m ay be moot likely; nO! Iso may b. taken of
th~ additional r~fe"'nce a few rag'" ~arlier in the Go,pd of FlrjJjp ("lh.
perfect conceive and give "inh thro ugh. kiss. That i. why w. al.., ki ..
ach OIh er. W. conc~h'e from the groce "'ithin each ot her; ~9).
Other texts likewise highlight the p1a of Mary ~1agdalene among
the dis<iples. though not al",ay. in the langu.ge of being a belm 'ed d ;.elple. In the Diaiogu< of ,h. &"';0', also from t he ~ag Hammodi library,
M.ry i. a major dialogue pann<r (along with t he oth", di.dple> Jud ..
and Matthew) with le>u and .fter >he un e" words of wi.dom "'min;'c<n' of saying. of r.. u i, i. >aid, "Sh poke t h;' utter.n '" wom.n
who understood eV''')1h ing (or, u nderstood completely. 139): In ,h.
pj"i, Sopilia I..m tell. M.ry th.,.ru, i xal,ed above her "ro,hers and
aU women on eanh, and 'hough .h. i. h."hly opposed by Peter, .he is
,-;ndkated by r.. us. Je>u> pronounces her "l.. sed (T' k'I<.>.J'l", 17), and
announ. th.,.he i pur piri,ual woman (0'. pur" .piri,ual on.
[ f~mini""l.
ii-,'A'" i" I ~'''. 87) .
'he sam. ,im<. r.. u. in
'he P;"i, Sophia also .dd,...... some of Mal)'" fello,,' d is<iples, i""luding Ph ilip. rohn, M.tt hew. and I.""", a. "beloved" (" ' ~'I'IT), and h.
",'en calls ,h. d;s<ipl<> a group "my belo,'''''"
Tt,). 1he", is
enough lov. for all t he d is<ipi<. in ,h. PMi, Sophia.
h.tly, in a >eng from the Manicha.an Psalm. of Herod.ide. in ,h.
Manidl<uan Psalmbook, M.,y i. portrayed, poetica lly, in a "".n. f hioned aft", th< gently erotic accoun' of Mary a' ,h. ,omb of Jesus in
John l{}.1- 18. an ""cou n' which it ielf recall, th< depic'ion of a woman
_king her lo,'er in Song ol Song> 3, 1-~. In the M.nich..,.n song resu
M.ry to be h i. m ..",nger. h is apos,le, th< apo"le
'he apOlitl",
T"''' "'\,'''' TIm
A,
(,,,,,,,.W>-
,k.
'0
d"""
c." ,hi, ..
. w. y
. nd pe,form ,hi, ",me<.
Be my ,,,,,_nger to the .. I"", orphan.,
Hnrl'}', wi,h joy, go '0 til<
e"".n.
'" HO" U'U IfSUS
co\' .
MOST! H'CO"fU U'SCII'll'S
83
You will find ,h.m g>' .... reJ on ,h. bank of' .... Jord, n,
111< '",h", w"" i",.d ,h.m '0 fi'"
lS ,h..,. did ~..H.r,
liy down
n."
in ~tll(h Ill..,. ~.ugh' peopl. fo, life.
.00 '0
,h.
Je.u dd
u...U YOU' oItm and koowledg.

Wl,il yoo bring ' h< >hp 'ollie sIl'pb"d,
lh. rong condude
Glory '0 Mary,
bK.u"' ..... h.. IiSlenN '0 h" ,na"".
(obe h .. ) carried 00' hi" lll"ruCl.,,,,,
wi.h,.,.,. in .... ' ,,001...... n,
(Glory .nd] triumph '0 .h ......1ofble>s<d Mary (T' ''"""
4,
r""", THOM'"
'''.>.fI~). ~
THE T""~
.ha.
Among .he ' exlS

weI< prod~c<d in 'he ,ich Syri.n he,i"ge of
Thom", Ch,i"i.ni'y ar he Go,pd ojlho",a, .nd .he /look of Thoma"
oo.h ffOm Codex JJ of 'he N.g Hamm.di librarr, .nd .he", 'exlS
pre",n' Joo Thom , in (on"." '0 .he loh.nnin< figure of doub.ing Thom"" . . . n in.im.te d isciple who h few doub ... Th. Go,pd
of1homa> refen to Thom .. only .wic. wi.hin the teXl. A he orening
of the IeXl, in the prologue. Thorn .. i. n. med ... he recorder of the
hidden ...ying> of J<>uo . nd, br implication h. guaran.or of .he Jesu
,.di.ion. The IIO'Pu. ,poke .nd Jud .. 1hom... he Twin record",_' The de.ign ion
of lud ... he Twin (in .wo I.ngu.ge"
from Aram.k or Syria<,
and _"", ...oc. from Gr""k) I<h .. u " he (OmOlon preoccupa.ion in
S)'Ti.n lileralure .h Jud was .he twin bro.her of "'.u._ According
'0 . he New T.".n,. n, gO'rel .. J<>m h.d bro. her n.med Judu, . nd
.he Syrian ChrJ"ian heritage con.in u.. . hi . tradition and .dd hat
Judu i he . win bro.h", Thi. co",'k.ion .hat Iud .. i he .win of
Je.u. i. probably ba>ed at lea" in pari on d""per und."tanding of
.he concept of the .piritual twin k no,,'n, for ... mple, from .he Hymn
"""'>.",
~ UTI
<f.
,,",,<n. t" ,,., ",Im'a ! '" t"<I'i"~ "'f>Ioi.oo II", ",KIwM. "",1.."",*.
"'I" >004, 6O_", . nd ])"ml<_g >ro>, '''''.
of the r..,1 in the Ac" of 1homa,. Late, in the Go'pd of Thoma" in

ying 13, Thom .. i. the one, .nd not ""ter or M.tth ew, who ... "" to
h.ve the corrKt an.w<,-or no-.nswer-to the que"i"., of Jesu I>out
who he i nd what he i. like, .nd lesu. withd ... w. with Thoma. and
.peaks th,.., ullSrecified sayings or word. to him. Thi. puzzling "atement m.y be intended to prompt a cre.tive ""pon.e in t he reader, who>
m.y tbereby be encouraged to take the pI.ce of Thorn nd inter.ct
with lesu nd hi. wi .. saying . "
The &ok of Tho,"", i. more oven in ide ntifying luda. Thom ....
the ReIDYoo Di.dple. The &ok of Thoma, pre .. n" .. yi ng' of lesu.
in di.logue with Thoma. . . welJ monologue of )<suo, The text
begin. by referring to the Book of Thoma> h idden ",ying. of lem.,
with the GospeJ of Thoma" but in t his ca .. Jud .. Thoma. i. talon
to be the panner in com'e=tion with )"'uo and nain Math.i ..
i. >aid to be the ",rib.1 r~order. r.. u. (caUed tl>< .. vior) add ...""
Jud .. Thorn .... "brotl><r Thom .." (1)(;>'11 ",,,,,,,,,) and "my brother
Thom.," (11).''Ott "'"' ,>.(;), .nd instruct. him in wisdom, r..", ..y.,
Since it i, .. id that you are my twin (""""''''0) . nd my true friend
(11,""",po- " ,). exami.. your..,lf . nd uoo.' <1.nd who yoo a.. , how you
ex;'" . nd how you "iU <o",e ,o!>t. Sin you are to bt c. lled my broth ..
(I1,},Co(IIn , it i. DOt fitting fu r you to bt igoo .. n, of yourself. (US)
Jem. not .. 'hat Jud .. Thom .. may also be described as per",n of
knowledge, and he .. Y'- on Thom .. and hi. que" for Imowlooge,"So
while you are ",alldng with me, 'hough you do lock undemand ing,
. Iready you h .... obt.ined knowledge and you will be c.lIed one who
know. himself" (138).
H.n.-M.rtin Schenke has .ingied o ut 'he p .... g< where I..", >aY'
'0 Thorn , "You are my twin and my true friend: and he h gh'en i,
,],<,<i.1 .ttention. on accoun' of what I>< pe,ceh..,. to be ito ",levance
fo, the trad i'"m of the Beloved Di>cipl., even in 'h e Go.pel of John.
Schenh t",n.I ..", 'he Copt" of ,h i. p .... ge bKk in' o C><ek (ignoring
'he reference to 'M twin) as "" d ... il ~iM.; ~O~ il ,,~~6\~ which he
pr...,n" in lohannine .y ntax and "yle .. at. r,; OV ~\lffi aA~6.i.;; (in the
.econd pe,,,,n ,ingul.,), or ,,~t'" '-<HlV OV ."i)"" M~&ii>:;;' 'I~""""
"he himself i. the one whom resu. truly loyoo" (in t l>< third person
<;0,,,,,
lIrthg< , ... , Urn , ... ,.oJ D<Coni<k """,",
" On 'Iham .. in ,t.<

of7h"""", th< 8001; of."",,.,,,, nd oth<, H\<IO'""', d ,
L.Y'on 1"'9-, M,l'''' to'", ~"."'"" ... " ,'aLonu,;, t .. " ."""'"' , Roo;n",".nd
"'HOM
UIU IfS'" CO\' .
MOST!
H'CO"fU UISClI'll'S
8~
.in&Ular)_ This, n.,urany, co>mr"~' well in Greek wilh Ihe Johannine

","m.nts on the BelovM Disciple"
We neM not Ir.,'el an,he way along Ihe p.,h ofthe BelovM Di>ciple
wilh H.n.-M'rlin Schenk<. how"",r, 10 appreciate Ihe f.c"h., he has
helped 10 highlighl Ihe "",u. of ludas Thomas a. a boelo,'ed di>ciple
among some Christian. in Ihe world of Syrian O ui" i.nily,
~_
JAM'" TH O JU'T. Tit. BkOl'ltHl Of I''''-WITH POTU,

A~" THO .. WHO Ax. TO CO" .
In Grupd of Thoma, . aying 11. James Ihe JUSI. I.ader of the church in
Jerusalem, i. menlioned. and Ihi< brief reference may help i l l anlicipa.. hi. more dominanl place in I<xI> of the Nag Ha mmaJi codic...
and Codex Tchacos. In Ih. Go,pd of Inomd' Ih. que"ion of <ommunily I.ader>h ip i...i>l. and )esu. ",.pond. , with a nic~ Jewi.h or
Jewish-Christian flair, in Ihe anribution of honor Jue 10 Jam .., -No
mailer wher~ )'Ou have come from, you are 10 go 10 J.m .. the 1m'.
for who"" sake hea",n and earlh came into boeing," While Ih i. saying
prai"" Jam ... Ihe Ju,", Ihe next ..ying (13), placed in juxt'po,ilion to
saying 11 ""nlS 10 .hift t he focus of imporl.nce to Jud .. Thorn .
The hi"orical person of J.m .. Ihe Ju" "''''' Ihe bro,her of Jesu. and
Ihe .arly leod.. of Ihe lerusalem <hurch. a. New Te"amenl and early
Olri""'n source. indicale, .nd the", f.c ton provide t he background
for 'he accoun .. concerning Jam .. in t he 5,</ Book ofla",,, and the
R,,~ld, jon. of la",,, (usually enti,led t he Fin! and s"CO"J R,,~ld, jon.
of fam,,), " In Ihe s",,,, Book of fam". J.mes i. coupled wilh P., .. as
booth ar< in a com'e=-,ion wi,h Je",. recorded in a book thaI, Jam ...
"'Tile" hewmpooed in Hebrew. Both James and Peler are called boelovro
('" "'I-'< d) in Ih. s"CW Book of fam" (10), and Jesus saY' 10 Ihem Ihal
if Ihey do Ihe f.. her. will, "he will love you (plural; 4"~'1frt< l'''' M!) ,
make you my equal, and con.ider )'Ou b<loved (u ll'l' In ) through hi.
foretoough', and by your own choic." ( ~), Jam"" him",lf i< made 10
rellect upon too.. who w;n come afier. who will abo b< b<lowd, when
he observes neo, the end of ,he lext fter the apo"les are ><nt oul in'o
" Sch<nk< I""; m
I""" ",,:,... -.nd th< I.,.... u
8 lli
Q,;ko" .00
on J..... " d , II<rnh<;m 19." r,,,,,,, ,",,

En ", , ... , a"h"" .00 N... , ,,,, >001, and T.oo.- lOO6_
'he wo,ld, "I my><lf went up '0 Jeru lem, praying , ha' I migh' . cqui ...
ha,e wi,h ' he belo,...J one. (ii" F'I'<, t ) who are to appear" ( 16).
1he First R<velatio" of lam" comist. of . dialogue between le.u
nd Jame. on i.. u of death and. Gnostic unde,."anding of monal i'yand immortality. wi,h. mort .ccoun' of 'he martyrdom of lam ..
ppend...J at 'h e end. In ,hi. text Jeou dd ...... ram "my bro'her:
he .Jdre.-; rud., Thoma. in 'he Book of Thoma bu, here in 'he
N.g Hammadi version he indica'es tho, 'heir rel. tion.hip i. 'piri'ual, "For no' wi,hou, rea..,n have I can...J )'Ou my broth .. (",,<'Q,,),
'hough you are no' phy.ic.lly my bro'her (<1111'00<
~p,~\ ~n
.. y~" "ul. I know you well. So when I give you ign, p.y ."en,ion
and listen" (l ~ ), (The CoJex Tchac". version of resu, remark. are
follow" "For not withou, rea.on.re you call...J bro'her I"ou l. though
[your are not physically a bro,her [ ,u~" ,,1Ti<[ 0 \,' ;0" ~ II ~u .. y, ,, [.
But you.re igno.-.n, concerning your..,1f, '" , hat U[ .hall tell you who
I am. Listen" 110[,) Nearer 'he end of 'he text, I.mes i. d""ribeJ a.
he stops praying, embrace./e.u., and ki.",. him (3 1; in the Tchacos
"e"ion lesus emb.-.ce. Ian,." rames "y>, and ki"", him ( 19[.)11
lhe Sffond R,,,,,Ja,ion of lam", in which ram di",ourse. on I.. u
nd the na' ure of .. Iva,icm, hoe. somewhat .imilar ",n,imen". with
bit more I.nguage of the belond. According to this text. too, ..
James , all Jesu. h.d addre .....J I.mes "my brother" ("Hello. my
brother; brother, hello"), and t heir moth .. had expl.in...J what resu.
meant. ram .. states,
"M"'"
A, I r.ised my [he>d[ '0 look" him Oe5w), "'otbe, >aid to ,n<, -Don't
be .fr.id, my oon. be< .... he .. id to )'Ou, 'My b,otbe,' (mcw), You
wer< both noorish<d with the same milk, lilat i. why be saY' t" ""',
'My morh",: He i, 001 a " .. ng.. 10 no; he i, your mpbrother (I."'"
[nl?" )""",, .,,. ' k ,j, [I .m) not , .. - (~)
Here the text i. undear, an.! the Coptic may be read .. "he i. the brother
[of) your [ather or "he i. t he brother [by way of) )'Our father; and the
meaning may be that 'eou. i. t he stepbrother. the f".ter brother, or 'he
cou.in of ra m ..," A few page. later in the Sffoml Rew/ati01l of I~m",
M 11Y ,,,.d,h,,n, of ,IY "'Nt.oo "'""'" ......., _ of I.'"" from th. N,.
,.........ru 1,,,,,"'1 '" ..,. wolf."" "' nk. in M.m 10071>, "t_'''' ,IY ,,. ...... ,.,,,
of 10"''' (,IY ,"n' R<WIoIi"" of"'""') from c..k. Td", .. , . nO tho .. ,"do<"" of
'h< <;o,/><Iot I"'"" (h<Iow) ,. " {,"'" K..." , M<)' , Wu..' . nd ""..t,,-d :roo7.n<! n"
,h< , ... of th, Goq>d of '''''') K .."", Mqu, Won' . n<! Goo,",.! "",",
" a.tho""", from wolfp"" fo n);;n M,),<, lOOn. , JJ6.
'" HO" UIU IfSUS
co\' .
87
Jame. "'ror" aboul the lime Ihal Je.u. ki.~ him, a. in Ihe Fir<!
ReV/a'w" of lam", and calll him belovN. The enlire pa.. age, pUI in
Ihe wonh of I.m, depic .. Ja m.. as Ihe belo.... d 'piri",.1 brOl her and
disciple of J"u and he com" 10 lrnowllge and embraces Jesu. with
what ""'IllS 10 be a .piritual embrace,
He kw..d ,,'" on the mouth and t ",bra<<10.11 r<v,alto you ... hat lhe he ,,~ns ha,'. oot lrno"n,
oor thei, rur", ., .My belo,'1 (, '~'.' [p'T]), uoo.,,,.oo . 00 know Ihe",
Ihings. [,hal[ )'Ou ""'y <om< forth from ' hI> womb .nd be as J . m,
Look, I >Ioall .. veol '0 you "hal Ii, hidd<n], Re.ch 00 1 your [hand] and
,mbrac. me: A, o""e I .... bed oul my [h. nd.], bu, I dod no' fioJ him
as I Ihoughl be W<luld be. Aft... ,hi, I hurd him " y, "Unoi<.it.nd, and
erub.",. me: lhtn I und<r"ood, .nd I w...f"i d, y<l l "/01<<<1 with
gr ... ;or. (~ - ~7)
lh,,< i. little I,,\,< in Ihe Go'pei of luda" and .. tietly .pe.king no "al
I><lo,.. d di",iple, unle,. the love and 'he belovl at< 10>1 in a lacuna ,
lh is "XI now lrno,,'n from Codox Tch.co. f<atur Judas hcario' ,
'hough ,he prise interpretation of hi. role in 'he text i. di.p uted
among ..holan, In any c a"" whe'her or no' Jud .. i. 'he pro'otypal
di>ciple in 'he Gospl'i of /uJ"" he is not de",rii><d .. a belo .... d d i.dple.
Perhap' lik< Peter in 'he Synop'ic Go>pel. and particularly 'he Go.pel
of Mallhew, Jud i. ,he leading diKiple in the Grupel of /uJ"" and he
h.. 'he corr' confession of who Jesuo i . Like Pe"r, he too h.. issues
and problems, and if J'"'u. can 'um 10 Peter in Mark and M.tthew and
"II him. "eet I><hind me, S.tan," he con refer '0 Judas in 'he Go,!>,1
of /uda, .. the ,hi"..,n,h doimon, Pe", den ... Jesu Jud.. hand.
him ov.r '0 'he au.hori,ies, with .imilar langu.ge in , he two in"anc, .
In ,ime, Pe"r end. up in St, Peter'. chu rch in Rome and Juda. i. in
'he low,"" cirde of Dan'r'. hen with Bru,u. and Cassius, yel in their
",.pective tex," 'hey are the fi"t among , he d i"ipl. Bu, in .pit< of
'heir prominence, nei,her one i. 'pecifically called 0 helo,..,d disciple,
'hough Peter has, we have .. en, a brwh with heing helo.... d in , he
5,,/ Ii<>ok of /~m". They a .. both awarded con.iderable "atus, bu,
'hey ... d ..",ii><d in other te,m.than those of a lovl disciple."
Grup:hnn'" 2Ol6; l ><Con ~k 100';

nd G.oud.,J ".,,; K ;"~ .oo ""I!,h ""'; M,l" 2007" K.... ' .
" On 100.., ,.,,,_ .nd ....
"'-',"'r<', W..-."
)ud Isuri01 in .h< Gospd of /uda, is t il< one di..:;pl. among the
,wei," (or thin~n) ",ho 'r<nd. private time in dialogue wi.h /<'>us.
The text ol""n. with a n ineip;. ,hal place, JuJu in lhe company of
Je.u just before 'he time of the crucifixion, "The ""ret word of de<:lar.,ion by which I.,u. 'roke in com.."sa,ion with Iud r... riot. Juring eight day>, ,h,.., days before he leb wed I'usover (or. three day.
b<fore hi. pa.uon, 33 )." When lhe di",,;pl . . .,..,mble, 'hey aU h . ...
an incorrK' prof.... ;on of who 'esu. iI, except hul , who correctly
conf~ in S<thi.n Gnos'K term", ,h.t ,<suo i. the ... lted <hiM of
'he di,ine. Iud .. saY',"' know who you ar. and where you have come
from. You haye come from the immortal aeon of !\a,l><lo. And ! am
not worthy to utter 'he name of the one who h a. >en! )'0". (n) . le.u.
rogIliH' ",ha' he (juda.) wa , reflecting upon the re<1 (of the things)
that are .. alt",t" .nd so "" t.h. him ide to teach him the m)~teri",
of t"" kingdom ." hentu.ily J<suo prm'ide. Jud with a co.moiogical
",,'eiation of the er .,ion of the un;'",r .. and t "" cor""r of the light of
the divine, and that revel.tion, which dominat"" t"" control portion of
the Go,~i of lUlL", contoi", much of the gno,i, needed for salvation
and .nlightenment. Toward the end of the go>pel, after I",u. predicts
th.t Jud wiU sacrifice the m.n ",ho bear. him (th. mortal My th .t
th e true, ,piritu.i I",u. h J><.en using), he .a)" to Juda" "look, you
h"'e be"" toid .""rything. Lift up your
and iook at th e cloud
and the light within it a nd the " .... urrounJing it. And the ".r th.t
le.d. t "" w.y i. )'Our "or" ( ~7). The text t hen come. to a clo ... with
unfortun.te IKunae.nd . n underst.ted Ken. of Juda. handing O\'er
the mortai My of le.u. to be crucified.
In hi ..... y in th. National G<-ographic edition of th" Go'p.! of
/uJa>, Rodoiph" K ",r de.eri"'" what he judge> to be prob.bl"
",action among some r""den to the figure of Jud in the context of
the other diKipl .. in the go>pel
.ye.
II'" .mil" at the luC1lioool dialog"'" of the "M."", ( Rabbi) with hi,
d"dpl .. of IimnN '!';r;tual in"'His"""e, and "\'e" with th" moot gifiN
among them, th" hum.n h. ro of th .. "Go'pel." Iud .. the "\I.uoo"ooJ-wlut,,~ r hi,

~ We . bo h>.ve """,n, to untie ""her
tlun to moan at the
previously Io.>t to "t, m".",oou>ly , ,,uKit.tN, emerging today from;ts kmg .ti"nce.D
""'.kn....
"""""go
M,)"" . Wunt . oo G,o ...L",I!OOl; . nd SropdIo 1001, ,1>< f"".!Id, bot,..", l...w ..
,,", fi,~ of ,1>0 d;"ipk> .. ,1>0 """1'<1 of I,.;.".nd
fi, ~ of ,1>0 d;.oipk> tn
,,", 'f""I"X Go>p<h (,opWlr
""I M.n.) ""'" r"~,"" "," .. <1<'''00,
~
on..! G. ud.,d lOO.O, " ,
"'"''''. "'f<". "'"'"
.'I,",",,,
p,,., .. ,,",
'" HO"
UIU IfSUs co\' . MOST! H'CO"fU UISClI'll'S
89
)ud .. may I>e ... n, within lho currenl diu .. ion of Ihe inlerprelalion
of lho Ga,p</ of luJa" a. "moll gifted" ~n >OITIelhing of a "human
hero"-for Birger Pearson,"a tr.gk h ero""-in lho lext .... hhough ho
may nOl be deribed in Ihe language of I",'e used for. l>eloved di , ciple, he rna)' I>e under"ood .. lhe foremo" of Ihe di.ciple. in lho
Gos;m of Iud""
7. WHO Is Til" Buo,"", DISCIPLO, O ~ WI<O Ak. T I<
Bw".., DISCIPl.,!
Aft .. encounlering plelhora of b<loved di,ciple> in Ihe Goo]>'l of
John and olher eorly Chrislian teXl., we com. 10 Ihe ,ealiZll'Oon ,h. ,
'he ",holarly examination of 'he figure of the Bel""ed DiKipl. h""
become much more complicated and fascin.'ing wi,h 'Il< mul'iplica,ion af l>eloved d i,<ipl in various go .,.!> and o, ll<r early Chri"ian
'ex'" lhe accounts we h."" .urveyed bring f""ward ' heir .., ... ral
ch.mpion. a. l>eloved d isciple., and we may reasonably .ugg." , hat
differen, authors, teXl., and communi,ie. in,rodu<:e com.,.'ing daim
bou, i.. ue. of disciple.hip in early Chri"i.n church .., .nd aOOu"1l<
disciple ).. u. kl\'ed. We may .uppose ,ha' a gi,-en communi'y migh' be
inclinl to propooe ,ha' ).. La I",'ed 'heir f.mri'e disdple moo'-"),,",u.
1,,,,1 our di><:iple more ,han )'ours." Doub, I... Hans-Martin Schenk<
is correct in observing that wh., is of inte .." he .. for the GOipel of
John and by ..ten.ion ' Il< OIher lexl> and tradition. i. I"", any particular hi"orical iden'i'y for ' he discipl.s .. l>elovl diKiples, and much
mo .. 'he is;lUe of 'he grounding of texts and ,,,,di,ion. in wha, i. taken
'0 be au,horitati ... figure. prof.. ><d '0 I>e e .,.dally dose '0 )e.us. The
accounts of l>ek",1 d isciples in 'he ><ve ..1 e .. ly Christian 'exts are
also oft.n intert wined wi,h 0"" a <>other, and Ihe con,inui,ies a nd conflicts in 'Il< accounts provide .vidence for inte .. ct ion a mong tex,ual
tradi,ion. as nOled in ,h. interlocking figu ... ofl>elowd diKipl.L How
accounts of beloved diipl .. may rel .. e to 0"" anothor and intluen ..
on. anothor i, a .ubject for . ubsequen, <ludie. on l>ekwed discipl...
What til< plurality ofl>eloved disciple. does point to i,the rich di\'er.ity of early Chri,,;'ni'y >een in 'he figure. of bel"""d di><:ipie., and
,hi. a" ... n ... of diversi'y should govern fu,ure exploration. of 'he
l>elo,..,d disciples in the world of ' he early church,
" ",,""" lWl, ...
Bl .UOGkAPHf
_n, .
"'.goUW.., "'" ,-,,,' Apc>'." ""'W,.. A,'Ioori'"
,,,,,1;,, ...
ll<mt",im, ~__ A_.lo""" s,,,,I><, of i<"" I.

".,.~ londooo, SCM , ""Il_
R"Kk, M i .. "'0".
11><
H,,,..,-d
11><o1og",]
C. ..... Odl!', " .... , H.".,ru U"'''''''ty P ...." >001_
R",.. n, R. E.. 11>< Go'fd A,,,,,Ji"f '"
11>< A""ho, "Obi< "_;><OA. G".kn C;ty,
N .L ,-"","kdoT. '%6_'<>70.
R",.. n. Hi .. ~..
00... Gruf<lc R.,h;.ki"l -"'"'''' Sm;Ih, ec..,,,,,..,,,,1
"udo" ;n a,,;""nitp,," luda;..., ". w ""b, w;lfrid u..ri<, Un;,.."",y Prn~
J"".,
ri',
DU<o,..,."
" ,. ' .c., '11>< """I'd H= "'",ron ""ill" 'n",.'''. of"'''' "'on.. Wooo. T,,_,
c.~"",
"'r"" Unim'"r P..... >OO ~

Q U,,,,,, " . nil C.A. "v..,~ a k. I."n" ,I>< I"" 0." a.ri~"" 0riJ".,. N"""m
T""-"",n'",,, Supp\<m<nt> ". L.Kkn, lIrill. , ....
Q Ut=, I\. ond 1_ N,,,,,,,,. ,d ~ , 1'" B""I><, of 1<>"< lo..w> ,10. J"~ .... H~
LouHvilI<. Kl' W,>lm;.,,,, loo n Koo,- >00''" _ ', KA_, "M"l' ".gdakn< ODd ,o" U;,,;pa. 1<'"' '-""N,- '-I" '~fficw., "
hu,,-JI.,..,...htio..nm._<h, ,00>.
,., G<npd of ""''T
(;"""~ .mi 0 Bib/;a,J Mo". ,~ ..",. '-"rub,
"'iD....,
"'J"""I.
n,,' CIon.. """_
Com""",.,,.
,,,Con"'k, A_I) .. ', ,,, cnz;..! "",,/,<1 of ,loom., i. T,o..J",",", ,..;,10 0

omi N.", '~i.n l.on,),,''''' of'''' Co ..",,, Grupn. l;b.w)' of ........ 5<00 .... "7.
'-"D<Iono TaT Cluk, 1006.
- - 1'" ',hi",,",. Apo>d" 1\'.., ,'" "",,/,<1 of I",u" RndJr s.,~ londooo, Con';nuum,
100'_
llon<l<rt..<& L, 'II..
_ d I);"ipl. i" c..fl_ RnU'h"K ,10. """pro of I"""
ami
'."""", 0,""", o.f",d Un;,. ... ~l)' ....... lroS.
fh <m>n, IW., 110. "'" (Jo,f<lof I..u., J""not, Od"M o,fo,-d U"'''''''' y Pm., 1006.
' ''>Ioim, ' .. "' .,. "'.goUW"'
omi
N,,, Y",ko H.<p<rt:o!; .. ,
J.tf<ry, f .. 1'" "',,' ""'1"1 of ", .k u"";w. Jmog;....i R"..w of S.x, .....'h. ami
"'''''''''' '" B,OI.... 1 h"f"', N,,, 11m", YoI< Un;""~l)' Pr< ... lroS.
J"'""', R."-. "M,,'I
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't>
THE TRI.'.fORPHI C PROTENNOIIt (N HC XI!U) ItND THE

JOHANNINE PROLOGUE A RECONSIDERATION
Paul-Hubert Poirie,
UniversM Laval
The "e.,i.. be.ring 'he post><rip,e<! ' ide Trimorphic Prolmm,;a
(U"",TO"'IOo" Tf'O"O!'tO<; _
,pi~_ _ ), or 'he Th,,,,,
Form, of Fim 7houShl,;' one of forty-.i. (or Miy-'wo if 'he doubleu
are taken in'o account ) fou nd in ,h. coU""ion of Copt ic papyri d i",,,.,'ered a' Nag Hammadi, Upper Egyp" in December J9n.' A" ..ted to
by a . ingl. manu><ript. 'he Trimorphic Protm"ma i. manifestly a tran. la,ion of. )"", Greek original , The treat ... i. t he fi rst oftwo tex" which
h",', , u "'i\'ed in "'hat remain. of Coon XHl of the Nag Hammadi
collection. It con.i", of eight non -foliO<'d and non-numbered leav..,
m.king . tot. 1 of .ix'een written pages of 33-37 lin .. per p. ge. These
Ie",'.. are relath..,ly well pre...,r\'ed, ap.rt from the lacunae which affe<:t.
'0 ''''''ying d egr .... the top. or oottom, of mo>t of the foli"".
Before delvi ng directly in to the topic of this .... y, it m.y be u..,ful
to introdu the " .. t is< itself and to ..y a few words aoout its liter..)"
character and histonc.1 st.tu. , The text of the Trimorphic Prote"noia is
divide<! into three _ t ions. each o f them de.rly identified by. separate
.ubt itle: "The Discour .. of the Protennoi. (41.3) , On Fate" ( ~ 6,4) ,
"The Di.<ourse of the Manifest.tion " (~,ll). A. regards it< literary
form, the Trimorphi< Protennoia i..... ntWly a lengrhy proclamation
by a femin ine ent ity who. u.ing the ...ell-known q.;, ,i~ , formula,
introouces herself at t he wry begin ning of t he text a. the p,~unnoia,
the "Fi"t Thought," In thi the Trimorphic l'Totennoia r<><mbl .. two
other Nag H.mmadi .. xts, namely, Thr Thu>t<i,,, Peift Mind (NHC
"f"l>'<""""
of,""
, Edltion>.oo ,,,"<1.0.,.....
'"," iooo I.rn"., I.,., "'""nk< 107<, I"''''"'
,.", "'",,"k< , _ ",,_ '''7, l!6- ' ln Turn.. '''''' "''''.kltobln ..... >OOJ,
" oi,In!<l>J<\, "oiri.. 100'. ' '''
'"," io<. '" ro;,~,!<l>J<\ .
,n ,.,rod""."" '" ,n". d",Jkd ".m""...", on '""
V1.2),' and 'he final hymn of ' he long """ion of the MCW &>ok (0'
.'Ipocryphon) of lo"n (NHC 11,1 and IV,I).'
lhe sometime. explicit parallels I><,w,,"n our ,reat;,e .nd oth ..
Gno<tic 'exU from 'he Nag Hammadi cmpu. show th., 'he figure of
Pro!<nnoia I><long. '0 a wid .. t radition I><st rep ....,nted by 'he Secret
Book of lo"n, In fact, ,hi.
lhought: or fir" emanation, from
'he In,'i.ibl< One (Trim, Prot. n,8-9) or 'he Father 138.8-9), is 'he
><'<onJ highest principle of t he .upreme divine hierarchy and should
I>< id<n,ified wi,h t he powe, wh<e em"g<nce from the paternal . eon
i. describ<d in 'he &ern Book (11 , ,10-29, and I\G 26,6-17,8, for 'he
.hon version) and which Gnostic my'hology identifie> a. !l.arl><lo.
The Trimorphic Pro'<nnoi~ offer< a hymnic and poetic account of 'he
manifta'ion, in t hr"" . ucc"",i,'e .toge., of 'he Invisible Father'. First
Though" A complex work, 'he T"',,,o,phic Prormnoi~ makes u.. of a
,'ariety of d iver .. materials in order '0 pain' a portrait of ProtennoiaB.rb<lo. Bu" .. has been rep<atedly ob .. rv.d .i nce 1973, the source '0
which 'he tex' i. moot indebtM i. dearly 'he &e,</ BooJ,.. of 'ol,n,'
Al'hough even a cur...,'Y comparison of 'he 'wo wri'ing. reveal.
numerous points of contact, ' he most striking ,.sembl.nce i. '0 I><
found when 'he Trimorphic Prormnoid i. compar.d to the final hymn
of the long ,'e"ion of the &erel BooJ,. of 101m (II 30,11-31,27). The
Trimo,phic Pro1<"noia i. indeM a reworking, in the fmm of. reyelatory discourse, ofthe final hymn, combined with o,hertr. di'ions, .uch
.. 'he Je..-en,u, ad inf"o..' The unknown . u,hor of 'he tre.,ise develop<d the hymn in 'wo way" first , by combining it> thr"'-p. n struc'ure
with 'he triad of F.,h .., Mo,h .. and Son borrowed from the Seer"
Book i'self, a nd, se<ond, by u.ing 'he 'riad of ><lund (2]>Ool'l~),
,'oi (c""/\><IMi) and word (;, uo'O(;/),iyyo,;) , borrow.d from 'p<'CuIa,ion. of contemporary logician. a nd grammari.n.,- By identifying
'he Son with the Word, 'he au,hor wa . able '0 eng.ge in a polemiall
reinterpretation of 'he loh.nnine prologue, a n element no' found in
'he final hymn, We will say more abou, thi.I .... ,
"Fi,"
, Ed . nd '"n .J.. M","'" ,., .. .,.j Poiri", , . ...
w',,, ''''.
, Jl JIl,1'-")7; ,v 46."_' . '. N . w.Jd",'n mol

169_ m,
."'" hymn, "" w.ld~"n ' ' ' '; a nd P. 'oc"'O>d .,.j ""OC , .....
, !l<rl'n", Art..;"k<", ii;, ~op" Kh . G"",".d" S<hrin.n '"','''
, O. P";ri<, ' "'' and ro;ri<, >006. ' n_ ' " .
S p.,;.."
>006. 10'- ' n .
on
Ii><
T~JMORPHIC PROfEHNOJA AN" Ttl. ,OflANNIS. "WlOGU.
9~
The comporison of the "'ucture of the Trimo,phk Prounnoin with

th .. of the final hymn of th e long version of the &em Book of loiI"
reveal. a "'octure that i. at once .imple.nd complex; .i mple in term.
of the triportite organi"'tion of the text into three part. related to the
triple manifest .. ion of Prot<nnoia, and compleJO, in th.t it fr<quently
reformul.... a nd d,,'elop' the origin.1 text in . uch a way as to disrupt
the O\'erall balance .chi,,'ed in tl>< original. Thi. becom ,,'ident in
the first person pluml po ..... g.. (Trim , Prot, J.6,33-J7,J .nd 4!.ll-Bl
and in the p .... ntati"n of thr"" desnts which, strictly .peaking, do
not line up well with the tre .. i",', th r discour ....'
lhi ituation i. best expl.ined by the way in which the treatise w..
compo>e<l, that i., on the ba.i. of the long version of the s.cr Book
af 101m', fina l hymn, in combination with referenc .. to the myth of
the s.cr<l Book and other m.terial borrowed from other Gnostk or
contempo .. ry ",urce,. Another planation of the compo.ition of
the tre.ti .. h a., however, I><en .dvanced by John D, Turn<1' which
pr .. uppos<> more or Ie .. intricate redactkm.l hi"ory, Turner'.
hypoth .. i. i. that the Tr'mo,plric Pro/m"oia Wa! originally based on
a thr""-pa" first per",n .ingular .ret. logy, to whkh 'hree .uccessive
I.yers were added: doctrinal po ...g .. , plicitly baptismal pa.sag ...
and Christological p .... g..,. While .uch an expl.nation is theoretically po .. ible, though unprovable, it doe. not account for the f.ct that
the Trimo,phic Prote"noia d i.pla )-., from st.rt to finish, thematic and
stylistic infiuenc", traceable to the S.cr<1 Book of foiln. In addition to
the reWTiting of the final hymn, t hi. influence i, m o<t dearly ,i.ible
in th e Tri",orplric Prote"noia', fr<quent u,", of the explanatory clau ..
.,. n >.1 'It<, which mean> "th .. i.," Appearing no Ie .. than t wentyone tim .. , the ph .... is u><d to unde.-..:ore the m.,,;t sign ificant elements of the text '. me ... ge.' U,ually .uch relativ .. introduce gio .....
or terminologic.1 <qui,... lents, gene .. lly con.idered to be addit ion>
or ~ond.ry elements. Thi. i, dearly not the c. ", in the Trimorphic
Pro/en"oin, In t he long ",,,ion (NHC [) and IV) of t he Mer<' Book of
/oiIn, no I... than t hirty clause. introduced by thi. expl.n.tory relative ar< to I>< found. More."-,,, four of the relati ... dau"," found in
the Tri",orpl,ic Pro/en"oin h.,'e exact parallel. in t he wording of the
, Poi,"" lOO6, tJ_10.
, T"..", , ..,;, 63_1t. 7<, T., .. , I..... '''_3M, T"",,,, 'OOt. ' 41_151, TUm
""". til ... ,,,, mol 1'", ... , . " " Y;n Ih;. "," um< .
' 0. Ihn, .. , Poi"'r >006, 71_'"
long version of t he 5,.." Book. Clearly, this stylistic and hermeneutical device i. a common charter.!tic of both the long ,'e"iom of the
5r<l Book and h;mo'phic Prolmnoia.
lhe .heer numher of .. planatory do ..... in both texts. "" well "" the
fact that four of them are Oden'ical. <ugge.ts a link het",,,,,n the two tre.tise" either one copOed the other or both depend on a common ><luree.
Without ruling out the ,""ond hypothesis, it appears more likely th.t
one of the texts depends upon t he other, namely that the Trimorphic
Pmten"oia depends on the &eret Book_ In <uppon of this condu.ion.
we can adduce the aforementioned u", and development of the Stcr
Book'. final hymn. t he presence t hroughout the Trimo,phic Prolm"oin
of m)1bological theme. and co.mogonic or anthropogonic episodes
drawn from the St,,..,, Book. and the fact 'hot the explanatory relat;"'es
or< l><uer <ui,ed to a didactic writing .uch "" 'he St,m Book than to a
hymnic compOllition ,ueh a. the Trimofphic PrOIe""oia. hen 'hough
other .imilariti.. i>e1w""n this treat is< and t he long version of the
Stcret IIo<Jk exist, tho>< already mentioned will ,uffic< to .. tablioh a
lit.,,-ary relationship l><,ween t he Trimorphic Pro/mnoia and t he S.crd
Book, and more precisely to demo","a" that the former "",m. to
l>< dependan' on the lauer. The au,hor of 'he Trimorphic Prolm"oin
appropriated the final hymn of the long version of 'he Secret Book and
rewrote i" integra'ing various elements from the St,,..,, Book, .lthough
in an aUus;"e man ner that presuppo"" 'he reader', familiarity wi,h the
myth. Therefore, 'he Trimo.-phic Prote""oia'. compOllition and redac,ion are later ,han the compo>i'ion and red.ction of the long version
of the Stcret Book of Jolm, on which it obviouoJy depend . The tr.. tis<
must h,,'e ~n compo.ed in an environment where 'he &er<l Book
and rela,ed works were l><ing read and commented upon, ,oward. the
end of 'he ""ond cen'ury at t he earliest_
We turn now '0 t he main .ubjK1 of this ......y. The first trom.lo'0" and commen'ato" of the treati", had alreody remarked the
relation.hip i>e1ween the himorphic Pro"""oia and the Jewi.h ond
Chri"ion 5Cripture . " In panicular, i, W3! 'he -stup<'ndou> I"rallel."1L
observed l><,ween the Johannine prolog"" and 'he 'hird di..:ours< of
,he Protennoia "'hich fi"t at"ac,ed the atten,ion of ..:oolars, a. well
' . . .n
" CoJp<
'""'"tory, > "oi"", 1006, ,,_n

m ., tn __ _d..
Enngd'",,":
","d<n ' p""lkk o'
,urn
Prolog <1<. 1""" <0_
T~JMORPHIC PROfEHNOJA AN" Ttl. ,OflANN'S. "WlOGU.
97
a.,h. wndu.ion drown from , 1>0.. par.n.1., nam.ly, 'hat "bo'h 'n"
intorpr.t .ach oth.r, but it_m.at fi"t glanc. th at t il< light foil. mor.
from Protmnoia on'o ,h. lohannin. prologu. ,han ,h. r.v."","" Thi.
affirma,ion ha. giv.n ri",
a h ... ed d.bot., th. h istory of which w.
h ..,. charted .I",,,..rn,.. ,"
Ii... of p,,,,lId . ""'w"",n our
,i ..
and ,h. prologu. hoy. """n dr.wn up, " bu, in ord.r
f. eili .... trn,
comparison h.r., it will "" u .. fu l '0 provid . o ur own Ii", ""ginning
wi ,h pa.,u"I. ""'w"",n ' Il< Trimorphic Protennoia and c... ain v.r",.
from ,h. prologu., befor. mO"ing on '0 0 pr ... ntation of parond, folI"wing tho ord.r in wh ich ,h.y 'pp"" in ,h. tr... i"" Thor. or. . .'uany 'wo wOJ" of ",.. Iuating ' Il< ",I"",nc. of t ho .. paron.I" .I.m.nt by
.I.m.n , (for . nmpl th . par.lId "",w"",n John Ll4 ond Tn'm, Pm),
n,1 4 -1~) or comidering ,h.ir ord.r of appearonce, in th. Trimorphi<
Pro"nnoia or in ,h. prologue, "
'0
5<,..,,,,,1
'0
1I
31,j3-J.4 "f.JI i"ing "ron, 1M btgln

ning]"
1M-1 "lha, i>, ,"" logo'~ 7 , 1 1 -Being Log",,46,1- 7 -, am tho [log]"" ",ho ..
[in '''''] i""lfabl< [Light], ["'1ing in
imma<ulat< I ,. ,["
46, 1 ~- 11 -, aJor.. am ,"" word,
i""lf. bk imma<ula,., inu"..... r .... ,
in<oniY:lblo11,12-ll "1 0m ,t.. lif. of my
pi,.,..3M "[I] shOD< (do~'n uport ,ho1
dark,.... 37, lJ-l. "An.! 'h"", who.", in ,""
darb.... " h. n",mf..,.d h,m .. lf to
,h.m"
46,3 1-11 "Who ~.. , ..
n'-
" Sch<nk< ''''', '" (, ...... , Robin"", '''"' , MOl.

" Poiri", 2Mi,
" <:omp..-.1hO>< ofColp< " J<, tn, ).n."", ,.-'" En ... '''''''-''''. ' '''' onJ
OJ.,"".
h.", toOJ, _ ",
'"n"""'"
en
" lb, Engli'"

of 'M "''''g<' of ' M Tri.....ph .. ...... , " _ ,",d
<hi. ""1 m booN on my "..-" !i'''''' ' OO f"""h ' ....... ''''n ( I'oi"', 1(06), with
of ""'" by byron n"71 .od Tu"", 0"").
=""""''''''
loon L9 'It, to """ '" itl~Q,,,,,,, a

.... ,il;<,
J7,7-8 "Who is . light"

46,32-Jj -To illumi", 100..
~ho:tr.
in tho dorlknJ...
47JS-29 "[[10m II>< lighl lhal illumi,.. II>< .11'

47.24-26 "[Akboughl il i, I ~-ho
,,'Ork in Ihem, bu, [I""y lhoughll
lhal ~ ~'a< by [I""ml lhal Ihe AU had
been
47,18- 19 "And [Ibeyl did not kno:J>,II>< on<...-oo giy'" m,I""''''
47.24 "None of Ih.m knew m'
~," "And Ih<J' d,d not know n",
47,14- 1 ~ -, manif,,,.-d lI\yself 10
[InI,I><" "n'"
}g,l} "God woo ,Ion< .IDle 10 <xi<l-
.",11'
Jolin U4 "
., ito),
loon us
Wr<" M,,-\ ,. ;"<1\""",,,
"""'"I''''; Q,,,,
' ' 11\
ene'
J9,6 "God ~-ho ~':i" I><got"'n'
J9,12-U --II>< p<rf1 Son, Ihe God
who ...- b<gotl<n'
J7,18-20 "And II>< m"'ri"obk ">ching< laugh, Ih, m 10 . U ,00.. who
b<cIDle $om of ,'''' ligh"
J~,12-lJ
Trim.,phi< P""'"M.;a .. Prolot"'

"I am tho life of my
EpiI>OI"
lobn hi;'" n",';' ~~,
J"JJ-J.4 "f.JIi5ting "roll\ I'" bq;in-
lobn U 'E. i.v.<1i~'"
ning]"
l<S,~ "IiI silo,,", l .lo~n upon Ih'l
dark, .....
37+ ' "lhal i" Ihe '-"go<'
37.7-8 "Who i I'ghl'
lobn LI 1;,- ~~>ii ~,~~, m; iJ

).byo.;~ "", ''''' fit"., <n; 9",,~,
b M)<"
Iobn 19 ' IIv tiJ """ I" ~A'lIh"'v, ;;
..."il;<,
37,U-14 "And ,h"",...-oo .." in ,..,
dark, .... , I>< m,lI\f...,1 hi"...lf 10
lobn
I,' ," ..... ;". tli oru,iq. ..,i,,,
II><m"
J7, 18-20 "And II>< inpliab!, ",,,hinS' I>< laughl Ihem 10 111 100.. ...-ho
Son. of II>< Iighl'
38,23 "God ~-oo alone cam< 10 <xi<l'
lobn US '''ivo; I~~l'i<>ut"

lobn US ~""""',,,.;,.;
fl.-b;
j9,6"God ...-ho was b<gotl<'"

J9,12-lJ "1"" p<rf1 Son, Ihe God
lobn LIS ~"",.yt"';";

lobn US ~"''''Jt''';'';
fl.-b;
fl.-b;
1><".",.
."'.
woo ".., begot"'n'
46,~-7 "I am th< lLodo. who ;.

[in the l 'n<!fabl. IUght l, 1b<lmg in
im"",cuia" l..
46.1.- 1 ~ "I _Ion< am tl>< word,
'n<!fabl" irnma<ulate, ,mm.. mr.t.l"
il\Coo( .. v, bl< "
46,JI-32 -Who was ",nt46,J2-33 "To mumin. too.. ~'t.o ".
in tl>< dar[knl..'47,14- 1 ~ -I m,nifl<d mystlf to
lII.m lml th<1! "nt'
~7,1~ "!l<ing logo.'
John U 'h ~p;(ii
"-
~ ~v."",
h.
i> ~ rot;,
(I,"v. """ 9.0.; ~v
John 101 'Ev ~p;(ii hv" ~ mt;,

~ ~v."", "',. (I,"v. "",\ flro.; ~v
,,~
John I 06 ~""'n4<i"",
John ,,9 'ltv ",.,0.; ,II itl,.llw",v.
....,1<;>,
John U4 "~<><i~
__ ",.~<v
Iv"'iv
John 101 1'v
"-
i.m:ii ~v i>
~ ~v."",
~7,l g-1 9 "And Ith")'l did 001 know

III. 00< who p,.... m< row<,
47.2-4 ""on< of tl><m kn<w "",'
~7.2-4-26 -IAlthoughl i1 i, I ~TIo
WOlk in th<m. but Ithey thoughtl
lIIat i, "". by Ith.ml tlu, th< All had
bn "".,,,,,'
47.28-29 "III am the light that ill~m
in< the .U'
~,l~ "And th<y did _
know n,,"
rov
99
John 1010"
rov (1,,,,. ",,\
,i.,~",
ro,;'
9.0.;~,
"",II, "U"
1'r-
John LlO" """~'" ,,(,,11. "u" 1'rJohn uo ... """"'" /;" ""wi; rr<'~.' "
John ,,9 '!tv ",.,0.; ,II itlrr;Jw",v.;;
....,1<;>,
John 1:!O'" """~'" uu",.
"U" 1-r>'"
In hi, imronant ",,'i.w of t h< faes imil< ""ition of Nag Hammadi

Codic .. XI, XII and XIII, Carsten Colpe was t h< fint to call attention to th< .. '''ionship bet "'~n the Trimorphic Prorennoin and t h<
Johannin< prologue. He a rgues that t h< treati .. gath<,., in. m.nn~r
unlik< any pr"i"".ly known text, th< main material. of the >opient ;'1
.peculat ion whic h.re" work in the prologu<, ",,'en though not in t h<
>Iuence of the Prologue."" Our synopsis of th< <Ie men" common '0
both t<x" confirms Colpe'. judgment on ,hi. point ' th.,,< elemen" do
nOl .ppear on ~ither .ide in a .imil.r ord... Thi' is ... ily explain"".s
the resul' of th< f"' t th.t w< have, on the on~ .ide,. mort text, the
prolog.,." exh ibiting a rel.'i,'e1r . impl< " meture, and on the other, a
much long.. '<xt, th< compo>iti"" of which is both complex and 100.."
in wh ich t h< parallel. to the prologu< are cone<nt ..."" at the begin ning (pp. H-37) a nd 'o",,,d. t h< <nd (pp_ 46-Yl). On< ha. 'h< clear
imp", .. ion that the lohannine <Iemenu ",rv< '0 construct or iJI~"'ate
~ ColI'" ''''.
,21.
'00
'he T,;",orpili< Prorennoia', expooition. N",..,,,hel,, .. , ""en if <e"oin
elements common to bOIh texts .. main imp,ed..,. 01"'" might'" be"
understood u all"';on. (allu.ion. being d.,jined he", .s -. d,,;ce for
the si multaneous activation of two texu"),"
To kgin with, t he . ... rtion of Protenno;. , on p. 47,14-17-"[ manif""Nl mys<lf to them (in] 'heir tonts (Ck",", j" -bean an "nrni'13k.ble " .. mblanco with the ;"."v"",<"
~~iv of John U4. Bu" .,
J. Helderman ha, .hown. lhi .... Iation"'ip i> not without. polemical
in'ention}' in..,f.r.s the Prolenne;. d.,... not est.blish her",lf among
he, own but roth .. man if"". he, ..lf "in thei. ,ent>'The second element which can be .... n .. an allusion i. the title
logo., 'word: or -di><ou=,' .ttributed [0 t he Perf. Son (J7. 4- ~)
and ",!,,,d.Uy to Protennoia he,..lf, in two self-predicationo (46~7.14-1~) and in the ,"",ond pact of the affirm.tion of p. 47 cited .00,.."
"[ manif...tN! my,elf to th.m lin] their ten", "'ing u,ga.," To this
d .. ign.tion of Jogo< mwt be add.,.] th ..... of "God who wu begott.n
(39,6.13) a nd of "God who .[o n. c.me into .. ist.nce" (38,23), which
e\"Ok< the ~owY':"~,, 9,.0. of Joh n 1'18,
lhe fac t that those to whom she manifests her.df"in their ten"" and
who.e g:armenu she wore (47,14-17). or those "who watch over their
dwelling p1ac"," do not recognize Protennoi. constitute. a third hkelr
.Uusion (~,"-16). This I.ck of r""ognition "and. in .harp conlr ...
with the pre><nce of Protenno;' among th ..... who are he" and the recognition .he enjors . mong them (;\0,31-31.]6; 4 1, 1~ 16.27-28.32- 33;
4~,28-29; 49,21-22). The "'ong emphasis put on tho", who "'[ong to
Protennoi. a nd acknowledge her, and the fact that they are designatN!
"those who are m ine ('~"" H "wi ''''' _ 0; i~oi ): con,,,,dict> the
...."ion of the prologue, .ccording '0 which the Logo< "c.me to what
" .... hi. own (,it iliu:.) and hi. own (oi iii,,,,) did not accept him' (John
1,11). In the dtN! p .... g .. of 'he Tri",orphk Pr<>le""oi~, we have. so
'0 'P<~ a neg:atiy., po[emical. . Ilu,ion to the prologue.
Finally, among the numerous mentions of 'he light in 'he Trimorplok
Pro"n"oi~, the one on p. 46,29-33, "Whi[e i, (i.... 'he Mother) i
sound from a 'hought, it i [so. word (.. occ-:,) from . YOKe which
w.,; sen' '0 illuminate th ..... who are in the darkne ..: is an evocation
of luke 1,79 bu, a[so of John 1,9, "(lhe Word) w.s the true light,
<"
" Di ....
n' L_ . __ "0.
,,_"'"'" "",1<>1_'07.
101
whkh enligh.en. ""eryone, whkh was coming in.o .he work!: a. well
a. John l ,~ even if here .he participle ax"""J..~f"", refers originaUy
'0 John the B'p.ist.
On .he ba,is of .he .. parollel i. is po. sible '0 "ale .ha he
Trimorphic Prormno;a polemicolJy reinlerp"'" the Johannine prologue through .he use of .Ilusiom inlended to convince .he read er
that .he Logos-Prolennoi. i uperior to the inc.rn.ted Logo. of.he
Fourth GospeL The polemica l in .. nt of the tre.ti", .ppear. dearly in
the .. If-predication of p, 46. 14- 1~ , "/ alone a m the word (AOH'C),
ineffab le. imm.cul.... immea.urab le. inconcei,.. ble," which relegat ..
the Logos-Ie.u. of lohn to the po>itkm of a """ond.ry. inferior. ~gure,
who will need to be re.cued from the cro .. by t he Logo.-Prolennoia
( ~,ll-I ~). A similar polemical in .. nt may he hinted.t in the .ubversh.., u~ of the word ""'lV~. -tent: which reduce> the d welling
(in ,,.",,,,,,,,,) of John U4 to a temporary manife" .. ion. Finally nd
in marked contr." to the Joh.nnine Logo. who w no. r",eived by
hi. own people, Prolennoi. i cknowledged .nd welcomed by her>,
A. "'" have .. en then. t he dependence of the Trimorphic Protcnnoia
on the long ,..,,,ion of the MeW Book of 101m can ea .ily be e".bli.hed
on the ""'i. of "yli"ic, mythological and doctrinal tr.its common to
ooth writing> , Furt hermore. the m.nner in which certain elements
common to both t.." are treated in the Tr;morphic Protcnnoia. i,e"
in a n allu.h.., and, at ,ime almo>t ab"ruse way, indicate. wi,hout a
doubt 'he nature of it> relationship to the MCW 800k, The Trimorphic
Prolmno;a i. e"",n'ially a dewlopment of the final hymn of the long
,'e"ion of the Seem /look, inle"persed wi.h elements drawn from
el .. where in ,hat same w<>rk. Doe. t hi. me.n th .. the use of the prologue made by the Tr;morphic Pro'mnoi~ i. to he explained by it>
dependence on the Secret /look' The an.wer '0 this question i. negative imply because in tbe long version of th e Suret /1001:, there i. not
single occurrence of the term ~ nor, in o ur opinion, any 00,';ou. link with the prologue. lh is is . Iso 'he ca .. wi.h .be ~n.1 hymn,
According to Michael Waldstein. det ailN! an.ly.i -despi" a striking
o,.., .. U .imilarity, there ar., in f. ct. no literary contacts betw .. n the
Prologuo and the Monologue (.h.t i" the ~nal hymn) d o .. enough to
indicate literary dependence of th e Monologue on the Prologue."" In
'Z",
~ W I>1<'n ' ''', -I{)1, > .I", N.u! ,00>. <liJ,

"hlJ'n' ...... .,mmunp ... '_
Kh<n . .... wwJ .km ;oh- FroIos
d,,6 "'h 'n Prot """",r... "''''',
,>! ,,>!"'''''''".
r~orking
~nal
hymn of the Me",! Book. the author of the

Tr;morpilic Prormno;d. having <onstructeJ t he "",und -mlce-word"
metaphor u..J throughou, t he treati .. wa> .ubsequen'ly leJ to eng. ge
in a polemical reading of th e prologue, This had 'he elfect of J,,'.luing the ioha nnine, and purely a uisti.n. Logo. and of elevating 'he
Gno<tk Logo. ,
his
ofth.
B l "UOGkAPHf
&din Aot..;"k<ri. ii;, K "ph>< ~ Gno><,,.1>< Sch,""n , "'M lI<d<u,"n! door- 'f<xl< """
N,! ".rnmod; fi;, d .. mod<"" G"""oi"",,""ns." G _ ..1
SI..,j;'" "., R<IT""'''''''"K''''ft "od l~ , K.W. T,Os"', ,d .. G Ot",Ioh,
Mohn. IOn, tJ_76.
CoIl", C, ' ''6ol"i"",- jUd,,.I>< ..nd ,hri~Jjd" O"'rlirf,,""S in <ltn "~riftm . "'
N,! " . rnmod; m: jo1o_ for Antil, ""4 CIr,;",","," " (1'''''),
tn.
j~m,"' , D .. u".nd ' n"'I""""'" of Moo,. in ,'" Apo<,.,-pho , nd p"...s.pi!",pho:
Mil .. , T,x< T,""<10'",,, R...a,", ..d ""'/',,,,,,;'''' ofll /f,hn .. ,"Ok '" A"'-;,",
j .... " .. "nO '-"rlf CIr,;,,,,,",,,. "' .1. Mokk, onJ ,I. S)~ ing. I~, Comp<nd;.,
"'",m ,uda""",m oJ N"",rn T"",,,,"'" m '.J, A ...", ",n Goocu", ""~_ph '"
N,,,,, T,,,",,,,",,
to._
'ort,...., ,_ ''''_....
"'11, ,,,,_.m.
E"' ... CA .. "a. '"' Proiogu< oflo/" ond , '" 1',;"0<)<Ir" /'rut,"""", -
N, .. T",,,,.,",
SI..,j;" " (' __

w""d ,,"" Glorr "" 'M J!x<F'arJ ,,"" llr<okgi<"llIo<l""""" ofjoh. , f'roio<u<,
roo- ,'" """r of Ih< N'" 'f" ' ",,,n' SunH<"""t
sb<ffi<Id, Sb<tl;,1d
A, a<km" p" ... , .. ,.
Hdd",,,.,". I.. "' n ih,," 7-<k," .. : '
cod" Xtt, N.! '''rnmod;
p
im '''nblick ,uf Joh. , ..:
N_,"."",",~,. vol. "
'r......
A.'.I . lC;j" orwl W.c. Unrtik, 1>., Nov"," Tffi,,,,," ," m Supp\<m< " t>
'~'dm, ",iB. " " ,
1.
I,n", ... Y., "", Cod<x XtE J <It Nog Hommadi: '" .1.].",," " (''''). J-I' --<tJ.
- - 'Un< "'"'''' R'""';~'" du ProJos""" L'lN"Z;I, dc """ ..,..,,,, ,1.10<,;""
'1rioI.,z;., " . <It I""S', I .. RObb".o.c. >:ph<"",;dum '''''''''sK",um l<n. nKn,Hrm
"""na!
"ri<, ...
"'''''''''"''8'" '"
,,]4_"
".
M.><dlo ....
ru...
'''_1'
l,",n
". ' ~"Y<n'

Un;,'' ''''Y P",~
'--'y">"- B., lh, Gn<1i.
d"",,,,,,,
G<mblo",c
,>u< ..... , "". ""_J"-
Srr'f'"" A .\'" , T...".,,,,,,, ""'h A"_","'" ""d "'r0-
G"dm City. N .L t.>oubI<day, .. " .

M"RM, G.W.. - II>< Ihu n<k~ p,rf, 'hod (n'; 11.1-11,32): N"S H" .. ...J,
u.J~" " , 1_' ..J VI "",h "'P1"" "''''.'''''''' ""1, J "od <. D. P,,_, <d., N'Il
El.mmo<!; swd .. , ". "'""n, BtUl. 10", "'_", .

Noyl. T., Di< 0",,1""" dc, i""""",,,,,,ngri'"m,
l. ",lrrlrU"a.." SI...t,,, '"' ""_
,,,. .ire"," A"''v'""I"'''' A..,[,j',"Z dc, ""'" E"'"l"I'"",,'. ,1r,;>tU,"" u..l
,1r';"I"Ir.I'"'''"'''' L ir"","" Ark"," '"' "''''' uod;l,,,, G<Kh"h,, '. ""r'j! ,
.-.ngd;"h< V'"-'l! .. ru'-"t, ><ro.
P';","''''' L . od .
<It I'Ap""yP""" <It
J. lurn;<r< <lr
''hy"'''' fino l ok lo. ,,""'" ionS"': " ",".ron, " (''''), ' ''_,''-
'to
""re,..... rfu,;,",,,
"an .
' nd;'~ n '"' d~ l'tioriti' J ;"" T",,, 0<1<, <lr,", ihm .ng<"""''''''''" 'f,oJ""",,"
g<g<niihn <ltm Joh. ProJos 0<1<, <lrm "'-.ny E;um .ndm."
T~IMOR PHIC PROfEHNOIA AN" Ttl. ,OflANN'S> "OOlOGU>
103
)),,,u.,",..a
" oi,in, P._H ., ' l ~ pro ........ lri""".., (N" XlJl,l l" .. ""'....... ,,, do
Infrros. - U M",,- 96 ('''''I, .. ,-""' _
__ l' r""",",, 1.".1.." ,."""(",, "I, ll,
m",,",bu'''''' J< Wop.
lIibIio<hlq'" <opt< ol< N.g H,m....!;, """"" . 'f...... ", Quib<c "" r",,,, ol<
l'un ".",i.1 ...,..1; "'"""n ; "',"n, , .. , _
' " PI"';' Pr< .. ,m.; .. IriP/< ""'", (~'" XIII, II, R'i>l io<hi'l'" " 'I'" <k N.g
Jl, QWI><c '-'I P,....... ol< I'U n;' " ..... Lo........""1<
."".k ...
'"n',
""""'f
,
Ih< ",,""h
G_
"""'""'n< Chriol" "'y,- "hr%r:r"od a.ri'roIozy 'n
em"",<OJ_""!'
"" ... "" .. bin of ,... '.'In 1eM""'''' Wri".1' ""''''',
N,., .ibIiott..c.
v." ....... "
~ph,,,,,>idum 1~'""um J.ov. n ~", ; wn
''', ' "",m" '-'u",n u o;, " ,,",y "" .. / """"~ 11m, '''--<JJ.
W.Jd>t<'n, M., .,hI FrovO<l<"" M~'" .. th< Apocryphon of lohn . Dd ,'"
""",nnO"" """'-: 1"",,,01of ""ry
J ('''' I, J6"t.-.. ,_
W.Jd>t<'n, M . ,rof f_ w..... 7 ... A/'OC'YI'iom of /00"'
of "'''I H"m"",m
eI,,.,,,". "ud."'1""P>"
Cod,,,, -'J,
II, '; III, ,;"'" n ', , ,..;," IIC MOl, l, N'!I '''mm..!' .oo M ...d .... "
SluJ ~ ,
",MI<l< "' ... , . . , .
THE )OHANt>INE LEGACY, THE GOSPEL AND

APOCRYPHONOF )OHN
john D, Turner
Unh..,,,ity of Nebra,ka-Lincoln
Thi> essay explores the possibility of an intertextu.1 dialogue and a
.hared history-of-.. ligion, bHkground and <ontext for two late fir..
and early OKond century ,eetari.n mo,..,ment" )oha nnine Christi.nity
and Sethian Gnootici.m, an early Gno>tic mo,'ement pre .. ntly a" ..ted
in no Ie.. than ele\'en of the fifty-two tr.. ti... contained in the fou rt hcentury Coptic codices from Nag H.mmadi a. well .. in "\'enol
patristic IOU"" . !n p articular. I .ugge" that both mov<ments may
ha>'e originated non-Chri"ian baptismal sectarian mO\'ements that
l>ea.me Christiani,ed during the ucond h.lf of the first century and
grad ually came to ,u". in.n increa .ingly polemKal relation.hip to one
.nother throughout t he .eeond century.
Since it is the le .. -well-known of the two,! begin fi"t with a .ketch
of the n.ture . nd hi"ory of the Sethi.n mm'emen t .nd then mo,'e to
diKuion of the Apoaypho" oj John and the Trimorphic Pron"oia
a, t he two Sethian tre.ti ... t hat most dearly ,mt.in d o .. litera.ry contacts with the )oh.n nine goopel and I.. te .. , Since the intertextual contacts between the.., two treati.... nd the Johannine corp'" be.:ome
moot OO"io", in the prologue of the Fourth G>.pel. I then tum to
an exploration of points of d o .. st contact between t hem. namely t he
Trimorpl,i< Prole"noi~ a nd the Pronoia monologue concluding t he
Apoc,}phon oj John , The rem.inder of thi> e, .. y is J.,,'Oted to. di,(u .. ion of two other d i"inctive .sp" of the rel.tion,hip of the.., two
mO\'emen". namely th e prllctice .nd theory ofbapti.m .nd their common characteriz.tlon. of rewlatory medi wh ich lead . to the concluding .ullSestion that the Apocryphon of 101m w.s in part intended
a. a condud ing ><quel to the Fourth G>'pel. and th.t the Sethia n and
Joh. nnine movements .hared a p.... Del .nd interrel.ted h istory of
dewlopment, 1
, "" . """' . , im. " buI dHf",.nl di" o.. "" of Ihi' "'Ytiom"'p.
>
""'mo,
IOHN D.
TUO~' "O
I. SUIHM' GNOSTICISM, CHAkACTOk A~D H,noo.
Moot ""hola" "'ho haw toucheJ upon the topic of the in,enextual
and history-of-religion. relation'hip bet",,,,,n the Fourth Go'rel a nd
the .-Ipocr),pilOn of loon have focu...J attention uron the milcing ... of
conceptual par.Uel. between the Go're' .nd the Pronoia monologue
concluding the longer ,'e"ion of the flpocryphon. parallel. that are .1..,
.hared with another Nag Hammad i treati ... the Tr,morphk Pro"nno,~_
In my view, the", parallel. mongly .uggest that the.. two Nag Hammadi
tre>1i",. were originally wmpo...J in t he .ame environment of late fi"t
and earlr .econd century Hellenistic 'ewish Wi.dom .peculation a.
" ... the Fourth Co.re!. The .. two Nag HammaJi treat is .. are part of a
corp'" of elewn Coptic t reati ... from the Nag Hammadi codices that.
together with , .. rio", patriotic ttimoni... >chol",. haw da .. ified ..
"Sethian" or Cla"ical" Gno<tic' Thi. corru' of writings. which .hare
a number of common my themes, dram .. is rer""nae. metaphrsical and
SOIeriological doctrines, a nd ritual and contemplat i,,, p",,,,,rip<ions, i,
.uffici<ntly <ohe,ive a. to implr the ex;"ence of a sectarian movement
of the ""ond through fourth centuri.. that I and others h.w c.lled
Gnostic Sethiani.m.' owing to the prominent role t hat the figure of the
biblical Seth eventuallr came to plar in their religiou. thought, '
, 11>< .. ",dud" ,,", Apoc"",""n of loon (.I", 'n ,,", llun G"",h<
coo.,
100 1
'''''1. ,,", Tri""''/'h'" """"""""', ,,", Apo<oI!,/,,,, of Ada ... ,,", ""..,,,"'" of on.
Am.""" l"""pl ofN",... , M.-k/o;,.-.Id, , nd , ,", 1101, """" ofll.. C,.. , 'm;ubk 'I"ril
<aI~ ,,", c.,'fI';'''"'', flu",..",~ ,o. lh",.
of"'", , nd ,"a,,,,,,,~ oddo""" <0 ',",><, 0""'
.oo.dd.oo .o.f'Cnd, EN<_ ""WN. nd from ,o. '''''ntl)' p"bIi""" Tet""", 0,0.",.
,I>< Cruf<l of /",;", , nd P<"'"'". ,,", Book cf flllog<"'~
, ",",nk< ''''. ",,_6'6, Abhough .,"'" "hoIu, doubt ,,",
of, G"",o;<
oom",un''l' who ,.Ji<d ,,",,,,,,,I,,,, "'&<h".~" , )u,,,, " ,. , )u, N'I! ",mm..!' Iib<-")' ,n
abun.lan' " '""u,,, .... '~" ntl y ,,,,",act,,,',,,j by ,"!fK~n!ly 'n",,;'", , n<! .1""," ,
"" of ml"holos",,,,,,,, 'ymboHn n8 ,,", ..""d hi"""I, ,"woI ~ .,.,,, un .,.j..-..ldlr
"p<'~n '"" poI<m~ . ,,"h "","" Y-OUP' ";'~ h ....
,nd "'..! by P<""'"
~' ho "",,;&,,,1
br ,I>< ","I<mp" my off'I"'n8 of . n ....J "TK<""""",d" of "',h," '" ...
""""ng of , n Ktwol >mmun"r ~' ho ",,",...ar
,,"h "'" ')'mboi'"
of , )u, .. ",,"""_ Ahl>oogh " .... , ,",,, "ft"""n" "",,", ,,,,"n ,,", P"'f"""n" of""' .. rio", ,.......... ,fia! Ih<m .. 'Sdh~ "" ' h"
",."",",~ ,",",'~"aIIy _Iul, 5<" en go"",aI To""",:tOOL
"" "Ujn ''''. ~nr. Pm.... ' '''. <71_ "", SOo"" ',," I, '''_'''; SOroo", ..
' ' '1,100_'''' S'rou", .. , _. '._", 71_"",.nd Tum", '''''' ,,-so, 'ndcl. ,,",
f",""", ""to ph,... of ""n . ," " ppo;n,I foT ... " ("rnWI "'.. rtymolog'd 'n'"
,I>< M.nd.o", n, ... so,," ('rnWI "'" of Adam. ,,", ' P"rl", I'to",: DO oW>I<' of""
('-<'. h', =d; d , Ih< "pWu' of ,I>< Grup"<,,. of Ih< fI~ of AJ.m 7Ii,l5)_
(,I",
,,,In
'n
,""DC<
"'n"fi<d
dr,'gno''''''''
"p""'"
'h,,,,,,,,"", '0
,,,n' "'"
"n',.."",
..
",iI".
Although there is no historical record of any group. Gno>1ic or otherwi.e, who actu.lly ca lled them",h... "s",h i.n", duri ng the p"rioo
17~- ~n C E. a numi>er of t he f. thers of the early church produced .ntihewical writ ing. in which they refer to cen.in revel. tion nd G"""ic
groups t h.t eit her they or t heir l.ter interpreter. caUed "s",hian",
lrena<'ll' of Lyon. (Adv. ha", 1,3(1),' <Hiprolytuo> of Rome (preserved
in Pseudo-Tertullian, Ha", 2), Epiphaniu.. of Sal.mi. (Amario" 26,
39-40), Fil.",ius of Bre<c;' (Div_ h... lib. 3), a nd Theodoret of Cyrrhu .
(Ha,,", Jab. comp. 1,14), of the><, Epiphaniuo-though hi. testimony i.
often ,u'p"'t -i. the fi ...t to offer any det.iled in form.tion,' Evidently
the term "Sethi.n" wa. originally coined and u .eJ by various church
f.thers a conwnient design.tion for certain GnOlitic groups who",
literature . ingl<d out the ancient figure of the biblkal Seth to be of
.ignal importa nce. So while the term "Seth ian" don not appear to h.ve
~n a ,,,If-de.ign.,ion, the group or mm..,ment to which it referred
fi r" received hi<forical treatment uch in the fift h century P,mario"
(39-40) of Epiph.niu., bi.hop of Sal.mi . Here Epiphaniu. de><ribe.
two cios<iy-rel.ted Gnootic group" the Sethi.n. (",me of which he
say. he had met) a nd the Archontic", and pro<<<d, to describe t heir
, 1bro.1om (<&. ' ''' U) ,",nt;b<.! ,'" """""" (.liO L<.. "' ..... G""" 0) of,,,,,,,,,,.
Ad . "",'. ' .J(l .. S.1h ,,", '" Oph.,~ oi II< 1,,&,0""' ..... 0.-....... ;
';"""";"""'''' H ... ,_ fa!> . <om,. U'. PC n!M.J'}_ Sim ... ,t,-, "'.t", kk nt;b<.! th,
,",,,;<0; of Ady. "-'. U'.t (.. u nt ""'" only ;n ""'n, "'"P<' .." ".,,," ox hN, ~ i
p<M.;'" '""' """"''''"' ... /"'...., (;"""~"'.m
",ro.lo't<,,'" ,_
0 ....... ' _
'" "'"
;,-,.,w ~,o";;,, Ii '''''''''''',..... Ii
",""' '''', ...... " ..... ..,.".. ",;""";_ . i~_ """'" ( 110" . fah . <om,. U 1, PC
SJ.JliU,-,"). p,ob.b[r 1>0=1 "" lh< prom'"",,, of"" n,,,,, '1IMk1o" .. I",,,,,.,
... m ..."l' ('" which S<th pl,)" no " ,.,) of lh< th<ogo" ). ,..! '''''''''SO''l' .'""'''P"g
"""~ of I""" 11>< f"<" n' f""" of ,'" "~-'pp"m'Iy unkno..-n
""i,... "vi,
""""." i....
""1'IIql.,,,,...
"""",,xd, ..
"'''''''!!''"r ~m""
",/y. "",'. LJ(l, 'n ,'" pro,,,.. , odd .. g ,J., """ oft'" """nlr ",0 "rthir ><th, t'"
G_", .. "" P"'""""" ,,<0<1 ofS<lh, t'" roo, l.m,.."', .. ,'" """nlr d..-d;ngo
of A';'m, S<th, anJ hO, ,,<0<1, ",oJ t'" di.;,,,," of h',,"'T '"'" roo, 1''''0.1< 0.""",,<0<1
Or "'roolo', Ih"" ""it;. 'nt<",,"''''"'
to I",""w-",m. <0 "-,,,, <ombin<d , -",rodo;,,' 'hrogonr , nd
'0 Ad,_ "-'. L" ".h.n "" h"'l"'S""'Y ~m01u to "" "<>Ph; ,," "",h'''I''T'''r of
1"" m,;" "."i ~" ">t'""",",, '" I",,", u' Ad",,,., "-,n,,, (, .
- 11>< ...
m)
"'"
,'" "", 5'='0 of H'rro/)'''' 200), "" both
' " b.><d lh< ,,,_
"moo"" of. _l'"tull"" jl"_l501. "1'''''''".' (... '''I, hL..",", (,""I'J<I),
(,~
of"-'h~h
"'" 11"","",,,, 1"- " '). 11>< ><th, .. , d<ornh<d 'n " 'rro/)'.' . ...t... ",mqu;t<
.!itt",n' '''-'n ,ho>< <i<Krih<d 'n "" forrn< , "'",c<>, on<l moy p',h.p> b< , ,,,,,,,,,<0<1
";th th, non_S<th;"n
'''''''0< ,'" Po",""'" of"""' (NHe VI1,I ).
IOHN D.
TU.~ ".
literature and doctrine. in t ~ proc<S:! no doubt drawing on the here.iologicol catalogue. penned by hi. pr...Jece...,rs.
Sinc~ the publication of t he fourth-century N.g Hamm.di library.
the name "Sethi.n" has in rent time. be<ome. typolo&ic.1 category
applieJ by modern >chol." to the .utho... nd use" of a distincti ...
group of ele ... n N.g Hamm.di treati",>. M.ny of the .. el,,-en t",a t;".
refer to a .peci.1 .. gment of hum.nity call<d "the gre" generation:
"'trange,,: -anothor kind," "'he immo,-able. incorruptible race: "the
(holy) ..'" of Seth," "the li,-ing and immoveable rac~," -the children
of Seth: and "tho .. who are worthy,'"
In my view, t ~'" Gno"k Set hi.n. likely ori&inateJ a fint century

CE fu.ion of two distinct grouP'> nei,her of "'hich had a ny .. pedal
interest in t he fi!;Ure of Seth, ,,'ho~ ori&in. may go back to the first
century BCE. The first group i. the "mul,i/wlo gno>,;'-o,um," whose
m)1hical th.ogony and co.mogony i. ,ummariuJ b y Irenaeuo in A..Iv,
ha<r, 1,29. "'hom I will deoignate by t ~ con ... nient term "Barbeloit..."
The hallmark of the.. Sorbeloit.. wa> a communal ri'e of baptismal
immenion in ordinary ",ater that r.. ulted in an experience of tranendental vi.ion leading to totol enlightenment . nd .. I'-ation. Thi.
rite. call'" the "Five Seals," was the instrument at .. h-.tion recent ly
conferr'" by S.rbelo, t he uni ... r ..1 Mot h.. and Fin' Thought of 'he
supreme Im'i.ible Spirit. Together wi,h their ",If-generated Child
Autogen ... the Imi.ibl< Spirit and S.rb<lo formeJ a .upreme trinity of Father, Moth .. and Child.' This Child es'abli,h .. four angelic
lumin .. i.,., one of whom, perh.ps acting th rough the agency of
, w;,h;n thn< ""''''''', "" ph"", ",,,",,, who "" ~<>rthr" "'''"'' fq", noi,-, ""
ph",.. Unl"',;.t..bk I"" "hoIr"1 >d," ",I>< U<" II"""""'" and '.""8',,' occu,
;. "" " poroIyp" of A""" ."" imm"..bk, inrorrup<'),k ",," .00 '""d (or- .""".)
of ,ru, U<" Srth' ocm, '" tl>< =pn
fm"."', ' ,1>< >d of Sr,h" , n<! ... d
of ,I>< puf' (or- "'mmo... _"1 ,,,,," in "" Arryp/Km cf Jolt """ .... ;.8 ,n<!
Un""""'_ ,,,,,' , .-.l "oootl><, lUn<!" in ,I>< lit"" ,,,IN of Sri". ",I>< ""ns gr"'''_
Uon," 0"" "tl>< ,hdJ,m of Srtb" ;n MdchiZkk."thr hoIr >il I"" ",hild,... ") of
of''''
'g<nt",,,,,, .,..... """rio_
Sr,h" "mmo",obIr 1'," 1" and .... ;.8 ,,I" in

&ru! "" "iml""'.t.,,),k
,,I" in ,... ""'"'~ 1br trrm.
'""d" . nd ""''''grn" . .. .JI ploY'
Oft " "
of Sr,)" birth .. ' , ,,,,,1><, >d" I~.i_ h,_1 ; n~,od ol AI><! (Ik"
. ,n, J ... ,,,), born in "" iik<n<>, " d ;mogr of Adam (Urn H. P """")' Mm,,1f
b.xn mUr . nd [, ..... 'n """"'gr of God I{;<" U6->7),
,radi,"'"
1hi> triodK ,",,",",b,w< ",,)' ","", ..... n ;n.p; .. d by .....
ChUd ,rio<! of !,,""';p..
"' Ti"",,", 30<1.
,0'. ",tl><,_M""',,_
Sophia, !><'Come. ul'imately re.pon.ible for the "rigin d 'he world c",at"r who co>m... t,,!"O'M"" poni"",,f the .upreme Mo,he",' divine
light -po"-" by which he f""hi"n. 'he phy.ic.l co.mos well as
pro'''pl."ic hum.n being ,,, .erve a co>nt.iner for 'he d ivine ligh"
Attempting ,,, ""rie ... her f.lIen ligh'-power from , he ",."rld c",a,or'.
con,rol, the Mother undert.ke. a .erie. of three descents int" the lower
world, on the I." d which she confers ,he b.pti.m of ,he Fh.., Se.l.
en.bling her f.llen members ' 0 be ",in'egra' .,j in'o ,be di"ine world,
The earlie" B.arbeloite n.rrati .... of ,he", de",ent> ",..,re
forth a.
'he qui-h),mnic fir"-person motlOlo>gue. that pre .. ntiy co>ndude t he
longer ,..,,,ion of 'he Itpocryphon of 101m (II 30,11- 3U7l and formed
'he underlying ,tructUl'< of t he Trimorphic P",/mnoia.
Independen'ly of t he B.rbeloite., who .how littie in'ert in t he
Gene.i. pro,olo>g)', 'he .. cond group-which I ca n -Pre-Se,hian
Gn"",ic Revisioni", of Gon .. i. 2-9" -"",m. '0 h..'e com;".,j of po..ibly pre-Chri"i.n Jewi.h "eget'" who construct"! my,hic narra,ive ba..J on . n elaborate rewriting of Gen .. i. 2-9 'hat portrayed
'he "rigin and .ub""luen' enlighten men' of humani'y a. t he Wo>rk of
Sophia , 'he divine Wisdom. The hallmark of 'heir Gen ..i. interpreta,ion wa radical differentiation be,ween 'he highest God .nd an inferior world cre.'or, By the time of 'he earliest expo.ition of their view.
olfered by Irenaeu. around 180 CE (AJv. ha .., 1.30), 'hes< exeget ....
whom lrenaeu. iden'ified merely a. "aJjj" (i.e., o,her Gnostio) but
"'..,,. iden,ifi.,j .. -Se,hi.n> or Ophite." by Theodoret in 'he mid-fifth
cen'ury, h ad constructed .n elabor.te co>mo>gonical, an,hropogonic.1.
and .."eriological m)1h bo....J on an in'erpre'ation of the protology of
'he M=ic book of Genesi. ,hat h.. much in common with 'he ""rliest
Enochic literature (Book ofthe Wateher., Aram.ic Levi, Astronomic.l
Book), which m. in tai n. 'hat ""il ha uperhuman and demonic origin, from which the ... Gnostics could conclude 'hat Mo .... daim ,ha'
evil origin.'..! from 'he protopl.",' d ioobedience '0 'he creator must
be lie foist"! upon him by 'he creator, and ,herefore Moses and
'he prophet. were ..,<Van" of a deceitful devil (y.ld.bro,h). While
the .bsence of 'he figure. of Barbel", 'he Four lumin ..;'., the heavenly Se,h and hi. "seed," and of the uc.-.d bapti.m of 'he fj,'e Se.l.
excludes 'he "Se,hian" character of this "Ophi'e" myth, it n,,'.<theless .har.. wi,h ' he ",""ond half of 'he Apocryphon of John a miking
number of .imil.r mytheme., .uggesting 'hat both my,h. deri," from
a common paren' 'hot wa. probably co>mpo...d early in , he first half of
'he ,"",onJ cen'ury, and .dop'..! by the au,hor(.) of the Apo<ryphon
of 101m in the second half of the .. cond cen'ury.
.e'
n"
IOHN D. TU.~ ""
During the fir" half of th .... ond century, the lI.rbeloi, .. evidently
.malg:amatNl with cen.in Christian baptizing groups a. fellow p ... c,i.ioners of baptism. In t he proceu, they identifil the pre-exi".n!
Christ of the Christi.n. with Ihe Autogene. Child of 'heir supreme
Father and Mother. This Child was ..,If-generated at B>rbelo', r~ue"
and had ~n anointed with the Invisible Spiri", very OW" goodn ... (or
"Christhood; ,h,,.,Ua), At the >arne tim., le.us-who in the Go.pel of
Mark had ,<i,''''' divine KInship at hi. own baptism and was identified as ,he divine Logos in the Fourth Go.pel-became regard.,d .. the
earthly and m a><:uline guise in which 11.,.,.10 had '<ntly appeared
as the divine Logo. 10 confer Ihi. ",,'ing baptism on the lI.meloite
community. It would h.,'e """n lh.se a ui";.n lI.meloi, .. who formulated the myth ,u mmari""" by ]renaeu. i n AIIv. haf'l". 1.29 and who
incorporated a third per""n narrati," .ketch of the ,a rne myth into the
fi"t'person aretalogical .~he, of the Trimorphic Prounnojd (37.340,29). During the .ame period. lrenaeus account of the Ophit.."
in Allv. hde., 1.30 (Christ a. the "third M.le" who with Sophia produced and redeemed le.u,) and 0.. th. Onsin of 'he 1V0rl,1 (Christ a.
5.abaoth'. son) .how that 'pecifically Olristian elements h.d corne to
form pan of the othe""i", strongly lewi.h ch .... cter of the Revi.ionist'
preoccupation with the Genesi, protology.
Apparently by mid-second century. there had erner~ed among the
, ,,'isionist exeget of Gen .. i. 1-9 a peculiar inlere" in the figure of
Seth as the paradigm of all person. in whom the divine im.ge w.,
primordially restored .fter its ]"'" in the figures of Cain and Abel. Thi'
morally earnest group of person>-which. in d;,tinction from Gnostic
Sethi.n" ] call the Sethit ....-styled them""I,'" a, the wonhy one,,"
the true de .. end.nts or "",d" of Seth. They based their sen .. of a
unique role and social ""u, within Jud.ism upon the sacred history
of their primordial enlightenment rffently brought to light in the form
of certain pill.rs inKrii>ed by Seth .bout t he ,,-en" in P.radise (Adam,
he, Seth and hi. virtuous ...-.:I. t he impending dest ruction, by ficood
.nd fire), Unlike Mo .... Seth wa, able to learn the first-hand truth
.bout the """n" in Paradise d irtly from hi. father Ad.m, 1I The ..
Mol_"
for ronv<n;'n_noo ro.

rra>oR>_t o.lopI Ih i' ~gn.hon in ,'"
fonn "S<lhM,,- i., .. Sr<~.hcnoring p<<>Om, '" .. to ci'''inl!u'''' Ih" gruop " p.-r, . ,"" 0( ,'" mo..-<mrn' tho, H,_M. ""'nk< (or, _ , , . b<w<) Iwl odrnhfir ci by ""
')-poIogKaI dr''&n'h"" ""Go,,"" S<Ih,,",,-
s.. "~ mu, 2009,
r""elotion. ",focused th. r''''T iting. of Gene.i. already oif.. ed by the

Reviskmi'" uron the h istory of t he primordial Seth ite generat ions
n.mtoo in Genesi. 4_9, "
In the later ,",cond century, the Gno" ", Sethiani.m refleaoo in
the Nag Hammadi codices . ro .. from a fusion of the Chri"iani.ro
"&IIl><loite' with tho", (already-Christi.ni,M) Genesi. R""i .ioni",
who had co me to emph..i" the Sethite doctrine of the pr imordi.1
enlightenment and moral .uperiority of Seth and h i ..ed, It would
h,,'e be<n the>< Christiani.ro Gno>t ic Sethi. "" who wmbinoo t he
Sarb<loite theogony and bapti,mal soteriology with the "Seth ite"
anthrorogony and .. erN history thot underlies t he Apocryphon oflohn,
This fusion of Barb<loite and Seth i\< mythology m.y have occurrM in
the la" quarter of the "",ond ntury, ,i nee lrenaeus """ms unaware
of ooth the frame sto')' and the .pecial " atu. of Seth and hi. "'00 in
hi. ,'e"ion of the Apocrypho" of loiln. The~ Gnostic> identifi<d t he
archetypal, Heavenly Seth with the Autogene. Christ of the Barbeloit ..
an alternative manif.. tation of the pre-existent image of God and
the divine savior of Seth', pneumatic...,J, the Gno>t icl<. The four
Lumin.ri.. become the a<on ic dwelling place> of Adam, Seth, and hi
...,J (both primordial a nd contemrorary) and the history of "'],,,"ion
is dhided into di,pensation< demarcot<d by the ..vio r'. thr"" salvific
de>cent> into the lower world , In her third and d isi\'e descent, t he
Mother cau"". Chri" (or the Logo. or I<>us) to appear .. the final.
contemporary ma nife>tation of the .. me Seth thot had pr""ioml y r .. cuM hi. """d from the ancient flood and wnflagr.tion ",nt by the
world cre. tor to de"'o)' t he earliest hum.n>, Il
The Apocryplron of loiI" i. a lengthy dialogue between John, wn of

7-<-bed ... and the ri .. n Ie.us. A text wh .... underlying doctrinal
""h'" """'" of t'" ",_d {;''''',. f'W'oIogy!h. t on&"'_

'
"
"w
",<Don "',.., A/,ol)1>< of Aa.,., prob.bIy rornp""'d during t'" I.n"
h>.!f of thr " ""," ,,",u'1, ,00 10"" ",llr",d 'n ,.., rorlr Ih;,.o "",u'1 on , hr 1",...
.. "''''''nt;.n,' 1h<>p",.".,J """ .Ioctrinr. 'n ""'" ""''''''' '" ,.., ~s-ol)-ru~ a.,., . oo_mn '" obr poi"' 01 Mlrn'Oiy;ng S<th ,," h Chri .. _m "" Go>r</ of
:I. '01""'"', . nO ."n' on
'0 , uprffi<wly -",he" ",, "" <>rig;nol,
"ypc>I"'" of 'M ~""""' . 00 M,k!r;,..",* ,
"""_"" hO,,
'"
IOHN D. TU.~" "
content originally h.d no 'p<'<ifically Johannin~ concern" .11 four

Coptic ve,,;on. of ,he t.po,,,)p/lon, both ,horter" and longer," incorporate .hot content into a dialogue framework ,hat presuppose. Ioh n
son of Zeb<d"" as the aut hor and di,e.:' ,ecipient of !em. teaching.
In elfect, lh. referene .. 10 loh n the Bapti" in chapt.rs 1, 2, 4,~ nd
10 of the Go're' of John bemm< und .."ooJ as reference. to Joh n
son of Zebed ... who in tl>< Apocryphon now,."ifi .. to the final and
definitive J>O>.-re.urrec<km .dvent of t he di,-ine light into the world. It
i. therefore likely that til< Apoc.ypiwn Wll comp<e<! .~er lohn had
b<.:ome a:<p'ecl the author of both ,he Fourth GO'rel and the
book of Revel.,ion, a claim fir" oxplicitly witne ... d-while adducing
Poly,arp a nd Papi. . .s . ]'" having mad. UKh. d.im"-in I",n.eu,'
Ad,'muJ haN''''' (1.22.~; 3.1 .1; 3.3.4; 3_11.1), which also contain, the
earliest witne .. to a non -dialogical ve"ion of t"" Af>OCryphon's main
!h >gony (A I/v. Ir/U!r. 1.29), 'oh n', qu<>! ions to t"" Savior Oesus) look
back to!"" canonicol Go'pel and Apocalypse of loh n, which in elf"'t
10010: forward to the Itpocrypilon, "..""re I<>us deal> with matters that
remain<tl un.mwer! in !""'" previous works, . uch aso how and where
th e ,a,-;or originat<tl and wa, appointed, !he nature of the d ivine world
and !he ,upreme Father who sent him, the nature and origin of the
lower world and hum.nkind, and t "" nature of !"" ultim ... destiny of
souls, "'pKi.lly those belonging to the " n""awring race of the """" of
Seth." This new revel. tion from the ri",n Iu, , upplemen" the G"'pel
and Rewlation of lohn by offering a new, dearly post-resu,,tionperhaps even po"-a",ension " -perspective on the"" e.rlier Johannine
tex".
The Klteriologicol myt h of! he It p",rYl'HOn of fohn .... nu to h.ve roots
in a form of heterodox lewish 'pKulation on the figure of Sophia, the
di,-ine Wisdom of the Hebrew Bible. In the h. nd, of Sethian Gnos! ic.,
the biblic.l function. of Soph ia", creator, nouri,her, and enlightener
of the world were distribut<tl among a hierahr of femin ine principle" (I) an exalt<tl d i,ine Mother " U<tl Pronoia or Barbelo, the
" 11" oo_<oIk<J "''''' ,<n.;oo ,SK), N.g II.mm.w coo." "J ,J .n<! P'PY'"'
ll<roJ'n<n, ', G""" ~'"
,. 11" oo_<oIk<J k>ng
(lR), "'g II.m ",," ' CcdK... It ,J . 00 tv.' On ,I>< idm,;,y '" ,I>< . """" '" ,I>< Fourth Gu<f><1, > .100 ,I>< ""Y' '" ' hll
M,f<', MUI><hlo" ond ""'m", ('mrod,,.-b,,,,) '" 0],;, ,01" "" .
ll<f'<ndJn~"1"'" th< .-..d"'g of ,I>< ohort" , ." ,,,,,,,'.', ""'" ..ndoO '" ,I><
f'<"'" "",,- "' 00 15,14_" , ." ' .... th< k>nSO' ",,,.,.,'. 'l><hoId, """ , . m .00", '"
..n<! '" , I><
(ll Jl)6-17).
''.-.,,,,.;00
' ' >_
p<ri1...,,,-
First Thought of t be .upreme deity, the Invi.ibl< Spirit; (2) Epinoia,

B.. l><lo'. e.rthly relltion in the primordial !>a"di.. who appear> to
Adam .. the .piritual he; and (3) lower Sophia r .. pon.ible for both
the creatio n of the phy.ical world and the inc.rnation of portion. of
the , upreme Mother'. d ivine .... nce into human bodies. Salvation was
.chiev.,J by the Mother'. reintegr.tion of her own di"ipat.,J e...,nce
into its original unity,
None of tl>< four ve"ions of the Apoc,)phon ;. a ... ml ... production, In all version .. the fi", h.lf contain. , very do .. pca.,lIel
in Irenaeu' . umm.ry of a Gno"ic myth in hi. Adv'r>u, hM"'"
1.29, which begin. wi th t be emergence of the Mother B.rbelo ..
the .upreme Father'. Fint Thought and end. with Sophia'. gener.tion of the world creator Yaldabaoth, who bo .." of hi. sole dh'inity.
This SKtion of the Apoc,)phon of lohn i. also roughly parallel to a
.imil.. co.mology in the Tri",orplrie Prolennoia (36,27 -.w,29). The
SKond h.lf of the Apocryplron of /oh" contain. a mythic.l anthropogony .nd ooteriolO!.'Y thot h.. no parallel in AJ ....
Irae",,, l.l9,
but lren",,",' immediately .uc,eeding ch.pter (Adv, Ira". 1.30) g"...
on to narrate an extremely .imilar myth that he .ttribut.. to certain
othe' Gno"ics. Beyond materi.ls similar to those found in lren""u ..
the shorter version of t be Apocryphon . lso includes. lengthy negative th..,logy on the ,upreme monadic Father, the Im'isible Spiri' (BG
B,3-n.7; II 1.33-4. ,9. p.." Uel.,J al"" in t be Sethian treati .. Allog,n"
NHC XI 62.l8-63,H) .nd a short treati .. (Be 61.! 3-7i.l: II 1,.,617,33) on the destiny of four kind. of >oul .. In add ition to the .., the
longer ve"ion of Codices II and IV contain an excerpt from a "Book
of Zoroa<te' on the creation of the I"ychic Adam m 1'.13-,9,10)
and condudes wit h a thr",,-".nz.ed monologue in which the divine
mother Barbelo. the Fi"t Thought of the .upreme In,'i.ible Spirit, n.rrates her three S;O!vific descen" a. the divine Pronoia or Providence
into the lower world (II
1-3,.n).
"u,
JQ.,
2.t. 71" A/01Iologue of Pronoia in 'h, Apocryphan of John

Although the dialogical fromeW<lrk of 'he Apocryphon pu" 'his Pronoia
monologue on 'he lip. of lem., its distincti",ly hymnic style and !.ck
of explicitly Chri"ian content commend it for t reatment a. a compo.ition in its """'n right, quite po .. ibly a product of Helleni"ic lewish
Wisdom .peculation. Ind.,.,J, its ab>ence from the shorter ve"iom of
the Apoc,ypiwn of /olrn .ugg.." th.t it originally circulated apart from
'"
IOHN!>. TU.~ " "
any v~"io n of the Apocrypno"Y Although the Pronoi. monologue by

i,,,,,lf <vine... no 'p<'<ificaUr Chr;"ian <onlOnl, its '''''Y iru:orroration
into the Apoayphon of loJm as the conclu. ion of Ch rid. revelation
demand. a a ui";.n ,..d ing of it. Each of Pronoia', ",hinc de ..en"
narrat ed in the monologue h .... cleo, co,respondence. with t he main
norraliv" depiction of the Moth .. Barbelo', t h,,,,, fundamontal ... 1,-inc intervention. t hat Jet ... 10 punctuate the ba.ic phase> of the ",.-.rall hi>'ory of .. I,-"ion narrated in both ... "ions of the Apocryphon.
MorKIVer...'en though the ,honer and longer version. both tell lhe
same "ory. Ikrnard Bare and Loui. !>.inchaud h .... rointed out that
the addition of 'b< Prenoi. monologue near the end of the main narrative in t he longer ,..,,,ion led to. ba.ic reworking of the longer v .. .ion'. elltire pre<~ing norrati,.., in term. of the monologue'. th<ology"
In the following o.... " oew of the Pronoi. monologLl<, in".nc... of its
imp"'t on the longer .... " ion'. m ain narrative will "" ind icated in i.. lia, while non -it.lk t<xt ""pr...,nts more or Ie .. <ommon agreement
in the text of the ,horter a nd longer vernon ..
2.1 , L The Tran seen,I,m PY""x;strne< of Pronoid
I, therefore, 'he r<rfe<' PronOl> of 'he all, ,ook IOrm in my >"<I, for I
.,;',ed fim, going OIl ev<ry road, for I . m ,he rich""" of ' he ligh'; I am
,t.. .. n",mb"n" ofth. I'I<rom. , lAp, John II .lO, 11 - 16)
" Hy placing ,I monoIosu< 0( Ih< ".<ntWl)' [,m'n'", fig u of P""",,", on ,I><

'n ,I>< ",nd,,_ 0( tl>< r.. m< - "'Y, Ih< long< ' """ion of,l>< "1""11/0""
oj i<>hn ><eon.\o,;Iy .... of><. <On ""l!'nalJ' [<m'n'n< ",,,,,.1,,, figu ,,;," I""" " ..,n
Ih<>ugh Ih< ... body 0( ,I>< ""'" ,oru"1<",ly Odrn,;f><, II>< p ui"",'
A"'Og<"" ~ 'h< "'" 0( B.ro.Io!P""""". 110", ,. ... Mm.df. not Bo"'do/Fronoio," Ih<
on< ... ho
Ih< fin.t ,""bn"" 0( <ViI , 5 W.!dol,i" ,.,., '. 16.---W1,
11." , and p,"",baud , ..... J"_JH lh<" d " n S" to II>< 1<XI 0(1h< ""'in "",",_
OKiuok tl>< p<,,1 " " (,', """.<OmpH<d '0"",' 'n l\G) 0( 1h< "', m ' M",I><,_
hlh<, - t o ",I", 10 Ih< 'p<,,,,,- P""",,,-, P"......... c),.,..,".., .... .. "fi,~ '0 ,om<
forth" (ll ' ," ~ Wkntili'inl! P""",,", .. tl>< >ou"" 0( .... d,,.;,,,, - . oh.., ""m< iorth"
10
'11>< " '"
, nJ ,I>< Son of ~" n - , n<! "..,..j ,I>< oron 0( II>< ,hNf
A"hon "'" 'h< <1<1"'" 0(1h<.by '"
tl>< ' 1'1 '''''''''' of h" ~gh' 'n tl>< fo.-m
0(,1 mh<tJ-y.t .. ," ".n tll ... !J_JO), ..... U.. ;d"n'il')' ng 0" ... -. 'PP""UOC< "
. n "&I< "I"'" tl>< "'" o( ""","Ws<" m>"u.."" ... 0('11>< ' 1"00. from tl>< holy.
1"";"0'" P""",,,-" .. oru., th", I>< migh' . . ..... <" ,o"ffi from tl>< d<l"h of >k<p" (ll
H~") , 11>< ~'" ""r.oo "''''' odd<d II>< . ,,,,,,,n' 0( ,I>< ... "hd ... wal o(!.i"
(7.0<) from lv. (on ' ~r "h 'h<
.! of P, ...... from , haoo 'n ,I mo,.,_
' - ) On " " ,h...r Mchon h..d """,,<OJ h<, 1""''''' 'n ," (ll ",1_"1.
I~ 0( ,. . . .
'n
0",,, ...,,"
""""''''
'i,',
,,,,,.I ,),.,
,,'>t,
...
""k<"
""OJ ....
The ... If-ron",yal of Pronoi. h".. 'hat of the divi~ Wisdom of

).""ish Wisdom Iit.ratUfO," A. t il< omnip"'''.' <",ator of ev<rything,
ProDoi. take. form in her ."""'," t he fr.gments of h<r spirit ual . ubst."". 'rapped in h uma", t h.t inhabit the low" world, bringing them
light and knowl..Jge as the memory of their di,ineorigin. A. Bare and
r.inch.ud note, the monologue', <mph";, on Pron"i lumino,ity and
primacy is
rotlKted in the longer v.nion', ini. i.l d.sniplion of ,he
emergence of P,onoio/B.rb<lo from the Fother'. light ,
,I..,
And [hi. 'Ibough. t><camel oct ...1 .od ,,,.... 100 "",><if r.nd .. 0C0d
apP'""d) b<fOfe him [in 'he brillLm of l hi. lIght, lh ..

is lh. fim [po"~r that) em" priO! to to. Ali, [which . ppear<d from
II;,] I"ought. She lis the univ,,'" ProoOl. I-her light [ohi.", lik< hi,]
light-til< lretf' ) p<Mlno, II" p,ry oj Ih, "" ', wli"" . She glorifil the Virginal Spiril,
proi'i,,!! .im, .ilK. be,,~ ef him"'" had aw . r<d l his io ,he First
lbought,his im. g<. SIr, bam,
Womb of aU 'h,ng~ !In<< .I" ;, prior
1o IlKm aU, lit, MOIhtr-Fa,lKr, the First Man, the Holy Spi,;t, the TripI<
M.l<. th. Triple Pow<red, th. ,hric..-"arnl . "J'''IlYMIl' 00<, anJ
"""n among lit, in",iblt lIting<, and Ih, firil 10 "om, forl"_ (Ap .
at , .. , and
'h,
'h,
""""I
lolln II 4,l6--',1l)
2.1.1. Fim D..ctn, oj Pronora (II 30,16-21 )

AnJ I ,,-."t into til< "aim of J.rknS, and I ."dur! till I ."' fiN tbe
mid" 01 the prison. And ,he (o"ndoltOn, 01 "hoos oOOoIc And I hid
mylffrom th.m
of thm wkktdn<.., . nd they did net '"fl ni" m<. (Ap . /ohn II 3(1,16--21)
""".us<
fi,,,
In the main n .. rativ< of th. AptXrypiron (J! 14,13-]..1), the

de.nt
01 Proneia occurs in '''pon"" to Sophi.', repentance f<>r h.ving
brought forth y.ld.b.oth, tl>< cre.tor .,.d ruler of the lower world. A
cor,"'t"'" of Sophia 00rti,.., o<:t, Pronoia man if.." her>elf the
tn ",e), ... to .. p"""rho '. ,.,.. ". SilK), " . .00 <>r"Uy wadom of SolomoG
', Soph', ',
,'V,<kd .. ,
p"U'''''n1 d",,,,, f'DW"'.
,I\< I,m'n'"" ;m, &,. ",lkeh"n.
""""","," &nJ b,,,,",, of ,,,", h'gh ok;'y, h.. 'n~ '" ,""n' 'n th< "",,;on of ,,,", ..-orld.
Sh< " ""'''' of ];f" and IOgh'. "hKh "'" po.... foo1 h Ul"'" , hoo< who ><,k ,,",,_
Although . """,,oIy fig"'" who P"''''''''' all ,h'nR'> .. God', o..-n bmth "'" ""n,
th< p,'"",.J ",'h .. , m'" 10k, "'" d;,.;", 'P'" of G<n U_J. """"oou.g from """
1<" ... d",UOng '" bn,,!! w' w!om .oJ d";,,, "'" .. ,,"'. '" h um.onk' nd . ..... ng ",",,,,
"'" "',.. , pi< ;n ", och ,.) . nd on ",,,",,, II f"""h .1) ,,;thoo, """'~
,,,,"k;.g ;., "",, ,"'um ' 0 "",, <n....w """"_
n.
IOHN D. TU.~" "
.rch<typal Man and im.ge of ,h. Invi,ible Spirit ul"'n the lower walen,
The im.gery "f the longer , ..".ion', .<wun' of this episode has also
b""n infl""ncM by the Pronoia monologue', motif, of the ,haking of
the found.tions of chao.," ju con"",,, be,wn the light of Pronoi. and
the chief ruler'. dark ignoran ... and the inability of 'he lower authorities to fully grasp 'he pr.",,, of the fir" Man as the true im.ge of
the clivin"
AoJ Vo",
'0"" fi"'" from abo"" ,10, ,xal"J a","" "M.n <xi"...00
,.... >on of Man." Now the
fi", rtil, r,I'aNo,h 11",,,1, thinking that
, .... vci "'me]rom hi, .1-10'/"', onJ M JJJ ItO' ".iiu "",,,, it hoJ com,
from . And the holy Moth,r-F.ther, the Perf. On" P"fw "'ottO'o. ,Itt
/m"1' of'~ Im'i"b/i On<, ,10, F.,h" of all ,hmg>. 'h, 0"' within ",hom
.U thiNg' ".'" com, '"'0 bt,"t. 'he Fin' Man, Ifor hej.p .... 'l to them
,"I<.
lin' hum. n form ]. lh<fn,i" own oj 'h, fm,

"<,,,bI,.!, and ,",
fo"n,u"wn, oj 'he "by>, filook, and ,h""'giI '"" "",'m 'h"' "If ov" ",",.
,,, 'he io",,, "Ki0n [Jron , ] from ,/" ["p!"," ,"nct'j of his i"",K' 'h"' MJ
'-n ,<WahJ. .0.00 wh,n.1I ttl< .ulbo,iti.. . oo ,"" fi"l lUI" gaz<d in
. "ooi.hm. nt '"ry "'''' rI" ""'01, of I"" io"", 'flIio" ,h,mng. AnJ Ihto"giI
I"" iiglrl, they >ow in the w, te, the p, ,,,,,, of til< !m.l.ge. (Ap. loon I!
14,lJ-J.4)
2.1.3. s.conJ IN><,n' of PronO;d (II 30,11-32)

Again 1 ",u,n!, for th, 0000 tin"" and 1 .....,t .bout. I co"", fonh
from thoo< ~'ho belong to til< light, which is I, th, re"",",br. n,,, of
t"" Providen. I entered into the mid" of darIu... nd the inte
rio, of Hod ... ,ioc, I w.. " 'King (to .,,,ompl.. h) my ... igned W K
(oi m,,,,,''')' And th, rolllldation, of ,h"", 011001<. that th<y nughl f.1I
do,," "ron tho,,", ~'ho ore in chao. and nught d,ilr0Y them. And .gain I
ron"p to my lwn ioou< rooIl<>1 th<y be d .."oyN h<fOl< the ,in",. (Ap.
lohn II JO,21- 31)
P,onoia', ..,.;:ond d<=enl (o' .... pond. to ,he m.in narrati,,,', p'e\'ious
epioode (II 22.28-13,n, l4,9-17) of the .ppe.rance of the luminou,
Epinoi., hidden in the protopl.sti, Ad.m a, hi, 'me im.ge, '0 .... ken
him from the deep sleep of d.,Kne .. that ><ttled upon him when the ~'"
ruler had
cted her from his , ide .nd molded her inlo ,I>< figu" of
<" ..
Sign;Ocondr. <h< ;n"w 'PP'''''''''' of Ch,;" '" John "'" of z..t...k< " 'h<
of ,I fram< '''''Y ;, muW by ,I>< >om< ''''m~ .!WUng tho, ,.,,"" "1"'"
PronoU',
<I<""n' I"'" ",,,'<n, "!",,,<d ml "" ",001< "".b,," ohon<, . nd 'h<
"",l<j w.. .t.ak"- II 1,1l_J1)" motif "'" probobIy ,k,,,.,, from pl.","! ,'" mo,.,
~ of ",ono<o on th< Hp> of "' .... ;n <h< "'0001"""" of th< Jon ~r .. ,,',,'" f,,,,,,,
M
~;nn;ng
"""'I.
fi",
the earthly h . Erinoi. i> thus t ~ .piritual Ew. life, and the mothe,
of the Ihing. a. well as t he Tree of Knowl.,age, awakening the earthly
Ad.m and Ev" though"
llltn .h. Epioooa of the light hOd "ithin him (Adam), And the fir>'
ruler wi.b<d to bring her fonh from h" rib. Now
Epiooia of II><
Ugh. com"" be gr..pe.!. lhough the dark"",. <h.ased btr, ;, dOd 001
g""'p her. And he brought fort h from him 1 portion of hi. pow" . nd
bt mod.
molding. with. (. mal. form
,lit hk<.....,. of II><
,h.
:mot"".
.fi"
fl,,'
Epioo .. ,,,-,, hod app<..<d to hIm. And he (tb<

ruler) brooght II><
portioo thal he h:od ,.k,n from the pow.. of the Man into .he nloOiJ<.d
figure offemale"... -nOl .. Mo ..... jot -hi. rib." And he (Adam) .. w

!h. woman btoo<him, . nd imml "t<ly the lurn;llO ... EpinOl' "I'p<""J,
""ving ",m,,,,ed the v<il Ih .. ".., m'.. hi, mind, . nd he """'red up from
Ih. drunk<n""", of d.rk"" ... And he rogmZl hIS I,km'" (f,m.),
. nd .. ><I, -lhi. now i. 00 ... from my bon ....nd rltsh from my n",h.
1I1<r';0"" the m.an ",m !<ave hi. fath" .nd hi, moth .. . nd ,.,,,.., to hI>
wife,.nd tho tW<l will become 0""' tk>h. fo,lIu (0""'" willI>< "'" '0
1I"" nJ "h, ,.,1/ {,.w II" f.'/'" "nd hi, mOl"" "nd d,"", hi, ""f"
a"d ,lie
will "',om, 0"" fl""'." {Fo, h" con"," ,..,U '" ""'
him
a"J fI, ",iIIluvt hi, fa'"" a"a mOlh".1 0., ,i"" SophUl, ",11o ,am,
do~'tI ,n ,""""",, SO)
.m m<glr' "" ,igh, her ,ufiti,""Y. was th.r<for<
",m<d '[ifo'- i.. the Mother of the livin$' by ,II, /'ronoi" of h,awnl,
"",honty, And th,ough h.. 'lit)'
oJ 'h, p'1'" *"""'I<Jg', I (i.e .
Chri" the narrat",,; SR h.. [pllloi' l .Pl',ar<d in the form of.n <ogle
0" ,Itt "" of *no~uJg" ","i,h i, 'he Erinoi. from ,,,, 1101" lum,no",
Proto", '" orJ"
I m,oh, reach 'Mm .nJ a"",km 'h,,,, from 'h,
J,p''' of dup. f'o, 00'" of ,Ii,m ...,.,., i" fall,"
anJ ,"" ".I,::<'d
'"m na",dn"~ '/1" Epino", .l'P'artJ '0 ,n.m ., {igh" aW<JkmH'8' 'hm
'""'king. (Ap. fo"n 1I 22,18-2),3')
'0
''''0
'0
,II",
,",,<oJ
,ha,
""It,
like the .d.... nt of Pronoi., the coming of Epinoi. to Ad.m ""hoes

the Johannine prologue'. annoync~m~nt of the light coming into the
world. IU<1 .. the prologu~ "".. th.t the d.rlm ... h., not o.... rcom.
the light (John 1,'), so also y.ld.baoth, t he ruler of the darlm .... an not gra.p the luminou. Epinoi. . . if .h. wer. a ph)'Siall object lik~
Ad.m', rib (G.n 2,21-21). The Apoaypl,on goe, on to interpret further
det.iI. from t he G.n.';. protology , the mystery of marriage in (;"nesi>
2,23-24 i. actu.lIy union with on~ piritual consort from abc",e, the
nahdne .. ofGen 1;2~ (cf. 3,7-2 1) repr"",n" a state of .piritual ignorance rai.ed to consciou> thought by being clothed in the light. N~ither
w.. it the sn.ke (Gen ) ,13) who instructed t he protopl ..,., but Epinoi.
appearing .. Chri" in t he form of an eagle, a pu<ag~ t hat m.y be a
veiled allu.ion to tradition. id.ntifying Chri<1 with the ",rp.nt that
stemmed from lohn 3;13-1 ~, to the ~ff"'t th at that the true reveal" i.
'"
IOHN D. TU.~ ""
Christ. an ~nem)" of the ""rent, "No on. ha. "",ended inlo h,.,,," but
he who d...c.nci..J from h<3 ... n, the Son of man, And a. Mo .... lilted
up the ... pent in the wild<rn"",.., must 1M Son of man be lifted up.
,h., ""hoever bel"" .. , in him may h .... <ternallif.,
Again, Pronoi" retreal to her luminou. root;' refl""ed in the lonGe, v.,,;on alone by the episode of her t imely extraction of Epinoi.
(rom the virgin E..., just before y.ldal>ao,h a"emp" to rare h.,,"
,II,
',be fir" ruler saw to. 'irgin ~'ho was ".oolllg with Adam, anJ
Iiv,nt, 10m,""", Epinola oF'Pe,,,,djrom
Itt" And y.lda"-h ii1kd
up with 'gooralKt,
~'lIt11 ,Itt Pro"J,"u of all,lIinl' wziiuoi 'hJ~ ,Itt
~nI ""m, bt,"g~ "nd l!tty , .."II,d Lif- .",.yfrom r"" And the fir" rul ..
d Efiled h<r and bego< from .. ,
,hildr<n. (Ap. loon II U,9-17)
"';,.i.
B",
""'0
1.1.4. Third INsco", of P,onoj. (II JO,Jl-JI ,25)

Stili for , third time I ".,",-1 am th. light "hKh i", in th. light, I
,m th. '<m<rnb"nc< of tl>< P,O>'id<n<.-tlut I might .n", inlO th.
mid" of """Ime,, and tl>< in"rior of Had<>, and I fill<d my nc. with
tl>< light of th. comp"t",n (~\",IM",) oftl><i, aln. And I """M into
tl>< mid" of thn' pri",n, ",hich i, tI" pn'"," of 'h, body (~"'n), AnJ I
",iJ. H, ...00 /r,ar~ k' /r"" P" "P fro", ,/r, Jp ,Ip, " AnJ /r, ""pi "nJ
dud
b"," rea" '" ";p<J fro'" /rim~Jf And /r, ",jJ, -Who i,,"hal
,aU, "'y """"
from ","","a> ,/", /top< ,om,
",/r;i, I am i"
,"" d.",.. of'ir< pl'i"",1" And I said, "I am th. Pr",i<i<n<. of tl>< rur<
light; I am tl>< t hi nkin g of tl>< virginal Spirit ( .... ""', .. .;".. .vri.,.n), ,"'00
rai"" yoo up '0 til< hooor<d pr..c . AYi~ and rtm,mb<, r/"', i, i,},,"
~'lro "".rk,md ..J folW ... """ root, ..bid, i, /, '"' m<rcijr.1 On<, "nd
guard
.gam"
""I'!> of pcwrty a..J '"' d,mo", of ,h.." "nd
",lro """"" },,", "nd
of
dp slp ..J
of ,,,,, ;",iM of HaM'," And I rai>al him up ,nd .. aiM (""""-;I;<,,)
hIm in tho light of tl>< wa1<r with Fiv. Soal. (~.".,y"). in ord that
d.ath nught nOl h,v. PO"" o'~r him from this tin'" on. {Ap . '''''" II
""I>,
""''''if
"u 'Ir""
'0 .....
""J
'Ir,
b<"""
'Ir,
'Ir, ""'""""
}(),J2-JIl~)
Pronoi", ultimately- .. lvi~' go.aJ ha>'ing bun t<mpo ... rily thwan..J in
he, ~"t Iwo JeK.n". fi,,, by t l>< iII-prepa.-...:l wicWn .... of heT r<>"ntial follow,,>. and "",onJ by th. impending <ollap'" of th. ma'eri.1
co.mos th.y inh.bit, her third JeS(~nt ,u",,<Is in guar.ntin& ,h.
fin,l h .. tion of heT f.lI.n m.mbe" by rai>ing th.m from their cosmic pri"'n by mean, of the bapti.m ofth. Fi", S.. I. Thi. patt.rn of
Juan" i. miniK.nt of n .in I.wish Wi..!om pt><m>. according
R." , 00 .,...h ,"d , ... , "S.
to whieh Sophial\\'i..Jom attempt< to >Kure a dw<lIing piau in t he

world ,he helpeJ to cre.te, sometimes finding an .. nhly I't'<ept ion, a.
in Sirach 24, and so met ime< not, as in I Enoch 42. The only evidence
of ro .. ible Christi.n inlluence i, Pronoi" all to awakening "He who
hears, let h im get up from the d ""p .I""p; which has a parallel in Eph
~,!4, "Awa ke, 0 .I""p<r, and ari .. from the dead, and Chri" ,hall give
you light.""
On her third de",ent into the lower world, Pronoia-Christ, .. t he
only-beg.,tten of t he Invi.ible Spirit "entered into t he midst of their
prison which i. the prison of the body" (II 3 U-4), The longer ,'enion
(II !9,3-6) emph a.iu. that this p n.o n i. no t only th e material body,
but also the p.ychie body created by the rulers accord ing to their liken .... lhe ph,...., "onu m ore" probably alludes to the distinct accoun ts
of the creat ion of humanity, taking Cen U7 as referring to the p.ychic
body a nd Cen 2,7 a. referring to the material body,
A.nd '"' h"ma" "pp" mJ, b""", of th, ,""k... "p",I:1] of '1Ir Litl"
","hon """_ And his mtelle-ct ~"" , up<OOr to all thoo< "ho h>d ",oted
him_ WOen they looked up, they .. w thot hi. intellect was , up<rior, . nd
th<)' deyj..,.j pbn with the ,ntil'< . "bontie . nd . nge lic comp. ny. The)'
took fil'< .nd .. rth . nd water . nd n\IXed them togethe r ~ith the four
Ihming winds, . oo heat them together, . nd " .. tN a great di<turban,
A.nd 'llry /!rough, him into 'h, J.aJow <1 J,",h. '" ,Iult rIuy migh' 0"
again mold him,/rom 'h, ,arth "nd ",a'" and firr anJ ~ind tha'"rr from
mattrr--i , ., '"'
of Ja,kn,,, "nJ J..irr "nJ ,II", Countrrf'i'
Spi,i'-, Io'hkh ;" ,"" 'omb of ,/" rrmolJing of'h' body >I,th ",hif/' 'h,
rohbrn d",""J 'h, hum"", 'h, bond <1 forgetful""", (Sit " .. "rr,,") And
Oe h. m<, mortal hwn. n, I' ....., ,hi, on, .. Iulfiru J"",nJ,J. "n,1 ~w
it""'"""
,"'it,,,
,ho,
" w"I<" ..
( to", ''-:Wl) hu 00<0.1

to.. _
m<>n<>Iogu<
01' ",,,,, "",us, """" 'hi," " on,. <on";.,."
<01
to . ..u...;ng (Nile It 1I . _tO.]4_1 t, ;t.h ..",d ;" oh< ..."., , ;"';onl
"u'"
~ '''' ' u ,," ;mNlan<, ;" ,om.,.noon 10 "" fi", ''"' . ,'" 00r<i0'l' ,h..--, of Ih;,
... "rio!;, "'M'~N OJ. , U'''''l'
It 30,' (. ""'" "pI.o;n;"s ""
"" bodr), by "" "'ilt 10 . ';"Sul" odd"",, ;" 3O ,~ to I<om to.. p lY'"
01' ,0.. Ont ""o ,Ionu> (3O, .t_3O.1), " '" by to.. "';It from oh< fi", pm"" ~ . gul"
"",,'i,, .. "" ",,' ''''' "''''''' 10 to.. ")" 01' ,hi,J !'<""" "mot;", j" 30 ,6_ to &n<!
ill,,<, odd"" in 3O )--li . n<! "H_1t 'n ,0.. 'hj," " . ru._ 1h,
01'''''''' ..!J,_
,.... '" ~".d<l 0< ' " ....-.h b.'ns ,,, k "gth ""'" ;.'0 ~"' "ith ,hot of th, "'" '''''_
It 'W''''
,al.o"", hu """binN '''''' o<,t' .... 1y 'n.kl"",",n' tnd;,;o"" It ).
hymn", mlology Ofi
" i p~ &",'" ' M 1') . ];'"<P<o! 1<'8""'" <"""-in_
'ng' ,011 10 . ~.j""ng !Ok< "" "'" '1""'0.1 by p.u1 i" . ph 'H ("Awol<, 0 >11""
. 00 ",i " from ,0.. &o<I, . n<! 0",>1 ",.11 g'''' )."" !;ghll.n<! i"'rod""," br ' g>=
"pl.i"i"!
to.. mOO" of ,hom " oh< body_
h)mn",
"noel""
,!.bon"
1Iu,
."m"
"p"""'""
..!d,,,,,,,,,
<kI<'' ' '
1Iu,.
,0.,
Pr",.,....
120
IOHN D.
,." f""
.'a.! i~
TU.~ ".
"I'"ra';oo. BUI il ~'" 11K Epioo;" of Ih. (SR "Ji"'") LIth' , ..,
hIm "/'0 ~."" '0 "~.a.t." II~ i",,)ket_ (Ap_ 100" 1I 20.28-21.161
In the longer yersion of the Apocryphon of loon. Pronoi.'. third descent

i. n.rrati,..,ly equ.,.d with the .ppe.r.nce of Chri" to lohn" Iu>t
Pronoi waken> .nd .trengt hen. the .Ieeper by bringing knowlroge.
so .bo a ui" come. in re.pon .. to t he doubting loh n. gi,-ing him
the complete reyel.tion of true knowledge in the form of the ent i",
Apo<r)-pilOn,
An.! behold, oow I .hall go up (SR "I fir" "-'<enJed") to !h< perft
aeon. lluy< mmple'l ev<rythlng for you in your h ... rins. I Iuv< told
)'lu everything. .., tlut you may write it do~-n and giw it """til' to
thas< who .hare the .. m< Spirit you. For this i, the
of the
imm,w. ble fa<e. (Ap. lo/rn II H.2~- 31)
s'"
h h often been noted th.t the Pronoi. monologue'. p.ttern of th ree

.. hi fic descents i, precis<ly the ... me pattern exh ibited in the thr
.ubt raC1 . ' ... of the Trimorphic Pro'mnoia. whe", the Mot her B.rbeloJ
Protennoi. n.mt hert hrff . uc"h.., nrthly de""en" Protennoi
the Fir" Thought ofthelnvi.ible Spirit. Beginning with G<'Ofge MacR.e.
this .imil.ri,y h led ",veral "hoI." ' 0 .u.pect thot there mus' he ..
d"".. literary rel.tion.hip betw<en the Pronoi. hymn and the th",e
. ubt ract ... , of the Trimorphic Protennoia." Indeed. c.reful .nal)~i.
strongly .uggest, that some form of th e Pronoi. monologue probably
formed the initi.1 inspiration, if not a direct source. for the or iginal
compo<ition of ,he Trimorphic Pro,,""oid . While t he Pronoi. monologue by itself evince. no 'pedfic.Uy Ch ristological content, this " .
soon acquir...:t first. by i" inwrpor.'ion into the longer ,..,,,ion of the
t.po<ryphon of loJ,n a. tl>< final ",If-rewlatory .peech of enrist. who
i. claimed .. the proclaimer of its <nti", content, and sond. by its
.. p. n.ion into t l>< Trimorphic Prolmnoi~, where Protennoi. appea"
,one"'_
D ... , """ ",J p....... od 1,.... '111_ . "') 00<" ,o. IT"' ............ ,
,<f",
th< ".d<, .... k to ,I oMr" rpendN ,,, ,'" ' nh" 100&", ,~" .... of,,,, ...,..')p...."
-:II>< "K.' ~ [of ,'" So'""[ and th< ["",I.bo. 1of "" mp"_ h;d&. On ,01< ..,.
[,,-.Och [ o. to","1 to ..,., [M' I dadpk"1 tt ", .... )_
~ M...... " '0, 86-10'- eo< furth<, J.ocu, _ , >
yon 'ha ,o/um<.
"oi,;.,', " ..
" ".I .. Turn< , ,...,. "'_-I(I}; ..... T., .... 200' .
-1(1'_'''.
'0
,. t il< Log"" who d.s<.nd, to r"",.1 him..,lf ,ho dwelling in d.rkn<"S., reKue leou, from ' he
and eleva.. her SNd in'o ' he light ,
Acwrding to the Pronoia monologue, during her fi .., and S<'Cond
desc<n'" Pronoia i pparen'ly not r<cogni""" by ,ho. . . he seeks
enlighten , Bu, when 'he " iple-de.,,.nt mo,if of ' he Pronoia monologue wa. taken up by til< Tr;morphic P,o/enno;d, ewn ' h ough the
hootile powe" wn'inuaUy fail
re<ogni .. her 'rue identity. any conceh.. bie im'.nce of her failure to be manifested
her faUen member>
"'... eliminated. Thu. on Protennoia '. fir" de",en' she "y" "! cry ou'
in e ... ryone, and 'hey recognize i, (,he voKe). >inc< a seecl indwell.
[them !" (36, 1 ~-16),
c"""
'0
'0
'0
'0 ,"'1
I [de",.nd<d
mid" ofth. underworld . nd I >hoI>< [down upon
'hel da,kne ... It i, I who pour<d forth the [~.. terl, I, is I who . m hidden ~-ith i n [""h.n' [ ,,-.,.,., I am the on. ~-ho grulually put fonh ,..,
All by my lhought_ I, IS I ~-ho am laden wi,h ,he Vok._ It" 'hrough
nl< that Gnom <om .. fonh, [II dw<U in ,.., Ill.ff,ble . nd unl<no~-.ble
01'.. _ I . m perption ,nd irnowl<dge, uttering VOI by mean, of
though" [II,m t o. ,eal Voice. I cry out in "'<ryan<, ,nJ 'bey m-ogn;::.
i, (th< voic<), .inc ..",.] indw<lh [th.ml_ I am the lhooght of ,..,
F.ther ' 00 'hrough me pr<xd<d [,..,) Voice. that i" the 'oo~-l<dg<
of ,he ....." Ia"ing 'hlng~ I <xis, ,, lhough' for ,he [AU [-being joir><d
' h< unlmowilileand iJl(ornpreh<n>ible lhough1-I rewale.] my><!fye~ 1-.mong.1I """" ~Ito "Cot";'" mt, For it i, I woo . m joir><d
~ith ew.,..,.,. by .in"" of ,.., hidden l bough' and an exalt<d <Voice>.
<v<n Voice from th. in"isibl.lhough'_ And it i. imn",. mrable ';nc. i,
dw<ll , in the Imme.. urabl< On . It i mY'''ry, " i, [unr...tr. inabl.1 by
(,he Incompreh<n,ibl< Onel , It i, in,isible ('0 . 11 tho .. "'00 .rel vi.ible
in the AU, [I, i. > ligh'l d,,~lling in ligh" (Trim , Pro" 36.4-33)
'0
do""
Bu, now I haw com.

. 00 ",,,,bed down '0 Chaoo, And I was
(wi,h [ my own "'00 w,,< In that plac<, [I . m hiddenl ~ithin 'hem,
<ml"'wering (,I><m ,nd l giving them !h. p<, And [from ,.., fi", dayl
Wltil th< day [~'I><n! ~i11 gr,n' migh'y J'O"'erl
tho who [.", min<.
I ,..ill r ......! ",)"<If,o [ ,/to", ~lro /tow [kara my rn)'''<ril, ,ha, i~ ,..,
[So",1 of [th<llight, (Tn .. , Pro'- 40.19-4 1,1)
'0
On her second de>c~n', Protennoia again .ucc"";s in m.king herself

known, She ..y "And! hid my..,lf in ewryone and reve.led [my""lfj
wi'hin ,hem, and ewry mind _ing me longed for me" (4~,2I-B) ,
And I hid rnylf in ...~r)'",,, .oo ""-<ale.] [mys<Ul "i'hin th<m, . nd
"<1)' mi"a ,,,,kin! '"' io"g<a
'"t, for it i, ! who g""" hape to the All
~-h.n" had no rorm, And I ' " n,forme.! their form, into (other) fo rrns
until the ,im< ~-h'n > forrn will .., gh~n the All. I, is through 'n< ,ha,
fo'
'he Voice orig,nate.! and it i, I
~'oo
'0
PU' ,he b"'ath wi'hin my own. And
IOHN D,
TU.~ ".
".,t
I
into th<m to. "nally ""Iy Spiril , nd I , >001,00 ,nt< rl my
Lith' , (Trim , Prot, 4 ~.2 1 -}1)
On her third d<>cenl . , Logos, Prot<nnoi. di'gui",. he....,lf by 'ppt'aring in th< Ii""n ... of ''''' yon.; no one "<ogniz.. her, hum.n. a nd
co.mic powers al ike, until1he ",,-..1. herself to her own, "'ho immedi.t<ly r<ive her,
(1r.. fint tlm<) I ['oM aU of them .boot my mY""i<,] that <xist in [th<
iD<omprel><ruib].], in<Xp ..... ibl< [Aeon,). I ,o0th' [,"<'" th< m)~1<ri<s]
throuth Ir.. [VOl tOat ""i,"] ",ithin. p<rftln"Ut [.nd I] bK. m<.
foundotioo for th. AI~ and [I . mpo",,,I] th<m, 11>< ,<ood timhap< to too", ~'ho [took[ >hap<
until tl><or con.ummatioo , lhe thord tim< I ",,,, ..d mY"if to th<m
[in ] th<ir "nto .. Word .nd I ",-.. J.d myl( in th< Ii""""", of th<ir
.hap<, And I ,,"ore ""<..,-0",,'. garment and I hid mys<lf ~ithin th<m,
, nd [,Ir<y] did"", know ,/0< o~";'o ''''r.w''' '"', For I dw<m (th. po~'",) kll<W
m<, [although ] it i, I ~-ho work in thrnl, Roth.. Ith")' tbought] that th<
All "' .. ".,.. 1 [by them] .inc. th"), ,,< ignorant, not koowing [th",]
foot, tl>< pi .., in ~-hich th")' gr'w, (T,im, Pror, 4 7,~ -28 )
Thi. failure of t he co.mic powe .. and tho .. who "",,,hip thempt'rh.p. Old"ian. who wo"hip t he c"ator of the lower world-to
recogniz< Prot<nnoii, id<nt ity i....p<dally evident in t he ~nal pag..
of the Trimo'phic Prol<nno;a. They n.rr.te the incognito de>e<nt of
Protennoia a. the divine Log"" hidden in t he form. of th< various
eel<"i.1 pow<,,- (ulminating in her ~nal ""If-rev.bt"'" within h
earthly memb ... , In 47, 14-1', Prot<nnoi. reveal. he""lf to them
the Logo. "in their tent, (d_ lohn 1:)4). Then in Trim, Pro,. 49,7-8, it
i. >aid that the Archon. thought Protennoia-logo. ",a. "th.ir Chri<t.
whil< .<tWllly ./" dwell> in everyon.,"
In 49,6-loO,20. tr.d itional Oui"ological titl ... uch as Son of God
("Son of th< A",higenetor") and Son of Man ar< pol<mically interpred from a Sethi.n point of vi.w, in consciou.ly " .... <ndentalizing f hion, Protennoi. bKam. th< he l o,~d" of th. Archon.
hecause ,in .he had temroradly di.guised he""lf a. Son of th<
Atchigen<1or until the end of hi. ignor.nt d<"ee, Among t he Son.
of Ma n" Prolennoia revealed h"self ... Son of Man ,,'en though .h<
i. really the Father of ""ryene, A. Log"" Prolennola ha, p~t on lesu
nd born< him .Ioft from the cursed cro .. i~to hi. Fath<r'. dwelling
pI..... (d, lohn 14,1-}), By implication, th< Son of God of the 'po<-
tolic Christi.n ch~rc"'" i. ,ct~all)" the >on of t he ignorant world cr<.tor; . nd it5 Son of Man i. onl)". hum.n .mong t il< ",n. of men ,
II w..1dwelling in them (in lbe form of <och 0'"', 11 M Archorulilboughl
(thot II "'... th.i, Christ, In<ked I Idw<1I inj <V<ryo .... In.ked within
Ihoo< in ",hom (I ,<'V<al<d m)''''I~ as Light II elmledl the Archon~ I
. m th<ir Ilt/"",d, (for i in thaI ploce I ,loth! my><lf I j the 50n "f'h'
Archigtntto" and I was lil< him until th< end of hi. d<" .. , ~'hich .. tbe
ignor' lKe of eh..,., ... nd among the Ang<l' I ,,,,..11 m)'..,1f in lbe"
hk<""..., . nd among tho Pow", if I ~"'r< on< of tll<m, but among
Ih. Son. of M:tll as if! w<r< a Sotr of Mon, ,,'.n thoogh I . m Father of
<"'ryon. I hid m)""lf ~ithin them . 11 until I "",..11 my><1f among my
m'mhef~ ~f",h a ... min<", . nd until J I!"th" (tog<therl .11 (my f,lIowl
bmhr<n within my Immal Hngdom ]. ... nd I prod. im<J to th<m tbe
i",,/fob!< Fil" ;;'al> in ord<, that II mJgirtl ao;ik In tMm anJ ""1 01>0
migh, "bJJ, J~ m, (fohn 1M) ..... for m., 1 pu, 0/1
I ..", him from
,/rtc",,,J "".",,}, "nJ ","b/i,h.d him in ,Itt J""Wng pLu" of Iris Fo'h",
... nd tho>< woo ~'.. ch
thm d~'elhng plO(" did not 'ogniu m<, I,
I .01 un''''trainable ,og<th" ~ith my SeM, . nd my s...!, which is miD<,
I >haU (pla1 into lbe Holy lIghl within an incompr<h<n,ibl< >il<",<,
"'m<n , (Tfim, Prol, 49.6-~,2Q)
J"",,
0""
Som. of th .. < polemical Sethi.n .. in"'F,,,,,io,," of "orthodo,"

Chriotology in t il< Trim",piric P,otennoia .""m to depend on ke)" texU
ftom t il< Go.p<1 of John in o,der to >cot< their point in any KU " fashIon. Th< Johannin< prologu initi.1 claim "In tho I><ginning " .... t il<
Logo, i. counter."j by showing that what .xist."j in the I><ginning ""'"
not the Logoo, but "'th.. the silent divine Fir<t Thought, which only
la", manifest.d it",lf .. tho 10go._ Thi. mild pol.mic i. ",die.li,.,J in
th<
cit.tion from til< third .ubtract." (Trim, Pto" 49,6--~,20)
by arguing th.t Ih< logo> in hi, incognito de..:enl fooll "",ryone
except hi. congenital meml>< .. ""ho recogni,.,J him; this tll<me af
mutual ",cognition between t il< " .... let .nd "hi. own" ;, of cour..,
,I.., fun d amental to the Johannin< lit<r.tur< gen<rally_"
,bov.
'''''0;
a Cf. john U '-14; "tl_<, ",

In_", J 100" u_>; "'''' H ,IJ; " ..-w_
' " th< w.,.", on th< goo<! >h<ph<,J (john 10,4_'). th< - . """'h th< >hp h<"
,"J ,.. pond to" Ih< _ , 0< th<;,- In" >h<phn-d who c.olI, th<m ou t 0< Ih< " m i""",'
0< It.. "",1<1, 1h.ot ~, th< '""r uniq",ly "''''l!";''' \h<;, oh<phn-d'.
not "" th<
!""''',.. o< hilil, but D.c,." th<y m th< >h<phn-d'. o~'n; th<y .hm """" olfi";ty
_<
,,;th th< >h<ph<.-d w " ~h <""Ok. Ih<m Lo '<>gniL< h~ _,.oo,...U ",h<,., " .. ,
""" h<" h;. "","" do.Jl It.oo. ",ho m 0< 'h< "uth (I"", <f, U , ; 10'_',16), hot
"'"" ... " do not ( " ' " d , H),
'"
IOHN!>. TU.~ ""
The underlying a.,urnp,i"n ""''''. t" be that an ignorant creator

God ha. fooled the I de" of the Johannin. and other churches into
teaching oth.rs 10 beliow 'hot the Christ w... the Son of ' he world
cre.'or. In contr." to the tr.ditKmal view of John Ll4, Protennoi.
merely ap~a"J u ,he Log",. "in lheir ten""" in the
of their
,har<" but did not acruaJJy !><':ome fie.h. In only di,gui.ing him .. lf
the Chri" of the lohannin. community, the logos "'" no Son of Man
who wo. li~ed up and glori~eJ on the
going to prep.... a place
for the believers, inst.ad, the Logos was the Fat !>., of everyone who
d ..cendecl to reKue I."" from the ' cu""d"-not redemptive!-cro ...
In apparent referen .. to lohn 14.2-3, it,.,.,"" not Je.WI ,..1\0 prepar.d
dwelling place for hi. folio"""", inst.ad, it ".,.,. t he Logo. who ",i>e<l
aloft and in"aUed him into th~ ...,nic "dwelling pl.co. of hi.
F.th ..: not the world creator, but th~ true Father, t~ In,'i.ible Spir it
(Trim. Prot. ~,1l-16) . In contr." to the Joh.nn i n~ gO'rel, rather
than I><ing th ~ .g~nt of >al,-ation, /esWi i. among its recipients, Inde!
the Logos d id com. to confer 0 bapt i.m, but not a bapti.m merely conferring th~ Spirit .. in lohn 3,~ ("Truly, trulr, I
to you, unle .. one
i. bom of water and the Spirit, h e cannot enter the kingdom of God");
it w.. instead a bapti.m that resulted in immediate rapture into the
Light. Rather than having to awoitthe arrival of /<>u. or the P.radete
to "draw all people" unto him",lf(John 3:14; 8,22; 1l,32-34), in the
Tr;morphic Pro"n"o;~, .. Ivation i. immeciiate: "he r<c~ived th~ Fiw
Seal. from [the Light ] ofth. Mot~r , Protennoi . , .and [he I><com. a
light ] in Light" (Trim. Prol. 48,31-3~),
We haw "",n that , by placi ng the monologue of Pronoia on the
lip. of )<Sill in the conclusion of iu main na","i,-~, the II.pocryp"O" of
/0"" regan:h lem. rather than Barb<lolPronoia as th~ one who rai""
her meml>< .. into the light . In mher "ark contr.", the Trimorplric
Prote""o;a make, Je.u. the obje<:t of redemption r.th er than its provider. In an apparent parody ofJoh n 12 ,31-32 ("Now i. th~ judgm~nt
of this world, rlOW ,hall the ruler of this world be ca" out: and I. when
I am lifted up from the earth, will draw oil men to my",lf"), Ju. i.
-Uk,"",
"0<,,
'"U,
"r
-r,",,-
"m'.
(~..,.-;;)
m>y
'n ......' om,
to. gJou
on ',1><
duro
lik<", .. of th<;,in Tri,"_

47,t6
to I><
01'1""""'" to" ....... "'"'" r,I,'"," "'"
/"...;"""'" '" ;,.', ol john l H). """""'. II>< = p l ol" "t ;n~ m' ",-,., hn PO"
of ,I>< '-OS"" t~ ol tl>< origin.! ""tUos.v; d . ","' ~ ,.:. : '"" ",,,,[).are _ "
"'''''''' i. ...... ..,.. '0 ' "
0..,";, """ ",1 .1", 'E, "'noll
"",,,,,.,,_ ",i i.v """"'1. "'''' ...,.".,.,;&.,'L
M
<on><'o,,,
..,i"",., "",;""""'" '"
ind<ed rai....J up by B.,b<lo/Protennoi. ,...h<r .han hi.

iII.h< r a. h~r th.n h~ who ",ill draw all m.n .o her .. lf.
~.
Fa.h~r,
bu. it
T". IO"A"'''''''' PkOLOGU
The lohannin. prologue also manif...".n incipient .endency .oward.

reriooizing .he a ctlvi.y of .he logo> in.o .hree pha",. in much th.
sam. ""ay .h>t .11< .e.h'i.y of Pronoi. in .h. Pronoi. monologu ~ and
.he oe.i,'i.y of Protennoi. in . 11< Trimo,phic Prolmnoiil a re .true.url . 11< primordial a<:t of crea.ion and .hining in.o .h~ darkn~ ..
(John U- ~) , .h. initial entr.n in.o .h ~ c", ed ord .. which did no.
r~<ogni,~ h im (vv. 9-11 ). a nd .he incarnation of . 1I< Logo> in which
he finally m.k.... h~ Father known (w. 12,14.16.16)." lust .. in . 1I<
Trimo'Phic Pro'mnoia. wll<r~ dehll<r e Christological in.~rprelati""
occu .. in .he . hird pan describing til< fin.1 de"".n. of P"roIennoia
a. til< Logos, 1<0 .Iso the 'p.dfically Christologiul con'~n' of .h~
Johannine prologu. occu .. in .h hird part, a nd in I>o.h comrooi.ion hi hift '0 Chrill.oIogical eon.en. i. marked by th. conc~pt of
.he incarnal ion h~ Logo> '"tenting" among m~n J"us Christ he
unique ..,n of the Fa.h~r, Unl ike M.tthew .nd luke---<>r .h~ opinion,
of .h. thirtn "kingdom' of .h. Apocalyp><" of Adam-the prologue
connect> .h. incarnation '0 .he b.pti.m. no he binh of lem"
h ... .. . h~ Trimorphic P,o/mnoia .""m. to rolemkize against
c~rtain vi."" promulga led in the Founh Gosre1. Elain~ Pagel." has
roin.ed out .ha he Fourth "'a ng~li" pol.micize. ag. in .. "ariollS
in"rpretatio n. of Gen U-3 according.o which. on .he "first Jay"
prior to . he world', cre ion, . he form of .h~ primal huma n (~) w..
m.nifested . imul.aneollily wi.h .h~ aprea,..nee of tho primordialligh.
(~), Thuo . he primordialligh. i. implicitly pres<n. in human n"ur~
(and vi-,..... ). Wi.h regard '0 .he G.n"i. >ccoun' of . h~ cre .. ion
i. ",lf. "ario", ex~ge.e including Philo he Herm .. ic Poimandm 1l<
Go,~J of Thoma, (Iogia 1- 3. 17-19. 22. 61, 77, 8 ~), .he Apo<rypllo" of
101m. and c~rtai n .. bbi in.. rpreted Gen 1,17 a howing .hat .h ill primordi.1 hum.n form wa. manifes.ed in .wo .. age" at firs wll<n "Goo
er~ated adam in hi. imag~: h ~ crea.e<! a . ingular being-"in .h~ image
of God he cre ed him" (Gen 1:27b)-who ill also id.n. ic.1 ,,i.h . Il<
Sm;," I...., . "
0. 1I<,k<, I..,... 70;

Pog<" , ......" .... 96.
K<." ,,,, :tOOJ. J36-JJ7.
1!6
,OHN D.
TU.~ ".
primordial light of Ceo 13, bu, immed iately th .... ft .., G<n 1:27< and
C.n 2 depict hum.nkind a. a dual '1'"";,,,, male and f.male-"male
and fem.le he created ,I",,," (Gen 1,27<), Likewi .., the Apoc,ypilOn of
John (11 4.l6-~, II) initi.lly identifies the primordial light a. Barbelo,
who i. "the first Man." Later on in th. text (II 14.16-101, after Sophia
give> ri.., to the Archon, the divine voice-which in G<ni ay' "I.<t
there be light"-again identifie. the primordial light by informing the
low .. authoriti .. that "M.n ex;'", and the Son of Man," Thereupon
"the Holy Father apre.red to them in human form " and the abyss ,,'a,
.haken by "the light of his image that apreared" (II 14,33, I ~,3). Her<,
the primordial light i. both dh'ine and human, and not a few Christian
ex<get ... would have identified that light .. the pre-existent Christ.
Against ,uch view the Johannin. prologue (John 1:1) drn;" th.t
the primordial light of Gen U-3 wa. avail.ble through th. im.ge of
Go.! implicitly pr.",nt in human nature. Th. divine im.ge r.. id ..
xclu.ively in the I.og"', which only ages la", t>e<:ame manif.st in the
figure of J u . Instead, the primordial light .hone into an uncomprehending darkne .. (John I ,~), Far from being 'haring a natural affinity
with hum.nity, when the light came into the world. human. f.iled
to rogniLe it (lolO ), and when it came to "its own: they re;<cted
it 0:111. From t he time of i.. original apre.ranee until the time of
John the Baptist, the primordial light failed to penetrate t he world',
darkness; it ma nif.... its glory, not at the beglnning of the co.m",
or in primordial humanity, but only when it "became fle.h and dwelt
among u' in the p'''''''" of J<su .
For both the togo. of the Joh.nnine prologue and the figure of
Pronoia in th. Apoaypllon of John, the r,,'.,.l .. remaino unrecognized
by the denizen, of the lower world, but on the third desnt ",cc<ed.
in being r<cogniud by th""" who are to be rai"'" into the light, Yet
unlike the prologu Pronoi" failure to k recogniud i. due. not to
the natural oppo.ition of darkne .. to light or to r<j:tion on the
p>n of her "own: but to her appa .. nt self-colK.alment during her
first two descen", while on her third desc.nt
dearly announce.
her pre .. nce. In this s<n"" neither the lohannine prologue nor the
Pronoia monologue regard, co.mic or co.mogonical m.nifestation a,
a path to the .. Ivific knowledge of God,
.h.
4.1. 71" Tmn.",nJenr Prux;".nc< of ,/" Logo.

In the beginning ,,-.. tl>< Word, and the Word w.. with God, . nd tl><
Word "'.... God. H. w.. in t.... beginning ~ith God; all thing. w.", m.&
through him, . nd w~bo" t him w.. nOi . nything m. d. thot". .. m.de.
(John U-J)
The Apoc'rrilOn of loiln (II 6.10-7.30) iJ.n.ifi.,. t he Word with the
er.. ti ... instrum.ntalit)" of the unique
10 0,""" T.::j _ ~"""I"'~<;'
6. 17) ",If-g.nerared (Autogen ) Child of B.rb<lo and the Im'i.ible
Spirit, who .noimed him wi.h hi. own goodn ... or "Christhood"
IlP'l""a ). While he is fully d i,ine and fully perf"", not lacking in any
goodn .... he i. not equal to Pronoi . Th. Ch ristological ",lation'hip
i, thus delined one of .ubordin"ion, while Y'" in.isting th.t Christ
i, p .. ft. Through th. Word. the Autog.n .. Christ c",.te. only t he
divine r.. lm of
structured .round the Four Luminari.>, h"'ing
norhing to do with the 10""r world th" origin"ed through the lower
mOlh .. Soph i.
(''''<1''''
.eon.
4.2. FiN D<.",nt of rh< l.oco' 0.-4-5)

In hIm w.. lif nd t.... lif. ".as the lrght of men. lb. light >lU"" in tl><
dirkn .... "Kl t.... d.rI",... h.. not o .. reon", It. (John 104-')
In the Apocrypilon of lohn, t ......... n.enc... pa.-.lI<1 t he fi", deiCent
of the light in.o t he world in the form of the luminou. image of the
. rchetypal Man . oo Son of Man in who>< image the lowe, rule" form
the protopl.stic Ad.m. De.pi.. their .ttempts to c.plur. that light in
a mortal soul and material bOOy. the lower rulers could not ,uec"""
in " ... rcoming the illumining po""r of the light. lh. init ial appe.rance of the image of the archetypol Man .Iso prefigures the .ubsequent
appearance ofthe Epinoi' oflight .. the . piritual h . the moth .. of the
Ii'ing hidden within Adam (ef. the Joh.nnine "in him was life") to iIIumin ub.equent hum,nity with. true knowledge of the divine ,e.lm.
(11)<,,, ~.,'" m," ",nt from God, ~f1<< n,n" " .... loon. He cam. for
""imony, to bNr ",it"... to tl>< light. thot all nught believe through
him. H. w"'" oot tbe light. but com. to bear wit""" to the Ilgh'-) (John
Hi-8)
The Apocryphon of loiln underst.nd . the lohn .. f.rrecl to he", ... t he

oon of Zebedee .nd not the B.ptist. ~nt to I>..r testimony to hi. f~lIow
.pirits of the immovable rac~. who.",.11 the progeny of the Mother.
seed caught in the world of darkne ...
U8
IOHN D.
TU.~ ".
A, is w~lIlrno",'n, Bultmann also argued th.t the in .. nion of refer.nce. to John the B'pt i" in ,'er"", 6 -8 and I~ of the prologu. i, 1><"
expl.in.d by reg.rd ing it as a hymn originally compo""" in honor
of John the Bapti"." A. in the Ben.dictus hymn of Luke L76-79. in
which Zechariah proclaim. lohn to I>< t he prophet of the Most High
who gh ", h;, ]><'Opl. knowledge of .. I""tion when the light from on
high Jawno to illumine those d",,,lling in darlrn ... ,' tl>< origin.l ",r,ion of t he prologue would h ..,. proclaimed John as tl>< deliniti",
advent of the Logo> or the Ji"ine light and wisdom into thi. world.
Once introduced to the loha nnine community and incorporated into
the Founh Gosp<I. the " .. ngel;'t would have in .. rted th ... ver",. in
order to con"ru. J",u. rather th.n John as the true light and Log""
coming into the world, ",'hile the Bapti" I>:om .. a mere wit ne .. to
th .. ewnt.
4.3. s.,conJ d<>ce"1 of tl" Logo, 0,9- /J)

1h< true light that enlighten. ",'err n,.n w:I. wmmg into the world. He
was in the "",rld, .nd the world was made through him, yet the ""rld
knew him oot. He <om< to hi. o~'ll horn<, . nd hi. own J><Opl< reiv""
hrm 001. But to all who ",:e""", him. (who belO.,,,,,, On his ""me), he
gO''' po~'er to ",""orne child"," of God; (,,-t.o ~'ere hom. nO! of blood
not of the will of the fl,>II nor of the "iD of man, but of God.) (Jolin
] ;9-IJ)
The .. ""ntenee. puallel the Apocrypll(J1I of /oJrn'. story of the second

d.",.nt of Pronoia (id entified with Christ) in the form of t he luminous
Epinoia who teach ... the protopla<ts to ... from the tr<e of knowledg.,
figu", that the longer """ion al.., id.nt ifies as Christ. In ,'ariou.
'pisodes, [pinoia com .. as t he .mi.. ary of light to the Mot her', >Nd
to enlighten th.m and combat tl>< rul." of d arlrne-ss, who continuaUy th",.. rt her work. like the prologue, .he teaches them t h.t their
H ""' .... "" t"'t, to_,, ; "'""..... ,," 100'. "'_",. 11>< A~ of /Oh"
oom"'". ""' .. " ,<I"';ng r. /Ohn "'" of z<00k<.
M 1h< I""'''y>t of 'h< cl.~ .. "" 0< h" i>o-nu"",,, ... Hgh' d.owning I';w"illo, .
""""Jut) '" ' ""ring 'h< "'<Kid ,. aho lou"" en ,I.< T" ,.",,", of lLYi .. ,onm;ng
rl.< od..,,, of rh< ....... ,u, I'0"" 'irog. ""Ok, d""'ing"'" 'h< I"';'" moIif of "'"
"'",,"r of rl.< wvin< W;..!om .. I'"",""d .. "'oK), 1 n<! I . ..,m '1, ""h " ",
""Y u.o dr... on "'" "..lit"'" of rl.< <><~ ..h,"r of 'h< "" . "" ""P'''
of N"", " '' '. oft," i"'''1''''''''' "'kITing \0 ,0" ..h=r of. "",.1.uwl . f""'ify
M" ..... by "'" IX..l s.. "" "'" ",0"" lOr. tQM 11,6; tQSb ' ,>0-1', 4QT,,' ._t"
CD 7,'_1t, aho T. loJ. l-I ,,'" "'. n 16).
true iden'i'y do not belong '0 fl"'h and blood nor '0 sexual dosir.
and r.production, which are 'he Ii.. wed by 'he rule"
keq> ,hem
en,r.pp<'d in 'he d.rkne ... In"e.d, 'hey are 'he children of God
whom i, revealed ,he true name of God, , he Christ, ,he Name will be
'old
'ho", who are worthy of i," (Be 32, 18-19: 'he longer ve"ion
II 8,27-30 add. 'hat Christ "h been called wi,h a n.me 'hat i, above
every name." cf. Phil L~-II),
'0
'0
'0
4.4. Third D< .. m1 of ,h. Logo. ( U4)

And ,be Word bKa"", II<sh . 00 d~'el' among LI>, fu Uof grac< and truth,
".., luve beheld hi. glory. glory as of ,be only Son from ,be Father. (lohn
U 4)
In 'he Apoc,ypmm of '''''n, on her 'h ird d.",en' in'o t he lower world,
Pronoia-Christ, a. 'he only-begotten of 'he Inyi.ible Spirit ",nrereJ
in'o 'he mid" of 'heir prison which i. 'he prison of ' he body" (II
3t ,3-4 ), no' only t he marerial bodr a. in both Ye" ion., bu" lor ,he
longer ...,,,ion, also in 'he ,urer-addeJ p.ychic bodr.
Although the Trimorphic Pro"nnoi" empha.i, .. ,ha' Prorennoi.
a. Losos ap~a"J in human likene .. ra,h .. than actually bN'oming
fl .. h, bo,h i' and 'he Pronoia monologue equ.t< Pronoia/Prot<nnoia '.
'hinl de .. en, in'o 'he world wi,h 'he Johannine prologue'. accoun' of
Jesu. coming in the fles h and 'h ereby invite 'heir reade"
con. ider
the en,ire Fou rth Go'rel in term. of 'he Chri,,', mi.. ion
a,..aken
ignoran' huma ni'y
a recogni';on ,ha' 'hey.re 'he t rue child ren of
God who must r<jee' darkne .. and rece"'" 'he ligh" which i, Christ
himself, In ,hi. way.lI imtanc .. of ,esi"ance '0 Jesus' mi .. ion in t he
Go'rel of John .re '0 be .""n merely a, lurther a uemp" by 'he rule"
and powe" of darkne .. '0 oppo ... t he saving work of ' he d i"ine realm
'hrough Chri .. ,
'0
'0
'0
""I<
(John
wi"'. ... '0 hIm, . 00 eri<d, "lhr, "'a> he of ~'oom J ..;d, 'He
~-ho com .. after me "nk< befu,. me, for he "'... befOl< n.. : ) (John
U ~)
Here, 'he reference to John i. a];'lin und.",ood by 'he Apocryplron of

/oJm '0 apply to Jesus' di,dple John son of ZffieJee. no' 'he Bap'i"
of 'he Founh GO'rel. And of cours<, both work> empha,iu.the pre
existence of Christ before the creation of 'he world and before 'he
mi.. ion of John.
IOHN D.
TU.~ ".
An.! fro m hi. fulln",. (.J.';"~;) have "e all r",elVed gra<e upon gn<e.
For the low ~... given 'hrough Mos<s; grace and tru,h ""'" 'hrough
'",U, o,ri .., No one has ",'<r . . . n God; tt.. only Son. ,"",0 is in the
bosom of'he Father, he h.. mad< him Imo~-". (Jolin U6--18)
Both the Itpo<rypilon of JOHn (ming .J.~P"'I",) and the GO.p<1 of John
(her< u.ing .J.~p~:;) 'gr<e that the fuUne .. of God i. reveall only
through Christ', de",.nt into the world. which is what m.ke. both of
the.., tex" 'Christian," By contrast with Christ. who .. til< only son of
the Father has seen God and bring' t il< full revel.tion of the truth, Mo>e'
did not truly.ee God cl.iml in Exodus (Itp, John l! 24.9-12; d .
13.20), and hi. Torah (ontain, only a clouJI ",mon of the truth.
Mo .. , h .. ><'<'n only the lower God. and mi,understood what h as talon
pl.ce (e(, -not .. M.,..,. >aid/wrote," Itp , lohn l! 13.19-20: 21.21-23;
13.3; 2;9,6).
Although presen' e"idence is inconclusive, the parallel> in imagery
.nd "ructure between the Pronoi. monologue .nd the loh.nnine prologue .uggest that they m ay be nearl), contemporan<ou. compo.itions.
If so. the notion of a rleemer'. thr~old or three-"age de",ent to
rescue those few "'TIO rKogniz< him or her from the re. lm of darkn ...
or chao. to the realm of light was celebrated in the form of various
lit urgical hpnns sometime in the late ~"t century.
Essenti.II)'. thi, ",heme of ,II< t riple d""ent of the di"ine First
Thought into this world i. a deri,.. t ive of 'reeulation at home in the
Helleni"ic Jewi'h Wisdom ",hoo]. responsible for tt.. p<uoni~cation
of the ~gure of the d ivine Wisdom and the de""lopment of'he myth
concerning her role in t he creation of the world .nd in the .ub><q uent
enlightenment of mankind as it i, found esp<cially in Pro,-erb. (esp<d.lly 8, 16-18). Sirach (e'reei.ll), I; 24 ). Wisdom ("'red.lly 9 -10). 4
Ezm. 1 Enoch 42. and in Philo." In this Wi.dom tradition. the e.. ltl
Sorhi. w .. identi~ed with the di,-ine n.me. glory and Shekin.h. and
wit h the rewlation of the di,-ine will in the form of the Torah. Sorhi.
was conceived a. a radiant light. the effulgence of the moo' high. who
provided enlightenment for all who would ...,k her instruction. She
was the first-born ofall creation. and by h<r the world was ... tabli.hed.
She w.. the o,'erllowing source of light and life. a can.l of water fiowing into a ri",r Aowing in'o a sea. a nd made her instruction .hine
forth like the dawn. She made her throne in. pili .. of cloud nd ,he
" S .00,'<, 0,,1< 19.
,0v~rM
the earth lik< a mist, and tho .. who t hir<tM for her <ould
drink of her, Such image' appear aloo in t he <arly <hapters of (An .. i"
whe..., it 'peak, of the Spirit ho,..,ring 0"., the face of the Tehom, or
a mist <O\'ering t ~ earth in the Garden of F-<len. Hoving been God',
instrumont in the cr~ation of the All he wu ti...,Ie..:l)' a<th'e in the
attempt to enlighten its human deniz~n. and ....,.~ them from peril, It
is .ignificant that Wisdom 10,]-6 hbtorid"" , Wisdom', salvifi< a<:tivity in t~ following ""Iuen<~ of vi.itation" she prottecl the fi"tformed father of the world. "" M the ~anh from t ~ 1l00d through
Noah and the .rk. rogniu;:! the righ'eou.n"" of Abrah.m .mid..
'h< <onfusion of Rabel. and r<>cued Lo, from t ~ fire 'hat des<ended
on SOOom and Gomorroh; 'he ,""ond and founh of t ~.., vi.ilation>
corr<-<rond r.,her rr~d..,ly wi,h ,h".., anribu,ed to Se,h in 'he Se,hian
Ire. ,i ... 'he A/XXal),p>< of Jldam and 'he Go,~1 of ,/" Egyp'i~n', whil~
'he first <orresrond. do .. ly with 'he de",ent of Prono;' as Epino;'1
Ev~ in the Jlp"")phon of loh", Even,uaU)', Sophi. d"'ired to "",k a
place wher< . he migh' dwell and"" up her 'ent, In I Enoch 41, h er
_king i, un.u<.. fu l and sh~ ,wice .. ascend,
~a'..,n among t he
angel. (do 4 Ezm ~:9), while i, wa, only Iniquity who le~ ~r abod~
dwell like a rain or dew among 'ho whom she did no' pee' to
mefl, Bu, in Siraeh 24. Sophi" ""'king i ue .. fu l. and .he mok<.
her ten' among the <hildren of Israel in Zion in 'he form of t~ Mo .. ic
T",.h,
To judge from 'he loh.nnine prologue, Ibe Pronoia monolog""
and 'he Trimorphic Prolennoid, 'he myth of Sophi 'wo unsucce .. fu l
de"'~nu in I Enoch 41 and her m<ce .. ful one in Si"",h l4 were <ombinM in'o a ,otal of t hr"" deenu in'o the lower world, 'wo umuc,.,..fuk and the 'hird ucce .. fu l. r<sulling in t he final awak~nins .nd
>alvation of 'ho who rec~i"ed her, The ba.ic (and perhars old~,,)
Se,hian IexU reAec'ing such .pe<uLotion on Sophia, ,ha' i>, 'he Pronoi.
mono]og"", .nd 'he Trimorphic Prole"noin, a..., clearl), "ruc'ured
around 'he an~mru .,fthe dh'ine Fi"t Thought to ~nter the daily life
of a humankind who h.d l>ecome oblh-iou. to her, and to r""eal h~r
",If and her ullimale ",urce in the higher world. A .imil.r pallern i.
a",ribed '0 'he logos in the Johonnine prologue, but wi,hou, clear
enumeration of deents. and only a select few re.rond '0 the call for
enligh,enment.
'0
'0
10HN D. TU.~' ".

~. BAPTIS" I'; T~' FounH
GoS.H
AN!> Til.
Aroc_'""ON OF JOHN
A, we h"" "",n, bot h the Pronoia monologue of the Apo<Typhon of
lohn and the Trimorphic Protcnno;a ro"ral" t he .. IYation brought by
PronoialProtennoi. on hor third deKent in ritual te rm., .. enlightenment conferred through t he baptimlal rite of the Fi,-. Seal., in
whkh one i. r. iseJ up a nd "",a1ed in the luminou. w.ter," Although
the Joha nnine prologue apparently cont.in. no explkit .. ferenee to a
bapti.m.l ritu.l the coming of the Log... into t he nesh ne",rthele ..
allows I><li,,-..-:. to .. e the "glory" of the Logo. who .Ione h "",n the
F.ther, Could it be that this act of _ing i. somehow ",1.teJ to a form
ofb.pti.m!
While we know next to nothing about the bapti.mal ritu.1 of the
Joh.nnine community, one dOft note a duster of Joh.nnine bapti.mal
motif.-.uch a. Light , Living W.ter, the d""ent of the Spirit uron
Je.u. reminiscent of the descent of the Logo. to b<com. nesh, and the
appearanee of John a. the precursory Voiee announcing the advent
of the dh'ine light into the world-motif. that are even more explicitly ut ilized by the "Barbeloite" prursors of Sethiani.m. These elemen" were perh.!" already a.sociated with the prologue of t he Founh
Goopel prior to iu incorporation into the Fourth Go'pel no m.tter
whether-on t he hypothe.i> of Buhm.nn-it ma y h.ve originated
among the disciples of John the Baptist, or whether it may have""'n
an inner-Johannine comro.ition b.""d on t he kind. of consideration.
th.t later appeared .1.., in I John U-J. That i., the prologue may
have ""'n introduced into the community either at iu inception, or
el ... later on, prepended to some ,-ersion of t he go.pel a. an appropriate prologue,
Once introduced to the loha nnine community and incorporated
into the Fourth Gospel, the ,,-a ngelist would ha,.., inserted Vet .... 6--8
.nd l~ in order to construe Je.u. rather than John the true light
.nd Logo. coming into the world, while the Baptist I>:om.. an .. ",
wit ness to th.t ,,-en!: "You sent to lohn, and he ha. borne witne .. to
the truth .. ,he ",a. a burning .nd .hining lamp, . nd you were willing
to ,.joke for a while in hi. light" (~, 3J-3~). The " .. ngeli .. funher
elaborated this construction of lohn in U9-37 by omitting the tr.dition of Jesus' bapti.rn by John" and having John explicitly deny th.t
~ I'<''"'f'' ,,,,,,'nuing.
''''"'''''T 10 downplO)' ....... ""r",m by John. .. 'Pf'<>" "
,m, <>pIon""'1' dialog"" "'''~n81'''''' "'p<00t~)' '0 ""
""pO'"
pOOt '" II>< o.p" , m
he i. t ho Chri>1 or Elijah or 'he prophfi (lik. M""".) a nd a ... n bo,h

'he . uperiority and priority of J.,;us," whom he cl.im. no' '0 have
known, but upon whom he has """n the Spiri' desc.nd . nd rem.in,
.s well a. ponra)"ing Je>u' fim two disciples as having def",'ed from
following lohn. In 'h i> w'y, lohn', w.. er b'pti.m h", be<ome , uperceded b)" . ,';,ion.ry experience of 'he deKen' of 'he Spiri' (in thi,
cao<, upon Je.us. who will in 'urn enable ito fu t ure de",ent on t bo ..
who believe in him).
Moreo,..,r, the Rapti .. rep .... n" a Ie articu late " age of r""elation
in prep.ration for t he ad,-ent of le.u, a, Wor& thu.s Chr;'t 'l'P"a.. as
the full)" articulate Log"" who 'peaks the word. of fierna l life (6,68),
while lohn the RaptiS! only appe... a, a mere "Voice crying in t he
wi lderne .." to prepare t he way of the Lord Oohn L23, d. I .. 40:3) ,
Here, t he Fourth Go.pel'. distinction between the Voice and t he togo.
ind..d constitute cert.in parallel with the Trim~rpJ,;, Pr~"nnoi~ ,
lhe Trimorpilic Pro"n"oi~ pr... n" one "'ith sort of theology of
r""elation. in which the Fim Thought of the [n,'i. ible Spirit re",.ls
it .. l! th roughout history in inc.... ing degr<e. of .rticulaten... , fir"
a pu ... but not full)" articulate Voice "'hich in ",me .ense empowers
Protennoi" member" second. a mo .. articulate Speech which give.
them .h.pe, i.e" "inform'" them, .nd th ird . th e full)" .rticul.,., togo.
who appears in their own, human, shape"
Interpre'ed in light of the Sethi.n .. h,.,ion history ofthe Apo(fypho"
of JOH", t he First Thought', in it ial .ppearance '" Voice occu" with
&rl><lo'. ",,'elation to the Archon creator that "Man exi.", a nd the Son
of Man." a phr ... prob.blyorigin.lly referring to the .upreme God Mon
and hi. Son, the archetypal Ad.m, in who.., im.ge the e. rthly Adam;'
made (II 14,13-1~). Her "",ond .ppearance a. the femin ine Speec h of
the Voic. parallel. the . ppearance of the Epinoi. or ,piritual he, who
",,"e.l. to Adam hi. true ".hape " or "form " (II 10,14-18; 2l.28-23,H),
Her th ird appearance .. t ho m.sculin. a nd fu lly articulate Logo< grants
fuU enlightenment by me.n. of the Five 5<.ls. the 5<th i.n b.pti. mal
On """ ,,!<.!5 . n<! ;n C, . ... {}, 1010) pf.d"l! h;. bri<f " " oj .... of l"'"' bort;""
'n , ," by th< _""
'olm t.ad o1..!)' bn 'mponJ by H,rod An"!"" , 'n
I<.," ng 'M adm jn;",."", of ,I
" n Wknhr..J.
u lh,,,, l"riOO', motd """"',.,, ;n John
O,t, ">-"'_<2,
" ",,,,rth<I<,,- 'n 'M
I"" of"" I'oorth ....1"1, 'M u"ft from
to d .. ;,y "''' "'" ., moaoh on ' h" '''''''J' of 'ncrw'ngiy
"""""J' mI,.
.. " 00.. Oft ' " ' kg ... ,n' of '"' m.cOn "" '''us ..
'I""k> On riddk, "n'"
"" po;"' of h', gJorioc...... on "" '''''~ .. .rn"h poXn' """",,, ,I<", ' " th,
'"""rl<.
00)' bo.", rom< from 'M r,,,,, ,,
obo so'"I! bock '0 ""
" ..I", (Jolon ,6,1>_"'),
'w'
,ff,,'
''''l!'' ..
"l< 102'1',
,rt"'"""
,,,,,,.10,,
tha,..,.
bo,"" ,
"""'"ri')'
'"
IOHN D. TU.~ ""
ritual (II 3O.12-31.2~)." Neverth eless, both t he Fourth Go're1 and

'he TrimorphIC Prorennojd cindy uoociat< 'he Logo< wi.h the ~nal,
definitive ""ge of revelation. While 'he Fourth Gospel dim ibu, ..
'he function, of Voie. and Word a mong di"inct human figure" the
Trimorphic Prorennoia .ttribute< ,hem 10 one and the same t ranscendental king, Pronnoi., .he i. not only th e Voice that gaw Ii.., to
'he he""nly Ch,i .. who ",' ahli'hed t he Four Light> and th e Sp<1'ch
,h.t (onfuses the Archo,.. it announ<.,. the imp<nding end of 'heir
regime, but .he i. also the Logo. who d"",ended 10 redeem 'he earthly
Je.u. from the ern .. and .I".. le her..,.,J in10 the light.
Just ..,Yeral Sethi.n text, con>true the bapti,m of t he Fi ... s....1
s vi.ionary >>cent in10 the tr.n>eendent.1 re.lm." 'he Fourth
GO.p<1 al.., int<rpre" baptism as. , ranscendental even', In con"""
'he 'ynop' ic accounts, John 'he Bap'i" dO<'> no' baptize Jesu> in
'he ordinary
of 'he lordan. bu, instead witnes ... 'he de>cen'
of 'he Spiri' upon lesu , he one who will baptize wi,h 'he Holy
Spirit (John U3), Thi. Spiri' i. identified bo,h a. 'he word. of le.u.
(6,63) and 'heir fu'ure re<>pitulator (1 4,26) ,hot will guide hi. di.
dple. in'o an tru,h (16,U). In 'he Nicodemu. dialogue of chapter 3,
i, "",m, ,ho, 'h e ",'angeli" may h.,.e taken a phr e from a tr.ditional
Christian li,urgy of bap'i,m 'hrough which one wa. ini'iated inlo Ihe
communi'y ("Unle" one is born Ifrom above' again?). he c.nnot <mer
Ihe Kingdom of God; John 3: ') and ' ran.fom,ed it inlo a form more
nearly parallel with , he Sethian doctrine of baptism vi.ionary
.>cent , " Unle.. one i. born from above, he ,..ill n",'er f a the Kingdom
of God" (John },})." In chap"''' 3 a nd ~>,..e I... rn that while lohn the
Bapti" w.s baptizing at Aenon ne.. Salim.Jesu> w.s in Iud ... baptiz
'0
"'''''r!
~ "m d y ;" ~ , , of "md<o.... rommm"'), Oft , . . Goopcl of ""'n. lh< ,n';",

,.,,'" of ,.. prop/><t." ,'S'nkd ooi.. (~, lohn ,.. "'Pt i" ~ ,.. \'.,.,. (_~) ,
whO. the s",'",,;.
ind<<d ,'" v _ ~ .. Od to bom< ,t.. J..osoo .. 0 f<nuk
~ ",nofom><d into 0 """'_ 11>< lh~i< ProI......... y "' .. p,..,;d<d lh< P""
..r I>KkgrounJ ['" th" throiogou""""'" ,'" ,h;"g
T
" '",af"n,,<d (rom f,mol, to nuk " "" "' i>dom ..- Hn'
of , .. "'r"'''''
<I<"y, ' n ".1_ "", ,,"00
Wi,"",m '" '" ,t.. Mol.., oft .. J..osoo, A, ,'"
.,"'''', of I" , mOO, wiMlom '1"00 ,,;,h ",m.oing . ~""l.o,"'"
th.t """""
from '" m.bon ,~~ ,,, ""pOng un', ,t..
"'i.oom ",,,,If ,ok... up
",';&oc< 'n lh<..-oo.l IT. .'''" ,~~ Ocr,
' ' .ogoo;
0",,,,," "...,,,,..
,.",.;&,,,
poi"' ,"",,,,
~ No",,])' ,'"
A",,'J1'I-
,ho, "" ....
'",.,.gh'
,,,
of ~", "" Tri"'ory/>i' ProIm...., tM
tilt',.""
A""~",,,
of
Ado .. , , .. GD'f, 6J_II" Turn" >006,
."d Sn-rin 1_
H
loh" ,'" "'F".~'. ;d<n"&.tio" of " ..,;n HI .. " h< who rom" from ,l>o",
(ih..bv)"
J~ ,,;,h NOood< ... , .00., a ;, '''' b;rth [rom ""''''_
,,00., I""'
"'_0''''
ing and making mor~ disdpl .. than John (although t he " .. ngelin or a
later r..Jactor den i~. til< tradition that le.us him",lf bapti,..J, cf. John
3B-3O; 4,1-2). In lohn 4 ,1 ~ .23. lem. 'ell. 'he Samari' an woman at
J.cob'. well that h e di>pen.e. a water that become. in one ... oo drink>
of it a .pring welling u p to eternal life. and that true worshipers wor.hip the Father in Spirit and trut h. a ,heme hoed again in lohn 7,38
to 'he .,/foct that .pring> of !.i'ing Water will flo ... from , he h.,.., of
the one who beli,,'" in him. Ind.. d. this Living Wa,.,r ... fin to be
identic al wi,h ei,h .. the Spirit or Jesu' word . or both .
Now in S<th i.ni.m. Lhing W .... i. freque ntly mention..J in both
th<ogonicai a nd bapti .m.1 contexts an d is ..,metimes d irtly a.soci.. ed
... ith J<'>u . In the Itpo<fyphon of John OJ 4.19-26), ' he prirnall uminosity .urrounding the In,'i.ible Spirit i. 'he Living Water from which
Barbelo emerge... his Fir" Thought. In th e Trimorphic Protnnoia
(46.16-19), the Logo< who descend. with the Fiv~ s<.J. is the one
who pours forth Living Water upon the Spirit below from out of t he
.pring of Living W"er, whic h i. identified with Protennoia hers,M a .
Voic~ of the di"ine Fi", lhought . In 'he Go,,,,1 of th Egyptia" S<th
appea .. in the form of the logo.-begotten I",u. beari ng the '<fed
bapti.m of the Five S<al. (l!l 62,24-64.9), For 'he (Sethian) Itpoc~Jyp"
of Itdam (8,,22-31). the hidden knowledge of Itdam bequea,hed to
S<th i. the holy b.pti>rn of tho>< born thro ugh t he logo> a nd t he
lhing Water in the pe=n. of the imperish.ble iIlumin .. o,,_ Indeed.
the laner 'wo tre .. i... (Go. Eg, I!l 64.10-12 , 66.10--11; It poc, It,/am
8' .30-31) explicitly identify J.. us with the Li,-ing Water "Yesseus
Ma .. reu. y .."""'keus: .urely a barbarization of the name "J.. u. of
N .... eth:
I..,' a . the Founh Go.pel .... nu to polemiciu-by .ilence- . gaim,
the t radition of Jeou' (and perhaps al", believers") b' pti.m in ordinary water, the Itpocaiyp" of Itlla", quite clearly regards bapti.m in
ordinary "'.... a. a mnns of ~nslaving its recipients to the ",ill of
the fi"il powers. The ~ond half "f thi> treati", (77.26-82,19) contains
thi"""n opiniom-,Il< I... of which 5m. to repre .. n t t he apo"olk
doctrine of bapt i:un-conceming the origin of t he "" ing IIlumin .. or.
who rKeh-e> nouri>hment, glory, a nd po"""r in the beyond, and then
com.. (down ) ' 0 the wate' -th .. i descends '0 e."h-wll<reupo n
he i. rKogni,ed. Bu, since ,he a uthor or a later r<ciac'or regard. mch
earthly ",,,"rs as polluted and chaotic. he r~jec" the .. opinion< in
f.vor of the ,';'w that t he Illuminator origin .... from .oo,-e. wh .. e he
r",ideo in the light wi,h the "thr.., irnperi.hable iII uminato"," Y
""ill.
IOHN D.
TU.~
MOl.reuo, Y....,dehus, Ihe Living IV aler." The incognilo d...:enlS of

Ihe Illuminator ..~ !<'Cognized only by Iho", baplized, not in ordinary eonhly ",..I <r, but lhrough. vi,ion oflhe living waler . bove. The
Founh Go.pel
seem, to ,einlerpm John '. w>l~r bapli.m in " >imilor w.y; I h~ Illuminator "com.. 10 I h~ w ....:.., lohn ha vi.ion
of Ihe 'piril coming upon Jesu., bUI nol upon on~ immersed in Ihe
eanh ly baplismal wa"" of the .ynoplic "ory, .ince .ccord ing 10 John
7.38-39, Ihe true baplism.1 wal~r i. Ihe Ihing w>ler of Ihe .piril
Like Ih. Sam.ritan woman', confusion of lhe Ihi ng ",".ter of <lern.1
life thaI le.us di.pen",. with Ih~ ordin.ry w.ter of
wd l, the
Bapli"', US< of ordin.ry water amoun" to igno... nc~, " I myself dOd
not know h im , but he who nt me 10 bapt ize wit h water said to me,
'He on whom you ..., t he Spirit descend and remain, this is he who
baptizes with th. Holy Spirit '" (Joh n U3). On. i. also reminded of
th~ Johannine Nicodemu., who ,ogIli ... leo", only on the ba.i. of
his ~"nhly ",If-manif'''.t ion, but. lacking bapt ism.1 r.,j,inh in water
a nd .pirit. can not undergo th. "i,ionary .scent 'equi,ite to .ntering
th~ kingdom of he.",n and ~ng Jesus" he",'~nly origin.
.1..,
.bo,...
r.col"
6. R ." [[.AYO MU"A' VOICE AN" WOO"
In the Joh.nnine tex" so f.r diocu.",d, the divine Voice se,ves as an

important re",latory medium. sometime< for glorification. sometimes
fo, judgment, ""d sometimes for both. Thus in the flpocrypho" of 101m,
on the one h.nd the ,'Oice of the .uprem. deity glorifi .. t he emergence
of h is and Sarbelo', .. If-generaleof
flOO the Holy Sptrit <completed the divi"" Self-origina.. , his >on ",ith
!\arbelo, '" as to h" ", htm ".00 near ,h. great and Imi. ible Virginal
Spirit .. II>e divine Autos''''"'' the Chri", tl>e 00< ",hom he honoreJ
..-ith. 1000 voic . (flp_ loon II 7,1~-2 1 )
On the o, her hand. in ,he .. m. work, when ,h. divine Voic~ of Pronoia
announces "Man exi", and Son ofM.n" (II 14,14-, ,) .nd .he maniher im.ge in hum.n form, the Voice, whose origin Yald.b.oth i.
un.ble ' 0 ""ognire, precipitate. a co&mK disturbance,
f.".
U .. """,,,, Y",an
M..,.",",
."""""leo>
(',,,",
to ",f" '0 "'" 0),,,, ' rP''"''''''
., ~ "'Y" ""# Ogu"' ...... ., "",,, ... ,"

Jnwn'""o.-{"/,. .. J",. '6,1_').
of "' .....,h ., rig!>'<ou>'>j

of "'"
11>< .nti" """n of th< fi"t rul<r tf<lnbl<d, . nd th. found. t.m. of tl><
. by obook, .nd through th< "'."'" that ar.o'~r n"mr til< low., rogion
[oIIon<1 from the ['War:",,, [ of his Image th .. had I>n "",..11 , And
~'h.n.1I the . uthori"",.oo til< fim rul<r gaz<d in 1I"""""n"",, tl><y
saw th< wool. of th< Io~" r'1ion moning. And through tl>< light, th<y
.. w in tl>< wat" tl><
ofth< Im'g<, (A.p. lolon I! 14.2-4-J..I)
p'"''''
.1..,
So
in the Tr;morpMc Protc"no;", wh.", P,ot.nn.,l. 'Pr<' " .ucc""i",ly" the Voic., Sree<h .nd Wo,d of the divine Fi,,, Thought ,
her Voic. not only conyey. "" '.I,,ion, but , I.., juJgm<nt :
111<n I too ",,.. kd my Voi ""retly, .. ying, -c.. .. ' De.i", ()'OIl
archon.) woo tl<. d on n","<" for behold I . m com,ng d.o~n to tl><
~'orld of "",,",. for th< u l< of my portion thot " .. , on thai plac. from
the tin'" "hen th. onn",<nl Sophi.i ..... <onqu<rl, m< ~'ho deo-c.n.Jl
10 that I might thwan th", . im whkh the on< r"... II by h<r 'proin", And all w<r< d..,u,btd, .."h on< ~'ho dw.11o in III< 00 .... oflll< igoof<lnl
hghl.oo th b)'so tr.mbll And th< Ar<hig<n<tOf of Ignoran '''gr,I
OV< ""ith.. kn<w th" that one waul ""'orne fo, him. ",n1<n" of dis
,,"ution 00' do<> he rogni"" th< pow" on him, (T"m , Pro" 40.8-29)
A similar ,<suit occur, wh.n Pro1<nnoi. ",y.al, herself th< .. cond
time a. the >ree<h of the Fint Thought 10 .nnounce the .nd of t he
Aeon of the ..chons:
And the Powers . 11 g.. h<r<d and w<HI up 10 Ihe Archlg<netor. [lhey
..Id tol hIm, -Wh<I< i, yOU! boasting in whkh Iyoo boa,, ]! Did w. not
[h< .. you uyl, 'I . m GOO ].nd! .ml ),our Fathe, . nd it .. 1 -.-ho ]beg"' ]
oo . nd tI><l< i, 00 ]oth", ] ""'ide mi' Now b<bo!d, ther. h.. ' pp,"'M
. J Vok. belonging to that invisible Sr<<<h of [th< A""nJ (.nd) which
w< know nol. And w< ourseiy"" did"", rogni"" 10 ,,-horn we belong.
10, that \'ok< ~'hkh ,,< listenl to i, fore isn to u~ .nd ~'e do not r<c
ogni'" it: w< did oot kno"" whC' it W:iI~ It com< . nd put fe" m our
mid" .nd w..hning in the m<mb< .. of ou, "n", So no~' '" us w""'P
. nd mourn
bi" .rly! AI lOr tl>< fu tur<, let w mm oor <ntil'< !lighl
tahn clown to th< bosom of tbe
before w< .1< irnprioon<d ""nol
undfrworJ.!. - (Trim , PrOf, 43,31-44, 1-1)
rna"
.,ld
A more comp,,,>ed v.nion of lh. sam< K.n. is offered by lrena.us

account of certain "other" GHostiu-later id<ntin.d by Theodo,<t
"S-eth ian, 0' Ophit"'--in A.,/wr.u. h",,,,,,, 1.30.6:
y .Idabaoth, """onllng h. ught), in 'I',rit. brassl OV<r< i. no 00<,him, <<<I<lming"l . m f.lII<r, and God, , nd
BUI ""hen h" moth" h<" d him..,..k thu~ , I>< <lied out ' pln" him,
-Do oot J.. , y.ldabooth: for til< fath .. of . 11, th< fi, M.n, i !><w. )'OIl
.bo,.
'"
JOHN D. TU.~ " "
,nJ '" i. Man tl>< >On of M. n."1h.n, ~'hil< all of'h<rn ~'<r< J",urb<J
by this n,w w i"" and ,t< u""<rt<J pfod.m".lll .nd ,,~'" ""'king ,t.<
""'". of t .... Iotld voK<. '" as 10 d ..,ract . nd ...tu,,. them ('" him"tf,
y . ld..baoth ad. i rnN, 'Come, I",", tlUk. m," .n" our imag.:
Similarly in the Fourth Goo?,], t he revel.tory meJium of t he divine

",ice con,",)", bOIh glor ificat ion ,nd j udgment. Th"" in John 12,28-13,
.ft.. ent.ring Jerusalem to ,hout> of "Hosann, ," le,u. invoke. the
Father 10 glorify the Son of Man th rough hi. elevation on the em..
with the word. "Falher, glorify thy " , me_' The",upon the divine voi ..
'1""""
lhe" , YOI c. m< from he.xen, "J h, Ye glorili<d it . nd I "ill glorify it
. gain: 1"" <rowd standing by h.Old it . nd .. id th .. " had ,hunder!.
an'~'<r<d, "'Ihis V<li
OIht!< .. id, An . ng.1 "",, >pOken to him:
h. Hon", for YO"' .. k<. not for miD<, Now;, the juds"wnt of thi, world,
now ,hall til< rulet of!hi" wotkl "" c.. t oot; and I, ,,-11<" I . 01 Itft<d up
from !h< .,.,!h, ~i ll draw ,II men to my><lf
I"'"
In 'he GO'rel of lohn, 'ho"" who do no' ",cognize 'h< d ivine vok. ,'"
"<fto'ypi as Je_ who durn 'he GOO of Isr.el ,. ,h.i, Fa,her, bu, do
no' 'Kogni.e 'he divine voice:
""ic.
And ,0. h''''', ~'ho ",n' ttl< 11>. him .. lfborn< wi" ..., to me, H"
)'0 " h,,'< "ev" he"d, hi, fOfm you 11>,.. '''".. , >n, and you do not
h".. h .. word abiding in you, f", you 00 not b<l .., .. htm ,,-hom h< h.,
nt, Uohn '1037-).8)
No, do t o.y recogniu the Goo who", wo,d J<>us 're.k"
l<tu. , 11>"-,,1, -If I glorify my",lf, my glot)' i. "othllll' iI i, my fa!h
..-ho glorifi.. ""', of ~'hom you say thot he i, YOU! God, U, you 11>,.. not
kno..." him, I know htm, If I .. id. I do oot kno", him, I >hotdd I>< a liar
lil< you, but I do koo,," him , nd I keep hi, word. (John 8. ~-")
In fact the), are devo,eft, not of God. but of the devil,
If God wet< your h!h, you ..-ould 10... me, for I P!o<<<"<ied.nd can",
forth f"o" God, I cam< no' of my own ..",rd, oot h< ot me, Why 00
you oot und<ntand ..-hat I "y' It is I>aus< )'ou cannot ""at to "'..
my W<l rd, You at. oi)'ou! father!h< d<viI, . nd )'0 "' ~'ilI i" to 00 your
"Ulrde"" from the !><ginning and h.. ""thfath. r'. ooir ... He
ing '0 do ~i th ,II< truth, I>, u", the .. is no 'ru!h in him , \Vben he 11e~
'" >pe>.h .ording to h" o~'n natut<, for h< i, a lia, and the n!h of
11<., Bu" I><ca .... I1<1I the truth, you oo"ot
me. WhKh oirou
(onvic" rn< of ""' If 11<11,11< truth, ~-IIy 00 you 001 btl;"'" "",1 He
..-ho ;. of God he ... 'h< word. of God, 'he ",uon "'hy rou 00 not "'..
th<m" 'hat you ate not of God, (John 8.41-47)
"'a"
""Ii" ..
M"IdU' mutandi" bo,h , he G>.re1 and Apocrypilon of lohn charKterize 'he Jew. and 'heir le.der:< as .ccusing /..,;u. ofheing a Ii .. who ha
l>anJonro 'he ,radi,ion> of the f.. he .... In the GO'ret
H< i, le.ding ' he P""pl< am. y_ (John 7012)
And in , he Apocryph,,,,,
The Phari ... l<ald ' 0 him], I-Th;, Nnare"" ha, greatlyl .J<,:<lved )'Ou,
and helh., filled )'0111" <on wi,h li..land ,looed 1)'0111" nllnd,l.nd '111"1>1
yoo from the ,,,dlt!.:'" of)'OUr . nsto ..: (Ap_ loon II l,lJ- 171
In t hi, ..... 'he "'pro..,nt. ti ... of ' he Jew. i. the Phari"", Arimanios,
clearly a parody on the name of the Zoroastrian evil .pirit Ah';m ,
who>< .... n,i.1 nat ure i> expressed in hi. princip.1 epithe' D"'j. '1he
Ue," which expresses i,..,lf gree.", wra,h, .nJ envy.
The Joha nnine under... nding of tho>< who reject Je.us' teaching
as children of the devil conn" with the Apoayphon of lohn', en,ire
port"'yal of the powers of darkne .. who cre ... d and rule the lower
world. This lower God i. 'he f.,her of 'he co.mo. who .. nature i
hown by hi. ac" of hOlttility .nd ignorance. He brought . n of human ity in'o death .nd d ..ire by f hioning 'he firs' hum.n according '0
hi. own image and from 'he ",bst.nc. of his lo~r power$, and finally
'he nesh, A. in 'he Fourth Goopel. 'hoo< who reject Jesu. are the children of thi. 10,.... God, no' by nature, bu, benu .. they have no' )'et
,Kei ... d the 'rue Spirit.
7. T"E /tPOC""HON OF IOHN AS T ~
Gos~H
CoMPlOTJO" Of T""
Of Jo""
A. Karen King poin" out , -The fact ,h a' the <n, ire S,,1 R.....I,,';on
af 101m i. framed a. the ,eturn of Chri.. '0 complete hi. revelation
and ,how 'he w.y l>ack '0 'he Di>;"., Realm m.k .. it poMibie to ",ad
it .. 'he completion of Chr;'t'. ,,,'elation in ' he GOItpel of John, 'he
fu lfillm<n t of hi. promi '0 ,eturn .nd >how ,hem 'he w.y back to
'he Father,"'"
A. post- , .... ,,tion d; .Iogu.. , ' he Cop';c version. of the A p,,<typhon
of lohn are intended to darif)' 'he Fourth Go'rel'. compa .. tively more
OO",ure ,evelations . ttribu,ed '0 pre-crucifixion savior still Y~ilro
""
IOHN D. TU .~ ""
,h.
in th e fl ... h. While
Fourth Go'r<] b<gim the .. ory only wit h the
.ppe. ranco"f 'he logo the flpocryph""
t its true beginning,
with the lnvi>ible Spirit a nd hi. Fi", Thought, who>< child, the Christ,
subseq uently '<que", 'he 'ppe. "''''' of Mind, Wilk .nd logo>. The
Fourth Go'rel'. (arew.,u dialogues l>etw.. n 'he prNrudjixion le.u
nd hi. uncomprehending d i,dple. Pe .. r, Thorn a nd Philip concorning hi. promi>e<l mum to the Father a re now ,upplemented by
John '. po"-~,cm,ion <nwynler with 'he very S.,-;or who h.d Ind<ed
. lready returned to the F.ther just as he had predkted. The ,-eiled ref. r.n< to the many room. of h i. Father'. hous< to which t he earthly
Sa,';or had promised to
hi. (oUowe" in John 14,2-3.r< now darifi..J in detail, as i. the unity between 'he Father a nd the Son (John
](HO, 17,11,22), J",u. ;, 'he Father, Mother .nd Son, In h i. c. pacity
the ble..ro Mother-Fath.,. o,rist h.d alreaJy eleyated th e primordial
....J of Seth to the Father'. m.ny-roomed hou ... namely the Four
Aeon. whkh he him .. lf had previ<lU.ly prep.red "'fore th is world had
ewr come to be.
lhe .. treme re.lized ""'hatology and transcendentali.m of the
Apoayphon of 101m. while constituting a tolerable extemion of some
of the main doctrine> of ' he Go.per. first , wen' y ch.pter... strongly
contr.", wi,h the d octrine of the Joh.nnine I.. ters. which emph ize
th e importance of Je.us' fie.h ly incarnation, hi. expi.tory de.th on the
ern ... the =:ramenta] con.umption of hi. Ae.h and blooJ. the corpore.lity of hi. re.urrection body nd hi. futu re . ppe. rance at the I."
day to rai.. up hi. own. The .u, hor or a uthors of , ho", c.nonkal let'e" m.y even h.w been re.pon.ible for , .. rious gloo.se.'" . nd revi.ion.
to the Fourth Gospel that emph"i" , he .. ,arne no, ion . C h'p' er 21
.... m. to comti,ute .uch reyi.ion. where the >on. of bbed.. . ppear
for the first time in 'he gO'pel, .Iong with certain other disciple> they
wit ne .. Jesus' ' hird" re.urrection appear. nce. 'hi> time in G.lil...,.
while ch.p'''' 20 already narrates thr... . ppe. ranc<s in I.,usalem. one
".rt
,.k<
~ for mmpl<, <h< "",,""t.... ",',..." n ".li"d and fu,"" ,,;, ",,"-t<>log)' On ' '''p,,, 6. wh"" on <h< """ "'nd.lh< "' I ~",,'" ""nal ~ f< no .. (Jolm Hl .'<'-">"); on
,I.< oll.<, "'od, "'" "'I....'" wiI ", ",,'.N"r" tl.< /a" dor- (B .,. ,'"')_SOm Uuly,
on ,t.< on< bond.
Hr. " r<<<,,.<d by "'1..... '''11 'n ,t.< Son (6,,..,,,,,,.,,.6J).
-Mk on ,I.< """r. "",,.1 10k a n "' " .. ,=! only through .."ns "' ..i tk ...nd
drink'ng h', blood (BJ_"), .JJ"w"8 , ~ud.. ri"~ , ..... iN who><
by
tl.< "-- ... ,),'n8 ... '" " lh< /a"
p,,,,,,,",, no '1'1"''"' . ",.nC On ""h
" " " " .... ~ > lOCh,,, !o", ' "_"'. bu t """'" Aoo.non ' 0%, and d;"u";'n "'
,,,mol
i""'
,,",om",
'Uf'f'<'
>000.
"""lot....
to Mary M.gd.len~. on~ to the di .dpl~ with Thoma. absent nd one

to the d i.dpl", with Thom p .... nt, JUit a. the 'prearance to M.ry in
chapter 10 "",m.to be r..nctionally interruptOO in vv. 1-9 portraying
comp.rati,-e race between Peter and the BelovOO Disciple to imrect
the empty tomb, >0 also in chapter 21 J~u ingle. out Peter .. the
le.der of the church who i. destinOO for mart)'Idorn, while the Beloved
Disciple, who i. cI.imed .. th e gO'rel' uthor. will merely rem.i n
.Ii,-e until le.u' future parou.i .
In contrast with Jem' future parou.i. at the end of d.y. ~nvi.ioned
by ch.pter 11 .nd the loh.nnine letters, the Itpoawhon of loon portr.ys t hi. parousi occurring in Jeru lem only .hortly aft" t he
even" described in the ~""rel, .nd in effect challenge. th e leadership
role John 21 ... ign.to Pete' b), h " 'ing the post-.sc~n.ion le.u ppoint
loon the te.cher of hi, fellow disciple .. In doing >0, the Apoayphon
r~a ... ,," the lerusalem location of the apre.r.nce. in chapter lJJ ov~r
against the Galilean location of chapter 21, in an.w~r to lohn'. statement thot Jesu. had "retumM to th~ place whenc~ he c.me: t he
Pharis Arim.ni".' taunting ~.pon>< impli~.th.t the d<'Ceiv~r Ju.
h.d merely returned to Nazoreth of Gali","" wh ereupon Je.m .uddenl),
'pre'rs to John in a mountaino"" pl.c~, not in G.lilee-as John 21
and the apostolic GO'rel of M.tthew h.,-e it-but ne.,the leru .. lem
temple,
8. It PARAllL HlSTOR'
o.
CH x tsTOWGICAl
R.fl.CTtoNl"
Th is stud), has .uggested a cert.in pa",lIeli.m het"...,n t he Joh .nnine

and S<thi.n m~men", in t hat both would h.ve originatOO a. non o,ri"i.n bapti.m.1 """, The one con.iitOO partly of the d i>ciples of
John the B'pti", who ,..ere de ... loping piritu al interpretation of th e
bapti.m conferred by t heir m aiter who-on Bultm.nn'. hypoth ..i.they beli<ved w m.nifested among them to bring light into t he
d.rkness, a. in th< Benedict"" .ung by 7-<'Chariah at John'. birth (luke
1076-79). The other wa. developing. tr.nscendental b'pti.m.1 rite a.
the ... hide of enlightenment conferred by t he d ivine First Thought
aprearing as the Logos be.ring the Five 'e.I., in the Itpo<')-pllO"
af fohn', Pron"ia monologue. Near the end "f the fiBt cent ury, it
IOHN D. TU.~' ".
,m. thot both the prologue and the Pronoi. monolog"" underwent
Christiani""ion : t he prolog"" in Johannine Christian drcl~ when it
w,", adopted by t he ....ngelist or hi, .ucc<ors and m.de to refer to
Jesw.. and the Pronoia monolo&"e in Chri>ti.ni",d "Borbeloite" drcl ..
when it "'.,., construed a. the conclu,ion of Chri,,', final .. If-revel.tion
a, the divine Fir" Thought to John son of Zebedee_
Sometime in the early to mid-""ond century, t be lohannine letters
allow u, to detect at least two and perhap. three wing' of the Johannine
church." Se,e.-..l JecaJ. . .go, Raymond Brown" characterized one
wing a. repres<ntoo by the a uthor of th e lohannine letters who maintained dos< contact ",ith t he apootolic churches in hi. imi"ence on
Jeous' advent in the flesh and hi. future parou.i., and the other-more
domin. nt-wing a, "",,,,,ioni.,, from the original community who
denied the full humanity of Jeou. and do"""played th e importance of
the earthly life of .ither Jesus or the beliewr. The . mall .. group strow
to maintain contact with the apo"olic church .. anJ may have fadli.. ted thi> contact by a .ub""luent revi.ion of the go>pel (.uch .. the
aJd iti"n of chapter 21) to bring its somewhat otherworldly Christology
into line with the m"re domin.nt apootolic emph ..i. on t he saving
significance of Jesus' mini"ry, death a nd r<sufftion a, witn....J by
the Synopt k Go.pel., Thi> group m.y h"'e . ucceeded in winning the
acceptance of the gasl"'l among .uch sond-century tra<iitionali". a.
lrenae", at a time when it "'" being claimed by Gnostic Christian.,
including Sethian exeget .. like the final redactors of tbe Apocrypho"
of John a nd the Trimorph ic Protenna;a .. well a . Valentinian exegete'
such a. He.-.deon, Gh'en Brown', hypothe";., ..,m<time around the
middle of the ,"",ond century, it i. po>.ible that the Sethi.n> behind
the Apocryphan of John and the Trimorphic Prole"no;a made common caus< with the ult.-.-high Chri>t"logicaJ thinking of tho>< whom
the author of I J"hn considered to be .. ee .. ioni", who reje<ted the
propitiatory blood of the "as. in favcr of t he .pirit of truth received
in bapti.m, .inee for them the true ad,-ent of r<s", OCCUffed t hrough
the .pirit, that i. the living water of bopti.m (Joh n 1033; 3 : ~; 4,10-14,
7.38-39; 1 3, ~ , but comra 19a4; I John 5:6-8)" In eIft, t hey sided
with the """";oni,,. in t he .. ruggle over the correct interpretation of
S,,, 'fhilro'OO4,14t_nt.
~ Bro,m
Ilro",. ""', i"'"i"" M.n)",
~
, ,.
~
S<,
t.",,_n
p"",,, >00"
t.,.., ;<wi." . oo "',,',. H'"E"1
JIll_J.", , n<! 'f,<bilro >004,1"_190.
the gosJ><k d ir<Cti ng thems'!" .. agai nst t il< p. rt i.. n. of the autho",)
of the Johannine lette". Ely casting the S<th i.n protology, .. cred hi, tory .nd soteriology into. di.logu< between the r;"n Ie"" and lohn
>on of Zebedee, the autho.-. of the Apo<ryphon of loon in eff<.ct . 1>0
Joined in this struggle.
BtBllOGa H'iY
u.",.oJ
Aoo.n<m. P .. ', Iv Q"Ul%rr of'"' ,'"",," "".pd' II,

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( '977).
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P'' '''''', . A., . "]"" "~ u ", oi S<1h C"""," Ii" ..,"".- 1... RNiorowry of C"""Ki.....
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PTOLEMAEUS AND THE V ALEl-.'TINIAN EXEGESIS

OF JOHN'S PROLOGUE
Tuom., IU.im u,
Un;,'ersity of Helsinki & U nive"it" L..1I1
In """eral .. udi<> of the early reption of the Fourth Go'p<I, it i
... ted that lohn', Gospel "'., fir .. properly accepted and .dopted by
the Valentinian, of whom the first one w Ptolem.eus, I Ptolemaeu.
not only wn'idered the go.pel to I>< .postolic but .1", wrote a commentary on if> prologue some time during t he t hird quarter of t he
sond century. Such statemenu-b.",d largely on t he old raradigm
of the early catholic reluctan tow.rd. lohn', G",pel. well on
lrenaeus deKription of. Valent in i. n "mood 'l"tem"-... in need
of corrtion. Ptolem.<u. and t he Valent in ian. do not app<.r to have
beoen the first Chri"ian, to accept t he Fourth Gosp<1 as apostolic.
Instead, it willI>< argued in th is .... y th.t Ptolem.eu. adopted hi. ""'Y
of ""ing t he Fourth Gospel', prologue., a proof-text for Valentinian
theology [rom .n anti-Marcion ite Rom.n di",our", from the lloOs,
lh is mean, that the Roman congreg. tKm, h.d .Ire.dy .ccepted t he
Fourth Gospel by th e time Ptolemae"" wrote, and that con""luentiy,
Valentinu. himself wa. prob.bly well a",.. re of the gwp<1. The pict ure
drawn he .. of Ptolemaeus us< of the Fou rth Gospel willI>< based primarily o n hi. a uthentic utter to FIord, preserved by Epiphan ius (Pan ,
33.3-7), .nd second . rily on the P'olemae.n comment.ry on lohn',
prologue p.... rved by lrenaeyo (Adv, ha", L8.~), who", a.aipt ion to
Ptolem.eus h imself, however, i. only stated in 'he Latin ,,,tn.lation of
Irenaeus text, and i, mi.. ing from t he Greek fragmen' p ..... erved by
Epiph.nim, Other exampl.. of Valent inia" u s< of the prologue wiU I><
di!-(u.sed along.ide the .. two primary "Ptolemaean" c.....
'"
TUO.uS USIM US
In ,hi. didactic letter, which has been d ... ifil either as protreptic'
or is'gogie,' and which carefully follow> 'he pattern of Gro- Roman
public 'ree<hes.' Ptol,rn u. add ,=<> a woman coliN! Flora and discusses the origin and nature of Mo .. ic Law. In the introd uction a nd
narr.tion part. of 'he letter, Ptolemaeu. introduce. t wo erroneous
,jew. concern ing the origin of both 'he law a nd creation ,h. t h . ...
been put fo ..... rd by othe"-,'ie,,,~ that deri"" 'h"", from t be perf""
God and the d""ik ro'p<'<,h..,ly. He then proc...Js (in the .pecific.tion
and argument.tion part. of the leiter) 10 .how with 'he word. of the
Lord (accord ing to Matthew) and ' he oro")" (Joh n and raul ) how
'he~ v .. "'~ are wrong. and how hi. own >olut ion . which trac the
law and croa,ion back to an ;nterm..!i. demiu.,;., i. to be proferr.d
as true apostolic , .. ching. According to Ptolem aeu<, tll< law i. no t
wholly dh'ine, . ince Moo<. a nd the e lde" have made add ition. to i" it
its t hus t ripani1O,' In aJdition. the d ivine ponion i. itself trip.rti.. a.
it contain ...:tion. t hat are (I) pure but imperfe<:t, like t he Dec. logue,
and these t he Savior came to fu lfill, (1) mixeJ with injustic<-ba>ed
on the p ri ndple of "\"e nge out of necessity due to the harshne .. of
people-like the "'"te for on eye: .nd these the Savior came to demo)"
and (3) 'ymbolic. like ritual law. concerning .. crifice .nd circumci.ion, and the .. the Sa.,ior tnm.formeJ '" they were no longer adequate
except 'piritually, Because the law i. thuo to.n extent imperie':t a nd
inadequate but.1so fighu evil. it cannot come from the t"", God who
i, good, or the do,,,1 who i. evil. but from. god that i. neit her hxoOO
nor evil b ut j"'t (';(~",,,,,) -although h.rsh in hi. j"'tke.
, >.1\-. "og<t 2OOIl. ,""_
""_
.,..bch .... """"

Dun<i<.t..'II I>OOO. 19_"") , folio..- in! wakk'. 1t0%.
of G=o_Komo. ""'l ~ .1" ..... divi<!<. tM
in', .'" 1"''''' (I ) tn"oo"".,.,
fJorooi,"""",,,,,h/i",", P. 1J.J_l~ (1) "",,'''''
P _ 1J.J.l_1);
(J) Sf><,;tK""", of th< toy>< (p<","''''IJ'","" P. JJ.J.lj, )
(pi"i>!
orp""""'''' P. JH_t_";); (' I Co"d u<ion 1'1'i"ro>l<oM","" P, . 1J.1.3_Wj_
, 5.im.,-, 0&.. ""'''' ,","I.. ",S '" ,,,., .m and .. OO<W! n!","" Pt.'"' (0..-.[
"5---"~ '1'. l_to., "' .. 1.101_"11. ,.", ..... rtyr (Viol. " j nd tM ,"tho, of
,I.< P"OOo_Ci<tn<n" '" H"",'iiN (L 'MJ--+I" ', J .3O," .") Uk,,,,,, drtmro "" ....
<ndJ.,- "" nhubi< I"rt. ,. ,I.< M"", ~ Low (""t ... '" _ ' " fo< " ... mpI<.
d", '0 "" ",",d_l.<.rtl",,, of ,,,., ).....1. .lthough ""r dOd '"" n<."'~ ......
,I.<
trip'''''' din,,,,, of
5<, Qu"p<t t"<'06. t6t!., .-.lJoo .. ,~ . nd
Dom",.t..,s >OOIl. Of_".
kt,,,
..,t_.,,) ,On"'''''''''
(."""""",,,,,0..
"'II"= n"'''''
odd".,.,.
m'"
"'''''",."u,
"TOlMAWS A"" THE J'kOlOGU'S VAHNTI>llA>I UG""IS 147

Almost all commen lalo,,' Ih ink Plol.ma<W1' letter was influen ceJ
by l he Mordoni!e ",hi.m Ih at b<gan in Rom. in 'he eorly 140./ It i.
u.ually st.ted th.t Ptolemaeu. wro'e .gainst Mordon .nd his followe"
when he r~uted the view ""cord ing to wh ich th e law and creation Of.
the devil', hand iworlc' Admittroly, Mordon ne".r .. id exfly that ,
M.rcion', point w'"" that YHWH cannot b< t he true God becau se h i.
I.w .nd action, are not charac1<rizod by goodne,. but are driwn by
warmongering blood-thirst and just ice b,a..,.j o n r""~ng~,' Mordon,
new"hele,., newr id~nt ified YHWH with th~ d"'il , Comm~n,.to",
thus usually ....u m. that Pto J.e m a~u. misrepre.m tod M. rdon', view.
her<. rerh.p. in order to m.k< hi. own oolu lion ..,m dearer and
more piausible. " On the oth~r hand. some Gnostic" lik~ the author
of the Apocf')phon of '01m, did consider YHWH to be ,h. d~vil."
However. >orne of Mordon', I.ter follow~" also .. em t., ha,'~ rushro
their master', argumentation to thHonci u.ion ,hat YHWH ""'. evil;"
. nd ..,m~ h~rftiologi'" h k~i .. pr<->ent Mordon'. view. in <u<h a
man ner that i! could he ~a.il)' thought that Moreion'. cre.tor god wa .,
in fact, th ~ devil," Ptolemaeu. dOft not .p<-<ify who the f"'OpJ.e .r~
who think the law and creatio n deriw from t he devil , H~ i imply
"-g., 'loi.p<1 1"";.'_ loo."""n I.. '. 132_ 137, ",.rueh;" ''''''', "'_130;
t"''''''< ' 3>OO8, l7_"'.
m<nt .... "","'n in , .... ".".
,... ,.,-;!h I'tok ....... ,. '-"It" '" Hm.
Uj"'" " ..,. "") do<.,.,.
, urnp< 1OOJ, >OJ .

"" qu;>p
ump<"""''''' ''''. OJ, ,6" "",,.di , _, JJI;

loo.""",n ' '''', Ill_'''' and M"k .. h", '000, 13J_13O.
Philo t..d ><>Iv<d th< probkrn u{ YHWH'. ocwion.U ..... y
o.KriOOl
On th< K';
by o.J.!I'''''!I po,i>h"",n" .00 "'"" knolr ",,-,,'"i<, '0 ... bo<ili",,,
b<ing>, .ndllilint God .. "go] f'DW<' If\=,)u"" ;%,,,,,<->1, 'h", r", .. ",ing ,0. ,,,"... "",,,,, &nd soodn<" u{ U<>.! him " If. s., Un! ,,9- ''''
176- ''", ~ ....
b<""_.
pi""'.
,,,,oI
UI>- 111.
lhw Qu."",1 ,..,.;. , I. Cf. ..."kKhi<, 2{100 . ''"'.

~p . }OOn, YaIdoOooth pl,)" 'h< rok. u{ both YliWH.nO th< <In." . Ii" fo<
, ... rnpk. ;.""" th< fill< """""""'~i< d.,rn (11 1J,1_.).nd b""th<.
Adorn who
0."""" . [;, ., (".H-m. 'M 0. .10" "p<' ~V< (" ,,_34).nO
mat""'" ro.- th< 00'" in ,obb'n'" ,,,."',, . s.,
"'" p.., .....
and .. ~ m ". 1OO'h.
" Ap<IJ..
' h<
0. 'h< .!n''', whik rn ..... 'n;nt thot . goo<!
POW" u{ th< goo<! God " ..,,," ,0. wOOd, M",", oom","",," M"' .... i"" God rnI;
, nJ
ri< of .... " ..... , doc"'o< r"",nkd ;n H~lt "" "',"'.';0, ""''''h .. ~gn'
th< "", .... to , n """ ';' ;' y (... .0; 0' Mm .... Ai-p,. ~ """,,,,-,,,,,,,,,, ... i ''''''''' ru
."' ..... , ..... """",h " U8-19), rroboblr ",." from P"'P"". s., "",,",k 1m.
,6<>- '%, "rtf.
" 0 ., "" " . mp/<. th< "I"".""n, ", ","'" of ,. U~ - On '<on""., A . !..",. 1.1'-',
~
" 'n
'n '.,
""1"'" I..'.
,,<.aN ....."'.,,-
111.'")-".,,, '"'"
'_. " _><>
,.""ili-<,,"
,b<
.".j T,~"llion.
"OK '-'.
wwg;"'" ,,,
'"
TUO.uS USIMUS
refuting" doctrinal positKln t hat could apply to Gnotics a. well a. to

radical or mi"'p..",n''''' Marcioni....
Wheth .. Marcion; are indudNl among the .. opron.n" or not,
Ptolemaeus own po,ition doe. 5<'<rn to I>e influencod by Marcion',
idea . " Ptolemaeu. ha. been char"" eru..J au -mooerate M or cionit.:"
and ind.,.,cl t ~r< are 5e'>'.,a1 roi,," of contact be' .,.""n the solutiono of
f'tolema.u. and Marcion, as Dund<rberg ha. shown ," both Ptol,rna.us
and M.rcion (]) regard YHWH as an inferior cre.tor goo ""ho ;.jus<
but not good; (2) emph ize the negati,"
of YHWH ', iwtic",
(3) roin. out internal contradiction. in YHWH ', I."" and (4) con"'"
the ,eoching. ofYHWH and the Good God repr.5entod by Mo ... and
J.<u r"p<cth..,ly." aeOIly, ?lolomaell" vi.". of YHWH ""'. not as
n<goth', as Marcion '., a nd he .['" did not deny Christ hi. role in <"'ation, a. did Mardon. Bu, Ptol.maeWl apre'" ' 0 h..'e been re.-.u.ded
by ",m. of Mardon '. argum.n" for dis' ingui,hing ' he Jmt YHWH
from the gOO<! God, while re,h.p' at 'he .. me ,ime oppo<ing more
radical Mardonite views ,h ., o,'erly m ... YHWH ', nega'iv. "rect .
Fin.lIy, 'he ,opi< i"elf of 'he letter _m. '0 be influenced by 'he
M.rdonite schism, 'he question of 'he relationship of Mosaic law (and
' he r.wi'" scrip, ures) to 'he ,eaching. of r u. and 'he .postle> had
become acute due '0 M.rdon', radical ",Iution." All this ,u&g''''
' h e .trong po .. ibilit), 'hat 'he M.rdonite schism is ' 0 be found in 'he
background of P,olemaeu' 1.<11" FJor~, and 'hat , 1>< opponents do
include M"donite ..
Thi .. , hen, bring. WI to the qu."ion of P,olem..,u' US< of John . A.
noted abo"e, Ptolem.eus us<. th. word. of 'he Lord .nd the .po<1Ie.
a. proof-'ext> '0 .uppon hi. own po<ition, a. w.n as '0 abn.gate 'he
o,her
view. 1>< conside .. erroneou . Ptol.",.euo dte. Je.u. from
M.nh .... a. hi. main wi'neM nine time.," and the .postl.. raul and
"'pee'
'0
'wo
,. Qui,!,,1 L%6. 'I, "" ..... ""'11 , roo. 07_"'.
"
....., ''''.'''
Do.md<""'11 >008, "-",.

" '>u ..... ""'11I"""". ") odd. th.t n<;',"" ...,.,..... , noT ."",cion ''i<ct<d MoW<
I.,.. .J,os,"" , .. """""'" odm;!<..!.; .JM! IN I""' .J,hough"""" Cl"o~"",
.00
I'!oI<m""., >CC<p\"! i' ,,;!h mod;lk"",,,~ Ho","",. th;, 0' _ , ;n mr opini_
"'Y <__ p..-alH moo' Chri"",n, "'''pO..! Mo .. " ..... only ,,;!h mod,.,,.' .... ,
(although ...I1y ,,;,h ,maI~ , On<' tho" ",.o,mHUO). ~'h<",.. th< <om r~ " """ W
of it> . . I",
["" Cl" o~"", .... ""'.
,,)I"
Com!" n"""'" ,.71, ''''_''''.

P . JJ.6.', M.n " ," on p"". " .6.J;
" M. uur;" "'" . JJ.6.' ; Mol'
Mol ' ' Ul ;n p"". JJ.J.'; M. t< 'l," in "'"- " .Hi Mol' 'H on "", . J U " M.
B_'" P . JH."; M", 1 ~.6,,; " "",. "" . ; Mol' 10,17 on p" . JJ.,.,.
"TOlMAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU'S V AHNT!>llA>I UG""IS
149
John a ... condary wiln<=>.ix !imesc Paul five 'im .. ," .nd John one<
(fohn U,lO_I!)." F'tolemaeu' allusion '0 John, 'f'Kifically '0 , he
prologue, occurs ,oward. the beginning of 'he letter, in the "",mtio,
and in a con!~" whe,~ h e refu,e.the 'heory tho, 'he creation and I.w
dorive from , he deviL A. proof-, .. ts '0 coun'er this opinion, he fir"
cite< Matt ILn a. an a uthoritat ive saying of Je.u and then lohn
LlO-11 and U in a som<wh., free combination. as ano,her proof-text
from.n opo>tle ("~i><HOl.o.;),
ui . ia "'" ~ W).,; ~"",ofI<;",, .. rouI~v <if<"~ """",,,n ~I~"" i> _,~~

ilo.... ~.~""o . 1" t< tit, tou ...... ,,()U fut",owy;", ,~""'> i6;", 1.i-,<,
"''''' ' tU u ..i"" 6, ,,"ioU ""'''''''''' '''; I"",,,
-,quvi." " ~v
" ~'';''I","" . _.",u~ ,~,
",n.\~vt.,. avu",",,,,wv
,'U; ~,,,,,,~, (Am ,
"""iav. "'" "" ~U<()U 11.00. i.J.JiA 6 ..
33.H-6, <d HoU 1911, 4'1.11- 17).
,. .
",,,OO
"i""
Sa,,,,,
".00'
FOl 001
has ded.l'lth. t "A house or city Ji,ided .gain" " .. If
cannot
IM"t \2.2'). And furth<r, to depri,~ 'h< I;'" befor.hand
0{ tberr "nfo"ool ",><10m, ,h. 'p,,>!I< "Y' ,ha, ",I>< motion of
""",Id ..long< him [John U(}-II) . nd that "aJ1 'hing> ~'''' mad. "r
/ri", "nJ ",,'/rmg i. ",ad.
hi", l UI, lh .. i~ by . j .., God who
h>.t.. inOq""y, nO! . god 0{ co,,"!,uon (F. WiIli.ms, " ...L. with modr
fi.c "ion.s; my <mp"';,),
'0
'h,
"",ho"1
Two issues n..,J d.rificotion here. Fim. mo.t comm~n'''o" hav~

b)'pa"""d th~ reference. '0 w r ... lQ--11 of the prologu~, noting only
the more or Ie .. acc urate citation ofver .. 3." But the word ilii, (Pan,
33.3.6; Holl ~'1 ,14) makes an imrortant .1I",ion 'o,er.. II of t he
prologue, where it i. "a'ed that "He cam~ to what wa. hi. own, and
hi. own f'K'pled id no' Kc<pt him (NRSVr (f.i, ra i/\,,, ~Afkv . mt oi
,/i,m "~rov 0\, '''I'''iwl\col). Thi. then further .uggem tho, t he word
n ,.'" I Co:ph ,, " ' n P. ".6.6. A, Ptok"""., >m, ,. . .,.,
, Co< H in "" .
Rom
o..n "n_ "'
600 1<'''''
own _ , '"""",",ns ,I.< ",,",100-,,,,,,,," of ,I.<
~"'" p,ul '" 'n !b" '"''''''', broughl 'n .. Ib< ""'" ... "",., (~om
"",. JH'U ' I
" "'I!'"
".""
n.; , Co< H
in
(>000. mol ... , "!I8'''N "", I'lok ...... , ""y,J",,-rl<r ,. lOOn 1;[1
("'110 0;,& .. ;,;;,.,. ... "",,,,,,,. """'l"";"; !I.i>; " ...,
IOv ,,,,,- "'" .., ''''''' ;
;~,,-,;,.,uro ) in "", . HJ.7 1 .. Ib<, of al~ "hom ,.,.,. bu, <h< only on< ~ho kno..-,
h'm "" <om< , ..n. knmon-, IOv no. & - ,nIT",,- Ov """" i!.lli.. " ....... r ilioO.;
"","'_.1, buo 'hi> moy obo b< r<f"""", ,. M", 11;27 {'''',m "'" """,,&l&rt DR
,i,
".1""
10;; .ale<>; ,"", ... i """'- ;~,,..'"""" ..... '"'" ri '" " """" 0;,& 'Ov .nl i"" ".
i~", ..."" . i ."" """ ...1 '" ro, Po".."a, , 0"" ,,"" .....,;.., <1 (,hu, Qu"1"1 ''i<\6.
"'
0 ,,01 { I . " ,, ).nd Quj'pd 1l'i<\6. <01. bu..-",u,
"""" ll .
/u,',"",,,, II.<
.a._
I.
TUO.uS USIMUS
,~v
,,,;; ~OO~"" 5~~!O"P"I{(" a,~ a pcaraphru< of , ..,,'" 10 (John 1,10,

b <oo~os; 1\,' a~fO~ 1:r""fO). Mor...,,,,,, Pro!.maeu' aro"olic quota,ion i. divid.,J in'o 'wo pcan. by 'he pcanicle ,< prIing bo,h pan.
of 'he quo'ation (i.e., IO}--Il and 3), and 'his .uggests ,ha' a1.., 'he
fir.. part (IO}--II) i. meant '0 be an act",,1 quotation from lohn. albei,
a free one,
Second. 'here are ,~xtLlal prob!.m. here, Holl, follow.,J by Qui'rel,
emend.,J 'he word caufO;;> betw""n ,he word. 5~~IQ"P"liav and
il\iav, Lohr ha uggestl
,hi. i. unne ... ry be<:au", 'he aceu.a,i", of il\lo..; could replace the genitiv~ of au;,; a. a pronominal .ubjt ofthe .. ntenc~," Whether one Kcep!' hi. solu,ion 0' not, a more
difficult que.tion i. 'he prorer reference of thi. pronominal ",bi'
(whichever), a. well a. of t he 'wo instane<. of "~,,,;; in 'he quota'ion
from John U. Do 'hey r~fer back '0 t he S"'o," immed iately pr<cling 'he Johannine quotations, or '0 'he -just God" in 'he phr ...
m t .,;, <p&po~o,,,;; 9'0;;, iIu;. S,miou oro; ~"JO.oV~i>"" a few lin ...
la'er (Holl 4".17). which aprear. '0 be Prolemae,,' .recification of
John 1310" can t hey refer to both, and what i, ,hen 'he relation.hip
be,wn 'he Savior and 'he jmt God? Markschi .. mggests that 'he
referenee. are to the ,",'ior bu, that he i. identical with the j"'t God,"
although ,hi, ident ification i. hardly poMible in ligh' of 'he fact tha,
' he Sa,';or is said '0 have come '0 de"'oy t he j"'t God'. law a. incongruo", wi,h hi. own nat ure (Pan. 33.~,I, H.~.7, 33,6.1), One could
,hen aceep', ",';,h Lohr, 'hat 'he references are to 'he j"'t God. and
apparently Ptolemaeu. interpr<t..J ver ... 3 and IO}--II a. referring
to t he creation of the co.m"" wi,hou, 'he invol",ment of the ,""ior,"
lbi., however, would be a st range reading for moot Christian>, including Valen,inian . In addi'ion, i, ... m. grammatically more plau.ible
'0 understand 'he referenc... to be to t he Savior, who ha. already ""-'n
m<n,ioned in t he immediate context. How,,', be<:au.., P,olemaeu.
add. that t he -all ,hing.""f John U were actually made by 'he just
God, it aprea .. that bo,h 'he ,"vtor and 'he just God-who cannot be
'he same figu"" P"" Marl=hi ..-are invoh..J in the cr~ation of 'he
,ha,
,ha,
to""
D Lol"
18<1- 1., . a . M..L.ch ... 1000, NO, , nO 1Im .... n 100.s, In_ I n
U\h, wok""nd. II>< .-.",'''''' to 0. t. ,I>< &m ;u,u, "'" j.n, God" ",.. I;"", lot"",
~'",k 'Ih.m....", and M..L.ch ... ,hjn' ,0. ,,,{""o c,n ""Iy b<
of "'"
p.-.caii"l! .. n'>c<.
~ M"l=h .." llnI, lJ9tf.
~ U\h, ' ' '' ,
'0 "'" s.,,,,,,
"'0_'"1.
(o.mo according to f'tolemaeu' in .. rproto'Oon of lohn', prolog"""

Ptol.maeus do<. no' 'f"'<ify how this is '0 I>e .nvi.ag.d. bu, o,hor
Val.n,inian sources ,peak of ,ho SavOor-Logos u.ing ' he d.miurge,
i,e" 'he just God, a. hi, imtrumen, in crea,ion.'" Heradt'On-ano,her
Val.n,inian '"""hor who .. genuine fragments .how no dear . ign> of
a pl.romatic myth-in,erpreted John 1:3 ju" ,hi. way, " In my view,
,hi. ' ypical Val.n,inian distinc,ion ho',..""n 'he SaVOor and 'he d.miurge off." 'he only r ...,mable .. plana'ion for , he p.... ge in Flo,~,
In addi'ion. Ptolemaeu' choice of word. here may funh<r hin' at this
kind of ,wo-Ievel in"rpreta'Oono" having changed 'he yiVOJ'Il\ of v~r""
10 to S~~'O~I'1('" Ptol.maeus allusion '0 'e,...,' 10-11 now 'reak.>
of 'h e crafi,mamhip (m.~'''''l'1i,,) of 'he co,, ,,,o., while h is quotation
from ver.. 3 .reaks of'he coming into ~ing (yi".~",) of all 'hings."
Ptolemoeu. i. 'hm using a p.. ophrased "e"ion of lohn U,IO-11 ..
an ap""olic proof- ..., '0 refu'e an opinion ,hat assigned th e c"'ation
'0 'he devili>ecau .., in Ptolemoeu' r~ading of t he Fourth Go'rel. t he
creation i. said to b< 'he Sa>'OO" who u..J 'he ju" God a. hi. i""rument, A. no,od abo,e. Ptol~maeu' opronen" her. h.v~ u.ually b<en
iden,ified a. radical Morc;"ni, ... These ob..,,,".tions lx-<ome all t he
mor. important when we comp ... ,hi, comro.i'e referenco ofver..,.
3 and 10-1 1 in Flora '0 Ir~noeu" US< of a .imil.. (omro.ite .. fer~nc~
'0 'he prologue a. an an,i-Marcioni'e tool (Ad_, h~". 3.11.1-1). Fir:st ,
Iren.eu. cit .. lohn u-~ a. a general an,ido" '0 , .. rious heretical
doctrines of <>,ion, and ,hen pick.> ou, specifically ver.., 3. stating
,. moo' ',",ntO .. ," .. """"'Il"""~ Sopbo., of ro.m. , part"'ipa'<> ... ,0. "''''00
....... f"" .urn rk .... ,,,""' u, <I<"';l'ho. of th< V.... "n .... "mod<! ,y"'m,"'" <l<m iu'lI' " ..... "'rough lh< ..,hoty of Sopb;., ~t.o " .. ,,, through ,0. aru';'y
of ,0. ... _
(Aa.. ...,. L"'_L53, d . ,x.. 7.rod. <6-,,). Ho ... m , ;. Tri. T,,,,.
Sopbo.', rok ho, o..n ... ign..! rompl<t<ly to "'" logo> (who ;" in ,hot tort, d;!k","'
from ,I>< "" "0<), , 00
00., not "pI"'''ly mrnho" Sof'h"
(.J,hough
"'" ... "",;" .. """"-'. of /o/m'. ;. ""'" ,.""",.' ""''''''''
10< Sof't." in
",,0<1<...
H.,-adron',
,,,1><,
"and,
<x<~'I.
" Hmd",,, If<g- t) "",'n";n. t ho, ,I>< ~ CO"...J ,I>< <I< .... "'S' to m>k t l><
...,.jd. l>'UI< J""'n U .,,", ,ho, <v<'l"k'ns ~... m".<I, not "from ~t.om" ... "by
""'rough "hom." S . 00 lhomo .... , '''"l' ;"
,,"u m<.
a. Pogrn 1'171, '6. ,,1>0 <I<<<ct, '0'" fI ....., of ,dnm f..- " ...... in.... ;" "'<_
of J""'n n (' 1 "pl.""""'" .. ;n Ad,. ... , .
,00 XC. lh,od. 6-"
1'1 ""nom"'" .. ,. hc. lh,od. Hi , 00 (11 "' .. m"'- .. ... ,-",.,. ,. ,1M. ,Dd in
H.,.d",n', "m.......''')'.,., 01", "",,,I; , . . ., H a "H'.
lb, So,.".;, Wknhtil .. "'. fiN' d<"'"'l'" ;n XC. 1Mod. <l.' (tl,*,,,, ... oW
~'"'_""';, ""'"" ",.",u, ...eu.o.-i..;I. C[ '''' .... "'. Ad . ....,. LU (w, 6", '''"'''
s,,";"H ,iN I.oHii.x<
""""'.- 0"
I"".bon.
'0"
I.'.'
&&,.."""""""" ,...,.""",),
TUO.uS USIMUS
'hat HI '''",a includ .. ,h. co.mo., and i. no' r'stric,ed ' 0 110m,
V.I.n,ini.n pl,rom.
i" h.ne<, Christ-logo. i. 'he crea'or of
,>'<rything, including our world. I .. noeus ,hen immedi.tely continu ..
b), q uoting lohn 1010-11, and show. ,ha' th ... vs<. no' onl), qualify
,it ~"v'" of " 3 and 'hus prove ,h. no,1 VoI,n,ini.n .. ading of
" 3 wrong (for ,h i, kind of VaI,ntinian .xeg'u, of th, prologu"
...., below), bu,
refute Mardon', famous pooj'ion. ,ha' Q uist
not ,he cr,ator of our world, and that in coming
' hi> W<lrld, h. dkl
not com,
hi. own creation ,"
,00''''
.10"
'0
'0
,,'a.
... 11 thi.g>: he .. )... ' """" mad, by Him" [John UI, ,h,refor< in ",II
'hing, ,hi. c",.,ion of OIl'" i. (included), fo r we cannot COtKl. '0
,1><<< m,n 'hat (,I>< word,) ",II 'hings' at. <r<"<,n in ,efe"nce '0 ,1>00<
wi'hin 'heir !'l,rom. , For if 'hm Pl<rom..t do in<k<-d cootain 'h ....,
,hi. ct.atlOll, .. being .uch, is "'" oo<>i<l<, as I hal" d.n>oost,.,l in
,I>< prling 1>000., bu, if ,bey ar< oo,si<l< ,h. ?leroma, which ind<<<l
' pre.red impo .. ibl<, it folio", .. in
ca><, 'hat 'h,,, PI.ron". cannot
be "all 'hings', therefo", 'h" """ ct<a'"," i. not outsid, (,I>< ?le roma).
Jolin. how,v", does h.mself put this ma"" 1><)'000 .11 contrm",,,y 00
our p"n, wh.n II< "Y', " H, .," i. 'h" ",..-Id, a"J ,iIt """,/J ~''''' m<Uk
I>y Him,
Ih,,...,r/J K"'W Him "01, He (a_ to Hi, 0"'" (,h'"K't
Hi. 0"'" (proP~) r<eriwd H,m "01" ]John L]I)-III. Bu, accord,ng '0
Mudoo, and ' hoo< lih h,m, ""ither was 'he worid made by Him; no,
did H. come ' 0 Hi, own ' htng>. bu, ' 0 tho", of ' !lOth" (" . n.I., "'NF;
my ,mph.si.)."
,ha,
""J
""J
,'e...,.
Similarly, Ptol.maeu ...,m. to us<

10-1 1 no' only '0 qualify
his o,,'n us< of "<IS< 3 (benu .. the craft.man.h ip of 'he co.mo<", .. ,,,,,in u'''Jobn', P~ (Jot_',"'_ " ,14) '8"n" v>riou, 1><,,,;,
c.t doc";",,. of ",,'00. A. roo- Mm .... ' 1""".... , .. , au;" .... an oli'" "' ,1><
"",id , nd ,,, numorU1r, >, ',g., T",.Uw., M .... 1.13; c:..nr. a" .. ' " ,100 , .. , ....
'996, 111_"0.
" ","';0, ;'"1"" , /'<" "."m
'"nt. '" omn;bo" ,!!" ,,' '" ha ~UK "".nd"",
"'" ,,' 0000" ;,,, """ ",;m ,oncro.,.,
om""- dK; .. """" . U"'
p~ rom.r
;pooo-.m, " , n;m " t..., pin""", lpoonrm """""', """ .. ,,, .., " "" ;ou ","who ,
f"".
,i,
,"f"
qu<modmoclllin "."M'm., 'n > M
,rn ""; '"" n."" .." ~ ,."m,,", Pk"""" '""'
ha, ~""" 'l"ldom irnpo>>ibilo .'.urn <sC non "m ,r! om"" .... """" ;POOO-""" non
,,' ''1l'' .. ,,, ha " "" 0000" ... (' 1.1) A"".lll ... " m , noIK, d;"'m"'"" om"",
lp>< 'oI\ann.. dK'"" '" '"" "'""'" ""t, rl ","..J., i'<' ,,." .. ~ .. <>', rl .."..I",
,"m ... "'S"""~. '" ''''' /"",,"'
=1'<"'"'- ",.ndom , ""m
Mmlonnn <l .... qui ,;milo, . U"' ri,
m.nd., P" , urn f.., u, ,~, ""\"';"
'''"' ,.".c O<d ;n oIlm.s (<<I., ",",,,,, nd
100', 1, "2"'"" .... " on!!;"'"
'mph>~,).
"'.'1,"
'"' '"'" """
"'1'"
:.,0""".
IH
'" ..h", together with the just GxI a. ",..,11), but also '0 ",fu.. an
opinion which had ... igned the creation of our world to 'he d""il and
th"" denied the Savior hi. role in the creation_ It i., moreo,'er, likely
that Ptolemaeu' opponent> here are, or .t Ie..' include, .-adieu or
mi"epre",nted M.,cioni,.,.. Th~, lren.e~. and Ptolemae"" ~'" the
Founh Go.pel'. prologue in a "'ikingly . imilar manner. Thi. rai ...
the q ue"ion of the relation.h ip bet",,,,,n the two p.... g.,.. One could
a.. ume that the p.... ge. are independent of e:och other-th .. a .imiI., anti-M.rdonile use of fohn 1,3,10-1 I wa imply independently
im-ented twic~, probably in the .a me city around the ..me tim~ (_
l><low)-but the clo",ness of 'he parallels m.k~. ,uch an ... umption
unlikely.
However, there.,e indic .. ion. that both l renaeu nd Ptolem.eu.
ha,'e utilized an already ""tabli.hed anti-;\larcionite US< of 'he prologue, .nd thus the pa .. age. ~m to l>< based on a common >ourc~.
lhe very ~xomple of Ptol.maem ,how.,h.t lrena<u. "' no' the fir"
on. to u"" John 13,10-11 again" a doctrinal pooition that denie<!
the S.vior hi. rol~ in tho creation of our world. Moreo ... r, becau""
Iren.~u. oeem. to he una",-.re of Ptolem.e",,' LeUer to FkJm and of its
interpretation of fohn'. prologue-he i. only .ware of the Ptolemaean
commentary on Ihe prologue that re.d. the Valen,ini.n Ogdoad into
it ("'" helow)-lrenaeu' an,i-M.reionite use of th e prolo&"" does no'
derive from P'olemaeu .. However, lrenaeuo has preserve<! oWer Rom.n
tradition. (e .g .. A.Jv. ha<r. ],3-4), and it i. quite poMib l~ ,hat hi. us< of
John'. prologue here i lso based on . n older nti-Marcioni'~, tradition. Thls """m. e.peduly prob.ble a. much of Irenoe",,' knowledge
of Moreion se,,,,,, to he ba",d on what 'ppea" to he an older catalog
of here.i (A.dv. h~<r. l.27.2-4).'" usually a.. umed to he the now 10<'
Sy"t~gma of Jilltin Martyr (or an updated ... "ion of il). com~ in
Rome in 'he middle of t he second ntury," lrenaeuo ,,'en explicitly
ci1<' it, or another, 'pecific.lly .nti-M.,cionite tr~ati ", by J~"in. in
" lb, ",,' of t,,",,"> ",m,," "" M..-c .... , ;'"'" ~mpiy IO~ h'm . nO 0;, follo,,_
"'" ' h"",Oo' oIong,;d,o, vakn'''''", , oJ oth<". <M' bri<fly ,....,. .. , ~'"", ",", """
~.kd .. ,I>< ' .. aJos-<kKnpt .... On ... , . .. " . 1.1'-'_' (,.!!-. m"'~'""" of
,I><
dodri .. ol
God, on< ~ , , " " " " , i"'" ,I><
of Chn" 0.;"3 ' " .. ,,"
to th< ""...... ).
" On I"".... s"".Z""'.'" lh1srnfdd ,";J, ,_W,
w; ... "". """
'wo
doc",..
,,;,_"'!;
lOoXmon" ' ''', "'_tlf _
""I,
TUO.uS USIMUS
.'I.d . ha". 4.6.1." Harn.ck ,ugge"eJ ,ha' , he Iren.eon p .... ge (.'I.<iv.

ha<r. 3.1l.2) rna)" indicate Marcion', oppo.i'ion '0 the Founh Go.pel,
but in m)' opinion. ' he passage i. better understood .. an apo"olic
.n,i-M.rdonite proof-'ext, which doe. no' in i!>elf n",e .. iute .ny
knowledge of 'he Fourth Go.pel on Mardon', part."
?tolem.eu., for hi. p. n, d"". no' ju"ify hi, <I.im tha, 'he Gospel
of lohn i n 'po<,olic text. lhi ugges .. tha, the Fourth Go.pel had
already ~n a<pteJ a postolic. at lea" among 'he r",ipient(.) of
Flora. In addi'ion, and .. poin,eJ ou' .bo,'e, ?tolemaeus ha. modifieJ the 'ext of 'he prologue and gh'en i, a new, V. len,ini.n interpreu,ion. lhi> be,,,,y' a cond .r)" character of P,olemaeus' u of ,h.
prologue. One could, of course, ' hink 'hat Ptolemaeuo was the fiN' on.
'0 .pplr lohn U.IO-11 against a Marcioni'e po.ition, and 'hat nonValen,inian Christians in Rome were in~uend br hi, innm'ation .nd
adap'ed it for ,h.ir own an,i-M.rrioni purpo"" wi,hou, a.. uming
Ptolemaeu' t.xtual modification. or ,he V.len,ini.n framewor k (they
al", would h,,'e de<",'ed 'he paraph"'stic allusion '0 verw. 10-11).
Ho"..,,'er, i, "",m. perhaps likelier '0 ,"",ume 'hat Christian, in Rome
before P,olemaeu. had alreadppplieJ ,he Founh Go.pel'. prologue'pecifically verse. 3,10 and II-against Mardon .. an ap' apo"olic
proof-.. xt, and whe,. .. ?tolemaeu. adap,ed ,uch usage in'o a new,
Valen,inian con'.xt, Irenaem p .. rveJ 'he usage doser '0 (or iden,ical wi,h) i!>original form. While no' beyonJ a n doubt, .uch a "enario
.... nlS a rea..,nable war of expl.ining ,he relation.hip bet"..,en 'he 'wo
p....g...
We can place 'he compo.i'ion o{Ptolem u' ult" to Flom in Rom.
ca. Il{l be<."", Justin Martyr. in hi, 2 .'1.1"'1. 2. tell. us 'hat a Chri<tian
teachercalleJ P'olemaeus-iden' ical wi ,h the V alen,in;'n one a rgueJ
below-w .. manyreJ in Rome under ,he prefect Urbicu. (144-160)
.nd emperor An,oninu. Pius (138-161). Since lustin', 2 .'1.1"'1. i. an
.ddendum '0 J A1"'L" which an be dateJ between 1 48-1~ due
'0 its mention of. ren' pe'i'ion ' 0 Felix 'he pref' of .'I.lexandri.
(J .'I.poI. 29). Ptolem.eu' martyrdom reponeJ in 1 .'I.poI. can be d.,eJ
,"'"......i"'"",
,;,do,,,
~
ol "1""1"'" '~ "" ""''''''' (A ..... i>M>-. H.lj,n<J I"w;n ""'"h"n> h;, >,"tag.uo ,,&,i"" ..u .... , ... , (J
6'). '-"<l<m.,"n ('''''.
l<) <on_
tM" to lor ,t.. urn< t<>" d. Lomp< 2001, ,""",.
"""","""''''.
'-"<l<monn ' ' ' '. mnJO.
Arot
,t1_,
"TOlMAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU'S V AHNTI>llA>I UG""IS
In
to ca. '~2." Thi . Ptolemaem "'- put to death bau,", the hu>band
of an uprer-da .. woman, who not only was Ptolemaeus' "udent
in Chri>tianity, but who had .1", di",rced her hu.b.nd due to hi.
immor.1 heh.vior, informed t he Roman authorities that Ptolemaeus
wa Chri>ti.n (2 /opol. 2). Many thing. in thi. de><:riptKln m>tch
what "'e learn from FJ,,"~, (I) Ptolemaell' the martyr died in Rome,
and Ptolemaeu. the Valentini.n almost certainly t.ught in Rome
.inc~ Hiprol}~us identin .. him as one of the memhers of the "Italian'
><hool of Valentini.nism (Ref 6,n . ~6);" addition.lIy, ba~", t he
><hool founder V. lentinus him .. lf Wll active in Rome, the It.li.n
branch of the ..:0001 ",a. likely . itu>ted there .. well;" (2) th~ time
of the martyrdom f.lk within the period of Valentini.n ",tivity in
Rome (ca. U ~-18~ ); " (3) the name, Ptolemae ... , i. t he >arne nd it
"'... not. common one among Roman Chri>ti.m at the t ime;" (4)
ooth Ptolemaeu"," ..~ Christi.n t~ache .. (,;, &;,,~aAo.;); (~) both h.d
.n apparently upper-cl ... wom.n.s a "udent:" (6) divorce i prominent theme in ooth co .... ; and (7) the t heme of re",nge (of the lawgi,..,rl former hu.band) is likewise promin~nt in ooth ...... "
Th. identincation of the t wo Ptol~maeu ... ha. not .Iway. ken
.ccepted." mainly be.. ~", J~"in d.,.,. not say anything negative about
the mart)'!'ed Ptolem.e~. while. at Ie." in hi. later work Di~log"< wi,h
Trypllo (3~), hecon.idered Valentinian. heretics. Howewr, Ju"in doe.
not yet include V.I<ntiniam among the heretic> in I /opaL 26; and as
Dund~rherg ha. argued, 1 /opol., where the reference to Ptolemaern
oecu ... i. a defen .. of Christianity addre..ro to the p.gan <mreror. In
" liid<rn.on" , ,,'. tn_!2'.

On ,. . ",1>ooI=n',,' of V'"'nh .... "'''''. "" liMkm,"" t .. " ",ul",h ... t ..,;
on.!
>000.
s.., ' .g., t""",,,,- Ad . !oM.. 1.4.J.
liid<rn.on" , ,,'. t l '; Lomp< lOOJ, 139.
" lUdo""nn I. .' , 1"_'IOn"" ump< (100'. 139nll) . . . n" lJ ""."me... in
InKri"",,,"," '-"Ii..",,".
''''n'''''''''g
70''n J "~; n' , m
mpl<. ,.. h;gh,ooc"'r .l." u, ,. dw, for , .. mpk. from ,ho r..,
to tho .mp<"" to pool!""" "'" t n..l do< to "'""'hold
<l<d (ump< 1003, 137_131J . 'n Plolnnx" , "". tho " ..,". ,.
"r ,ho odd, .. ~ "mr h" ..
(.w.,;) .,"',
n "" t"""th
<'-n " ".. "
""" .ru, "I'I".oI<d d''''''r
off.,,,-'''" .....
,,,al
""bI<
.w.,
un"'"t""'. ;,_;, ,.
fI",,",
"bo.ut""'- _.nd ,h,... bow u mp< (1003, WI)

..,,">I .. . "at", ,nd"",,,, (th". ""ndo""'11 >000. "').
" " t . . . . . .gum<n'~
""" " "
... lo.l",,,"" ''''. 110; "'rnp< 1OOJ, 13~_'''' ona

100.0, 'iO-"- , .. fi", on< ,,, ....p<"
,,,,,,mon
of tho
""""''''''l!
1'loInnx""" ....
"
, ;kol~,
,oJ,_
t"
'Io"."k I.... ' . ~ .. lWO, ""_30).

" ".,kKh.llOOO. N.) ..<I 100m..... (1OOIi, .... ) """;"
'"""'"r
.up'"".L
,w"
TUO.u S U SIMUS
. uch . context. on.~. not wi.h to "'~ intern al quarrel e<pedally

when Ptolema. u. offerM a mitab l xample of a hig h -pro~le Christian
who h.d fr iend> in high pl.ce nd who h.d .uiferM an un;""t but
nob le m.nyr'. deat h."
1h i, Irould the n mean that the Roman congreg. tion, had accepted
an d used the Founh Goopel a. apostolic by l~ CEo This g<><. again st
the old parad igm according to whic h the catholic Christ;'n, st. ned
to u.. the Founh Grupel o nly durin g th. t ime of lrenaeus. HO"'ever,
the re i. plenty of evidence . uggesting a general acceptance of lohn',
Goope) in Rom. at th i .,Iy date" Among the moO! im portan t piece<
of <>i dence ar,, " (I) Ju stin Martyr in Rome kno .... ofit an d use. it, a.
N.gel, H ill and ",me other II<hola.. before them h .,,, already demon strat ed:" (2) Irenaeu. d tes older t"dit io n q uite poMibly from Rome,
accord ing to which the Fourth GOlipel wa. con.idered apostolic," and
(3) the earl .. " exampl.. of ehri" ian v;,ual an. in t he Roman cat acom b> from t he I.., quaner of the "",ond century co ntain lI<.n ..
unique to the Fou rth Go.p<1 (e ,g., the rai.ing of Lauro,); as ma ny
catacom b> ",,,re church--ownM. and consequen tly their an can t.. "",n
a. public rath er t han pri,-a, t hey reflect the a lready accepted valu ..
of t he commun ity'
All o f this add. up to ind k.te that the V. lentin i,", were not the
fi"t o ne. to adopt and accept the Foun h Go.pel. but it also make.
it likely th.t Vale ntinus h imself knew it , Wh ile Valentin ...' ,u"'iv ing fragments do not show . ny d e.r .igm of John," the GD'r'" Df
o.,oo.ro.rg
'or.
>008, '10-'"
of,,,,
M
thorough , ...... ,jon
" i"'e<. "" N'B'I 2000; , 00 H ill 1001.
" cr."", t'" "'u,,'orion iT.gm<n'-.. doc""",nt ""'''"''"8' ~" of ,U>O<U.Cd
rrob>.loly lrom Rom< ,00 roughly ,,,,,"mpomy with ]"n",",_wh ..h "'" only
"",p<, ,'" Fom th Goord bo, .100. "''''''ingly,
nhnw ond
S
"'"-'&" "". ,.t_l0t.
,nO H~1 2O<H . tM_"'.
~ ]""gd t .... l1_!4, N'B'I >000,
t6; H iD >004, ' ' '_,,'- s 01", Hill', ""Y
;n th;, ,,,Jum<,
w 1"'" indud< th< Go>M Not"" (A dy. ... , . '. 1.11. woo.. mg'n in , Romon
",unity lib",y i, ""1'' '''& b)' ' kngd ( .... , I " " " ,[ Mut","",,;n ' h', """'m<I' , nO
"..lit""" ,,,,,,,,,""8 Polycup in ilom<_oo ~-h ..h I",,,,,",
~"'Y of ""'"
, n<! ern",hu,
"'f'I""'<'lI ~'mm<d bom 1'011""'" "'" probob/)' origi"'t..!"
A,",
lAd . ,.,... '.HI' in .<I,M"". Pol""",', ,-,,," 10 ,10. rt.il.p,"'''' "~to'
ron".",. <\'" " ''''1'0'.' "r.""" '" I John U _J ",cl , ""'" 7. , nd th., 1'01),<,,,,
.... y ho", .1>0 known ,'" 1l"'I"" oIthough h', .Jl .. """ '" '" oot <xt"m<iy d",
(,,' G''"t
,,;1' 1001. <16--<>0) .
,<x"
""_w,. "'_J
""'k> "....
",,00n.
,om_
' 'DO<
"""On ,
,ho,
'''',}7,
I,",," 2(0). n
,,;II 100<, " ' _ t ...
" .,'" "Logo<- woo 'Pf'<",ro " . baby '"

I><
~ I ",,,", '"
tot.
.... y"'"
,n
""'n
""'''''n.,ocro.-ili"g to I' g ',"'Y"'
Layto.". (t.". "') '"W","", ,ho" _w
Truth doe" the treati.., wntaim ...,wrn ci... ion, and midrashic all u.ion. to the Fourth Go.pel. a. William, ha. demonstrateJ." Whether
the Go,,,,! of TrUlh wa. written by Val<ntin", i. di.puteJ." Irenaeus
ment io n. that Vilentinian. haye a Go,,,,! of T"' th (A.liv. han
3. 11.9)." and H irrol}~", then a",ribe. th is ob",ryation-together
with the Valentin;"n "mooel .y>tem" of lrenaeu' Ad", haer. 1.1-8to Valentinu. him .. lf (P..,udo-Tertullian, Haer. 4.6)," probably, however. without a historical ba.i. ("'" below). Newrthel= , the mai n
arguments in f.,-or of Valentinu' autho .. hip are of two t)"I"'" (1 )
stylistic compari",n betwe-en Vale ntinu' fragmen .. and the Go'l'd of
Tru,h may .uggest a common autho"hip;" and (2) t he content of t he
Go,,,,! ofT,ulh -de.aibing the aeono a. internal
of Goo---<orrrond. well with Tertullian', " a"ment acwrding to whkh th i. w..
Valentinu' opinion, while Ptolernaeu. I.ter ext<rnal i,eJ t he aeono
into independent hypo"a " (V~L 4,2 )." Thu<, it remain. po .. ible that
Valentinu. "'... the .ut hor of the Go,pd of T.-..lh, and that he had
utiliuJ the Fourth Go.pel.
It i. furthermore sometime> . ugg<st"" that lrenaeu' description
of Valent inu' own doctrine (A Jv, ha". 1.1 1.1) i. dependent on t he
"pee"
uoo. , ~.oo ;"g of I""" oB ("')c ,.,. J'f<" [ i~ rOl.llh< food ~'hi,h p<",ho, b."
"'" food .. h..h ,ndu"" to ""n.J lif' , .. h..h ,ho "'" of M .. " ill g;'" you") 10"
boh;oo f,S J, ""cording '0 " h ~h I''''' hoJ . p<rtro w g<~"" 'Y'km . oo thu, JOd
no( produc. """",nt> """" ""I;I.,ly.
Wilh.m. t'US. ' .g ..
" I.
" '_"1, 1"_""".
" "" M.oo.h ... ''''.
".-,56;..00 1"""",,," '000..,.
" 1b, N.g H.unm..J. """,, """ not, P"'l"'1y 'P'.w"!!- ho"" , ;Ii<. bod ;, "'g; m
,.;th tho Mh, ""II>< goopd of ""'h i, ,;or foo ' 00" ~'ho.," " ,00 ,h;.
" n '"
..un... htk. l h "" '.s, 100"""'" >006, '''. M.",,,h ... 0"'" J.IO-J-<) " ""'"
>k< ~...
Hippo/)1 " ' '''''"''' 5""._ i,
'0 ho,.. b" p,,,,,,.-al in .
",n,",'''''., tho ."udo1',,,uU,,,,, <>Wog of bo,...... (J". 1865, HiIg<nfrIJ
W.... ''''. 560). Hippo/)1u, '1"'"1"'a i, mo n'"""" 0., !'bot .... (8'I>U,,""'
""), " ... biu, (H;,'. ,-,-1 6.1 onJ Irrnm< (\,i,. iU. 6'), and ..... ' bn." of ;,
oorro.pondo , lmcot ...... Iy to '"' ... .,.;,_T,"uI .. n 1><"".,logy. Ad .. ,,", om""
""",,,,,. I'ho!;....)., Hif>POlY' "' '1"""1"'" <on~,,1 of" ho,....... runn'''ll from
"'" ,>oo;,ho,,,,
N",,;'m.. >,><..00_ T muD .. n. roo ,,, I"rt. ,on.'''' of """" t >II
<ntri<, (<kp<nW"g on ho..- "'" .... "", '0 ,.k .... .. ,hom). and ",n, from
'0
'""pi'
",..u). """gh'
La,,"
,'OS"
'0"'"
Do>i''''",
P"",..... , .. " '"' ,,,',, "'ugh' 1""""'''''";'''' (H.".....; T,,,uU"n. """.) .. JOd
" """' (H ippo!Y'"', """'''' .""""'"' R.f
~.IO.'_ "; 10.17.0_', >:piphan;"~
""" H). ,ho
of p"udo-'f ,,,"I1 ,,,,, ... y ';mply ho,.-. ,hang! ,ho ".un< of th,
t.~ '"''1' of
fu rt","""", ro. Hif>POlY' "' " ,I>< "tho< of R<f-"o;o. '"
, ... """,h ,...s. s_".
~ sunda<" ''''0, , ,._, M . Cf. I.....
'.l()}-l()1, and lh< <ri,~01 <Ii,," ,
""" in ",,,,.,,hi<,
"'O-J,".
Cf. lhom..., n ' OO6, 16J_'66.
,ut"'""
'''''''P'''''
1"1,
V.'_',
ilI""'. ,_,
TUO.uS USIMUS
Fourth Go'p<I." Thi., on the oth~r hand. i. unhk~ly for two reason ..
First, the doctrine in qu~"i<ln i. prob.bly not that of Valentinu as it
doe, not correspond at all with Valentinu' fragment< or Tertullian'.
statement in Val. (,2.'" ><cond, the doctrine conlain. the usual
Valentini.n Ogdoad oHrst aeon., ~,'e of whom hav~ na mes that are
found in lohn', prologue (_an,p. aJ.#I"", Mrro<;, 1;.... , ii,;Jf"l>1'oJ,
Ho",..,,,,,. this Ogdoad with its "Iohanni,..? nom ... probably had
originally nothing to do with the prologue; for ~xample, we h,,'~ two
Valentinian commen""e. on the prologu~, where th~ Ogdoad i. JeCond.rily brought into.n increa.ingly d"",r cor",.ponden'~ with the
prologue, In fact, t here seem. to have been a growing .. ndency among
Valentinian. to connect their Ogdoad with the prologue of the Fourth
Go.pel . The>< comment.ri.. wiU be im'estigated next.
2, THO PTOI."M"O"N COMMfNTARY ON THO PkOlOGU[ ANb THO

V Alf.~TtNlAN OcDOAb
lrenae"" con.ide .. the Va lentinian. the moot d.ngerou. heretics, and

he open< hi. A.d ",u. ha<",~, with a de.aiption of the Valen,inia n
"model .ystem" (A.d . haer_ 1.1-8). It culminate. in a commen .. 'Y on
John'. prolog"", which ."emp" to . how that 'he Valen,ini.n Ogdoad
i. alluded '0 in the prologue. The Valen,ini.n Ogdoad i,,,,lf d~",ribe.
'he ~ .. , principl~-whi(h in some variants is androgynous a nd thus
dyadic-.nd its expan<ion into four pai" of divine aeon .. which in
turn produce additional on .. until the divine fullne ... the pieron,.. i.
complete with 30 or "" aeon" The first Ogdoad con.i", of four pai .. ,
or 'Y'ygie" of m.l~ and f~male aeons that u.ually, in the various ... r.ion. of the m}~h. have . imilar n.m .., In the case of t he model .ystem
in I",naell', they areo [kpth (pu/l.;;.;)-Silence (<J'1'i); Mind (v"",)-Truth
(aA~6<r"); Word (~-Life (I;",~ ), and M.n (ii,-Ilpm.:o;;) -Church
(i .--.;)'""ia). Some of them h,,'. additional n.m .., for e.. mple. Mind
i. further identified as ~""O'f<VJi;; and arx~ (Adv, ha<r. Lt ,!). While
the (here dyadic) ~ .. t principle i. unknowable and perhaps in IIOme
sense eyen beyond b<ing. thus anticipating Neoplatonisrn with tM !>elp
mil >004.'19 .
s,,, M"bch .. , , ." 361-,,.... and
1I""".... n >006. n_>1.
of curr~n' NIpy'hagor.. n solu,iom (~,g,> Mooe ... tu., Numeniu.)," it

proouc .. the next I"'ir of .eon>, which in 'urn proouce , he nex' on~.
and so on, un,iI 'he Ogdoad i, complete. All this ' aUs place I>eyond
and before 'he lowly "'pa.. 'e creator god ",'en comes in'o being .nd
lat ........ nges our co.m"" from m.tter th., had. in the me.n,ime,
been proouct'd ou' of the young.. t aeo n Sophia', I"'"ion. and their
"'par.'ion from her by Christ and 'he Sayior (the .. are two d iff.. en,
Ouist-figures).
Irenaeu. in'roduc~. 'he P,olemaean commentary a, a wrb.,im quo,.,ion (1\,&\".-.."",,,, mimi, ),iii"'" A.qovm; our"",; Holl 416, 1-1),
The commenta' or no' only oeeu '0 link 'he V.len,ini.n Ogdoad
'0 the prologue, but .1", presuppo ...' philo>ophica i (a Stoicizing
Middlepl.' onic) Khem~ of emanatiom-, h.t i. not found in the prologue-th.t extends all the way from the first principle down to , he
formation of' he moterial co.mOl; the first Goo (Father) eman.tt'd a .. cond principle (Monogen ) which contained .11 t hing'p"tentially/",minally (EV';' rit '''>'fa;' nar~p .f>Oi'ilal..< ""'!'J'",,<-.1.;; Holl 416 .'-6) ,
lhi. ><cond principle, in turn, emanated a third one (Logo.) that cont.ined all thing.-i . ,> all the aeon.-actu.lly/e .. enti.lIy (o,
,~v
N.~V rffiv AI"",,,,,, 0001"" Holl 416,7). Thi ..... nc< was t hen giwn
form by t he th ird principle. t he Logo. (~v a~,o.;
i~.woo",,;,
Airra.;;, Holl 416, 7-8). Finally-and thecomment.tor expre ...."hi. only
later when the text of the prologue allow" him to discu" event> that
take place ou!>ide the pleroma-another principle, the Savior-Log""
goye form to what Ii .. outside the formed <>Senee, or the pIeron,.,
"t",;,
"""P<'"
lh, fin< I""incipl< in Ad" """, LLI i, d<""Obaj .. " "","", Sim~ .. id< .. '" , '"
p"""pk """,how <>""rng "'rond
"ring < high, ooo.l<"",n!
"" nl\. m .J", 10000 in 0 . _ Gno.h< ''''', "",h .. ~" foh. (RG "~Q.-",')
...J "pioIIy ~"ri.,." (M."_'<' 74,4_") . 00 AI"""" 14",6-", ",."_16).
"""'" G""I; ",," om '''". "oJ in I'IoUO"' .. m j",,,, d, th< CIIolo/N" 0nKk>
f<ge ' , '_' M<';'iL.oo "'''I'Y'''gon''' Mod""o, (.pud "'"pOC'"" in pit".
0-''''.''_11'-'' I>~"I <oa " " """'"' (f,S'- 11. ,._" d<, "~.m), s.och Ok.. "'"
"n'
"""I\. '"
t<x' ,Iw,
occ..- ,. ,'" A"""Y"K'"'
Pa,,,,,,,iJn Com"",,'"?, (11.>.-", 1<,6-"1 .

i,
"' Wdk ..... '''''~ . od,.. by P"","),)"... 'Ucio< ('968) """",,;,.,,,,,'" MI<. of ,'" fint p"oc ' P~ " <x i ~,.,,, b<yorul ""ng Il""
1<Iy bo<k to ""to
I"'p"bi~ _
P"",,n"" me_''''''). ""' <v<" ,o. ,.,,,NI >IT< .. on th" MI<. '
_ '" P'oh ..,, ,hj,. ""' u')" '.",.lion, .... oo... ,aI b.- r"'l'hy')" 1>Udot , .... ), s<,
,.,,",k , .... 11/1'" CornS'" 1001>, Two<, 200',
'loom<"", lOOIi,
...J ""~mu> """"',
~moo< >";nly
,i"...
,,,if.,
,60--Jl.,
TUO.uS USIMUS
(."VfIl ,it ix.", .oii .J..~~"'''' Si ""roii ~f~~flc,,: Ho1l427, 11_ ,'.e.,
')
. matt ...
1he wmmen,.tor unde"tand. w"" I of the prologue
spell:
of three .. pa<ate divinitie" God, logo. and t he il<ginning ("' p~~)."
Bau.., t he l.ogo. ""'. in v) the Beginning. )"et alongside (xpOJ
Goo, and because the Logo. him..,lf wa, al", a Goo (9.&;). the logical wndusion was th.t t he Beginning in their mi.:bt must also he a
Goo; in fa<!. the wmmentator ..,ems to haw found proof for this in
the prologue itself, since he identi~ .. the Beginnin~ with Monogene.,
who. in , ..,,"" 18, i. identi~ed.s a -God" (~0,"1'''''~ ero.;),o.> V.,.., 1,
then, pro.'ide<! for the commentator. "d ear" , ummary of thi . dh'ine
hierarch)". in thal th ese three d iviniti.. are mentioned in order, from
the third to the first , ~ '''' ~v",,' "'p~ii .pOi; ,ltv 8rov (0;"", refen to
J..it-r<><; of the preceding ver",,) . Without a dear link to the prologue,
ho""ver, the comment.tor proc~. to explain t he production of the
Beginning from the Father. and of t he Logos from t he Beginning. with
the .bow-mentioned ",heme of emanations. Only in ,-erse 3 d-x, he
find something thot conform, to hi. ",hem"
"
'0
" 11>< dO" ;",t"'" b<,,,,,," , I>< ' ro" ",,""'"' ,nO imm""o' '>P" of , I>< Soul or
logoo-' ''''' b<<<
Ie lh< di~ U>ctioo b<,,,,,,, ,b< Logoo ,nO ,I>< ,",,;or_
logoo-wa, rornmonpt.<, '" "OdJi,pI""n'= ("Iu,,,,,h, "' ,,"' " 0>;';,
AlOinu" 1);. .""1 .. ,,, IO.'IH.40- 1M ,4; ,,-...." "' 1"","",,'"" nih .. ,,", <>,6-50,1,
" um<n;u" f'g>- ,6,
&, PIK... ,~. 0 ..<1". f<g>- "'_" M,,;"'"" 0 u.c
[)jDo.. ''''';.100, 'M. MI _"', Jl6-J ... " '_ '7', J.,.._,"" , nJ Tu",,, 100', JliJ_
J96, __ ' ' ' ). 1ho, , I>< ;",",,", n' Logoo ('" Soul) [",m. m"'I"""n" . I ... ' u,
"oK ''''''<pi "", ..... y plo'on ; ~. odopI,d. 11>< "I'tiomh ;p' omong lh< fin' ""'"
pn",;pI<, (God-Monosn><>-Logoo) b<<<, "" , I>< "'" ""nd, CO" b< "'" to ''''"';POl<
Plot in"" """"',h,,, Hypoo'''''' (On<_,mrlk<. Soul. ...,," th< "",I 01 ... h,"-i n~ ' "
Im,",,,,,n' ' 'f''<' in N"o) "''' 01"><1)' ' "''''1'''.1 by ,I>< 1h", 0 "" of Mod""u,
(.~ ... Simpl~;U>, ,. ph,.. ' .130.J.I_>JU1'M',). "" th< olh<. hond, """ rouId u.c
,." , I>< God.Mo""S'""-logo>";,d,, ' "'~;po" ns ,b<
Proc<Won , nO
R".m..1><"", 0"'" d< .. , ;b<d .. . ,nod of ll<inS-u,,-M;nd, "I><"
"m pn"'"_
pk'. )';dd<n)" mI,w pot,n'w",y
Kluol;,I", MinJ '" , I>< p<OC"""" of
u k out of "'"'~ ' " 'f u,"" 100', ..,-,If., ".If., .nd o..;m", lOOIIb. C[ 1""","","
'ilOiI,
~ cr. im'to, 'P" .... "",,,,,, "'" '" ,hot d i,,",guiw" ''''''''1\ iou, dO,I""..., God,
ll<l!'"'""g. """," .on" ... ~h. Such 'J"<oUtiom w"" md<m",d .. I><""y ;".d>1M"", ""''''~ , 00 I"",w "P th< vak" """n, '''''",,''N ,b<m '0 , 1><" lin, Trt.-.d
''''''')'>''<I'
"'ob;
n_"
i,.
">plo'"""
b<c",,,.,,
'"<
,69_" .
(~
..... ","" . ' .... n. 5 S<g.oI l 'm, "_OJ.
o M,"y MSS ofl""" "'" ad ~ ' ' ' ' "",,,," of ~ e.~ ']1>< G",, '
,nO
of
(HoI <l6." """"'.. , nd Ooo(" k .. WU") 'uu<>' ,hot ""
J-'toI<"""", """"""'''''' uw "'""""rip< ""', "'" ~ 1)0-0... Morro",. lh<
1 .. 1 \' "'""""" ronun, ",")'"" I"""" ~"'" '" "". 1hrod. 6-1, "P "plKOtly
,hot ""'" "' .
M"""8'"" "God: ,.,. ""
ofjoh" "" . '" l'i\, ..." " ",
"'''n '"n.""
11--'1.
,.u.
'n'
161
""""tu, ...;
n6,ro s,' ,,~,.ru

~..,,;<; ,,~toi; <--r""'tu.,;,s '" """' . . . . ~
"'" ~,,' "~'Ov Ai.." ~,~ ,,~; ,.,..i~,-"" ni,.". iJ M",,, hi-"" IN.
HoIl).
",,,he.,
-AU 'hing< ..... " moM by Him, onJ

Hi", "'" nOl"ml ",o.k-,
lOr Ih< Log< " ... the author of form and b<-ginnrng to all lilt Aeon.
th .. <. n", inlo <x;'t<",,. . ft .. Him (" . m!.. ANF, wilh mooioot",n"
myemph. ,i,),
Verse 3 i, interpr"'oo he .. .. rela'ing to 'he formation of the pleroma ,
not of the co,mOll, '" in the ulter 10 Flora. That Valentinian
could "'" lohn U rel.ting '0 various ontological lewis, i. funh<r d ear
from anoth"r piKe of Valen,inian eX<g".i. on John'. prologue pr<in Clement', Xurp/> frOIn Th,,,,/o'u. 4~,3, where 'he cr"ativ"
a<:tivity of the logo< concern. th" healing of Sophi" pa .. ion. in t he
""noma. i.e., th" emp'iness outsid" the pl"rom ....
Alt .. the Ptolemae.n comment.tor h"" thus explained the principle of emanation. ,. well , . in troduced the three highest goo. of t he
Valentinian pan'heon with v..",. 1-3 (and 18), he procet'd. '0 comment on , .."",. 3c--4a, which, for him, "plain 'he V.lent inian concept
of.l"'Ygy. Since verse 3ab had d"d.r<d th,t , II things were created
by (li,a) t he logos, , ..,,"'. 3c-4. now ".te that what wa. cr.. ted in
(i,) him wa. Life (~~). To the commentator, this m""n.
U fe
h .., much mor" an intim.te relation.hip to the Logo< than the ", II
thing.: th., Life in him i., in fac t, hi. companion . Even 'he formation of ' he "all thing.: mentionM above (in the eman.tion ",heme),
"""m. to he now deleg.too to Life, the fem. le pt and/or 'Y"l'gy of
the 1.0gOll, .. it i he who gi,-", binh '0, manifests and form. the next
pair of eman.tion>. Man and Church, Thi. i. explained wi,h "<r'" 4b
(m! ~ ~"'~ ~v '" "'" roiw avtlr><W<""'): Lif,,'. illuminating function
;. under"ood "" format,,-e power (ot>U.;; Ii< .ix. roiw ",;'lr><W<"W ,~v
z.:,,~,
ro ~f.\>ffiri"&, ':IIoi., ~x' ,,~ri;;, il,;~ ilfn ~,~~,
~,,; ~~,,~,; Holl 417.4-~), That "Church" (iH~""i,,) i. not
m.ntioned in 'he prologu., h.. no' prevented tho commentator from
detecting an allu.ion to it; for th e plural form of jh-op""'O-;; i. """n to
indic. te collectivity, i. ., hd~ai" (th. plufOl form thus indicates t he
.yzrgy in the moot intima .. m.nn"r, the commentator affirm.). At
this point, the comm.ntator explains th.t the s<cond T.. r.d, i,,,,, t he
"<g"''''
...",..,J
th.,
S,"
'"
TUO.uS USIMUS
lau .. four m~rnt.." of the O&<Iood (Losoo-Zo< and Man-Church), ....

found in ,h. prologue.
1h. comment.,,,, ,hen proc<e<l. to .hOl'- how the prologue .1..,
teach .. about the fir" Te1r.d. For him. v<r"" ~ and 14 'reak of ,,'ents
toking plac. outside the plerom., and 're<ificaJly of the ac1ivity of the
Savior who i< t ~ "Joint fru it" of the plemm.-he i. ia embodiment
immanent in the <""mo., Verse , (~,,;
i:v
'l"'-i.",
"at ~ "'-""" ,,~tO"'; mrilal\<. ) i"o be unci.mood "" th. Sa,'loi.
impaning form to matter th.t i .. ued from Sorhi., p""ion. The comment.tor then proc~, to explain how the Savior in the co.moo, .,
the embodiment of the pl.roma, ca"i..J name. of t he ot her aeon"
such 'Son,'" "Truth" a nd "Life,- as well a. "logo. (101 4). Ver>e
U, then, 'redfically conl.in. name< th., .... tho>< of the fir" four
membe" of the Ogdoad (F.,h .., Graco-Sige, Mono!:"ne Truth),
Tn """'I'
to ".;.;
K"j,,~; ~ i~i"tu ,,~j """;''''''''' Iv ~~;" ""; rtIoooo~d'" ,~,

,,~ .,;;, ~,o.; 1IlM>lf",jj; .~"., "''''''';' .A!w>l> 16"'t,,,; "",
110&\'"
~Arki,,>-
The commentator'. u.., of the ptologue i. quite ..,I""t"" (most of

the 18 ",.on are not u..J at 011), and at time. quite forced. Iren.eu.
already pointed out the forced cha racter of the commenu.'Y' if John
had intended to .pe.~ of the Ogdoa.t he would h..'e .pelled out
nAIl"'''' and would h..'e mentioned the members of the Ogdoad in
their proper order, in".,.d of a UuJing fir" to the I..t four and only
later to t he fi .. t four membe .. (AJ,'. hder, ) ,9.1), Moreover. the philo..,phicol emanation scheme that the commentator introduce. has poor
link> to the prologue, a nJ i. clearly re:od into it. Finally, in comp .. i",n
to >orne other , ... riant> of the V. lentinian OgJo.ad. new nam .. h aw
been &i,'en to its eight members here (e,g., ~<W"1fJ1~ - ';Px~. 1J1f1i Xap,,;)," no doubt to bring the OgJoad into a d .... r connection with
the prologue.
Thi. a.. umption ga ins more stre ngth from the observat ion th.t
another quite . imilar V.lentinian comment.ry on the prologue i.
~ ""'" "''' odd ""'" 10 """"'''"'' Ilro; 'n John tot . , S Ehnn.on t ..'. , "n " . ,
lohn U.
.. 06. _",J'ns '" It.< " ........ nt."". John
>p<w of tt.< pI.",_
But d , .J" ,obn

- lobn t U ' .
','6."; '
mol;' ~. no< of th< d<K<noi<" S","',

~ for mmol<,~,; , 00 X..,.. .. """,,
.. Lr<n ...... ...., m...

'p<ok of
X"''' "
'-' ,-"
n> ....
f",
L,'
"'="
to.
. n" I,,,; or< no< ... oo
H'rro!Y'u, R<f- 6,19_J6 on >:Xc, 1.,0.1, oJ .. do 00<
",y;"
163
pr ..,,.,,..J in Clement', Ex"rp" from TheMo,u, 6. 1-7.3. Thi hon

"Th<odoti.n '" commentary, howe ... r, i. not a v~rbatim quotation but
a paraph ...." and t he original may h.v~ been more exten.iv~. Wh"
ha urviwd can be dh'ided into four ><etion" (I) an exege.i. of john
I, I, I 8 that d;;ninguime. among God, Beginning .nd logo. (Exc TheM.
6.1- 3)-thi . <tion i> ,irtually identic.1 with the Ptolemaean .peculation.; (2) .n explanation of tbe logos-Life ')'Zygy. b.",d prim ..ily on
John LJ.c-4., but bolster..J by John I U ~1l 4 , 6 ("I.m Life") (Exc. Th<oJ.
6.4)-.nd t hi . ><etion i. >Iso no d ifferent from the Ptolem.ean ... rs.ion,
(3) a philosophic.1 ",berne of noetic em.nation, which. howe ... r, i,
dearly different from the Ptokma~.n >chem~ of-reproductive" emanation, here, the unknown F"her wi,he. to become known, and in hi>
own "'If-knowing Tho ught ('-'~~~m,,). h e produc~. the Monogen ...
Son; the ",If-knowledge i piritu. liud into ""ru~" )'\'''''''''''' .nd t he
commentator ~.pl.in. that it not only bind. together Father .nd Son,
but t h.t it i, also bound with the ""';;~"- "yit~%. which proc~. from
the Son .nd hi, .yzygos Truth, likely to produce the pair l.ogo.-life
alre.dy mentioned .bov~ (Exc. T1r.",I. 7.1-2), .Ithough its coming into
being i. not actually 'pelled out; thi> .omewhat abrupt break in t he
de>cription of the noetic ~manation-",hich may be taken as a . ign of
the ""I"'t"'" nature of Clement', paraph,..tic de><ription-then <Ilif"
the focus to (4) an exeg"'" on John U4,18, which expl.in, that t he
Savior on e.rth w., not t he pleromatic Monogene" who teach~. t he
other aeon. about the Father through knowl..Jge, becau .. it i> stated
of th~ Savior on earth that hi> glory wa,~, ("";) that of the Monogen ..
(&c. Th<M. 7.3)-thi. exege.i, r... mbl~ . the Pto l~maean one that
treated t he Logo, become fle,h of ... n. 14 a, the Savior who wa. not
identical with any of the other ><'On. ~ither. but w instead t heir colI",tive embodiment.
In this commentary. the links to the prolog.,., are not qu ite a, .trong
a. in the Ptol~ma~an on~ ,in<~ iivllj>Ol~'" and inA~oi" are not mentioned at .U. The comment.ry, nev~nhel ... , <I..rly pr.. upf>OS<' t he
doctrine of the Ogdoad as Monogen~. i, identified ",;thout ~xp l anation
a. '''''' and ';A~a .,,,-. Howev~r, whil~ in the Ptolemae.n comm~ntary
" lh;, ",m """ t.<" I""rlr .... p,,,,'K.J ''''''''', .Jthoogh ,t.< <onun<n,ur "'
q""'''''' p,ob.i>Ir 00. .... <1<",. from , _ " , h'm,,]f, r<m..rs 00< ..... n from
"" .... "'m "hooI of V_n';n ..... m. Ck"",n' '''',00"''' ,t.< rommmwy ,.molr"
vakn"n',," (......
... ",S".ru
t"""
lMod. 6, 1) .
eo< ,t.< <1;,.",. not"" of ,t.< "",,"" ;n
Ox<. llWd.,
TUO.uS USIMUS
known to Ir~naem, .."..,n ou' of ~ight members of t he Ogd""d h ad

"Johannine" n.me, 'h<r~ are only ~ .... uch m<mbers in thi> ... r .km known '0 Clemen' (x"-r~p, ~O""1"''''''''Pl~' a),~6'-":t. ~,
y,,~). Thi. ag.in .uggest. 'hat the V.lentini.n Ogd""d w gradually
brought doser '0 'he Fourth Go.!"'!", prologue ,in it was found '0
provide a ,uitable 'ro"olk proof-text for ,hi,
of Valen,ini.n
,heology."
Originally. t he Ogdo.d probably h.d no'hing '0 do wit h John', prologue. Ot her...i ... "'.., would ex!",c' 'he conntion '0 be deare" and
in any ca"" ,he Ogdoad can be explained ... ,i.fac,orily wi,hou, .ny
rou .... '0 t he prologue. Valentinlan my'hology i, heavily influenced
by Middlepla,onic and N"'Pl"~hagor<.n 'pKulatiom.'" lhe first ')'2 ygy i, '"ariably n amed in 'he different version" bu, that 'he first male
principle i. sometime> called "Fa'her: i. a normal PJ..,onic practic~.71
Hi. alternate name "Dep,h' i. a,,<"S,ed in 'he cont<mrorary ChaUea"
Om,1e. (frg. 18 Maj<rcik), a coll,ion of S,oicizing Middlepl.,onic
oracul.r "afemen", a. weU a. in 'wo probably pr.-Valen,ini.n Cla"ic
Gno<fk documen", liugno"o, (V 6~) a nd Ir<noeu' rela,ed descrip,ion of "Ophite" m}~hology (A J,. ha". 1.30.1)."
lhe ~rs' principle'. female p.rt ner i, ","ally called Silence (r 'ril)
but ,hi. 'erm i. no' found in 'he prologue. HO"''''er, t he term mril
occurs in t he ChaUcan am,"" (frg. 16 M.jercik), and EugnoHo, (V
I ~,ll, III 88,8-9), a. well a. in t he related Sophia of ' ..Uf Ch,i" (II!
Ill,8, 117,17.21 ) and 'he Apocrypho" of John (III lO,I~). Dependence
on Pla,o', R'pub/ic (49Ob. ~, ~1 7b) might t hen pl.in "'hy 'he
S<"<ond . yzygy, i.e ., the fir" pair of em.nation. from 'he fir" principle.
i. called Mind a nd Tru,h, a. van den Bro<x ha, ,u&l;e"ed:' The term.
"r(~ and ~"'''1''Tt:; for Mind .re likewi .. no' found in aU ,-.. iants
of 'he Ogdoad (e,g., lren.eu" Adv. ha". 1.11.1). AOro:; and ~"'~ .r<,
admittedly, found in Joh n 1.4, and ,hi. wr", probably provided 'he
opponuni,y for Valen,inian .. eget", to con nKt 'he Ogdoad wi,h 'he
prologu~, Howe,-er, the origin of this pair can be better explained ...
"re<'
~
~
cr. 11.0....... n oros. n '_n'.

s." ""'" ''P',,,U)1bo...,,,,m 2OJ<i. '69_'''.
,1.-..'"
" '"". ' . ~ .. PMo. ~if- 7,

a..1dN. o.-.m''{'so.], """j<.-cik; P<><pOI'!'
D,,,,,,,;w.. I N priN. 2.1.4I[ W,,,,,,;nk-Comb<oJ!-1l R"dk ,I><
!I"" bock '0 .... to'. In.npt",,, of "" &m;.'P' I ~'ho only .... " , P~ton i 'm .....
OO<K<;",d of .. ......"'" ,n"'y) ;n Ti ......... 'Sol,
" f ..
~nb kt~'n E""""'..... nd '"nx,." "Oph;'",:." "".;mu,;>OOO..
n Van ok" 8 .... k t ..... 't7_IJO.
.~""
t'"
,pp<l"'"'"
"TOlMAWS A"" THE J'kOlOGU'S VAHNTt>llA>I UG""IS
1 6~
V.I~nt ini.n
.d.ptation of Classic Gnostic mythology-lron.ellS (A.d .

h"". 1.1 1.1) and the majority of ..holars believe that the V.lentiniam
were r~form.rs of e.. lier Gnostic ,peculations.." In the a1re.dy mention.d Eug"oila, and the Ophite" m)1h known to lren.~u., the coro
structur. of the di"ine hierarchy com;'" of a series of hea,..,nly Adam
and he figur... '" Th"", .peculation, go back to. Platoni,ing ex");e.i.
of Genesis 1-2 (ei. Philo), where it " ... ",metimes .wed th.t the man
of(;"n 1027 wa. created aft .. the image of God, who was tho Logo,,"
.inc~ thi. man (Adam) was androgynous., it was natural to think that
hi. femal. a.pe<t would be an Eve figure: z..,~ i of course, Ev~'.
nam~ in tho LXX. Adaptation of .uch Gnostic .peculation. would well
expl.in the Valentinian interest in .yzygi .... Mor<'Ov ... ouch a background in Gen .. i pe<ulotion.-not too d ilferent from what i. found
in Phil(}-would also explain the final pair ofthe Ogdoad, i. ., Man and
OlUrch, Man (i. . , Adam) himself i. here .m.noted afier hi. archetype
logo., and hi. female partner E", c.n be thought to rq>r""nt m lleeth 'ity, .. pr~.sed by the to, m ini..~"'a . ince E"" is cha .. cteri,ed a.
the - mother of all living" in Gen 3,20, In fact, a somewhat . imil.. idea
is pre .. nt in Eug"o"a, (V 14, 18-27; III 86,2-\-87.8) and the Sophia
of
Ch,i" ( Ill 1 t 1,2-11; BG t 1 1,6-18), where the Ogd oad Wkely
denoting the upper ... Im ahov. the ""'en he.,'en. of t he co>mo.) i.
said to con.ist of i n)"I"'" and ~",~. In>tead ofbuing t he derivation
of the V.lent ini.n Ogdoad on John'. prologue, it mak~. perhap. better ""nse to b.se it on MiddJ.platonk and Gnmtic .peculatkm. of the
Opli i t~" type about tho fir>t principle>,
While the V.lentinian model system itself stems-in the word. of
lrenaeu.-from "Ptol.maeus and hi. followers who", doctrine;' t he
bud of Valentinu' ..:hool" (A dv. Ira". 1 pm<! 2). the commentary
;, .",ribed to Ptolemaeus him""lf. How""", because the ."'ript ion
(Et Prolamaew quiJ<m ita) i. mi"ing from the Gr""k text p .. served
by Epiphanius, "'m~ ",hola.. h>v~ rK~ntly rai .. d doubts ahout t he
originality of tho a",ription,n Roussnu and Dout",leau, on the otl><r
hand, h,,', .ugg~"Nl that Epiph.niu. dropped the wo,d. b<cau .. he
'<>u,
" s, <.8-, "')taG " "', "'If.; M. Wil .. m. t9%, JJ--J7; and Dun<\nk'!l000. <6.
~ lb,,,, t><mnly Ad.m , col Eft figu", m furth.. &KriboJ on 'm", ol AJ..m
U.riotolog) . nd "'rh" 'P<'uI .boo~ S ""Omu> lOO'J .
~ "" tl>< <>pin"'" "", ,I>< t.oo:o> "'0> ,I>< ""'s< ol God ,Iw """J .. tho mod<l
ro.- Adam (of Grn t .M-11). .. < ""00. L<:r. , .W;.
>000. l "_1>t; Du ".kro<,~ """" , ...
" ,,.,kKh.
TUO.uS USIMUS
pr... ntod the mooel ')'l'em and the <omment.ry attachod to i, a. the
te.ching of Valentinu. him .. K having found t ho L""r to Flora a.
a repre><n ...!>" of F'tolemaeu' own (.nd different) teaching." Not
all ",hoi.,. have .cpted this solution, but the fact-previously not
token in'o <on.ideration-that Epiph .ni"" while following Iren.eu'
Gr..,k text itself quite faithfully, generally follow. Hiprol)~u. ""her
th an lrenaeu. in identifying t ho yoriou. "heresie.: "
in famr of
the solution propo>! by Ro=eau and Doutrele.u. Hiprolyt"" bo,h
in hi. Synlagma .nd R_i"t"rjo, pre",nts "oriant of the mooel 'Y'tem a. the te.ching of Valentinu. himself," The",fore, the ascription
of the commentary i n que.'ion to Ptolemaeu. i. probably original to
lrenae"" and not a I.ter addition to the Lat in translation,
How""r, the ascription may not b< completely accurate." It m.y
re!leet a Valentinian t ",dition at t ho t ime of I",n.eu., according to
which Ptolemaeu. had written >commentary on John'. prologue, while
the ,.,..ion pr.~rvod by lrenaeu. m.y, in f.ct, "em from Ptolemaeu'
studen", Did F'tolemae,.. him",lf then write a commentary on the
prologue at all-which could h"" ""-'n elaborated by hi, "udenuwishing to .how how 'he .post le John all uded to the Ogdoadl Thi' i.
rel.tod to the question of whether Ptolemae", himself taught . plerornatic myth or not ," The
to Fu,Nl doe. not explicitly refer to
.uch a m)~h, bu, t he letter i on the other hand, only an introouctory
le""n." Morl,,,,r, Tenullian ,tat.. t h.t Ptolemae", ""', in fact, the
'rea'"
L"",
,nd
[Iou t ...... u t..,., UJ_"" 1 .. .

... mmpl<, ,........... c.ulog of 1>< ....... ",1m' .. '" 'n ' h,,,, ",t.t<d grouP'
of "Gnosho" 1'<" 'x<<I~ ..... (Ad., Iwn-, U._Jt) . ...0",], I>< do<. "'" prop<rlr
>p<wng hl><t, only ~ ". 1><,..ooIogO", .n.! <OPY'''' of t"",,,, ...... "fi<d ,1.< ..
.. "I<ubdo-G..,.''''~ " -"'h"n,Oph",," '00 " Co'ni"~" ",,!,,,,,, .. Iy. H'f'I'Ol)' .'
(""..do- T""ullO .. , II"". 1.t_'1 &"' ...... lb,,,, group> of "Op";' .. : "CUn 't,, . nd
"S<th,,, ~ ...J ,I>< tint ,,",0 dncr'p<'o,,, .... <"",Iy <1<1"00.", on t" ... "" "do. , - ,
1."'"31 . 110..-.... ' , H'f'I'Ol)'''' "''"'""' of "",h",," ... no pu.u.t in , ....... " nd
on ,I>< o<h<, bond. , ... ""' . .. M . Iwn-. u. (""'rbdo,C_"'.l"" no po,...,t ..
,,,t><><>1Y'"" ~p'pI='". >pilic"r folio", H'wo!>'u>-.m",. 00-.'''. prooO<!'ng
w<I;,"".J detail. from t,,,,,,, "._'n p"><n"n!!
G"",,'" group> 'n Pan. J7_30.
M",,,,,'''', >:,"phon 'u, dn<npt .... of " Rub<~" . '" ""., ,6 ~ "'" I>..><d on h<nO<u,
AJ.. """, 1.1\1, Iic, ",,'mu, ,..,.... fo.- ~,"ph.>n"" b<'ng " "'il)' d<r<"",m on
"'wo1Y'"' ',nlat'"" . ..., "'p~",
HilUofdd '%J.
~ ." , <l<>-T,n ull,,", u"". "t--6 (. paraph"... of " ..... " ., .. 01.. ... , . 1.1_1);
"'wo1Y'"" "'I 6,1\1_}6 (. vu .. '" of,.. t"no,,,n ",odd 'Y'''''' kno..-" .. 'm .... R).
" d, l",",man" t ..,. "'_, "" Thomo",," 1006, 1 " n"',
Itou .....
~
u...:.
,,,,,,,.nd
M"l=h,,, (10001
of ,I><
op'" .... ,.., ro"'",,", dOd '""
,... h . nr pl.ro_
m"'" myth.
u ro .......... prom"'" """" 'm"",'''''' " th< rod of tl>< ""'" '''''". H','I,
167
in,-en!or of the pleromati< m).h (Val. 4_2)_ In her<siologicil literatUr<, there are bukaUy three dilf~rent pieromalic .ystem. a"oched to
Ptolemaeu. and/of hi. school , (I) a "ersion of the Valentinian model
.ystem from !h e school of Ptolemaeu. (with the ."oched commentory
by Ptolemoe ... him",lf) in !rena~u., Adv, ha .... 1.1-8; (2) the .)~tem
of the mor~ .d,-anced "udents of Ptolemaeu." in l ren.eu Adv. han
1,11 .1; and (3) the teaching of Secundca (! rena~u., Ad,, ha", 1.1 1.2)
"'fIkh, according to Hippolytu. (P""udo- Tenullian, Hae<, 4,7), wa.
",flat also Ptol~m.eu. taught; Epiphanius foUow. thi. tradition in h i.
Panarion, and pre><nt5 t he ulter 10 Flora, as ,.,.en as the SKundi.n
')'Stem, a ... aching> of Ptolem.eu. (Pan. 33 ),
lhe ascription of the Sundi.n teaching to Ptolemae ... i. likely
erroneous, and go<-> back to Hippolytui SyNlagmd, where Hippolytill
... igns the model 'ystem from Irenaeu' Adv, ha ... LJ-8 to Valentinu.
him""lf, Why he did thi., remaim unknown, but Irenae"" wa. cen.inly
better informed about Valentini.n ince he wa. do><r in time to t he
found~" ofthe "'hool, and had person.1 inform.tion about t he .. hool
of Ptolemaeu. (Adv, Mae<. I pm,J. 2). The .)~tem of Ptolemaeu' mor~
.d,-.nced "uden""-ind icating that the Father h.d two con>on"
VEwot(t and e;;J..~~"-may well be an elaboration or a variant of t he
model .)'Stem, l'O"ibly indeed stemming from some of Ptolemoeu'
>ludents." Therefore. th.t le. ,-.. u. wit h t he model .y"em itself. There
.re. in f.. t, three ,-e"ions of the model .ystem p",,,,rwd in her .. iologicallite .. tu, eo (I) the so -calle<! Version A" in lrenaeus, ... ribed to
the ochool of Ptolernaeu.; (2) the ",,-cilled Version S" in Hippolytu'
R,jutatio 6,29-36, .",ribed to Valent inu. him",lf (Hippolytu. had
.Iready, in hi. Synlacma, ..signed. p .-.phr... of Ve"ion A to
Valentinu.); and (3) section C in a ement'. Exrp" from 1h,tx/o'u.
(43-M), that could thus be c.lIed Version C: and which by vin""
of the (po .. ibly ",cond.ry)" title i. a .. igned to Theodotuo and t he
Eastern ",hool of V.kntini.ni.m.
The here.iological testimony concerning the origin of 'h ~ model .y.tern, .. well a. P'olem.~u' relationship to the pleromatic m).h, i. thus
diver.." Apan from Tenullian'. bri.,[ ".tement (Val, 4.2). b ically
" a. Thomo",n (1006. t ,_"- JOIj_>O'i) ~'ho ,,,,"id,,,, M". """'. '-'2.1 . . . mi_
. n' of th<"1rr< . - pkrom.o'~y (, .. """""Y'''m ;,od( Wo "'1""'"" 11." .... ><0,
'rr< 81. "ho>< ... 'ipt .... ,,, , .. "''''''ma,,,", .... probo.blr in..",," to,. t,,,,,,,,,, from
,n .. <Ii<-< """i.loginl wool.
~ s
t . ." <"_<,,.
.,,00."....
TUO.uS USIMUS
only Ir~naeWl oays thot the ""hool of Ptolemaem taught. pleromatic

myth-in f.ct, two varian" of Ve.,ion A of the mooel .ystem (A<iv.
ha", LJ-8, 1.12. ) ; and t hat Ptolemaem h im",lf ",Yote a commentary
on loh n', prologue connecting the plerom.tic Ogdoad with it (1.8 .n
In deKribing the two .ystem. he ha .... igned to the Ptolemaean.,
I .. noeus doe. mention Ptolemaeu. himself, .. well .. "those arou nd
him: i.e., his "udenLi (oi .'pi m'Uj. In t l>< fir>! instance-the model
.y"em it",lf-Irenaeu. says he wi.h .. to talk about current her""ie.,
e'p<"<ially .bout "Ptolemaem and tho", around him. who< doctrine i.
the bud of Valentinus' ",0001"," .nd the ,""ond in"ance-tl>< elaborat ion by the more adv.nced students-ascribe. the ..aching to "the
wiser among tho< around PlolemaeWl. "" Do the .. apre"ion, mean
that Plolem.eWl himself wa. "ill alive and induded in the groups in
question' Not neee.oarily, a. the oi .,pi to"'" (EpiphaniWl' ,,~y in the
latter instance i. likely a modification to Irenaeus' original Grffk)
can .imply take the meaning of someone. studen"- Funhermor<, if
Ptolemaeu. d ied in the early l ~ he would no longer be around at
the time of Ir~naem, and the exp .... ion. would then naturally take the
.imple mean ing, "the fo llowers of Ptolem.em."
lhu., if none of the pleromatic .)~ten" actually described-.....
the "Ogdoadic" commentary on the prologue-in here,iologial literature an be a.. igned to Ptolemae"" d"". it mean that he did not
teach a pleromatic myth at all' Thi. is unlikely for "",..,r.1 rea""n" (l)
Iren.em "",ril><. the Ogdoadic commentary to Ptolemaem himself; (2)
Iren.em a"ign. two varian" of the rleromatic m)Th to Ptolemaeus'
own "uden", (3) Tertullian con.ide" Ptolemaeu. to have I><en the
inventor of t l>< pleronlatic myth; a nd, as Thom .... n ha. argued, ( 4)
Ptolemaeus' reputation a. one of the grea"''' Valentinian .. ache"
nee ... itat .. that I>< did invent something-thi. would tend to exclude
the ro .. ibility that it ..... only hi. >!ucien" who in,'ented the plero-
".i
~ 'N ,'". """. 'I!'; ,"n< d...-. Plok""""",, q"'" ,,' w i.' f/o>oJ"'" \'....
><oIor. Mo. kon-. 1 1""'1. 1 Roo ..... and n,,.,,,,I<,. "-" .... " "p<phoruu, G""k
u".. 1M\ ""' .... "'"..""...... ",.;,-9,""" """" ,,, ''''''''''';.... """"', P.
Holl _ .'-<i.
" Hi......, q.i ... , ,~'" "'ok .... "m
"-.0. 110",. 1.". t
"lO.t; "p<phoru.' G""I;_wh ..h .,"", o.I<n'''oI ,,"h "'"
l)'ing ,I>< "'hn,
w;"", " tt""""""""';"; ~""
M "',,"" 1KOOo..u- ..,.,.J.M"",
J1.U Holl ..... _., th<
G"" I; u" ."lr'ns "" "'''n, Oi iii
tt.";",,..,;,,, ,"".,..","',
t.t, h. ST. 6.1.
M a.lUdnnann t .. ,. t14.
])0.",1<0.
_,"om.
,J.l ,,,,
]),,.,,,1<0. ""'.
"'n.
",i ,..
'L'"
Roo .. ... .
G""I;
oo
.00.,_
a;',. '" ,,,,,..,..,,,,,, ....,

'<m~n>ekd
... . 00
PTOlMAWS A"" T H E J'kOlOGU'S V AHNT!>llA>I UG""IS
169
ma,k myth." Wi,h Thoma""n I ' hus as' .. ' hat tho 00' ~xpl.nation
of all 'he ava ilable evidenc~ concom ing Ptolomao"" and hi. follow~'"
is 'hat Ptolernaeus did inwn' , he pleroma'ic rnyt~ ""hich """" ,hen
olabora!<d by h i. >luden .. , Gh..,n also the fact , ha' ,he I."'' ' ro Fwra
and ' he Ogdoadk commen'a..,. bo,h ~'" lohn'. prologue as an .ro'tolk proof-text for Valon,ini.n theology-a strategy nor a" ""ed in
the Go.!"i of Trurh , wh""" author ha imply incorporated Johannine
them". and languago into hi. own thrology-incre.",. , he likelihood
that Ptolomaelli him""lf also in itiated tho process that linked lohn',
prologue to , he V alentini.n Ogdoad. Theother insta nCe> ofVa lentinian
exegesis of the Fourth Grupel a nd its prologue may then be dependent
on Ptolemaeus' inno"'th'e usago," e.pecially if the Gos!"i of Tro,h
""a. not """nen by Valentinu. , or or I..s, if it was not written befo ..
Ptolemae",,' martyrdom in ca. I ~2, Ptolemaeu. h im.elf, hOl....,'er, may
",..,11 h..,< adopted 'he Fourth Go'r<1 as an arostolic proof-'oxt from
the anti -Moreionite d iscour ... of 'he Roman church .. in the l~
"".'1<, G.. 71.. A""",""'", C"",m."'., "" ,,",10 ', .P."","i"",. "'" ... R,w
rhO-
'''.1'". ,.....
Camp'nl... "n, H. """, 71.. , '" "".,,,,, of 1M CIon,",," MM, I. w" ,.. mI .. pM._
Iooop~ ; ><"" "oo;'n ". s."n,
,.n
do lph'" 'ort" .. ,
Ccn-W"- K , "P\o'""i,m .Dd G.o.hd"", ,''' Anonym.,",
P. nn< n i& ~ M ;ddi< '"
"'t"""
"rop/o'''"'''''
Com.,.",-,')' "" ,' "
C-r"'"," ....... , ....
No'""i,,",
11......"
1,..... I Tum< Dd R M.jo''''<- "',., Soc~'y of Hibli<ol Ii".., ...

>ympo>i wn s.,-;., ". AtI.n", Sox;'t) of .0bI .... li' ...,"". 1IlOO, .. ,_ "'.
.,.j
Cu/P'Pr"" "-A., I""", ,I>. S- of:ulxM., 71.. L'frof. Lq<"', " " d~ ."" "',,,,noJ ;,;.,
of"" ",,' T.~. m<nt , Co.." ...... , U";"''';'y ofSoo ,h c"oIi .. l'u", , ....
,-", I'bm, >C, Num,"'",' r..Z"',"", Pori" Sox"', J 'M;tioo
",II<> Jon",...
.1<,
,."-
M lho",,,,,,, !OO<i. '63_''''.

~ lh...!ot u' dod , .... . n<! hO, "'" of loftn'. I"oiog'" (&" Urod.
cf.
l', rtull .... '. "P'" ,.. Go ... (J". ,. ,hot Ii ...,;" ".oJ, ,o. ,."'.,;" .... >pOi, ..I .. ",
'''0 , '" """"""" 1-"'. !Mod. " ",m, to '"
' 0 lh<o.lot", h;m " lf by th.
,;~'" '" ,'" '-ing..l." ..,.." cf. ..g.",,1 , .... J<>-3I , ,., _, . '" 1homo"". >006. 10)
. " oot only horn /0 ",,,,,,,,,,.,. b th<y . " il", known only ' h rough <x<. lloro./.
f""""'a! by 0.",,", I"' ...... i .. , only 1hro.ioK!./!"".fo" ,,"",. 1.3,;" "" lilth
n'",),.""" .... ,oo of him; cf. 'Ihoau.,,," '006. ,"_lS). A .."" .... ,,,,,, of
"" ... ~'rn ..hoof. '" probobIY "'r! f"rly ",,,Mol '0 V..... " nu' own " ..hinS'>
h",
.""~""''''
abo "' ... ;"fl ",,,,.d by ,'" "ok""".n myth
"'" u" of jOOn'. rroloo .... [",n 'boush w , ;!k of &.c. lloro./ cbi"" tho, 1"",""""
.... . =nmpor"l' 01' V"'.,;" "'- "ok"",," inH..nc< on 1"''''''''., ;... ill 1""'_
,'OJ.----<.p"'olly ;( "oknh .. w ""tl;.-..! rto/ ..........
,u,
."nbut'"
'''''''''''w ",,)',
...'"
TUO . uS USIM US
Flo,..,,,,,,..,
'~ ''''''.I,
lh, MiJJl,
Be '" AV 210.... , iO! <ill,.... ,,;th , "'" oft,,_
w<><d. It ...... N.L eorr.. U U..,.,,~,, P ", ... , .....
,,,,"<1"""1> ,.. ",,,,..a C",,"iri,,", MA "!",,k. ..a
_I,
i,
'M 5<~" ,'.ko
';""'. N, .. y.,.ko ~u m b" U"""'''- F", ... lOOO.

Ehm.. n. "J), 1M Orllooda<
of 5<ril". ' ~ 71w ,'ffrn
,10.
of
o.fonf o.f<rnl Unim";,y Pn",
.e"""" .,
0,,,,,,,",,
T"", 'M "-,,, T,".m,"'.
e-,,,,,,,,,",,
""
, ,.
.,,;'.1, "'' ' u/ori<oI
"1'" ..... in Philo.oo ",,,,,,,,,,," ,, A No<, "" ,I>< '-"'I<, '" fIo>< ~ - ".plio.
Ch"".""" '" I ,..,61 .,-" .

U.-." 1, R.M., ''''"'''"' of L""". lh, >.uJy ct,,=h fd,,,,. londor..- Ro."~<l!!". ,'fll .
f'o<J>h", " ,"dori""" 1 ",Io .. P,n " (, , "', A ,,!!"" _"n<~ , .....
H.m..., A . ' ''''- .".mo" ''''' 6",'1'".'" "''" !rr"w,," ""', "'"' M"""!I"'pIr~ '"'
",,,,hid, ,, d<, ';n.ndlT<"g m .. ,0/;,,,",, KirrM ...,., "'pri"'ro ])"m"..k.w i'''n>d" ft h,I>< "ochg<>,u ..luft. , .....
".oS'l M. 1M i<>Iw""i", 00K>""". I. Bow"' ''- ,.... ri, 1.0"00".- SCM ; """,",1_
" aJoi, P,
ph'" Tn .. " y p,,,,
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H ilg<n f,ld, A., 1M K""'J<"'/'i,h/,.kr Um.ri"""",",, , .... "",I",rd
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"1'"
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Go,p<! of joJ.n ;n 'hI S<cond Cm,",)': l h .D.
".",,,,1U"",,;ty.'.o..
'1'.piw.'",
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om,"'
Holl. K, rd..
(A"""",",.M P. . . _ ) " .....
"..1 P...
,_j j . L>I< gri< ' ~ I",hm ,hn .. I ~ I>< n 5<h " . " , II<, dr, ,,"," di ,"""U" dr", " ,
Lrip<'so " im ldu, , .. ,.
jm "., R.M.,
A". London.- Roodrd!!". 1000.
U...."'..ai'l Ur'" C"m'''',

,._1> .. "l'"I,*" ..k otl";. .... d , ~ " ~ m< l .... ngIIr: ... """m.",,"'; jaM" '
'''I"' " "'" ""Wi"" '-" ".,.,,,.,, "' I .... "~k "' ,,,' .'" - . ~"'"~" ,",k~
I.D. """"~, J.M. """" .00 I. 7... m",in, ro. .. lr mondr dr ~ bObk. """''''' w...-
""""~,
,, ' Odn, ,..... " j _J"".

Wop<. p .. "-om P." '" ,'.k"Ii,,,,, "'''''',,"'., ""'"", '"' ,';", T"" Cr".'~"
M.
'tr'"",u",. '.. o~ .. MI"""poIi..-
loY'oo. " .. 7", ,,""',.,
'ort "'~ 1OOJ .

Xri~'""" A N", Tr" .. """" .. '"
.. ,,,,,,",,,,", ..a
,.M.
,,'roJ...-_
''''''. G.. dr. C"y. N.Y..- ",,"bird.y. '''7.

LipojU>.IlA .. l .. QudIr""'dil",, EJ"rM"_ Vim"", "',"mid"',
U\h'. W., 'u doctr\"" dr "" , .un. ~ ~ "" I fI"n dr P<oII"",,: ""'"' JlrUloi,,,'
"' ,n'Ioropir" mip'"'" " (''''). '''_]91.
l Udr""nn. G., , I>< '1i" "'1 of "'rli< ..
o",,,,,";,yio _ : 110, }ooornal . , ".gIr<,
e ri ..",", I ' '''), '"_''''
R, 7", """""'" Omch Tn' , Tn,.,",,,,,,, . ..1 Gmr"""'.?,, Stoo"" In

G<k . od "",""n Rdigion ' . ' ~Idm .- "'ill ' ....
" "'''''I<h, M . rd.,
""""i""" P"n"I,,", T .." uod
Stud;.. ". II lin.- d. G , u>""
".rlKh .... G,
c",,,;n.,' u.""",""",,,. '", ......, """'";,,,"'" """", mil
, i",," """'_",.,
f ..
".k"Ii'~ WI",""ho.1>d-.r U. ' m ... h"ng<'
,um N, ...n T'''.m<" t . ' , TOm"S'o.- MoJu, IP.id """"'. 1.
__ - valr." """ u""" """,,.- Tew" d ,I A" """,y of, School.' .,'"
11........1
Libmry ..jtN
y,." .- f'ro<u-JIW of ,10. , .., ""in, of Bilm,oI ".. ".""
Tu" ", ",d ... " <G uir<, '"'-. "'II '''mm><ti.od M ... ~hor . "
Stud;., ". LrOko.- "rill. '''7.
__ """, R,,,.,,,h on I'<oInn.ru, G""," ",,: Zril.mnji '", A""I " "'''',,","'"
IlIlOO), " ' -, ....
" "-'g<'. II."., 1M (l""," . , ' " ' N.... T,,,. ,,,,," II, ""T", v.-..Ior"""', ....
"rn iji<."U, Ox/",J.- ct.... """" P'''', , .. ,.
-"'i<" '"
".pp,>I:rr= "'1"'.''''
,.86. """"'"'"
,'.w,,,"",
=""'" S"''"'"
' '!<1
ecm,""""",,,,,. ,.
,.n.
,".r
PTOlMAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU'S V AHNT'>llA>I UG""IS
'''''f'''''
171
"'g<~ T ., ill<
J., 1""'""'''''''I'''u"" '"' 1. /0"'""..1.'" SI...!". '"'
_,,"""'"'" A""Z''"K".J Awkp"I <k>
-wI."'", ,. ,"",IIi_ ....
mri"I;m.r-"'w.., "'''.'.', Art..ik n '"' ";b.1"00 ;t"" G<Kh"hk '. '-<ipz'tc
ri,"," ,.....
h.ngdi"'''' ""I.8"-n...... 1OOG.
P.g<h, >,H., "M /OM""i", O",/"I ,.
O"""K "'~,,, H"..r.o. ', "","""",.,,. ""

jell" Socoy of Bibli<&! uk,"u" Monognop/l sm.. ll. N.",ilioo Abingdon.
"n.
P"''''''. 8.A., 0,.,,"' ...... J";"i,,,, .... Em"'"
"""'''.'ii,. ",w.. in Anl .... ity II<
OU'''''''''y, "'n",opoli" fort'''., ''''''.

00"1"",0., Pwk""" '-<,,, >'\onoc T,xl<. ,rod... ,,,,, "
,.moI...,.,.. Soum. ,hn'_
""nn.. " bi" P.,'" C"f, ,...,.;.

..... m"~
P.,,.j;u Ron,-.d 'n (;...,Ii.
of ' M
rna.-"",. "'g Il.mm"!i , nO "."" ..... n St
Lir"'
T.,
'''''"''"''''1' I<rlhi,l::t..."'."'...... ,.
omii'
"
61, I ~iod<n'
&011, 1009 .
__ "PolphFi and ,0. Gno.b,~ "''''..... S P."" H"""'> Th<.i. in Ugh, of th<
s<roM .nd lh"d C<n'u'Y s<th"-n M."n...!. - !'Io 'o, PO/m,".w, .J
~<P'i""
,. P.,,"'K, O"",iK. ooJ 0";"",, ."..."..","K h<'~ "- C""Wn , n<l I. T",,,,,,.
No., W, "ins, from to. C""o_R"""n W.,,-!d. A,"-""" """ ty of H;b1,,01 w"'",.,,
,-<Okn, BriI~ _
[forthooorn'nsl.
Ro,...",,, A . nd L Dou",~." 1,1.......
I" Hiri,""
i, 1
So,,,,,,. ,h,it""""" 101 __ ,
em. "".
__ 1m.;. ... L,.., Um'" In Him ..,
Ill. , '"010., ,,,;>1 ,J""",, ""',,"
,h ..... n ... 1'0-1", P. ,;" C"I, """,.
R",li<, c. ,d.. ' lo"",,,ii s""''''''''~ v..!;'a';o"., " SoI.,;o"." I-'< Pri",~ Pri""Pii, '"
!'Io'""i,
1 wb., Am~"'!.m, "..urn. 196/i.
Sognoni, f., CIo'm,"' J"Ak"".Jri.. i'<I",iI, J. 7hioJo", T.." 1"',
...,""',' '"'''~ Sou"". <hrih""'" n , P. .... CI. ''''"Sond.,,~ ).N. 7", , .. Gc>/"I '" ,'" uri, o,u,.-l" Jr, ""iJo'" ..
71oro1<v .p '0 i","""" " ... I>ridg<' c..mbridg< Vni",nity P,,",,, ' ''''.
S<vi. A., T"" P..-" I" If.." ., uri, ""bbi,~ R'/,",<~ 000.1 Ck""'.,'., ....
O'"""'~'". Stoo,,", in lodoi.m 'n '--'k An ....... "r ". I.<iod<n, Brilll.n.
SUn.I.', R., ", hms''''' .k
"ibqu<" ~co,,"': N"",
22
('076).2H_l".
lhorno."", ., lh, Sf',"",,1 Sd, 1'" 0,"". of ,'" " 'ok",,,,,",," N.S H.un",,"'
and M.nK..... n Stud ... 60. '-<,,",n, Brill. >006.
T um", ).D __ ",h",. G_~i> ....... 1M No""", lrodi" ... , RObIiothi<j'" ropl< d<
N.S H.unmod',
tt udo_ 6. Quih<c '-<. P"" ... d< f "ni.mit' '-"'01;
,-<",'m , Pt,,~ 1001.
yon.kn "nri. R.. Slu./"", " """'Ii" ,", .... Ak"".Jri."
".~ H.unmod'
and M"oc ..... n s<ud ... 39. '-<,,",n, Brill. , _
W..!d<, C. "Jth<ooru (I_V):
",.1, 10 ( I "';), '''_''0.
"" " 'rink. L..oo I. Combi-o, .,;., ''''""",i"" ho'ti In P""~" "''''''/''~ ;0/",",
lie "" S. " ..... " J.
p.m. 1.<, bd~. ~ tt" ~ , ....
W iliu m, F.. 7'"
of fp'pM""' of"''',"i" Boot J ("'" 1---461. ".S '''mmo.!;
"00;" " , I.rid<n, Bril, , .. ,.
Willu m, I., B"'i<oI 1"''1''''0'''''' in ,'" G_~ Gc>[><I ofT",," fro'" Nog 11...
Soc"'r of B;b1,," "k"'u,, , ,,,,,,,,,,,,," "'''"' 79, At""", Sthot." "'''', , ....
Willu m, hi,
F
C"T"J , en",,,,,", Plio,,"'" Vni.... ;. y Pm , ....
Wi, ... f.,""'"
' " mm''''' Lib"'Y ..il ,,,.
Vorl.... o.n,lio_
ii,
P,""
fl"""" ,"',.,
i""" "''''I<
L'..,.,
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'n"""....""',"._
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rl"
",;t"
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sm,,,
,"""'''""iI,.
'h, N,,,,
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An AT'''''"' D,,,,,."'Ii"f. ''''''''''''

""<WIogi"':
"'"U'"'
__ -,;toIk;nS ThO>< U"~'" s<1h"-n.: 1h, /Wi"""'" 0(O..,,'~i,,",

L ,,!hi."
0""'''' ...... B. '--')10ft, ";., , ..... "". in ,,,. Hi"",,), 01 Rdig;on. ., ("'f'P~m<"" t"
Nu""n). I ~""', 8 ri1l. " " ,
,,,,_,,6.
HERACLEON
Einor Thoma"",n
Unh'ersity of B<rgen
When Origen wrot< h i. m ... h.., commentary on the Go'rel oflohn in
the 130 he had ingle prursor in t hi. kind ofundenaking. a m.n
call"" Heradeon. At least. Herodeon i. the only pr...iou. commentator of lohn that Origen refe .. to in h i. work. Who was Herod""n '
Introducing hi. pr""e"",r for the fi rst t ime (0, 2,14.100).' Origen
describe> him a. "Heracl<on. who i ... id to h "", been a pupil of
Valentinu," (li" O\..a""'(\-'O~ J,.qO,.f.\-'O, .i"<l\ )""i>p,~o, 'Hf>~Ai""'),
Indeed, Heradeon i. often mentionM by Christ ian writers a, a p rominent repr"",n .. ti,e of Valenti niani.m. Clement of Alexandria ca ll.
him "t he most celebr.te.! of Valentinw' school"! lrenaeu. ment ion>
him once. b riefly.' a nd he also apre'" in Tertullian' and the R_ju'alio
omnium naemium, ' In the lauer source he i. said to be a proponent of
the "It.li. n" branch of Valentini.ni"", (6,H .6).' That Herod""n was
"V.le ntini.n" i. th~ point on which .11 our sourc", agr"".'
, o. wil '" " ><d 'n th., ''''y .. ... .obbo<,,,",,," .... Orig<'" romm" ",,,), "" to.
Goop-tO%);" to. Sou.-"" , h.. _
Ii,,,,,,, ("'~"" Co",,,,,"'_;,, ,.r S
i"'.)'
, " ,;;.; ' ............. i"'" ~"'). ... &,,,,..,,,,,, '''0", 6.1'-', t""",,,," ~d>. ..... H .'- Al'hough l<.,...,u, "n, w noth'og""", "hou, Mm,
" ;. """ ...",hy!ho, """" kon ' "" I'loinnxu, m th, only ",","tinion> """t""""
by no ... ;" ,h;. P-"'-'g<.
, T, rtull"" I '.t 4.1. Lik< t""",,,,, T","U.."
",,,,kon ,"'" h., ......
><=, ...
,boo,
know no mo.-< oi>oo,
, tn ,.,,, of "" ,""<TI'1y "","nt;og doubt,

" .ppoIyt u, oi Rom< .. tl"
, ,,"'" of th;. h<,, ~.J .....-l
s;""""~; 1000). ' .....
~ only by~,
<Oft"'"'.....1 t""
'-
"f..- '0
"',"'.';'.
i, ""nt"""" .. , V",,"';n"n """,,
th", h",,' (6.4, 6.' . " "'H) (not only 0"."
, n" "",,..,,,
'nly ... "
10 .. ",,"'''''''
"'~,
m .....
IlOO6. 17'il-
,-", ~'" '0'''''' th.o, ",,",<on ",,,,,kon (""udoT,,,ullion, > ~ "'';" '' ~p'ph_
"" "'. lh,odo<<I. P.-.Not""" " ', A"!! ..... "',
,,_<t, "'''''''
Pket,,,,, '" """"" "",
"'''''y .. <",;1,,, .
, ,I><
,<a,,' ""mp< 0,' KaI<.- . nd "",,..,,, (>0061 '0 "goo< ,hot Orig<n dOd not
=m"""
"...<lro" , """ohn',"', """",,'oc."!!-,I><
ph, ... ' ........ "'''' """.
pop" (~ ,t"" l""",,_1 00..
""ply t"', ong<n hot! ony . - , ,boo,
not
II"",,,,,,, ', odh",",< '0 V""n"n" " doc,';n" . It;. , I>< ,.!h<, "rong<' dum ,"',
""",kon ".. , ,....."."'" oi I'..... o .. n"'. ,"', ;~ pupil '" '" " ""'''" I""oonalfy
'"
Since h e i> mentioned by Irena""., Herad""n must have ~n
well-known figu," by 180. Thi. fac t lend. plausibility to the v;'w
rel"'rteci b)' Origen, that he was. personal
of Valentinu .. '
Valentimu i ...id by lren.eu.to h.,,, been act i... in Rome from the
l~O. to the 160>.' It ..,em. th.t H.radoon .1.., wo,keJ in Rome, .. i.
suggested by hi. attribution 10 the "Italian ""hoo]" in the Rrj","rjo,
well .. by other circum".nti.l eviden ... ~ N",..,,,hele ... it i. note ...o,thy that H.radeon', commentary on lohn (or any ot her work by him)
i. m<ntionM neither by Irena.rn nor by Clement of Alexandri . Thu.
it i. qui .. poible that Her.d""n wrote fhi> work only ,oword. the
end of the ",",ond c<ntury, .......ther m"UTe man."
H.racl""n', commentary on John i. known only through the quotationo citeJ by Orison. Thor. are 48 ouch quotation of , .. rying length,
in Origen', commentary. A couple of additional fragments from other
>oci.,.
,<pOrt, ....
><qu<intl .. ;th ,I """". ,hot on~ n

!Ernu, .... mod< l>y ",hn~ II,
roW.J """"'U"Y hn' DO ~ ",.b.nd knowk.iu h i"", lf of UKh m""',- (C[ """""'
' ' '' , H ' ... th< ph"", u",<l [,...",' .... 1 ~QU)d h.,-dly b< .,,",01. .n!< .. " ","ekon
had .... " prom;""" """,",,, of tl>< ",hooI
u.. Uk"",, of \''''n'' ~ 1
I am inclj""d '" Ih;nk oho, who< Ori~n won" to ..y ,.;0), 0)", "1''''''''' i, tho,
1I""k",, ;, "'" only. 10110 ..", of V"", ntu"" doct,;"" buo m n '<pOrt,,] ,,, ho,..
.... n h;, 00100< .""'..... whKh ...." him .n ""m m,,,,
"'I""",n''';,..
of
""tho,,' furth< , d.;m
d>< . rtOck tho, 0.;&<"
'" d;,.o d " " H,,,,k,,,, from vokn"n ""',," r.ili ,,, ,ill ;.,,, .,"''"",. "umb<, of
.. ""~. whOch >how Ih.. o.-wn ,,,,,;,,,,""Ir ".oJ. "mek"n .. ndd ........... , . n<! K<,_
rioIogyon , he ",.mp''''n oIwt I-.. ,.. P"'I"""nl of th< .....,",,""". doc,,;", ofliud
h.""n ..... "'.. (Simoo<'"
[d. ... m""')' 1'\'. 6'_641, " 'hl'''''''g '"''
".'u.s
,o!m"n"n',,".''''
Ar.nd 1917, .,-,"mOOw"
....
"on
oIwt
in
,",bon,,,;,..
,nJ..,,,,,,,
,'166-,...,
, .... W""I>pf< nn;g 1001. '1--1'. '6'. b'_I%. 111_"'1 .
"""""I.
' " "'" p"",ding no". 1'" """"""' l>y "~I (100<,
Ih" ",",,,k.,.
,,"""mlr ""' .. P"oon,J <li.. ipl< of Vokn"nu, ;. bo"d "" " m;';n",'P''''of M ...""eh .... (''''. <)OJ. ~' ho only "",,,to (~ it oo.., wppIying "l\"""n",
"mekon .... not .. eloo<1y linhd '" Vokm'nu, .. ""' ;, u"",oIIy ".d .,
(,f..ol>o ".00d<~.
M.,-k"'h .... 200', ,>6;. mo" .n<!,,,,,,,d on
'''1. ''''
.""n><-
,I ..... ).
11-..
<11_ln.
do,,, con b< .k<i""d from '''',.~ Ad . !won. J .U
. s., 11.0... ''''' ''''''''"
(I"',
U"mon
I..... ) "" t OO! '0 ""' .. tho, 11".<1",,, ""'". W ... "'m- fo.-m of
,I "" of )oftn, bu, W",I><'P""n;g (>00,. >O-Jl) 000''''''' "" "''' "'''Kat "";&0
u.conclu",",. ,"" u" l" ( 1""', ,,;;) .... rt,,] ;n h~ ;",ro<I",''''n to II>< Ga I ..... of
o.'Un ,ho, ",0-.<1""" ,-,,,,,, ,,,,,,.;n<d t.hn"m~
d;d no< pro'''' , nr
" ... pI<. Id. W ...Iry>f,nrug >00,. >67nJl). '''' ".,..ibiI"r ,lut " ...<ken ~... at",
Im-. "hil< in Ab.. nw-;,. ,, ~."""'l! "'I><,~ W"''''>pf<nnig 1100'. 311) ) "'3_
""""sh '"
"""w
11'''', ~ ""''''''i''-
" cr. " ;11 100<. "'1_""'- ""'""gh;n my or"'"'" "ill "h" on th', "ll"""n' from
,;k",,< ",I, lco "",,'<l,ntly.
works by Heradeon h ..'e ~n pr~r....,J by other authoro_" The ."idenee , ugg"" that hi. work a. a ",riter was largel)", perhaps ..du.ivel)", de...oted to exege.i.; in add ition to his comment.r)" on lohn, he
m.)" h ....e wmpos<'<l comment.rie. on Luke and Matthew a. ",ell. " A.
far .. we know, Herod""n was the fi,,, Christi.n theologian to ",rite
a .ystemati< commentary on an authorit . t" " text."
Commenting on .uch texts. in order to extract their .piritual me.ning, ",a. in it",lf not a nO'o'el pur>uit among t he Valentini.n . The
Valentinian Ptolemaeu "'rt'" in hi. ulur '0 Flora, tha, we shall
draw the proof. of what ",e say from the word. of our Sa"iou" for
thro ugh the", alone are "'.. led without stumbling to th e comprehen.ion of that whi<h i. (3.8), " Scriptural proof wa. considered e... ntial,
Thu. , Irenaeu' report on the doctrine of the V. lentinian. in t he first
p.rt of Book I of Agai"" H<mi" include< serie> of texts, taken from
Matthew, Luke, lohn and Paul'. lette". According to lren.ew, t he
Valentini.n. provid.,J t hese text, proof claiming t hat they wntained ",ikd .1Iu.ion. to .pedfic featur.. of t heir mythology (A.d .
h"". 1.8,~). Valentini.n "Titing. """, generally stud ded with q uot.tion, from, or . lIu.ions to. the go.pel. and Paul, B)" writing comment.rie", therefo,e, Herodeon w;" in a sense onl)" taking one step
fu rth er a practice t hat wa. already an intogral element of Valentini.n
theological discour:s<.
Origen', commentary on John, wh i<h indude. the extant fragments
of Herodeon', commentary, i. it.. lf incompletely pr"",,,,ed-of t he
origin.lIy at I"""t th irty-two books, only nine have come down to u . ~
The full scope of Herodeon', commentary i. therefore unknown. The
fragments we ha", consist of the followin&,
" Of th<.." ooty~. "",. prop<' f"gm<"""'" u'rty ",,"".. cornmmwy

"" l.uk< tH '1u""" <".- a."",", of Akund, ,.;" "'''''''. 6,11_7J. h~" (ct."" n'.
&1.
bOd ,<pOrt on . """,k mod< <".-,,,,.,,,,,,, .00.., 'h< P'actO of~"
""1"' .... probobir" ,,{m...< to ",,' J" '- hg. " (Phot;"" f:/""k tJ4)" . "'P
~1U>i<m ,,, ,0.
<".- -"",.,1<"" md h ', d;Kipk> of )ol m tot], d<ri' 'ng.
1"'1<.1"- from u,< ko.,
of O<;g<n', " ....n><n .. 'Y.
" Ci. ' h< p"c<illnl!
~
of '''''''''. th., "".,10"" rum""n" ""
"'ott '" t .00 t.uk< l2'" wm mod< in
won.. toth,,, th.n rommm",-;" ""
"_t) ,,.
'n'",.",,''''''''
f"""
_<_"
pm"""'.
"",,,, goopm .
0<"'"
.. lhNfh~"' of Anhoch;~ """"..", ''i'''''N to ho" " tit"," , 'omm<"''Y ""

Mo . p,rL ,f. W,_ iU. " ), ""KO "'1 h<
" '""'mpo<''Y .... o Ii<.-.c"""" '''''''''''"1''1_
" S;m 'lorlr 7.00 '", ca" p ro><" 0." ~ot"'''' n'' from 'h< ",.,h 'ng (;;'000"").")
of 'h< "",",,,,:
~ Hook> i,l,6, to, tJ, ... >0, 13, ,,_
""' Goop<-I of "',tth<" 0 = , c..m ....
,,.
W'AR T ftOM ASSO N
Frg. '00.
'00.
'
0
0.
"
,,
lJ2
,,
"
u,
Frg.
,'"
L4
Ll7 )
LI S
,,
'"
Ul
1023
1026
U 6-17
US
U9
""
.""
H3
1,13-16
H7
lJ9
UO
'. .M
.."
UI
""n
,"
""
"
""
""
""
""
'"
4J2
U2
4JJ
;;
8,2 1
8,22
8,37
H2
H6- 18
H9-20
,,' "'.
" "
"" SAl
,~
4 ,2 ~
n 6
""00
""
U./
8, ~ 4
8,4.
8,lO
OS
4 ,)1
02
4,J}
4J4
4 , J~
4,)6
4,36
4,)7
OS
4,J\I
~ , .w
4 ,42
4,46- "
From this list it emerg ... ,h., ,t.. pr ...,',.,j pans of H.r:acleon', commentary <s .. nrjally cove" ( 1) f.". ........ of 'he prolog"", (2) the
testimony of Joh n the Baptist. (3) ,t.. journey of I..,;u. 10 )ermalem
and the cl<aming of the temrJ<, (4 ) the story of the S.maritan woman
. , the well, ('l the dialogue with the J;><:iples o>n food and t l>< har""" in lohn 4,31-38, (6) 'he "ory of the healing of the royal oflied.
so n (Ioh n 4A6-H), and (7) lhe d ialogue with the jew, in lohn 8. It
i. uneenoin whether Herod<on', commentary co,-ered the whole text
of 'he go.pel, " ond whether O rigen reponed on of Heradeon', exoge,i. e,,,,n in the ~xton' book. of hi. o wn (omm~nt.ry. " It i, diffieul, to
beliew ,h., Heradeon did not commen' on lohn \,\-2, for ;ru'.nee.
" Ori!!". mu" no 1"~l.<m" De<> to " ....00).., .... , """" ' 0 ol h;, ''''''Dr''',,), .
11.< ,m.uti"" of "mekon" "'11",-" "" ,"orly"'" OriII"n', m. "
10..... ~ ' ''l! h" <om"".,,,), "" 100 . ' n r..-l. H."dro. " oft '",rodocro only "",-..-d,
,I.< <nO ol o.;gm', """ <1;""" .... ol. " ''''.
""",V<
on
and why Origen i ilent about hi. interpretation of th ... v.t .... (_
below) i. an oren qu<"ion.
In ,hi, """-y. tm, main fealures of Heradeon', <xoge.i. of tm, periCOf'<'> listed
will b< Jescril>eJ, t>.fore I go on to di .m.. hi. rer're<,;ve on the Go.pel o[John and hi. approach to the text in general.
.bo,',
Heradeon maintain. 'hot the "".ment "all th ings w.re made through
him' (fohn 1.J) mean. ,h.t t il< logo. " .... the cause through which t he
co.mo. was made (f'1\. I, 0. 2.14.100- IOJ ). This implies, however, thaI
( I) the l.ogo. wa. not the cau .. of t il< aeon, 'hot iI, the tr.n>eenden,
realm (100) , a nd that (1) whereas the work of creation ,"'os p<rforrnecl
by the demiurge, t he logo. "10' the effoctive cau.., which, o['<rating
through him. enabled the dem iurge to create (102-103).
The logos i. the .. me., the Saviour, H Her.d.o>n """, explicitly
in frg. ~ (0. 6.20.108-117, at 108). Thi. i. st.nd.rd Valentinian terminology, " The notion th.t the Saviour-Logo. was the formative age"t
in creation i. common V. lentini.n doctrine," as i. the ide. that t he
demiurge i. a mere tool wielded br the higher demiurgic rower." In
fod, Henel..,n', interpretation of lohn U .. a text referring to t he
demiurgic role of the Saviour_Log.,." find. parallels in Ptolemaeu'
ILl'" 10 Fu,Nl (3.6) and in 'he Exurpl,j,om 7hroJo'Uf (4~.3)." ThUs.
M ,,,""'" ' A.b. """. 1.1.6 (,nd); Rif."'io~ . JH' "". lMw1. I, 1. ,~ \'.1. hp.
J> (ptoo.bly).
,,~, '"""u ~ ~.b.
M<,. ",-,_,-,."
he. " hrod. "---<7, 1'01. Exp. "
_,,. Wu"""
to , '" \'u,n< .... "" "&, K"""", n~ h, """h "'"

~...oo.m """h o.n IJ<m'"'U" S'"holkn jo," (100', Ill ). 1hi, ,.;..,.-, ""',"
pf,on;g .." n, , .. , .",,,din!
.n"
~'" 'nro.m, h i' ..Lng of "" f"S""n'

h;, und","'nJ'"s of H'nd,~', Lo_
,.... "';p,.;!h V,kn';nw.mn, i, ,,""'dy i"""un" (.. ;, ,'" ",,,,nt"' '" '""" u~
My. '-'. J .' ] .', "hOc" 1"'"''''''"''""'3 oddoct ... rn.ltnct). '''' ,.. to ,htm.rt."
'til "' "''''''';". It """"" '" oddtd, ho"",,,, ,hot o.m;"'l!Oc ,01< i, oft,n ....gotod
'0 Soph"' .. _ II, . nd th", ;n, ' , ~, , ,,""' ... ')"t<m on .n,mp! I"" dom'r """ modt
'0 hUIDOfliu tht "'f'<C""
of ,'" S''''"m on<! Soph ... St,
lho<n..><n I..J, '31_'+0 .
"'''''wg;o fu""''''''
St, lho",.."n , .0 .,,,,ho"" 1"', J.,_J%.

u lh, poi"' i, " '" modt ;n f'8- "(0. " ....
I '"I.
"'on..... " >006.0, "'_" .
u St, "'" 0 '" '1"' 1966,
l1_,'"
1'.-"0. ..
'"
his exegesis of this v .... rep,<><nts > traditional ro/'C, of Valentinian
O1eg ... '"''
In Va lentinian theology, t ~ S.,iour i. brought fort h ... panicula,

moment in the ..h .. t io n narrati",-" After the paMion. te and f.llen
.""n Sophi. h.d repentNl and t urn.,a ,oward. the pieron .. for hdp,
the aeon. collectively proJuced and >en' forth the Savio ur. He healed
the p=iom of Sophia and brought o,d., 10 the t wo .ub".n'e< or
force. that had come into ex;stenco.,. ,esul, of her pu.ion and her
conversion, m.tt" and souL Thi. organ izing .cth'ity con"i,ute. hi.
, ,,,,mogoni. work. Since the Saviour-logos do<. not exist from the
beginning of the n.r ... , ive, one wonder:< how H ... d""n m.y h ....
"pl.in<d John I ,]-2, and why On!:"n ")'8 nothing .bout h i, exegesis
of the>< ,",""<0 Perh.p. H.rad""n contented h im",lf wi th ob .. rving
that t he Logo. exist"" t>.fore the cre.tion of 'he world. AI'ern. 'iwly,
he m igh' h .." >!a,ed ., ,hi. poin' 'hot 'he Saviour-logos contained
within himself the .nt ire divine fulln.,,, ..
systematic '",.ti ....
habitually do when the)" de5Cribe the gener. tion of 'he s.."iour.'"
Nei'her statement would haw!>Nn ob~tionabl. to Origen.
At a ny ... te, Heracleon interprets ,it ..hm., ".11 'hings: a, meaning the co,mos, and he und ..>!and, the Logo> .s the trans<endent
demiurge who prm'ided it wi,h form, The higher , ..1m of the aeon" i.
no' included in ". 11 th ings. Or igen a' this point . use. Heracleon of
,h.
H "" ... .00
<xi,,,. J,tfmn' <X'S'0icaI ''''Ii'.... 'n "unhni. "" m. whi<h .""
John', prolog"" .. pf"" "" ,I><"')" 0/" . p<""",Jiol Ogdood ,,,,,.;<tinS 0/" ""
"'oI><'II"'''n,,, "OOCW"".rr,.oh ,
"."'"W....
LogooIlif' ,
I' ... n... ~ M,.
""" . l.3.>,':"'. 1"-1. 6-7). Hm. "o""S""', i, Mknhfi<d with tl>< .0.,,1>< 0/" ,I><
prolog"", ,00 -"" t.osoo ;n ,I>< .0.,,1><" i. ,I>< mol< 1"''' 0/",,,, foUo~'''S o<on~ ' Y'ysy.
In ''''n..... Ad,."-'. L . ' . John U i. thm tw n '" m,,.n oIut "'''' t.osoo b<cam<
,I><
0/" "" 1<>< ... _
and ,'" ori~in 01".11 "'''''' , tt", hjm" IS 1I,,,,,,,,,,,,n
' 0060. ' ''-''' ,
'Ih~ ",on ,oI<J Logoo .. "" t o '" "",fu .. with ""
Logoo .>1 .. , """'" fo< ,'" s..riou, (.. 00.. Qui'l'd t%6. lS; "",tty_nd
by W",,"'''''', nni! pOO', "",,7'01-"'ho, ho ..., .... " fo.ik "' ... ,I>< "",n' ," ;.knhty 0/"
' '''"d'''''''',&''i' ",iOh ,"', 0/" Ptok"",,", , 00 Ex<. llwod. .,.J).
~ ,," "1,Wlr ,... " ... ~ Ady. ' - . La; U.'.4; L . '; fxc IItNJ. ... ' ....".1;
<0"""
'''-'''1
Rif.,",.,6.l', Tri. T"" . ........

M ,........ ~ Ad . ... , . n ' ,4; ' ''. >, ,:x.-. ',!.rod. ""_J, ",,,,,_,., 6.Jl.l_',
T"". ' 7.1,->6; .... -'0; \'aI. r..;.. 3J.
Tn.
H 1<",. .k on, .", of ~~ ... in "" ~ "!luJ .,. i. " "" by W"""'",,mnis ... n ' 'W''"",n' fOO" diuocio"ng h'm from ... in~ ...' m "okntinio"',m (100'. ' ' '_':WI. Ho"'.... ,
.. "'''''"","""niS him .. '" """~ "" ""gill" Ionn 'f'P<'" both in """ oI"vol,n""",
f"g"",n" {f'1I- ' I and ;n Tri. T"" . 7<.t_1. ','" S""'''' prinei"" <ho,
no"",
m "porly ">I both "" "" " ...,,,n<kn' ..,d<l .. . ...hoI< ,00 i" indirid .... "",m_
","" "'.. 00",,,,1 ~ "I!" by K" j _" WI" IlO1(I.
t'" ,....
'7'0_''''.
introducing.n . rbitr.ry limi,,,ion in hi. int"pre,.,ion of 'he word.

of the go>l"'1. It m'r be ob",,,,ed, hOWfl'Or, ,h.t Origen him",lf d i.cu.",. 'he question of wheth .. certain pro'ologico.l en,i,je, migh' not
h..'e come in'o being t hrough 'he Logo. (0. 2,72-99)," giving the
imp .... ion that 'his w .Ire.dy a debated iue among 'he exeg"""
Some, he >ays, are of t he opinkon th., t he Holy Spirit did no' come into
being 'hrough 'he Log,,", though he him .. lf hoW. 'hat it did (73-88),
It i, de.r
Origen, on 'he o,her hand, 'hat -,he Beginning- in which
'he Logo< "w : . nd which Origen iden,ifie. with t he divine WisJom,
m<LIt have prKeded the Logo", .nd that . ince -life- and -ligh,- we ..
"in- 'he Logo., t ~ a ttribu,es could not h.w come into being through
him (89-90). Against ,hi. b. ckground, ' he exclu.ion of 'he .eon from
"all ,hings- by Her.deon (who might, .. a V.len,ini.n, h"", argued
'hot the whole tr""..:enden' re.lm in a ",nse exi", "in " 'he Arche _
Monotone,), 'ppe'" r.,her Ie" ex,rav'g.n, ,han Origen i. making
ou' .
'0
1.2. 1h. /!dp/i"
In commeting on the testimony o{john the B'pti" (John I: 19- 34: frg.,
~-lO), Herodeon i. especially interested in 'he allegorical me.ning of
'he figure of the Bapt i" himself Thr pect. of Herodeon'. interp .. ,.,ion of the Bapti" will be ment ioned here. First, Heradeon re..,lv,",
'he con'radic,ion be,ween 'he Bapti"" own deni. 1 'hat he i, FJij.h
or. prophe'" (john 1:2l) a nd 'he Saviour', . ... rtion that he i. bo,h,
in Matt I U 1,13-I ~ " By m.king. distinc,ion bet w""n 'he Bapti,,'.
inward nature-"john him ... lr -on the one ha nd, a nd -,he 'hings
. bou, him"-hi. -dot hes"-<on 'he other (frg. ~ : 0, 6,20.111-114),
Herad""n ca n cl.im 'hat 'he B'p'ist "'- indeeJ . prophet .nd Dij.h
wi,h regard '0 hi. outward 'ppearance, while inw.rdly he was more
,han a prophet, as the Saviour him",lf confirmed (Matt 11:9-1 -1; Luke
7,26--28)."
'" ["'c ;, ;, th" d;.ouWoo
,"-0, fum" ,ho: ""''''' ['" "" N<lo>o;ns tho: "f';n"", of
",,,,Iron ..lu:n qooh ng tlu: fim &'S"""' from h;m ", 0. ,.".t OO- '", Origo:" ,rook. " ..."Iron for '""'3,. ,d;"3 th, do:fin;" .n"a. ;" " '''''';'''1,
(""'" ""'.ni. a,,"," (''''. 107_'''"1 '"W'" tho, "".,a."" . """"r "-0",
~kaj tho: "t"a.. ~na: ;, ; be .to..:", from ",to", ,<x,...! ,.;,"""'.
~ 1h ;, <""".u~ , "", .. '" "",,",>I Orig<"' '" "-"'hn-r"n'"l! 1001. 103_l<H.

" '" I"',>ph .. ~ ng tho:
from th, 'moP'" ., ..;""" """"',,., <ni ...
",,,,M '. ",,,,,,,,," ",m. to uoo", nu ...
tlu: """
",,,,W,,
,<x,
i""" , , , , , .,. ;"
S<.:ondly, H .. adeon takes up tl>< ,,,If-deocription of the Baptist a.

"the mice of one crying in the wiJJern.... (John U3 ) and explain.
that the relation.hip i>etwn the Baptist and the ,.vio ur i. like
that i>etween the ~ and the ~ (f.,;.~, O. lox. dr. 108-111 ).
Mor..,.,'er, Heradeon a""n., 'he general da .. of prophets (~a""
xf'O'!"l ndJ '''~'';) i itu.,ed at one step down in t his hiera rchy, they
are the "ho' (~~o.;). The trip>.nition logo,-voice echo i. a literary
commonpl. / ' which wa. well established in the Valentinian tradition Y Heradeon al"" .. y. that the voic. i. capable of being turned
into logo" Just a. t l>< f.male can become m al. and til< echo can be
changed inlo voic.
Thirdly, Her.deon sees the Raptist as repr<><nting the demiurge (frg.
8; 0. 6.39.194-202). Wl><n the Rapti" proclaim. that he i. unwo rt hy
to unt'" the thong ofCh ri,,', >andaJ (John U7), Heradeon read. this
a. the d.rnlurge avowing that he i. unable to "'plain and r<>ol,'e the
design regarding t l>< Saviour', fl.,h 1m:. ';':'V<t~'" m:.& Iil~ril<><ro6a 1 ~
i,"l~oo", n,v ~.p\ "'''~<; oi~oVOJ'i"v [198)) .
A .imil.. st.ternen' i. made in frg. 10 (0. 6.60.>06-J.(7). When the
Baptist call, Christ "the lamb of God' (John 1029) and not a full-grown
ram, I>< is .peaking, Heradeon explain with th e imperfect underst.nding of someo ne who i. only a prophet. That i. why he refers to
the ,,,,-jour a. an incomplete animal. In contr. st, when the Bapti.t
say, who lake. aw.y the .in of the world : h peak> in t he capacity
of oomeone who i. "more than a prophet." In t l>< first ca><, the Bapti.t
.peaks about the Saviour', boJy. in the ""cond about "him who is in
the boJy." In this fragnl<nt, the Baptist .peaking a regul .. prophet i.
comp>.rable to the demiurge in f'g. 8; bo,h .peak only abou, t he boJy
of ,I>< S-aviour and do not perc.i,'e the S-aviour'. internal natur<.
The", fragmen" iUust"'te ><veral characteri,,;' f.atures of Heracl<-on'. exeg.,i . Fi"t. he "",ks to harmonize John and the synoptic,,"
and i, concerned to ",,,,I.., app>.r<n' contradiction. bet wffn the goop<l>. S<.:ond, he pal" attention to th e pri.. choice of wo,d. 1\><IlV~.
a~v&;. ~&,,) a nd d.wrly exploits their ",man'ic conno'ation<. Third,
of" ,,,,,,,",,,,,,,, ..,.,.;,"'" ("' .. I I L.; luU nb; d. f~. 10). .ulhoos" ,M, ",.ding ;,
..-k.... ,-d
~
'og<tl." w;u, I"" "''' of,,,,, ph,_.
W"'''''<pf,"";g "'''. 2,._1>1.
H S ''''n''' .... Ad>. Iou . I . IU, ~ A """OoIogi<.ulpigru,K,ml ,",hoc",," Od"",n

..,.00 , oJ m,,," ;"!;, . 1., mod< ;n Go~ r .. lh B; Th. T_. 61, tl', 1"- Woo"",_
r"nnig 00....,. """,;on ,o" v . ~"';,,"" 1",.Jl<b.
~ 1.< .. M.no.-.oo "uk<; u,,", ;, no "MIone< tlut "" u><d .... , .
'"
h. ollegori"" char,... and objKts mentionM in the text a. typ<> of
mythological figu ... or idea. (fohn the Baptist _ the demiurge; Christ',
.. ndal _ hi. bOOy ). The.., exeg<tical orer.tion. all .....e, of cours<, 10
Justify. specific 5e1 of thoological ide . It is not alway. '''y, however, to rKomtruct exactly what th .., idea. are . One of the problem.
ari 'i ng concern, ,he exact relationship between lohn the Bapti" .nd
the demiurge. If'he Rapt;" i type of the demiurge, may it then ""
assumed that "'e'}~hing which i aid about the Bapt;...1.., applie.to
the demiurge? Doe. the demiurge have an innor "",lr which i. ,up<rior to hi. external 'pre,,,,n, just .. the inn .. ",If of John the Baptist
is "more than. prop""" and cap.ble of understanding more of t he
S,viour th.n hi. body' And i. the demiurge 100 like the voice that will
l>Kome logo:;, viz. lhe fem.le ,h.t will be changed into mal<'
lhe problem h ... i. that Val<ntinian texts normally o""rate with
.n ontological hierarchy of matter, soul and .pirit, Each of the", .ubst.ne<. originated in a d istinct mental st.te of Sophi'" matter derived
from her pa .. ion, ooul from her re""nlane< and com'ersion. and .pirit
from the joy . h. felt when .he saw the Sa>'iour coming toward. her,
lhe .piritual "",d of Sophia will, after having been incarnated for a
while in humam, be redeemed and enter into the pleroma. The .p.ychic" being>. however. who", .... ne< i. soul. and who indude both
human. and co>mk
will atta in .. Ivation on a lower le\'<l-at
least ,hat is what >orne of ,"" >ource. "",m to .. y" The demiurge
is comistently described in Valentini.n texts a. a p.ychk being, and
Herodeon dearly adher.. to thi. view, a. i. >hown in particular by frg,
40 (_ below). lohn 'he B'p'ist, on 'he other hand, "",m. to t ransc.nd
the .. categori ..; "" ap""ar. to be p.ychic, like t he d.m iurge, and at t ""
... me tim. sp iritual. by virtue of what he i. "hi m""l."
No issue has been more d isc"""" by scholars studying th e fragm.nts of Heradeon than hi. view. on the categorie piritual p.ychic
and material. and opinions vary consid.rably. Some schola .. have
maintainro that H.radeon .ubKribes to a strict determinism of ..1va,ion .nd ""rdi'ion ""cording to whether one is horn with a .piritual,
1"''''''''',
"'fo'.'''' 6.11.'>
Ex<. 71>rod. "'-'" 61.1, ." Tn.
""1 will =",....Iy .... on;,al in th
~ h.oocu, Ad . , - ,. t.7.t,4",
1"",. In (0", Tn . Tu,.. .J", "1' th", ..
.."'" loco,.,. I t to, 111_ 1"
,,,,,,.-ad,,,.,,,,,
tho, ,...... ' Pf"",nt

th< ... hrn-ol rn. r ....).
t ....
1; d . S;m",."'; , ..... , ,,,,_no; t un no" ;",I;""d '0 tM""

m" ~ d<nv< from th< "'" of dilf"",nt ""'' ' ' ' 0.,-
'"
p'y<hic or material n.'ur~."" Oth.rs h .... concluded ,hat, for He,..<leon, the d istinctiom b<'w~n the human categories ..~ mor~ fiu id,
. ilh in 'he sense thot each I"'"on', -natufO' i, no' an inborn quality," or >olerioio!?caUy, in the .en"" that human. may be born
ilh spiritual. Of p'y<hic, but wiU nev~rth<I.,. attain the .. me kind
of >alva.ion. by 'he p.ychic> being ' ... n,formed into 'piritu.Is." yO!
o'h~r ",hoi." .rgu~
He ... cleon doe. not "'" 'he concept of differen. hum.n n.tures a t an. but that ,hi. has been imros! on him
by Orig~n'. roport of hi. ,iews.'" Although thi, is not the place to
ent.r fully in'o that deb ... , I would n,,'erth<l ... like to make the following ob ..,,,,,, ;on . Her.deon
cle. rly, in my view. P"<UPPO><'
and appli ... the V.len,ini.n th<ory of ,h, human kind,. How",'er,
he applies it prim.rily in one context, n.mely to de><ribe the ,.,riom respon ... of human. to tho Sa"iour: there i pirit ual
of
responding to tho Saviour, e .. mpli~M by tho Samari .. n woman; there
i. al>o a typically "p.ychic" way of coming to faith in th. Saviour,
rxempli~ed by the "p<tty king" (thi. i. how Heracl<on under"and. the
"royal oflierr"); finally therr i. a "material " way of rr.pondi ng, which
i. t hat of failing to und ..... nd and of rr;":ting the Saviour, exemplified by the ).,,~ in lohn 8,
Her:odeon doe. not "ate clearly wheth .. the three kind. of huma n.
poss=;ed their 'p:ific characteri>tic. <'Yen before the Saviour a rrived.
Therr i., how<'Y". a ><n", in which all hum.no ",ere p,ychic> before
th.t h.pp<ned incr "the old di'p<n.ation" it><lf, when the w"rld "'..
under t 1>< rule of th. demiurge, wa..."'nti.lIy p.ychic. With this common "p,ychic-ne.' .. thr wi>, some human> reacted in a .piritual
way. other> in a p.ychic way . nd "iU others in. materi.1 ",ay when
the Sa,';our app<ared. A. w hall ..... H.radt'On aboolutely re;":" the
id .. that t ho .. who acted in a m.terial way did,"" I><c. u", they were
predi'~ by nature to do ,"", In the co.. of the .piritual response,
Heradeon doe. not d rly".te whether thr .piritual. wrrr 'p:i.lly
predi,pose.:l to reeeiv. tho Saviour I><cau"" they po ......d piritu. 1
th.,
'''''y
""y
M "g""'. t ... " "pc.I.r f'P . 106_ ' '''; _ t o , "';_t%7, s.imon<t" 1991,
"""wolf ''''''. t '+-11>, )\ob ......... " , ....
H Longert..,k
67_7>; M<ilik"b"'g .., ,, AI.." ..71. AI"''''r H,'"ri<' (tI",
, ..) obon=I t1w. So "h ... nl. ...
dn hiufig ~ ,h ",',"nOOk",", " "'h.upI""S
<In
p",um>O 'Kh<n N.. u, au, G"",,n ,";"h<" ,,",um>1;urn .00
P')', hilnn:
t"'.
>.0""5'''"''
,rot,
I'."".' .., .. r'gd. ",'n D""o," ,.,..
H W",h<<pf,"n;g
>00,. ,>p<ruJly pp. '''_''7, lJundnb<'l! ""'", .. ,_ , ...
'"
....,a ,,'hieh 'he o,h." lackod, although
I think ,hi. i distinct f'O" ibili.y_ W ith rog.ard to ... h.tology, Heracleon new, .ugg.. ts that spirituat. and psychic. will attain different kind. Of level. of .. h-.,ion, " Nor
doe. "" "Ole that p.ychic> will eventually l>ecome 'piri,,,,,l. (which
would probably be an ;ncon",,' use of tern" .inc for Her.d<on,
those .atego.i primarily relot. to the , .. rious kind, of re<eptivi'y 10
the Saviour ra, her than to ultimo" soteriological """,). How,,'.r, he
come. >"<1)' dOli< 10 .ugg."ing t h.t p'ychic. will be lr.nsformM inlo
.pirit by qu",;ng I Cor 1~:'4 in fragmen t 40.
To conclude by wuming to John the Baptist, it ""'m. t h.t t he
ambigu ity of ,hi. character .ri"", from th e fact ,hat he, a., prophet,
.. essentially part of the old di'l"'n>a'ion, .nd in th.t .. nse p,ychic,
like the demiurge, although he i. not n"" .... ,ily I"'ychic in 'he sen ..
of no' being 'piri'LW. In f",t. hi, being more than a prophet and hov
ing a ,up<rior inn" "",Ir which i. able to p<rceiw the true nature of
the Saviour ,ugg'" that the !!.apti" i. a 'piritu.1 p<""n a. weU. Thu
beeau .. the category of the p'rchk has a double m .. ning. and bee.u ..
the Bapti .. "and, at the ,-ery point of t,..mition between the old .nd
the new dispen .. tion. H.rod""n .. en" to ha"e been .bl. to conceive
of him. exceptionaUy. a, being both p.ychic and .piritual at once.
1.3. thr /X,anl info ,Irr World a>l<i ,he Ckan,ing of/he T,mp/e
,ro,,", ha, de",ended from he.ven. ,""cording ' 0 'he Go.pel of lohn, he
;, from .bow. ""nt in' o 'he world (3, 13.17.31, 8,23. etc.). Thi' idea . u p
pli .. 'he framework for much of Herod""n', allegorical interpretation
of re"," act> in ,he go.pel . ThLU. when ,es", 'went down" (~",i~~)
into C.pern.um (John Ul). ,hi igni~eo for him ,he de",.nt of
the Saviour in'o 'he work! (frg, I I; O. 10.11.48), More 'red~cally.
Cap<maum ;. t he materi.1 re.lm. Th. 5.a.viour ther.fore de ..ended into
m.tt", which probably mean. ,hat he ... umed a phrsical body."
From C.pern.um. jesu. mad. an """,.nt" '0 I"usalem (Iohn
U3), which, ",cording to Her.cleon, i. "the p.ychic pl.ce" (frg. 13,
O. 1O,H.210-21~, .t 210)" H.r<, he performed the d.an.ing of the
1h, !"'''U '0 ' hi' ,If. 'n r,& 11 (D. to.J'-" t)" r. j,))' dwly. " ... '" Oy
on!!"", ..ho m;~nt"l"'"
k m r" . U,!!",), .. "r"rin3 ''''''toIogy (",
Orlow,
" a. 1hom.<" 10060. '07_ 111.
" a. lhom",," 10060. '"_1 " .
"'""I.
""""0'"
'0
tempi. (John loU-In For He",d..,n. t hi. event bo<om .. a n image

of t he .alvi~c work of the Sa" iour in the world, More precisely, the
d.,n.ing of the temple meam th e dean>.ing of the soul. The trade"
in the tempi. are demom that are cast out'"' by the Saviour (212 -214 ).
The "'hip u><J for t his purpo>< He ... deon _ . a. an image of the
Holy Spiri' , it b l o",~ away t he wicked." Moreover, Heradron points
out that tl>< whip must h"'e be-en equipped with a woOOen h.ndle,
which i. a type of the Cross (21 4-21 ~) , It was evidently important for
Heracleon to make it dear that the destruc,ion of t he demon. took
place th rough the pa"ion" of ,he S.siour on t he Cr=. which the
Valentini.n. generally interpret a. the power "'pawing .pirit from
matter."
Heradeon poin" out that 'he go.pel use. t he word hi"on to d .. ignat< the place "'here the traders were found, and not
Th.
former word wo, coo..n ".., t hat it may not be thought that it is
the Calli ng only, lacking .pirit, which .Iicib h.lp from the Lord."lhe
"Calling" (~~~"";) i. a common Valen,inian name for 'he p'ychics,"
and Hendron', in.istence on thi. point indicat ... t hat h. i. taking
issue with the vi.w, of some opponent. In f.d. the oppo.ing view i,
attested by tho Va1entini.n tr.ati", copied by Irenaeus, where it is ... ted
that "the S",'ioUf .. . came to the p'ychic, ,ince it po........ed free will, in
order to >ave it " (A dv. han 1.6 .1).~ What i. going on here i. internal
Valentini.n polemics." Irenaeu" tr ..,i", teaches that the .p iritual. are
saved by nature, just .. matter by """... ity perishes (1 .6.1), Heradeon,
by contra", emph",i, .. that the .p iritual no Ie" than the p.ychic.,
need .ah .. tion from the Saviour. Hi<ron d .. ign .... the whol. tempi.
"ao,.
,h..,
~ 1h;. ~ ""'" npic"IT .ut<d in ITJ! . .., "". 'h< P'"''''

w"" co~ "'" , n<!
d<"ror<d by ,I" S'''''o",'' (0. 'O.JUB) .
M ',h< 1""""";' npli<;' iy ,,1m"! "' .. 1'8- "(0. lG. .... '1); 1bom..o<n '0060.,
, t1_ltl .
.. O. Thomo ... n 20060. M~l, ""-"', 1,., 17'_180.

~ A'P'; ~ 'h<
of , .. ii>.. ,,, ' .....
ITJ!. " (0. lG.JJ." n. fo.,..""" , .... ,,;n ,""""" do", in "" loJ Jo w'~
.. '''n .... ~ M,. """. lb.', Lt4." u<. UroJ. " . " Tn. T..... "'. (Th< ."'S""
..... Ihrod. It_ll ~ .Jilf""",-),h< ccm,pon<I;ng ,o!kc",", n.un< "" th< .pi,......
;, "'h<
~ 1I."m .... n >0060. ltl.
M
"
""r h< """,.. d I"'''''g ,"" ~nc<
''P''''.ng. ,-;.,,,
..-"h which h< di,,!!"""' " coono< h< " k,n "" g"nkd <ho, h< ....... ri"" " . ",,",
"""''''''' '0 "" d"'rip''''n '" th< c..Iling .. "'lKlUns 'pori, (,.... , ",,,,,,<oJ. , n
"p"'Won which ho, oh<" ;",n "f<",d , ,, 'n P""'""" d",.Won,
th< hom,.
,,,,,nd.o,,,,
"k<,,,,,. (;, ;,""";).

'n
COkgori<' in
""..dro<..
'n
"'n<""" ;. . . "
.bou,
'"
and not ju st 'he inner .. netuary. th e "aa., It includ .. the foroun
(}'rona.,.), whore the Levi, ... go, as wen .. ' he Holy of Holi"" whe,e
only the High Pri.st may enteL'" By the Uvites Her.deon evidently
me.n, the psychics, and the H igh Pri"st repr. sent> the ,pi ritual . Both
calegod ........ , ....J when the Saviour dun"". the tempi .
The .. rnple is, as we ha>" ""'n. t he soul. The clean,;ng of 'he temple
mean. II>< purification ofthe soul through the expulsion of the demon>
that have t aken control over it. Though .., in t he wider context o[t""
Saviou r'. desn t in lo the worM, til< foeu. in Herod""n', in,<rp""',ion of ,hi, "".nt i. on the redempt io n of the indhidua j human soulwhether ,hal of"'piritual' or ,h., of p.yehk>." Herad""n app.,,,n,ly
acknowleJg. . . distinction ""'"..,en the .. two ca "gmi.. of human.,
but he dO<'> not, in t hi. con text, draw . ny ""toriologic.1 impliut iono
from it.~ Rother, hi. concern i. to stress thot the ,piritua], needed to
t.. redeemed a. much .. the p.ych"', by h.ving th~ir lIOuls purified
by th ~ S.viour,
lhe episode of le.WI' encounter with the Samaritan woman in John 4

is an exemplory conve"io n story. This is also how Heracleon tre... it."
Specific.Uy. t he woman i type of th~ ,pi ritual I"'=n, She rec~ived
the faith unre .."..,Jly and in ,",corJ.nce with her own nature, for ,he
did not h~.itato ov" whot he toW her" (frg. 17, O . 13.10, '7-66, . t 63) ,
UriS' " ... , oco><w"'-' bungl<d thi' ",n of ,.., f"gm<nl, bu, . .. ,;rlact<Xj" I"",
1""'- ",-, ""', p"n by W", h<'l''''"" '~ (1002 , " , "IH".d"""i d , lm , "", 'th<
"mrt<" I ~ ... ,.., 0 .. lund. ,100 HOly o f Hoi .... w....< oml, 'h< u; ~ Pr .... "'" .....
.... ,', ~'h<" "'" 'pln,,,,,I,,nd up,' ,hOnk '" I, .. )i ~-. nd. on 11""".." b....r, th<
.... of ,IK fG"""'''. ~IK .. ,""
_t~ " )m bof of ,IK p')" h.... who
,,;~ .... in . . . I"""," ou, ..... ,IK f'krom.o: (' h.ov< J'~ I" ~"'.h<d who!, "'11'-"1. foI_
k>wing "'ud''''l'fmnig,'' " ....,,1000" "" from OriS'" ', rom"","" by boIJ pli"',)
OriS'" dw~' m '~n"''l''''' H....d",," by ,""~ hOm '0
'0 .... ho'oJogKoI m "' ~
.ml,h o.'un d<",lih<. in 'mm of p<<<onc,,',<<1 Ode.. .oo., \' "'", in;'n <",h.' oIog)'
lde,i, 'al, I"',hop>. from '", ".., u~ M", """ , u, Oft ,he prob.bil" pho, 0.11l'" .......
1.<>,,,, or< .,
,rf"
'""",u, ...... "" 1.< """I"""
IOn), ,,,,,..10.,.
I, _. "OW"''''. ,,,,,,,,,ned "it"
""h.o'olos.' .. th', ",,,,,,,,, W""herpf<" rUt <1<""".. "ali' ro. "'-""8 "",'eO. prob-
~m ,ho, .... IK"" 011 p",iou, ~ud .. , (. nd " . "",,_1of 'hi' f"gm< " ' <nO ho, k01:16.., tox.n
" Cf. ,IK "",ali,,!! __ ,
" Hmd..,,,', 'X<E<>i, of 'hi' <pi"'""" "'" .....j, of.
>ludy by voff<,
0"'. Ho ..' ....", rmf" I, moT< ,0",,,maI with poi<mi<I"ns ,&,i " "
1000"
long'"'
'><gO"
,ho" '" "" <1<"'.00"'8
om p"rp<"-
it "" i"
'1<,..
o.. n ''''m~ , 00 ~ ,..,,,",,,, "', t.. 1rf"i fu<
Th~
unh"'itot ing rognition of the Saviour i. in fact a charocteri:!tic

of the ,pi ritual, "The .piritual kind .. , immediately ru.hed toward.
him: the Tripan;" Tra,""" state. (118), a~ .. ~"t having establi.hed
that humankind i. dh'ided into a .piritual, a psychic and a mat<rial
K'"O,, 5l By contrast, he.itation i. the typical r",pollS< of the psychic
kind (118-119)." The fac t that th. Samaritan woman did not h.. itat<
i. not explicitly " a ted in lohn '. text, howev.r, and this interpretation
deuly rep .... n" Heradeon'. d ire to make the storr agree with an
establ"hed Valentin ian 10/'0' of the .piritual.
Converted, the Samaritan woman abandon. the old well, whose
",.ter i. drunk by a nimal." and lead. to corruption;" instead, .h.
r<eei,'" the life-giving water of the Saviour (frg. 17; O. loc. d,. ~7-61).
Her old life had ~n one of debauchery, and her .ix husband. rep .. sent "all the ""il of matter" und .. which she had .uffered (frg, 18; O.
13.11.67-74, at 71)," In other word" as in the "'~n. of the cleansing
of the temple, the soul of the .piritual p<rson wa. oppr<->>ed and tormented by demon> "'for~ the Saviour ca m~ and .. t it free. In this ca ..,
" lh< ,1"" oflm""dio" ",,,,!!n",,", ""un;n Tri. Tu". tJ}_tJ.l and .v",;n
ronnh"" ..-.h Sot>h; ""po.... ,,,
"'-"""'~ .""""",.iv, ' ",,,", u>, Aov. ' - .
' .' ." d . ,;xc. '1hroJ ".' . lh< So ... , ;Un ""mon . r<! Soph"' or< ~ .. " , ;m'" d.or_
KIm (.. "",adf ",,,,,,, '''' , '1, prin'rO _), .k""""" ,t..
""nun "or,
"'" Ie,,,,< to br ,on,. I""d ;n <h<
" , n ", . . . ')1'< olSoph;, "' "",dron', mg<_
';"" Sogn u.!
(''''7, "'1).
~ " ... th;, >m, to t... '''/>O';n V'!<nh"'n oninlUng abo" oh<
"umon
k;oo,, ;' ;, "nlil<rly ""',
ot.
pIr,,;, I"" b<m ;norod",.,j by Or;g<n
;n hi' "'PO of ,I>< I"gm<n', .. W",brrpf,""~ ""W~, POOl. H._".).
~ lh< , n;nW> "'p",,,n' "" ... " , Cd fo""" ""'king on "" "",,-;n 011, ,.",d,
1"..;00, . ml ,i ~ <I. 1,& l<l (0. tJ.16 ..,_97," ")' <I. ''''...... , Aoy. ' - . 1.'-4;
, 'xc. 7 _ .... --', "'.1, "-, ,
K""",. ("' IC X' ,I ) '",36-)7; ' t,ll.16.Jl_ 11. 1h<
"'-gn,rd ....,," 0"'7, " '7).
, n;m.t, u< ""dly
~ ,,"" o/i,n "",n " w""", brg;nn;ng w;,h Or'un h 'm><lf, oMt ",,,,,,,," und<,_
>UnJ, ra<ob-. ..d . r<!., ..-,,"'., , m<Uf'I- lor ,t.. "OIJ T,.o.mm,- ('-"<w<rti<h
"Jl, U, w ilr. 1960, ' >; ,;"""""; ,066-'%7,ll_1', poK" 1.", lJ).
"d
bo-;ng>
onJ;, dwly ."""....., ,,;th m.. t" .oo poWorr. (,I>< "'nun"n
"""",n'. oIJ lif<!. whr"" H",,!roo U""'.Uy
h;ghr,..,..- of I.... "..,,"'jp
, nd ""
(oh<y brlong to ,I>< f"y<h ~ ""m). oni,;,
unl jLdy. Nor"
,I><", . n)t h"'g in ,I>< " XI ,lut wW"" oMt "IKOb- ~ ,n .11", .... Ie ,I>< ilrm;u,!"
" P>gr\> (1971, 07) d . "" .
'nt "rr",kon ,""""', '" <Om"" n' on ""
'n;m"~ _ or> I""" (d. "' ..... nbr'l! 1"", 'Ill).
n "rr",kon proboOly adJ, hn p",,,n' f"'ID" ,. ,t.. 6" hooband, """,""",, "'
100" "" (I.m ,,", ''''', ",,,0) . '" ~ <h< num"", of m."'~ hJ!. ,6 (0. '0." .161;
,[ h''''''"', Ad . Iou,. '.14.6; W",hnpf<nn;s >001. ",_M) . Tha " proboblf
oh< tlrbdom.od ;, """"".,j ,,;'"
I")'<h ~ ond ,I 0gJ0ad w;th ,t..
(d.
W",h<q>f,nn;g 2001, JlI>-Jl' l..-"h ",I"""", ,,, oIdr, >100,,",1. '''''os" t..
t""
s.m.,;,,"
".x,
"'w'"
t"" _ ....
on,,,,
'pi'."'"
'."'1'.
P'f'"""- .,
"nc, ""
"""'pi""'.
t..,.
"'+"
,ot"",
i'"
'n '";, ",..
t""
'" m>.kr "" """"', .... ).
"=.0<
'1"''''''''
"Ii".,
howev~r,
in stead of focu. ing on pur i~ c at ion, the theme of t he hu.band. allow> Herod""n to introduce another element of Valentinian
soteriology. when Jesu ap, 'You are right in saying, ' [ have no hu.band'" (John ,U n He"deon interpre" thi s a. mea ning that "the
Samaritan woman h ad no hu.b. nd in the world. for her hu.b. nd i.
in the ..,n " (frg. 18; 70). The re.1 husband of pirit ual renon i.
her counterp;ort in the "an""endent .piritual realm-her p;onner, or
'J~ygo" often de><:rib.>J n .ngel. brought to her by the S"'io ur,
who will make her a whole re r:son, fill ing up the deficiency which h..
beEn her li fe unt il now,
lhe com'ernon i. not only . n ,,'ent in the life of the individual. but
also .ignifi, i n the Go'rel of Joh n itself. a turning point in the hi, tory of .. I,'ation. When Jesu. tells tl>< woman that. "the oour i. coming when neither on th i. mount.in nor in Jerusalem will you worship
the Fathe, (John 4,11). Herodeon applies the r. miliar Valentin;'n
trip;ortition model in hi. interpret.tion, t he mountain i. the mat.,.ial
r~alm of the devil and Jerusalem the created world, or, alternatively,
the mountain .tand. for the cr~ation .nd Jerusa lem the creator (frg,
10; 0. 13 . 1 6 _ 9~ - 97 , at 9~). In either case, the first i. the object of t he
cult of the Greek nd the ""ond that of the Jew._ B.ot h are nOW ' urer..,aM, .nd .piritu.1 huma n being. will henceforth worship the Father
of truth."
The Samaritan wom.n then becomes. missionary. going into t he
city .nd bringing the people to Christ (John 4,18-30). Thi. demon"'ateo, according to Heradeon, the 'red al role of the .piritu.1< vi.- il-vis
the p<ychle" 'She returned to the worklto .nnou nce to the Calli ng the
good tiding. of Christ', coming. For it i. through tl>< .pirit and by t he
.pirit t hat the soul i. d .. wn towa rd. the Sa"iour" (frg. 17; 0, I J ,33.187192, at 187). Thi. p.... ge provide> de<:i . ...., proof that th e S.maritan
woman i. construM by Herod""n a. a type of the .piri tual rerson, "
distinct from the p.ychic" The d ifference bet wffn tl>< two categori...
a. des<,ibed in this context i. the fact that . piritu.1 re.-.on. regni,~ th ~ Sa"iour immediately, a. wa. shown above, wher~a. !"ychle.
" lb, ' h<m< ron""""" f<g>.1t_U.
~ lb ... ,I .. I'ojf<, " " , .oj. 11>< "km f'" ;n ,,,,,n' . d."I","'p '" <!rny ,,,-,,
H".dron 'f'PlW ,'" oornrnofi " .... n""W> <loco,;", of ,h "" homo" k;nd, (wod",,_
pi",ms 1001, ''f'Wiy PI'- 1JJ_"J, Dun<!rror'll """"', ' 41_ ' '') m u ~ br ,,,,,'-1
b[;nd .!Iry_ '" r.... "".d,,,,, <on ~"'"olr """ .. ..-;,h ,'"
of >r;ri,",".!"),h~ . nd m."';,1 .. h" <ugr"'- 'hou;h hr >m. '0 ...., t..d h,. "wn ""''1''' .......
of 0),.,;, ~~" ,;gr.;IK.oc,_
'"<gO<'''
n~ t h~
.piritu al. to I""d them to th~ Saviour," Th. id~a t hat the
soul i. brought to tho Saviour by means of th~ .pirit constitute. a general anthropological . nd ",,.riologic.1 principle, which i. used here,
metaphorically, to d~>crihe tho .. Iationship hetween the two categori ..
of h uman heing<. That .. latiomhip i. also made dear in frg. 37 (0.
1],'1,](1), when the go.pd .. y. that "m.ny Samaritan. from thot city
helie ... d in him hecau.se of tho woman'. testimony ( 4,]9). H~r"cleon
int~rpret. thi> as m~.ning that p'ychic" who a.. "from tho world :
came to heliev~ "hecau.., of th~ .pi'itual church," The word "many
.igni~ that t he .. ar< many p'ychiu, wh ..~"" "one i. t he imper i.h.ble, un iform a nd .ingular nature of the Election."'" Oneness i.,
indet'd, con.idered a mark of the .pirit, ",herea. t he Klul ~,i'" under
th e cond ition of multiplicity and divisibility, a. the TrjJ'<l"j" T racrat<
con~rm., "
L', 1h. Heanng of th. ""'Y Kjng', Son
Thu.t<go., of th~ p'ychic i. mor< exten.iv.ly diK ..... d in He .. deon '.

comment"., on the perkop< about the Il",)"",'" and hi. dying ",n
in John 4,. 6--'-1 (frg. 40, 0, 1],60.416-(26), Th. word
mean.
a petty king, He,..d""n expl.ins, and it can therefor~ he taken to
refor to the demiurge (4 16) , Hi. ",mall and t .. n.itory kingdom i.
"tho Middl." (416 ), in other word. t he p'ycho-phy.kal c",mo.," Hi.
mortally ill >on .ign ifi .. t he hu man being who i. proper to the demiurge H 16)." Hi. b<ing in "Cap<rnaum" m.ano thot hi. ",ul ha. ~n
caught up in matter. ca u.ing h i ickne ... He w.. "i n igno,.. nc~ a nd
ha,mj""
~ No<O;"& ;' Wd. ho_m, obou, wh<'h<, 'h< P<~'" '''';.-. , '" ,,-,_,
,"Ily from ,'" ,,,,;, u..l~ one< 'h<r'" brough' to o;m, '" wh<'h<, "" ..!v._
".1.">in ;, of .
,[;(f,,_
''''r
un.!.
" ,.". , '" " nnioolo&.. CaII;"8I>.kc';o., ." obo-,'< , .<7.
~
""~
"'10"8 '0 "" ~ n g~ ","".ne".oo
'h<
'1'';'''' ""'.,1>< ""nomy, how",,,,;' , .. ...bI<. , h ~ "';"!I on< ,h;"!!. , ,,,", .not ..... :
"" .b" Tn . 1'.. ,. m . ThH di",,","'" of "" pIu.-.l;oy of. "" p>r'~K~ ~ h~~ <10<,
"'" ron~~ ,;mpty ;n "" loct ,,,,",
m,,,,-: .... """ ",ll oo",,..! bJ' ALoOO
d;(f",",
)'" T,...-. ,,,,,"'Ibn< '"
(t.",
..
,Iu, ;,
""r'"
,6)",").
~ 1h< ,,"" """ MkIdI<" ;, U>I 'n'"clu"S'.b/r fo< "" d<m;u'8', "" H<bdomod
. 00 , '" "gOon of oh, """, I'Iokmo<u" utr" 10 f'/",. H, "',",.,io 6.J1-", 0.""",5/""".
Ad,. '-'. 2.1" '. s<, 11... "W " ,ooos.,
'L
H """""
hm ooly m
,,," "" " ''l!",), of 0"""," !.<;ng. WhK~
;, J<1i...! bJ' 'h< loco ,..., '"'1 "'long to ,'" ."0" ofoh, ,km;u,!I" ,,,,", ""u" i,
of ooUO", p'rc~"" cr. Tn. 1',.,. "''' ~'h< co", '" O;m.df obo "'"' oo-.n ...... ""'
of h;, .... n ,uIunc<, ~OC< 1"'1''''' ",", 'h< . biI;'y , ,,
~m~..-ly "'1"'.';'
6.J"'. " ",,m,. ""odron <10<,"", ... " <>P '~; '?' ,.., f" rch ~ ...... , ",",.,. M_
"-"".J, ,,"""...
a,,,,,,, ",-e,-"" " "
,>0-,
rro<'''''"'
,in," (41 61,' <oncii,ion which l~.d. to d"",h (417-418). The Savi"ur
"d=endeJ" (~"'''lliVOVlO., fohn ~, ~ 1) to him, healed him a nd gave
him life (421).
H ... d""n interpret. the "ory .>an accoun' of ,h. Saviour'. d"",ent
into the world to save t he human souL More 'rec ifically. the theme
is the psy<hic per..,n. the one who i. he... d in the story i hum. n
l><ing who belongs to the demiurge (41 6), hi. "n.ture" (, i.a ,,) i. indi<arecl by the
t h.t he i. he.led at lhe ... ,..,nth hour (Joh n 4, ~1,
4l4 1" - the number .ewn of cour .. alludes to the Helxlom.d, which
is the domain of the demiurge and the p.ychic" There . .. non .. hele ..
iruro".n' .; m il.riti between 'he re"Y king', son a nd the Sam.ritan
woman who t)'pifie> t he .piritual. Il.oth had led live. of ignorance and
.in" before t he Saviour arrive<!, t hat had been dominated by the force.
of rn.tt ... Iklt h ne.d.d t he S",'io~r to r.deem them from their condition." What, t hen, is t he differ.nce between t hem! Herad<'On r.f."
to lohn 4A8, "Unl... rou ..... ign. and wond." you will not belie,..:
and comment> t hat th i. r<mork "i. fitt ingly >aid to the lUnd ofp<,"on
who .. n3tur< i. d"'ermin.d through works. woo i. r<"uaded through
the sen"", but d"". not belie\"< in a word" (4 19), Here. t he difference
seem.
Ii. in .he w.y the two c egori .. of r<rsons are brought to
believe, r her tha n in .he na.ure o f their f. ith .. sIKh_
f."
'0
f",m' "'Ig;n from

.1<"""'11"'_1,
, hot of lh< OP;ri' u.J. (though '"" "'" pm"n a, of 'our><. ' ""
~ " I. f,.;"r dm ,J.., .....", oU oo.. '0 th< >plfK "",'U,,, of th< p,)"h" ~"' "'
410 ",. ""II' h;, oon, 'hoi .. tho, kind of no'""'" (,,"" ... '" <fi roo< """".). , 00 "'
416 ",I,
In KmiuK, "Ith hI, .. ' u,," ("" ," ,a ",. ml, .J,hoogh
th< I.. ,,, I, me ,om""", "pr<ion
~"'I' ~' """no b<lng un"".!,hy fJooc'
",,,,,,,,,,,kn nlg 1001. 17", , .,. " 'I-""'Kkon ;, ""r< u~ n g
t do
..,. Ihln< Auoo ;, '1"1" ",mct, th<",ror.. w",n "" ",,,doo., IJ.., only ,n. 'I'lri, ... I,
..," ",I", "".. 1m " .. ngm s; ...." (1077. "'; ' Im llorly M""" n"'rg
,.,_t86),
though th< ~ t u""", ;,
. mbI8"""' . In. on th< .... luoo, '"" pIo,,~ of th,
f")'<h lo >m , to "' , ,,,,,,,I,,d of by ""0<1<",, .. ro.""," '" ,J..t of lh< 'I'lri'u.J,
<n<I, on ,""
lund, '0 r<f<, to
tu"" pror<n.;t;", of t"" oouJ .. ' >mp""'"'
of .. hum.n ""I"g',
- "'rth '" t, " , s.~ ' ''''. _. 6"~ " ""y, how. ." , "" ~g"lfK.", ,J.., ""ock"""",, not apply t"" "ood ",In"
'0 th< .....".. "
r.gd. I"'" .. ) poi"" out ... >pit, of MUhk nb<,!',
ar!""","" to t"" ""'""''-'l H ), 1h, s.m.ri .. " """"'" I, P"""Y'" mo .. .
'K1lm of th< Ior<.. of .,.;1 than .. ,n
. in... , 0" lh< "'"" J..,.j both "" onJ
th< i"'''Y
>On . . . ,I>< ""tim, oflgr<>nnc<, wh.. h I, I "' uit i""t< <>u . . .h i"
,.".!;t;"" ...., ,..
,ho,
,,,,,,Ok '"""""'_
m"
""",,,ho,
t"" ...
0<"",
""""n,"
(t.",
"'g',
I M Uhl,nbng ''''. l70- 1m_

~
lb,,,
",,-
~ m U . rit ;",
act,,,
I""" bn righlly "oo.rl,..o by
""h~nb<rg
tOJ' . nd AL.nJ
A. previousl)" m.ntion.,a. the ,pi ritual. distingui,h them",h'" by

immediately rKognizing the Saviour. whereas th. p.ychic> take 010 ...
time to do so and are l.,a to t he faith by the 'pirituals. In the pre.ent cas< another d istinguishing f""ture i uggeste.lthe p.)'Chic. need
practical demonstration. to be persuad.,a. and. in fac t. the healing wonder in this story "''''.. that pr.d", purpo ... It i Iso uid. how",..,r.
th.t the d.miurge i. very ready to helieve (';;"""'0.:;. 412). and. indeed.
the soul has , disro.ition '\f~&i",,) toword. u lntion ( 4 16)." Th.
soul a uch i. not immortal. how",-. but belong. to the realm ofth.
perishable ( 41 7-4 18). Sal ... ti"n nmst t herefore take place through a
proc ... of total tran,form.tion des<:ribed by Paul in I Cor ! ~,H
~ , the peri.habl. puts on the imperishabl the mortal puts on th.
immortal and d.ath i wallow.,a up in victory (4 18). Thi. id of a
total "'pl.cement i. characteristic of Valentinian soteriology." Such a
tran.formation will not. how",-.,.. he .chieved by . 11 p'ychic being'"
Heracleon enters into. d iu .. ion to whether some of them. eith",
among t he angel. or hum.n will perish nJ conclud ... by adducing
Kriptural proof (Matth.w and Isaiah). that th ey will (41~-416 ). Thi. i.
another common Val.ntinian '0/'0" th. p.ychics. in accorJance with
' h e n.tur. of the soul. may indin. either to",-.rd, matter and ",'il or
,oward. goodn." and 'pirit:' Thu, Heradeon "",n". by alluding to
I Cor I~. to imply that ' h e good p'ychic like 'he d.miurg will be
,urnl into .pirit in t he proce of their ."h .. ,ion. He doe. not .uggest ,hat t heir .. Ivation will be different from that of the spiritual
but.imply no1<, that 'he ""'y they a tt.in th. faith t ha, will bring th.m
",h -.,ion i, different,
1.6, The Child,," of ,/" [H,'U
The di,put< betwn lesu. and tho Jew. in lohn 8 gives H.,.deon tho
opportunity to comm.nt on a 'hird type of r .. pon .. to tho Saviouro
complete rejection, In particular. he explain. what th. S.,iour mean.
~ 'n h . llwo./. lo6.J ~;, .. ><I ... , ,.., 1")'<""' ..... n;"'<i&";,,,, both to r.;th .oo
"",,,<On ... '" unO" ..-r.",] 1",.];, ..... Hmd<o"', ... of "" 'm" ;n th', ".n"" ;,
.....-.
opIimO~K.
1h;,;,. "'.... ,,' ,hnn<;" ''''''''' ... n "'06 . Sp;&.tly. <h< ............. '" , ..-al_
Io..-i"!! "I' ;n t Co< t"''' (d.' Co< H) ~ .mployaJ in T ..... ,. R" (d'. Thom>"".
lOO6o,OJ-... ).
n tn"'... ~ Ad . 1>&,. t,6.t, I.U , 1."-'; Eu. , . _ 56.J, Rifo""" 6.Jl.I_'O; T"
T .... tCMi. ""-"', t)IJ--"'.
'"
when he")11 "you are of your fat"'. the d ..ii " (john 8A4). lhe d<>il,
of cou...." rep .... n" the realm of mone, (f,g. 20). lust a. ,here are
f"'<Iple who are either spiritual or p.ychic by nature, so too are the ..
those who belong to matt ... In this ca"" ho",.wr, Heracleon arg"'"
that one cannot .peak of. phy,;" Commenting on the word. "your
will is to do your rother', desire," (John 8,(4), he conclude" "It i.
l>Kau"" they have lov..J the de,i",. of the devil and r<rformed them
that they bemme the children of the de"il, though thoy are not .uch by
noture" (frg. 46> 0. 20,24.1 11-219, at 114). In fact, H ... deon explaim
that thore are th,ee dill"erent ,",'.Y' of underst.nding the word "child",
one can be. ch ild either by nature (~"",, ), by inclination or choice
(l"'''''~)' or by meri! (a~i\,) (21~). Since the devil lack. the ability to
procreate. being an <=<ntially destructive for .. (2,'-2,6j, the child
of the d""il i. one who doe. hi. wo,k< and thereby b<,:ome. like him
(216 j-i n oth", wo"h "by merit,"
Here again Heracleon i. working "'ith the Val<ntinim tripcactition
of materi.l, p'y<hic and .pi,itual . Acco,ding to Irenaea' p'....,n .. tion
of Valentinian doctrine, " they a .. ume .h,,,,, kind . (1""~j of human
beings; the .pirit ual, the <hok .nd the p.)'<hi<, wHesponding to Cain,
Abel and Seth, and by meom of these t hey e"ablish the t h,,,,, nature.
(,,,_ ' I'd; ~<J""r (AI/V. han 1. 7.' j, " H ...deon evidently uk<.
eeption to .u<h use of 'he wo,d phy.;" ..guing ' hat ' he idea of
m.teri.1 ph}";. i. a mn".dktion in tern,,: m.tt" has no pily,;"
A. with , he qu<"ion of , he .piritual.' need fo, ,.Jemption (f.-g. lJj,
He,..deon employ. hi. wmmentary on John
pcacti<ipcate in innerValen.ini.n debate, He maintain. ' hat no hum.n is m .... i.1 by nature,
the), ""'orne so only ' hrough ' heir behaviour," What they were before
'0
n lb, ><>rod poWb~;'l', 0(""'8' , h ild br ;"";"""'" l".... ~. ; .t", m'...w "'
th" CO", ~n
..,fi",d .. ,oIun,.nlr oo;nS ' h< .... 1 of
I"non (11 ' 1,
onJ
.."il .... no ..," only ,k,i"., (It 1); d Ung<rn.<k
6O. !""OS ,o. ,",000
of lh< okyjJ .oJ b<com;ns 1,1 hjm ... an, p<rto",,'ns "',
d;",,,,,, from
M. will.
Tn.... " ~ <.,",n' with '1"&'
" Cf. "". llo>i ".to ,"'.. ...,.. ... n..
'ng
(,r. "S'"'the-<
th""gh tho,
"",to; .. .
tho, ""';"g<' "1""" origin r", """,;"t p>fI< (106.1-'1.
" A .. d",S to Orig<n, ho ...."'. """,Iron "r'
.....-u. ")'>U m of y"'"
roth", lh< "'d .,-,d )'0'" ,,;II " t. 00 ro,,, f,,",, ', ..";",,. wm ,poIn "not t. t .....
who ' " by """" (.,:.0,,1 , hUdnn of,h< dr.;!, lh< d_~ Ou t '" "" p'y<h. who
!>om< "'"' of ,.. <In'~ by odopt ....
1" I" " lb, '"mI.,;.", of 60\,,, ..
"by ooor"on" i>
of c. RI.., 'n 1.<, a!;t .... l. 1b,. eI....,. "",,,.u~,, .",,,kon",
'T'"""' ,hoo t th< dr.~ 00., _ b<ut d uJd",,,- , nd
rrom Orig<n" , "''''r.., J;k.t,,,, l..ong<rl>k ho, I"opo><d (t%7. 69_7" t hoY< _ "" " <on";""" by
t'"
,ho",
.noth<,
,%,.
<in"", .,
Tri,."",
.boo',.....,
'"'n ............
"".00
,ho, ,..
"".<
,ho,
"...
'""rl""""
f"_'
'hey ,uccuml><d '0 , he fore .. of man .. i, no' d.arly "a,I, 'hough he

probably comiderl ,h.m to t.. p.ychic."
In principl ' he fall.n state of ,he devil', children doe, no' ,eem
'0 differ from ,hat of the peny king', KIn who wu dying as a , .. ul,
of hi, .in" or even from 'hat of ' he ,amoritan woman. who had 11
a life of d.bauchery un,il ,he met the , ..iour, Here again. ,he difference between th.m Ii .. in ,h . way 'hey r ... pond '0 'he Saviour.
The Samaritan woman recogni ... him d ire<tly from 'he word. h.
'peaks, wherea. the petty xing need. ,he proof of a healing mirade
'0 be com'inced , The hDO,ile Jew., how"",r, are unable to hear ,h.
wor.!. of Jesus and understand wha, he say. be<aus< ' hey .r. 'of
' h e d.vil'. "",,;a" (frg. 44; 0. 10,20,168-170, at 168). A. wa, no,I
above, how"'er, 0""; .hould no' be understood in term, of '1''''' [;;,
or a genetic relatiomhip (a. Origen wrongly .... um .. ): for Heradeon
'he word . imply mean< that 'h~ peopl. ar. a .. imil ... d '0 'he devif.
mode of being becau .. 'hey fulfil hi. d ... ir<> and perform hi. works."
Moreover, t hat """'" i. defined 'pedfically by 'heir reaction '0 'he
Sa,'iOUL Thw, all human. have .ufferl the fa .. of ignorance, , in a nd
demonic domin.,ion a. a result of living with a body and a :IOul; 'he
Sa" iour came to rleem ,hem all. but they fall in'o th ree distinct ca'egori .. on 'he b i. of how they respond to 'he off.. of redemption,
and ,hat i. how they manifest 'heir pl,y,;" or oUiia."
In condu.ion, it may be observed 'hat 'he variou. response'! to 'he
Sa,iour occupy a domin.nt po<i'ion in Herod""n', commen'ary on
"""""uf. roon'"",!,, ... n" ['''', 210_11411 , A, ... ~ 'h< 'I'P"';, .... "th< 01.0'0"
.... my proboOir on 'n,roducal by a.'gm (who look. from ''''""''''' Ad., hM.,
"",')-th<
no< ",,~<d .1 .... 0, 'n !!KO""', (!!01""'""n ' .... 281, .00
adm'" ' h ~ , ) \nh "B'ru '" ' h< "' .. of, .. p.... g< ~ ''''y d,tlKui, to ""Kt ~' ... ,
""r ..... on !!KIron.. "",d. from th<>O< of o.~m , ("'""h<']'f, nnot 1001, 34'
''l!u<> ""', 'h< whok P""g< ;, ong<" ' ~)
" 1)", Wt port of 1" mor "'I',,,o<n' ""KI<O.... own ....ro. ( > 'h< P=!'''!I
no"" a, >I", <h< 1.>, po" of f'J!- "" (0, " ,6''''''''''6\. whm ' h< Wl<n . ns,H .nd
porch .. hu"",", u, 01"" ...... 'n 'mm "'1'
to th, .... , u...! to <1< .. ,,", <h<
",~iM"'n of ,he d<vil" '" ' h< p"'o<n' f"'P"'"L
~ Long<<h<<k '%1, 68--<>9, "' ",h<opt,n"'s 1001, 347,
" f..-, ~rn 'J." ron<"'~"'" "" At.nd 1971. "' . .00 ''", "', 'hough 'th'nk"
P ' "'yond 0'"' ",;d<n." to . ... ~ <Iu, ' h< d;!f""nt ",,'om of th< "';,;' '''' ,nd <h<
porch .. m not onIr mo .. f"t,d but m n ",",,"",al .. ,he """"'"' of
.. "h th< ""Oou'- a, T,i T .... , t ' .. ..-o." ""b;suilr ""h ",gn-d to p"'drt"'", .... ,..",
",m.;"" "Ihe , ... nm of 'h< 'h"" kina, ,<On <>,h ... known 10 ... ". I",", lh<)- "''''
",,,,",,,,1< .. ,.,. kne..-n" "m, bu, onlr ..... n 'h<
<om< '0 <h<m. ,h<4!'''!1
hght "PO" ,he
,n.! ",,,,oI;ng ,,"'t , ..h on< w," "
"no ;,
.im,'"
,,,,,&on,,,,..,,,
,,'nt>
So""",
'"
John. Thi' i. certainly not an .lien P""'p""t;w on t il< gosrek in which
the theme of the reception of the Saviour i. evident [,om the ,-err
I>q;inning (ef. John [,9- J3). Her.deon pursue. this theme by applying
the Valentini.n theory of tm, th,... hum.n kind which he conside ..
to b< e .. mpli~.,J by ,-.,ioY, characte" in the go'pel'. n.rr.th',. In
adJi'ion, "" ,.k~ the opportunity 10 offer hi. own interpre'ation of
that t h<ory and o.h<r
of V.lentini.n soriology, ,,,,,h t he
iM"" of whether the Saviour came to ,oo""m til< spiritu.l> well
the p,ychic>, This .ugg .... t h.t Horae""'" i. writing primarily for a
V.lentini.n audience. The h<rmeneutic.l framework of hi. int.rpm.,ion i . (hi. version of) the Valent ini.n 'Y'tem. At the .. me time he
di.pl.y f.i, .mount of exegoticaJ prof.",ion.Ii,m, he p.y ltention
to the prod"" word. and ph ... ..,. oc"urring in t be text he i.<ommenting on, he <ommen" on tl>< appropriatene .. of t he word. used for t be
charocte" .peaking them or their .ddr........,., I>< .uppli.. hi"orkal
informotion r~l ati ng to the text and he ,0rr~lat'" th~ te" of John with
the rarallel .ccounts in Manhew .nd LuXe. In the", r<sp:'" he .how.
him .. lf to be ,om'."... nt with the craft of the philological commentary
of hi. time."
"1'<""
1, HhCLWN'S VIEW' OF TH" Go'Hl OF JOHN
l.l. H"acmm', "<Ano""
In th~ r~m.inder of this e... y a few gener" q""uion .... is<d by

Her.ldeon', tr~atment of the Fourth G<.'r<1 will be diKUed, Fim,
what >ort of "canon of K,ipt ure" did Herad""fl . .. ume! Second, in
what rect. ofth~ t~xt of t he go.pel did its .ut hority ,esOde for him?
Third, did Herad<on accord a .p:i" statu. to John o\'<, aga imt other
authoritativ~ ",,,' Fourth, ...h at did Heradeon'. "e .. ion ofthe V.I~n
tinion .y"em look like, and d id hi> ex~g~.i. mer~Jy comi" in re.ding
that 'Y"em into tho text or was it genuinely informl by th ~ text of
tho gO'r<I!
Fim of all, tl><n. what wu H~rad<on' . "canon"! Although he can
hardly be .upposed to ha>'e ~ntertained id~a hout a canon of scripture in the .. mo way as fourth century Christian orthodoxy, it i> obviou. that H~r"d<on regarded certain tex" .s canonical: not only in
th ... n.. of poMOMing groater a uthority than oth.rs but also of <ontain ing re ... aled r~lig iou, truth." Hi, canon cornprioed, in addition
to the Go'pel of lohn, tm, Go.peb of Matthew and luke, ,,h.,.. texts
are alluded to several ti me. in his commentary." A. noted abo,.., a
pas.g. from LuXe (11 :8) is the .ubjKt of. ""pa,..te fragment (~;
C I~m.nt, Srrom, 4.71 -73), which may be a n extr.ct from. commentary devoted to that go.pel, Ther. i. no ....<e o(the Go.pel of Mark in
the fragmen", but this probably rell""" the I.... r u.. of that go'pel
gener.lly during this period rather than a d.liberate rej""tion of it ,"
H<racleon also ""em. to have u....J a collfftion o f Paul'. leners, including Hebrew.,ll
In addition to th."" texts, ho",..,,'er, Origen ..... . th.t Heracleon
quote> fro m the Ke rygm~ Perr; in ,upron of his view. (frg. !l; O.
13.! 7.104) , Heradeon "",m. to h .... rogarded this u an authentic apo>tolic document, an . tt itud. he .h.r .. with CI.m.nl of Alex.ndri.,"
Origen do<. not .ccu"" Heracleon of u.i ng otl'o<r "apocryph.l" tex"
(u nhke Iron ",' daim' rel.,ed to the Val.ntini.n, in general; AJv,
I,a ... 1.20,1; 3,11.9).

Finally, Heradeon occ .. ionally refers 10 Ihe 'ewi.h ",riptur .., ..
when m, explicitly quote. I.. iah', prophKb '!>oUI Ihe perdition of
so me o f the son. of the Lord (I .. l,lA; ~ , 6: frg. 40;0. 13 ,60A26)."
H<radeon undoubtedl)' a>sum .. th.t it i. the d.miurge who .pe.ks
Ihrough tm, propm,I, a f,,,, whi<h plac.. Ih i. kind of ocriplure in a
different c.tegory from th .. of the apostolic wdlings."
"'i"
Kf" 1>006. "_19) n thtly
s.><n .!NOO .. '" M.", th"", to l w." ",,,,,J;oS '" th, ;n<kx;n """""
-c.noruoal .. n>ih';,y,-
Ii>< ..,,, 'hot ,I><
\'.~ ", ;n",o,
,~
hod ,.,
,.,1.
11><", m " h .. th"" ",to;n ;..,,"'.. of II>< "" of >t.", omoot " ok " '; n " n~
]"''''''"', Ad., ..." , LU." he 'I/orod, 35,1.
~ cr. lIrook< " " , 100.
~
II>< k" ""'0' r"gm<nh of ,h; ..-nhng ' " iound;n Ckm<nt . ""
"00 ond ".d)-,'" <:oml>< 1003 ,
"'''" ' ,d;_
~ ,.. "" ~.oo ,rimN '0" p",!,h<')inS.bou, )OOn th< "' p<;,,;n Ii-& ' (>
"pW!y O. 6."-1 17).
~ ,ha dah ..,;". ",N' '0 "' <In..-. ""'" d " rly tIun "'",I><rpf,onjg do<~ "I><.
I>< '1"'" _
,I>< M,k I><;ng . u...m t ~'"k I<.- "".,1Nn (100'. '77), On Ii><
",I><, h>nd, i' ;, n '''''nt 'h>' 'h< <km;u'!' ,oW<! oot 0., '< know" th< "'" m'''" ;ng
of tl>< "",J, I>< in>p;'",j I .. "" '0 '1"... ~OC< 'h<
m","os of th< p",!,""'y. ;-<,
,I>< I"ro;'oo of 0 1"''' of th< I"ych;c" ,ouId only b<c""" <I", , f<", th< od",nt of
,I>< So,;"",. """,Iron, ,1><",';"-', l"obiliy ",om!
'h< l"OP/';c, uJhm. tdy
<1<,;=1 from th< l",.;",omo",,"'" ",-"So,-" IA"",,j,oS to f,S ' , th< p.-oph<t,
'" . n ."",,- of , I>< "OSO',) ,.". "ok",;n;", t"""'" obou, , I>< ,!,;ri'tW "'"'''' of ,I><
'ru<
,n.,
'"
2.2. Wh,,, d",. 'he .... u/hon'y of 'he Tex' ",;de!
lhe question ma r also be ked whether t ~ .uthority of the Go'pel
of John lie> in the written text as .uch or in the ~gure of the S"'iour,
""hwe word. and act> are reponro in the toXl. This i:I an in ...." ing
question from the r.",pKtive of the proces. of ca nonization. beau",
the aut hority of the word. and ac" of 11>< S.,;our undoubtedly pro,eded that of the written gO'rel" whDS< canonicity ,.,.ll .".blished
in the oecond half of 'he >Kond cenlury when incre ing imponance
came to be >t1""hed to the opostl .. as writer .. So wh.t i. the objt of
He,..deon', commentaryl Is it the text of the gO.p<l as . uch. or i. i.
rather the word. and act> of the Sa,;our reponl in itl
An examination of 'he fragment> from ,hi. angle ,eve. l. thaI
He,..deon comments on the foUowing type. of elemen" in t he tex'
of the go.pet
Word poken b y Ie."" Ll9 (frg, I~). 4:13-14 ([rg_ 17),4,16 (frg. 18),
H 7-18 (frg. 18). 4,21-22 (frg>. 20. 21. In 4,23 (frg_ 23). 4,14 (frg,
24).4,26 (frg. 26). 04 (frg. 31). U FHI (frg>. 32, 33, 34, n. 36),
4048 (frg. 40). 4,~ (frg, 40). 8,21 (frg. 4 1), 8,22 (frg. 42). 8:431frg.
44). 8A4 (frg . 4~. 46. 47). 8:~ (frg, 48),
Acto pt'riormed by r~>u" 2: II (frg. I I). 2, Il (frg'_ 12. Il). 1,[4 (frg.
13). H~ (frg. Il). 4,40 (frg, 38). 4,~7 (frg. 40), UI (frg. 40).
Words 'roken by ot""r ch.ract~": r~w" priest Ph.ris> 1019-21
(frg. 'I. L2~ (frg. 6). 2,lO (frg. 16). 8,22 (frg. 42), John t "" II>p'ist
l ,lO-- 21 (frgs, 4. 'I. U3 (frg. ~) , 1026 (frg . 7. 8). U 7 (frg. 8); ~vil
rowe" 2017 (frg_ 14), th~ Sama ritan woman U ' ([rg, 17).4,19-20
(frg. 19), 4,H (frg. 2'); th~ di.dpl", 4,3 1 (frg. 28). 03 (frg. 30), t ""
reopl~ of th~ city 4,42 (frg. 39); t"" rett)' king 4047 ({rg. 40). 4049
(frg. 40); the ",,,,,nto of th~ ret')' king 4, ' 1 (frg_ 40).
Acto performed by other charact~r" Jew pri ..", Phari-. U9 (frg,
~); the Samaritan woman 4 : 1 ~ (frg, 17). 4:19 (frg. 19).4:28 (frg. 27),
the d isciple. 4,27 (frg. 26); th. people of the city 430 (frg, 27). 4:39
(frg. 37), the retty king 4, ~ (frg. 40), 4,H (frg. 40).
lh~ cha ..c'~" .PP"",ing in the n.rr.ti"", John th~ B.pti" (frgs_~, 8,
10); prie". and uvit'" (frg>. ~,6. 7. 13), the trade .. in the templ~
(f,!:" 1J. 14); the Sam.rit.n woman (frg._ 17. 18. 19. lO, 2 ~. 26. 27,
1''''1''''''.'', .., T,.

to')' ..
T'"",_ '17 )1_lJ, 100.'3- ", tl l_ l 14, .. "h ,I><
11'0....... " ""i P. ;",,,,,,,, 1__
,,~ .. " '
<ommm_
30); the di.dpl .. (frg . 16, 28, 30. 3~, 36); t he petty ling, hi. >on a nd
hi ",'O nts (frg. 40); the le",~ (frg>. 41. 41, 43. 44, 4 ~, .(6).
Objr<'" pl.co insti,ution> etc.' ",ndal 1;27 (_ flesh. frg. 8); Capernaum
2.12 (_ maner, frg . I I, . 0): Pa""ver 2: I 3 (_ 'he po .. ion of the
Saviour. f'll. 12); H"'ro>olym."H3 (_ ,h e p.ychic region, frg. 13),
,1;20-21 (_ the "ea,ion or the creator, frg. 20), "'hip LI ~ (_ the
Holy Spirit a nd the ero"" frg. 13); temple 1:19-ll (_ an image of
the Sa,;our, frg. 16); Sam.ri. [4,41 (_ the world. frg>. 16, 31,
28);" locol" ",ell 4,11-13 (_ the old life. frg. 17); animal. U1 (_
material pa .. ion. , frg. 17, lO); t he mountain 4,20-11 (_ the devil,
matter, e,';I, frg>. 19.20); the Jew> 4; 22 (_ imag.. of too.. in the
plerom frg. 22), water jug 4,28 (_ the abili'y '0 ""eive life and a
though, deri,ing from the power of t he Savio ur, frg. 27); ha"",st
4; H (of t he ",ub of beli,,e ... frg. 32); city 4; 39 (_ the world, frg.
37); two d.Y' 4;40 (,he pre",nt ond the future a<'On. frg. 38); .ickn...
4;46 (_ being in ignoranc. and . ins, frg. 40); Iud .. 4.47 (_ the ludea
aI"",e," frg. 40); Galil"" 4,47 (_ the world. frg. 40).
Word. and numbe ... ppearing in ,he text: .3.' ,,':"0'; !:3 (frg. I), 1Pffi'I'~
);23 (frg. ~), H"" );27 (frg. 8): ,,~"" U:9 (frg. 10); mml\a'"''
2;12 (frg. 11), 4 ; ~ 1 (frg. 40); """l\aiv<lv 2; I 3 (frg. 13); 'l'f>O"';h~"
2;13 (frg. 13); i,pm.' LI 4 (frg. 13): 9p<~~" 4;12 (frg. 17); iiu.:.<J9m
4;1 4 (frg. 17); 1lf>i>Jt" 4,]4 (frg. 31): i K ,~:; ~o~ 4; 39 (frg. 37);
.oUoi 4.39 (frg. 37), ~"p' "~mi" 4,40 (frS- 38); I\amAm,,; 4;46 (frg.
~O); "~~.i,, mi 'fpara 4,~8 (frg. 40); i&.i v 4;48 (frg. 40); "~09.,,,iv
~;49 (frg. 40); ~"'I"'iv 8;37 (frg. 43); ix "',; ~"'~ 8;44 (frg', 44. 4 ~,
~6); "thr""" 2.19 (frg. I~); "six" 2,10 (frg. 16). 4;18 (frg. 18), -"""en "
4; ~ 2 (frg. 40); - forty-.ix" 2;20 (frg. 16).
Word. of the evangelist him .. lf, U (frg. I), l;4 (frg. 1). U8 (frg. 3).
cr.
- t,.,.,.,.,..,,,,,,,, ,.. f""" .pparing ;n I""', ;,

'''"""""Aio.<. of " h"h it ~." ;""g<. lhi' h;gh I",,,akm
di~ i "l!....oo!
by " ...d",. from

in , ".ok,tOn","
<0",
"'""", onIr "''', to , . . ~dood, u" ;n",,,,,,di,,,, "'sM>n b<t ..." n , .. ",,,,,,,, . M
,I.<
t"'n... ~ .. il . IoaoT. t.H ,
6.JO.9, 6.J1.9, .JU .... ; lri. r.....
92_07, "p<cWJr %)6, ' ''''., . It " .. l"obobIr " rong I. _
t h" in""pm""'" "'
n.om. .... ,OO6a, ,"' 06.) s "-,,th t., t,".
" , .. !oct ,lwt ""KIron ;m''I',,,,,d 5,,,,.. , ", ,, , . . ..,."." ~ <1m from ,.. , ...
f"gmm" ,",d. ""0< .. 0.... romm,,,",,), ;, _ "to", .". , nf ,." .. "' ,.. !!"'f'<1
~""",, ,.. "''''' Som. n. 0<'"", bot u ;;1. , !Ii ""'''' 30'=0/1." 30" ' iI> r.."""' ....
..-uuJd uu<lr to... , im'",d hOm to "." M, 'n1<'1''''''-t''''' pldty. (1b.o, I"~ of th<
" XI .... ' di"",...! in ""'un" "'" boo!< " .)
M -1 """'..."..,- "",-inJ ) '
m< . . ' k """"""'" ;" f.-g. " ( .. , .".,;). tM,
~ from
So, ... , d<."nd<,l ",to th< world,
!!if."';o
pk,,,,,,,,, .,"
;, t"
m,,.n, ,....
"""h ,..
From this .ummary it ~m~'ll~' thot Heradeon'. comm~ntary was by

no mnn. re",ktM to the words .poken and the acts rerformed by
the Saviour, H ..... deon evid.ntly regarded the t.. t it..,lf of the go.reI a. . . . po.ito,), of .piritual trut h. Thi. mean. that he must regard
ia author a. a rerson uniquely commissioned to con ... y this kind of
knowledge,
N"""nhele... it i. probably co,,t to say th.t Horadeon pay. 'redal attention in his commentary to t he word poken by the Saviour
him..,lf, and feeb caned upon to .. plain t heir meaning. Nearly ,,'err
utteranc~ .pohn by J~>u. in the parts of the gO'rel that arHm..,red by
the ~xtant parts of hi. commentary i... pounded by Heracleon. There
is one notable ..<eption, John 432 , on this v...., Origen .. plieitly
states that Heradeon h.. mad e no comment ("frg." 29), In addition,
Origen mention. no commentary from Heradeon on J.>u' word. in
8 , B-24,38-41.4~-49, but this may be due to the fact that Orig.n generaUy pa)" I... attention to the ,i."" of H .. adeon {rom this point
onward.
Heradeon '. attitude to the word. of the '''''iour .hould b< und~r
,,000 in the context of the imporunce attributed to the '""iour'.logoi
g.nerally by the Val.ntinian . Ptolemaeu' a.senion that an <ettain
knowledge i. d~rived from the word. of the Sa"iour wa. quote<! at t he
beginning of this e.. ay, The Valentinian. regarJe<! his teaching activity
a. an .... ntiaJ pan of the ,",'iour'. miion. "He came forward and
.pok~ the word a tea,h ..: the Go.p<1 of Truth prod.i"", (19, the
following p.g.. elaborate the point). He wa. a teacher of immortality,
the Intapmation of Knowledge ..,,,. (9). and proceed. to quote a
..,rie. of .. ying. of the Saviour," The word. of the Saviour h",,,, a ""teriolo&ical effect in them",h'eso "Whe n the Saviour came. he a"",kene<!
the >oul and .nflamed the .park, For the words of t he Lord are power"
(ue Throd. 3.1). In fact, the Samaritan woman wa. "i mmediately
pi~r<ed through by t he word" when the Saviour .poke to her (ilfHl
IlfHll,n 5,,,~9"<>1l u,,', w;; Ur<ru (frg, 17; O. 13.10,6~), Moreover,
the Saviour converted a gre.. many mor< people through hi. own
word. (frg, 38; O. 13.~2,349); when they .ncountered hi. own word.
they no longer believed
of the testimony of others but beau""
of the truth it..,lf (frg. 39, O. 13,H.363), some, however, were un.b l~
to "":oi",, the logo, (frg .. 43, 44, H, 0 20.8.~, 20.20.168, 20,B.198) ,
1><-<."""
M On ,..,'"
,<X,~
""
loo.n....n 100'..... _""'.
Thu., the crucial ooteriological si&lli~ canco of the Saviour'. 'p<'<'<h

mak<. the word. 'roken by J.,u. in the go.pel an object of .pial
hermen.ut ical interest for He",c1oon ,
1hi. interest also exte nd. to the S.viour'. acU, They too ha,.. a
profound meaning,'" Hi. -going down" and h i> "going up refer to
hi. mm'emenU I><tween the d ifferent le"..,10 of .. ality in the cour", of
hi> .. Ivinc mission; hi. d~an.ing of th e temple ,ignine. th. d ean.ing of the ",uk the fact t hat he ... yed with t l>< Samarit.n> for two
day. indicate. that h. dwell. with the 1><1""",.. both in thi> oeon and
in the next. In thi. way. the acts of th. Saviour a. well are turnod
into a text which. in add ition to its Ii..",l m""ning, contain. a deeper
ymoolic . ignincanco. Thi. herm.n.utical apprO>.ch to the acts of tho
Sa,iour i. ,imilar to the oxeg i. practi....J by oth .. Val.ntinian>.
According to lrenaeu' account, t he thirty y""" when t he Sa,iour
did noth ing publicly i. a n allusion to t he thirty aeon. of the pl.romao
th i> i. an Hample of how, th rough hi. act.. the S",'iour imp.rtod
knowledg. aoout h igher thing> "in a .ymbolic w.y. th rough p... bl...
(~"" r~p' ............ ,S,,'t '''iX'I\oJ.m.) to "th .... who ar~ abl< to under".nd."" Similarly, the pu.ion of tho Savio ur i. interpretod by some
a. a .ymbolic (~uo'~P '''''''''') represen .. tion of the protologic.1 ,,'en"
rel.ting to Soph ia (lrena.u.. AJ_. ha<r. 1,7.2), Heradeon doe. not apply
th i> kind of pleromatological exegesi . For him, the .ymoolic .ignincance of the act. of the Sa,iour alway. "late. to the work of ",h'ation
of the Saviour himself in tho world. Neverth.l.,.., the hermeneutic.1
principl~ i. ba.ically the .am", the principle "'h ich i. <xpree<l by the
fommla in the eospd of PIlilip 67,27, "heO)~hing th ~ Lord d id had a
hidden meaning. '"
CI"",ly linkod to 'he acts and word. of t he S"iour are th e , .. riOu> ch.racters he interacts with in t he norrat"'e. They are generally
regardod type" per",n ifyin g ,-.riou> ... ponse. to the Saviour in
.ccord.nc~ with an .,.. bli,hed "h.me. Th< Samaritan wom.n rep,.><nts the ,pi ritual person, Of th ~ ,pi ritual church; t ho petty king
1h......... 11 ob"""d by
R,~ h
19" , >J, 70--" .
" '.-.n... ~ M,.. .." . '-'.'- 11>"" ... r" ~I\< , <..rn ....... ' .J .1_ ' .
~ For ,"" tran~""'" .00 ""'J"<'''''''' of ' hi' 0<""<>,' lhom.."'" lOO6b.
ThO> mo, ... ,t.< p-loc< to ... , tho< P'g<h' '"gg<""'" ,hot ,t.< V""'nttnt .... 'mplor<d
",""mo,
mo,
", th.-..foId <>~,.,.t

Kronii"g '" wh.,h "" .. rn< ""''''
t.< "''''I'"",d
tn ..c" ol tho ",,,,wtN [ram<, of .-.1,,,,,,,,,,," L<., ,"" pt.romo, th< "''''''''' , 00 ,""
""''''''' (P'g<g<1t<.t
",.,olo ,,,! ..
,I\< '.... n" .... '"""''' ""m"~'''-
'''''''y
ill 'he demiurge, hi. "",,'an" are 'he demiurge'. angel. and hi. son
ill ,he f'>ychie h uman b<ing; 'he hostile lew," of John 8 are pe,sons
who haw given them"lves ow, to mane, and evil; the ' ....de" in ,he
temple are evil 'piri". Likewi"" 'he wo, d poken by each of the ..
characte", .nd ,he act> they perfo,m, are explainl a. being 'ypical
of, anJ as d emomlfating their respe<t"'. natures, Finally, Herodeon
I"..,. no opponuni'y ' 0 commen' on 'he ,-arious obj" hand led by
'he characte" in , he ,"", on 'he topognophical conte,,, of 'he act ion
or on other item. men,ionl in 'he cour.., of 'he narra,ive, in order
'0 exploi' ,hei, .ymbolic potential.
A, ' h .... me ,im. it ,hould b< no,eJ 'hat Herad""n i. no' exd u." ..,ly
preoccupil with .ymboli.m. For instance, he "rlain. why 'he Jew>
.. n' pries" and Levit ... '0 question John t he B.p' ist (John 1019) by
" ring 'hot , I\< .. people were p.rticularly concerned with .uch m.t'er. bKau .. of their d evo,ion ' 0 God (f'g. ~). In 'h ill cos<, ' he interest
of Heradeon', commen'
to b< . imply f.ctua L" In most co .... ,
however, Herad ..,n '. factual commen' ary (,he hi,torikon in 'he thnie al terminology of a nden, exeg.,i.) i. usl '0 . u rport hi. allegorical
interpre' ation. Thi. i. 'he case when he explains 'he Pa .. ow, of , he
Jew, a. ',he great feast" (f' g. 11), and when he de.crib<. ' he layout of
'he temple and 'h e co' egories of people "'ho are allo",1 to enter its
, .. ,iou. parts (frg. 13), The allegorical application of factual knowledge
ill a lso hi. main mo,iva,ion when he comments on , I\< characteristic.
of prophet> (f'g>. 6, 19), on , he proce~ of sowing and ..aping (frg .
32-36), .nd on 'he 'opognophical characteristie. of Capern.um, Judea'
Jerusalem a nd Galilee {frg" H, 40), Heradeon "" idently takes it for
gnon,eJ 'h>t 'he g05pel provides an accoun' of historical ewn" 'hat
i. factually corr' in all detail., wh ile at 'he ... me time ... uming 'hat
'ho> ,,-en" are to be ..ad a. an "",horeJ text filled with underlying,
.ymbolic meanin&>.
Thi. conflation of nor ..,iw and
i. 01.., eviden, in the .....
where Herac~n comments on , I\< actual word. usl by 'he evangelist in hi. na",>!i,-e (cf. no, 7 in ,h. list abow). For ... rnple, Heradeo n
00 ........ 'hat ,he word ~",i ~~ in John LI2 " .. , no' usl idly, for
,.,.eo",
,<X,
'ypoIogy""", ..,.
",,,,,,,,,I
~ 1h;,
<onen" ,'" ,.~., roik<o;",iy, ..-"" '" g<"",.Jir
,,;,h ""
of "" poy<h~ I ... "p .... y f'8'- N , 1' , 11), buI only , '" .p<dtK
.,. .... who 'f'p<" ;n lob" I . 1he m.d~ .... rh., ..... of f'R- 6 """ dwly b<long ' "
""go<)'
tJ.;, g"'''p Cf
.m"
' ' ' I,
to,_H16; "'''''''''''''"";g1001 , ,.,_ , ...
1.
'hore ag.in 'he beginning of, new oikonomia i, .." ..Ied (frg, I I; 0,
10, II ,48).'" Here, ,h. e".ngeliS! ...... (,;~AoOO6a,) , religious ,ruth
by hi. choic< of word., b u, at 'he ,.me ,im., 'M ''''iour him lf i.
,""""ling ,hi. tru,h by rerforrning a n act of symbolic >ignific.nc<,Ukewi.." th. go.p<l may M con.idorl '0 contain a d""p<r me.ning
when i,
,hat 'he Samaritan. were -ma ny: .nd ,hat 'hey were
"from 'he ci'y (John 439); ,h., meaning (which is ,h., thi. i. how
'M p.ychko ar. , .."d) ;, bo,h re,'ealeJ by ,h. evangeli.. in 'M text
'hrough h i. choice of word., .nd re...a1ed by the .ctual e... n" of 'he
story, ,hat i., in ,h. acts p<rformeJ by the Samaritan ci,izens. In fact,
.u the character. in tho narrati... Mcome, through their word. and
acts. reveal ... , in 110 far .. tM y are elem<n " of 'he ",'eaIing text of
'he ",'angeli.. ,
The .. atu. of the tex' of 'he gO.p<l a. revelation in its own righ' i.
also <viden' in tM prologue, where 'he ovangelist i. explicitly .peaking in h i. own voke, and this i1.., mad. an obi<' of exege.i. by
Heracleon, Th..., in add i'ion '0 'he word. and the acts of 'he Saviour,
'he word. of th. evangelist .1", po>Sft><. re... la,ory aut hori,y for
H<racleon,
""e.
2,},
/s 'h< Go"",/ of fohn Spm'a/I
Heracleon ... um ,hat 'he gO'rel "' written by John, a "di,ciple

(feg, } _ 0, 6.},3, 'hough he make. no further commen' on ,hi. fact
in 'he pre ..."ed f.agmen", John, th. diKiple of ,h. Lord: i1..,
explicitly named .. 'he au,hor of 'he gO'rel in 'he Valen,inian exegesis
of th. prologue in lrenaeu., A.d., ha<r. 1.8.~.
expre .. ion -John, 'he
disciple of tho Lord" i. also frequen'ly u.. d by Irena.u., and i, i. poMible ,ha' i, ret1""" a (prroominan'ly) A.ian t radition that iden'ified 'he
author and ,h e Belovro DiKiple - of th. Go.p<l with John of Eph ... us.
... ther than wi,h lohn, tho >on of Zebedee," Be that a. i, may, 'he designation -John, 'he diKiple of 'he Lord- . ignal., 'pial relation.hip
u..
,IL\."
~ <ill",
. ;"... ....... (11)<
..Jv,,""' .)
. u",..",,"'-; .." .... ..."
~ ...... ..,.,.... "'" ~ .,I</io
worn .. ,"".. ia ..... , probobir """no, n,,,, pb.o .. in t'" hi'''''T 01'
t'"
~ ,'" om b;gu;' y 01'

In' ~ ",flrctr<l ;" Blanc', "'" ""',,., .~ yo dr """""'" Ii
Ir dibut & .. ",",n,f" .. ,,,,, d'"" ' "". my"'''':
~ s,,. Ba",kh.orn >006, . . . _..... <6 .
'"'
bet",..,.n this "-angel;,, and Je.us,- which may apl.in why hi. name
ill specifically mentioned in quot.t;on. from his Go'rel, The authors
of the oth .. go.pei< are never referred [0 by n.me in the Valentini.n
sourco., .nd .re ,.."Iy ",..,n brought . ttention to.,
Although many schola .. have .tated ,h.l the V.lentini.n. had.
're<i.l preciile<:tjon for the Go.pel of John,"" ) do not think this c.n be
demo",tr.,...! to be the c.... It i. easy to see from the various inci ie
vail.hl. that Valentini.no in gen ...1 used M.tthew and Luke at I.""
., much "" John," H .... d ""n h im .. lf we.veo .Ilusion> to til< 'ex"
of Matthew and luke into his d is<:u .. ion of p.... ge> in John.'" and,
h as . lready ~n m<n. ione<!. he may ha\'e w,inen commenuri ...
on t ~ &""pet. as weD. It may well be mere coincidenco that hi.
commentary on John i. >0 much bener documen,eJ t han hi. other
works. '" In general. there i. no indication th.t the Valentinian. preferrM th. norr.ti,'. of John owr tho>< of Matthew and LuLe (in fact
the oppo,ite .... m. to have ~n the c...,). though the prologue wa.
dearly a text that . tt racted .pecial attention-together with I Cor I~.
the hymn. of Philippian. a nd Col"".ians, and the announcement story
of Luke l.
"-rit.,,,"
-Clnriy tl>< qri,M 'J'K;p. of tl>< !.orO' j , "".nt _ '" much '0 I"'t lohn On
group .. to J'~ '"lI"'''' h'm "n....,!y. " rom'<)" M. 'f'<CiaI ' ''''''" ... '0 I'''''. both
M._o1~ "win~ )<"" m'n''',),.",J th<ologK~' 'n h,. Go>p<I- IlIaock!J.rn '006
. .. , " Oth ",f<",nc< to "",,,,hk, 100<, m).
~ At on< point. , ',,,,,,'" from d" Goop'k "Y'- lfu. ,"""'- 74),.00 tl>< ,uthor of ,I>< _ rth ~i .. ~m ... ?
,alb! -tl>< ' po>'k - On l-'tokmo<. ~ """ '0 fl",. ' .15; b . lhrod. " "" ""'h 'j! '.
". w,th ,I>< laI", d.';S'''''''','
fo< loon ,;0-1_,;. tl>< 0<1><, 'f""'k' "
no ""'s" mo'n".n! I d. l',H"kh>m 2I<i, ""'"",,").
.p'" "",...
"".6'.7', """""
- '-"<w<n",h
' ''''',<7-&'00 monr o<1><n. 11>< .",,"n ' '"p_
port for
mpho" ~ ,"'".."" ...... /rM,. J.''-' '" I... .... ,woo) -r-I ,,' "'""i*"wi"" """,,,,.. "'".,_,. "",i.p'''".'" ....'"m.
"'" h. <x"n~""r doc""",n'ro . n<! ~,,,,,glr
by mil """.
Pr
""_ " ' nd. ";,h """" cou"on, N.gd XIOO (>timrn,')' .0'6-<79). Ilrm,,",
"",... my ..1m;",lr. """ ng ;" m;n<! ml"""'tr. ;, .. <m Ih< "'g'~' portal b,h'm 'n Ad . /rM,. LI'-' .)
~ s, ',~ . Ih<
vOlk" ,.", S;mon<t,; , ....J, h . ... w,bb.oo W_
, .... " and. "'" fo.-g<'. !!art" "",
th', ......
""'" ,0/00,,,,,"
- '" I,v. "
'0
""'kI
'r<l"',, ",
n. -10. . ..
,b,. ,.,,,
"1"'''''''
,,"""!l)'
'3-'",
- A,;. w<ll known." ..... " ,I>< ""1"''' of Ambro><. M. '1""''''' ,no . p,n-'_
"'" ".ok"""",,,. ,Iw O<'un ;"'orpo<,,1 WK.Won of H",d",,,'. ""!!"~, ;nto ""
10. ",
f,,,,,,,,,
<om""n",),. ",,,,,,,",,, <an lw-dJy 10m boon

roo- h .. <om""n",), "" )oftn ' n
i"~"''''''' ~""< no otl><, "";,", ... "', """''''"' ' h" "",fl.
'"
Finally, q Ue<tion. nmst be ked .bou t the r~l.tiomhir between the
go<pei and Herackon', own ideas, Did the goop<l h,x. an impact
on H ...d<on', thinking, and on t h.t of the V.lentini.on. in gene ... !!
o. did Her.d""n merel)' read into 1M text of lhe gospel lene!> of
Valentini.n th<ology that had been formed inderendently of the
Wirkung<ge><hkl,,, of ,be g<r<l i!>elf'? Or. if t be,e
mmmonality
of thought be,w""n lhe &""1"'1 and Herad<on', iJ"", i. ,hi. commonality altributable to other facto" ""'ide. the d irect influe"". of the
g",!",I! The .. que.tion. are best . dd'ess<d by examining some of the
m ain them .. of the go<peL
7h. Logo., For Hera<leon. a. for the Valentini.,.. in general. the
Logo. ,.,.'"" not only a name for the Soviou. but . 1", 1M form.ti ...
power that imposed ,.,ionality on lhe ",ul-matter complex. Thi.
concept of the Logoo oln-iowly ha, roots in Gr""k philosophy. a nd
Herocleon. lik~ other Val~ntinians. ' imply u>umNl th at t hi, w,," oJso
th~ mea ning of the logos of lohn', prologu~. Thi' id~n'ification wa,
, h.rro by m.ny other Chris,i.n ,h""logi.n,. th ough 'he Valen, inian'
interpretation was b.sed on the panicul.. presuppo.i'ions implid t in
th ~ir du.listic ontology. something which INl to a n~Nl for specifying
what wa, meant by "all thing. in lohn 1:3.
He",cl""n doe. not rail. how",,,. to follow up in hi, commentary the
",tetiological rol< of t he Logo. which i, . nnounced by 'h~ prologue.
Thu the Baptist. who ente .. the "'~ne as a "'oi: will he turnNl
into Log'" .fter h ...ing rognized 'he Saviour (frg, ~); t he Sam.ritan
woman i, "piercNl through" (or "nudgNl "'I)' hard") by the Saviour',
logo. (frg. 17-10;;0' appe.rs to h.", a double meaning h .. ~) , .. h .. tion and the logo. went fonh into t he world from th~ ,.".i,h f><Ople
(frg, 21; ".. h .. ,ion and th~ reception of the Logo- are also ...,.iatNl
in frg. 33); the lew, of lohn 8 ar< incap.bl~ of roc~iving 'he Saviour',
log", (frg', 43-46). In th~ im'anc ... Heracleon i, .pplying in hi,
neg ... i theme that has been promptNl by th~ goo!",l it",lf. He i,
no' .i mply ".ding into the gospel concepts that d~ri..., from o,her
sources, but is expou nding the go.!"'l by employing t<rrninology . nd
idea. that are internal '0 'h~ text.
Ch,;,/o/ogy. Val<ntini.n Chri"ology ha. oft~n been labelled "doce tic" Th~ Gospel of lohn too h sometimes been ",id to co ntain
statemen" that ar< docetic, or may be interpretNl in that ,,'.y, '"
i,.
'"'d.
For inot.nco, J<>uo announc... that "I am not of thi. world" (8023,
17.14,16). Although we do not ha>" H ... d""n', exeg",i, of that pa,>age, "'meth ing ,imilar i. impliro wh<n he
that Carem.um. the
rna,.ri .. re.lm , w.. alien (avoi ...lOv) to the Saviour (f'g. II). In m y
opinion, how.,.. " V.lent in i. n Christology in general cannot ",,,,,,nably be characteriU'd as docetic. In fact, number of Vale ntinian
.,sen that t be Sa"jour was inc. rnale<! in a material body. and that hi>
assumption of h uman
wa, "".eriological necessity. '" H ... d<on
. dh"es to this view. According 10 him, the Sa"jour was in carnatN in
Io>wly n .. h, .ymbolizoo by h i. "sondal" (frg. 6); the imrerftion of
hi. body;' indicat."j by the B.ptist calling h im a "Iamb" (fr g. 10); be
enterlthe ma'erial real m "urern. um (frg. I I), hi. compo<i' ion i.
,),mooliz<J by the numl>er fort y-.ix, ",her<.ix .tand, for matter and
forty for h i. ,piritual compo nent (frg. (6).'" Mor<o ... r, the Sa';our
,ulf..M . J"ion (frg, (1). and .. ,-ed hum.n, by meano of hi> Cross
(frg. (3), '" Thuo. the Saviou r i. a .piritual being who ha. <nterM
the world carrying a materi.1 body. " That body i> al",n to hi. t "",
nature. but it i. not for that "",son a ",ham."' " He .. cl<on cle ..lr has
st.,.,
'ex"
n.sh
"'<pi""" .,,
- 1 .. '" .",mpkd to ok.,.,..."", ,h;.;n .,"" ...... n 20060. ',I><

"" d,lf<"n' "',;"", 01" ""
'Y""" round;n ,,, ..... ~ ,. ,to.
an<! "',"'" C ol &C, llorod.. "h"'h "P'....!Y '"'"I' ,.., ,to. .....""" ''''''''';'" )'1h;ng
m,w"".no! .I", d,,, h, ,"bj!1 h im ,, ~ '" 1"....... 11><" .... ,," ... ,ad " ,,;b, k
, "'!"h'" body'" "" ,"OOu',
- 'OR- 16 "","", uk, ,,,,obkm .. .."., .. i' ."..uy de"rih<. , humo. h<",& rom'
po><d of pW..... , n ;nh.u, j n~" . 00 , "'" """wn<d ,. "" ,oo,.. , h'''IIo i. ",to.,
"""" , I>< f. mil"', "Urn" ...... n,",,'1"'8"" "'.! mod<! to..Ion U<" " " i, p"""ihk.
""mo,
,I>< f"gm<"' "k" '" "" "'...... of ,to. fin' "umo" ... S" ", ~,,jf
( 1.. 3. I ""'") , n<! Hoirlo.o""n I " .... ""') "R"" On , I>< """, "00. , I>< to'll"""'
,koolY'''''' ,.. , "" n",""'rforty''''' io.n ,; , ,,,,, __ . '''" ~ '" ilt.., ;n'''l'''-
"f""'''.
"ok",..","
,!w,
'''i
on ;. """ct. <:>rig<n', "I"'"pI.o.",""
of "".,10".... _ d, mu" "'. " ""'. inrompI<'"
' n , I>< con"";' om ,
'0 ur. l",,,nd ,n.
.. ' ,YmIXM of , I><
" mp~
moT<
,.,,., .. ,,d "yOou'. " t - ooJ,- .. <k .. ,oy..! "'rough h;, " '"'''' , .....
- 1 "';n]; ~ li>..ly ,.. , ,I>< ~'h 'p , ",.. po>l of ... 011 roru",1.< "01)- 'P;ri' &nJ,
....,.,.j,n " 0010 i, , ...1.<, 'ymbol of ,I>< SOYOOU" body . .-.x "" ""'n"n; .. ~ ,I><
f"'''''' . 00 ,I>< ,.,,.,"',.... , ,,,,,"n' '" , I>< """ ..... ;he ""- .nJ ,to. ..-ood ol , I><
c"'" ~grtifi<. "" m.tt" ,,, " hKh "" SOYOOU' .... I;nka! 'rough "" ;nc."", ..... I'"
1"""",,,. ' 001. " pWIy Pr. 6li-6/l. _,,- .... "s-n.,)
- n.. "'''rom' ;n "'1ir,.r io 6.",6. Einki. g
t" ,I>< "W ,,", ." \' ok", ",',"
,-;". oh., tl>< SOYOOU" body .... p,!"hK. mU>! b< m;,;"forrn<d. 11><" ;. """';ng in
"" f"gm<n" '"" ind;al<, oh.t " ,,",kon " ",bu,..! . p>)" ~ K body '0 ,I.< '"00u'.
.. soru,woIl I I .. '. 1"' """) , n<! " oI,h,.". (1 .... '"1"' 1) "'""". 11 ;, .I", noI,_
..-orthy , ... Or;g.n "" "
h , "",ion , ,, "".,kon,
- W;'" ,'S',d '" "" m!l";' ol John U' .. I,S- '0 .\I, u,"" Wik> ,,,...... , ,.. ,
";. "" priocipl< of;" ",,,,,,ting ;, ,,>cdr ill. Lo " "
'"",n"u" me:.::
ol ,to. ,hi,J <m, ur( IWil" '960, "'_' 1<00). 11.< fa<t oIw '-rod ",,, J;J "'"
<Io<<< i" <l,,;~"""y i, " '" ~",,,d by ran",n , (1'''. 113n36. " OnM). ,Dd
by ",&,1 11000. 337_'''').
",racIrofl
'mput<. ,...
""ho<\o,
.,ud
""'I!'
-'If-O<f '000' [.io" "'I"'>S .""" ......

1" '>JIO "m'l '" ,.,000", ,""'1'1"1"" mom, 1" """'G' P"""l>!'-",I ... ' Ii..,
1"''' ... II' " " If'OI 1"" '9'LI '"" , '{If- r ", ',t-"" 'fn "'1"1. '",."
-""pm ..
'1' ,-LO'
(8{' , 1)' '''''''''''''.l 'v cO< _, 'tool nm

'o!><, .'" '" "II-> ']:) ' "
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'L" ''''''1'
F"" '... ,
-'lP!oh> < " '
1''''' "n'""'n '''I'''''''
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puo "'[",.. fl ..... '1q WIOJ,>1.
'n~, puo 'I!A"P ~~, JO U>1pUq' ~q, f"'UO'." .("q, J! ,.~",u.,od 10'!loq
-oW J1'~' JO Uo!,~""dmui ' l" lU!WJ.",p 0 "U!O~~ ~n~J~ U""I""~H
'('I\"-tt "~JJ) & U~Oj JO . M'j ,~, JO u"!.m",!p '1~ Ul 'o~, '1M>"'0~
'f""ou "I PIn"'!. 'I '(9l' t ' ' L 1 '6 1'> I) PlJOM '!~' JO 'ou .,. pu. 'u=~,
U""l 'A"'I "ld!",!p ,.n'~f '"""UO) ul '(Lt-,,'S) J~4"J' JOJ lL'~P ~q,
.'"~ ,n'l P"9 JO 'ou .,0 .(,,4' .. nO<! <f'JOM '!4 ""q 0, 'l'l,un "I 0,
puo '(( 'S) Pl'o", '!~ ' WOJJ 'M"I"I WOJJ "I 0, 'n'~f .('1 P!"
S m
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f"'~'"w" "I
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-UO!~O[""'l ' 0
JOj 10Jn ,ou '! 4'1~M
.q' JO ,,><1 .. l'UO!,u.,U! '14' "'l"w.".(, J.q,
-mJ 0 , UOJ!' uo .o u"'"' "I .(ow UOl,.,.JdJ",U\ ',uO>P"'.H puo ',n'.f
0, , .. uod'~J moq. ""!JO" .uoldw.xo .. f"'PU>1UI .(1".1' .,. l><l,o~
'4' U\ "po<ld .,~, ~4' l<'J. '1><l.oS
wOJJ Al".'!P f"'A!J.p u."1
'ou .... 4 ' "4' '~~PI JO ".. ~u!Aldd" ' '''''''.4> ".4' ~U!""dJ.,u1 ' 1
u""P"'.H
Jno> JO ',qnop ou '1 .,,'U .& u40f JO ..... j 'U,,04
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'U40j JO 1><1'09 .4' u1 .u.wn4 JO U!Jo&',., ,~' ~"4' '.y!,u~P! '!'
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~U!4"wO'J ' ou pu, '~U!'l pu~ U!~!JO JO .m'l!J". U. ' 1 .In ,ou '.l,np!A
-!PU1 uy ''''04''1 0'''00'1' ,.~, ,{~M 'q'Jo .,u~n"""uo, 0 .. 4'lJ>.(<<! '4' ~l~M 'U01'lPJ>d l.l-'~"w .4' pu.
uO!'''I'' JOJ I"'U1".I"'Jd .J~ 'l.n'l-'!d. ~q, ''''''''4' '!4' 0, ~UWJO"V
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u~mn~ f"'xy
JO .('''''4' 0 I"".>OJIP' u""P"'.H ,~q, UO'P!'
_uo, '1~ ,"M ..... \,' ',u""1''''.H ~U1'p!'ln P"o ~u!uod.J u1 u~2!,O
~q I"'MolloJ ~U\l.P1n2 lu~uodw\ 'sow .~1 .d.4J.d -lJI"I"'i0'lUY
'(~1lV( mJ9") g 'SJJ u1 ~S1'" '~4' 0, "'pnllo
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.,0
"'I'
',H,
.4'
''''I' '..
"''''I'
":j~'n'
~2no4'IY 'q"U ~U!woq
rol!o--I .4' JO '.P1 '4'
~u\ld."o w'lqoJd ou
M'
~"SV"'OH~ ~v"'"
'"'
Her.deon uphold. the Valent in i. n d istin<tion ""'",..,en the spiritual,
and the p'y<hk>, and the ide> that t il< (ormer belong to t l><
and the l.tter to the derniurge, "' he u"" 'hat d i"inction primaril)" 10
de.crik the cliffe .. nt wars through wh ich the", cotego.i .. of p>ple
are brought to 'he s..,iouf. Thus he j. wn.Odering both of them in
light of .he mOf< gener.1 p<rspt'Ctiw provide<! br the go,,,,,1 its.lf, the
""rein'" of human ity 10 the app"''''nc< of t il< Log.,.-Saviour in t he
world. It i. unlikely that H ... d""n wo. brought to tone down the d ifference. be,w""n spiritual, and P'ychb ".ult of hi. work with
the Fourth G<.'p<I.' '' I t hink it i. more prob.ble th.t he genuinely
di..gr""J, on theological ground with the much more strongly determ inistic, and rerh.p. elitist, interpretation of the .nthrorological trip.rt;t;on proroundeJ by tho>< F'tolem.ean. whose view. are reporteJ
by I .. no<us, It i. this rersonal ,'e"ion of Valentini.n t heology nd not
re.dy-m.de dogma. wh ich he b ring> into hi. re.ding of the Fourth
Go'rel. with th e r .. ult that hi. re.ding i. prob.bly leM, r.ther th.n
more. deterrnini"ic th.n the gOllrel it",lf.
1h, Sp"'" and /h, Gru",L Being a V.lentini.n. Heraclln mu"
h ..'e pres uproseJ ystem .!<in to the Valentin;'n .ystem . reporteJ
by lrenaeu the R'i"'ariQ. the Tril"'rtjt< hac/at<, t he Vai<ntinian
from 7hroJo,u,.
F":pG,irion .nd the "ariou. ",ctiom of the
lhe fragments offer no information .bout hi. protologic.l ide or h i.
,'."ion of the m}~h of the p... ion of Sophia, In con"'" to the exam1'1 of V.lentini.n exegesis , erotted by Irenaeu Herad.",n """nu
to have chosen not to use the go'rel text to prow th ... fe.tur of
Valentini.n doctrine, Hi. interest in John 'Hext """nu more con""n.nt
with re"pe<th'es found in the gOllrel itself: the de"ent into the world
of a saviour t hat d"". not belong to it. and his m i.. ion to gh-e "Iif,"
to tho>< who are .ble to r.ive him, Nonethele ... cen.in rect. of
hi. 'l"tem can be ronstructed from . Ilu.ion> in the fragmen", Thu.,
there ar. two main re.lms: the co.mo nd a higher ... Im from which
the s..viour ca me, The laner i. the .<on (frg" 1. 18). or the plerom.
(ftg . 18,12). Th. coomo< i ubdh'ideJ into. material region. which
c.n be d.scribed co.mo. of its own. ruled by the devil (frg. 10,
(f frg . 44-(7) nd a p.ychic .. gion ruled by the d.miutge (f'g, 40,
Fa,,,,,
he,,,,,,
.. , lh;, d;'hoct .... "'"II''' from th< ;w."pW,;o" of {,I\- " ,;, .;to. ,. " n,i
.00 IT<. ..,,, IT."",
0...'""",,,"1 oi~
> ... to ""'" 1000gb' .., 1''><'. M I. ""' hi' ' "",",oc<d J; .......... of
""'n 'PP'"al,
... " "ok,,

",,,,,k<m
a-,,,,,, (.., '''''
cf. frg. 11). Thi. co.mological fram"",ork i. V.lentinian .nd ha. ~n

,ur<rimro~ on the go.pel, though the prominence "f the devil in
the g"'pel text may have leJ Heracleon to p.y more . ttention to this
figure thon i. n"rm.1 in V.lentinian ""urce<.
In add it ion to the", two realm how"..,r, the Valentini.n. conim of . n interrnecli .. e region. u.ually called t he Ogd".d, "'here
Sophia was comiderecl to dwell u ntil .he wo uld be r"'torecl to the
pieron,. in t he fin.1 apokatasta, j, nd from where .he andlor the
Sa,io ur were though t to carry out their deali ngs with t l>< co.mo<. !
th ink t his feature i. al.., evident in Heracleon. The !erusal<m of which
the terrestrial H ierosolym a i. an image. can hardly I>< anything but
the Ogd".d, '" "lhe Judea . bove" in frg, 40, from which the Saviour
de><end . into the world urely refen to t he .. me region. Another hint
i. gi,-en by frg, 3~ (0. 11.49.324) , -The Son of M.n . bove the Place
SOW" the S.viour, him .. lf .Iso Son of M. n, harv,," .nd .. nd re.p e,. the angels repre><nted by the di.dpl<., each for h i.own 5Oul."lhe
"Place" i n.me for the demiurge."r hi. region, the Hebdomad.''' In
fact, it i. normally from the Ogd",d .bo", the co.moo that tl>< Sa,iour
and/or Sophia ""ws t he .piritual .. ecl of Sophi. into huma n bodies
and soul. ,' " !n deecl. that i. where they were producecl, images of
the .eon" .nd the place from which they were sent down to a life of
hum.n inc.rnation I><fore being integmtecl into the pieron,.. While
we do not know the detail. of Heracleon', idea bout the production of the ...ecl. there i. little reason to b<lieve they were .ubst.nti.lly different from those found in the known Valentinian .ystem., 'll
". s.oo.-., n&S and
nM .
"'.1,
,'M. lkroJ. J.I. 31, 1'1,

~ft<,.,", 6.31.7; Tn. Tro<, 1(0) .,
" , 1hi. ""'''n<nt n<ro., ho~"''-'" '0 t.. q..tifi<d. In "mK"', Ad" loon. ,-,-6 . nd
h . lhrod. "-1_' , ,o.
i> , "" an,h"'f""""'r, . nd ~ i, SophO.. who 00., th<
",w',,! . nu oh< d<uIy 010<, .. from ,t.. 0g000d. In E.x.-, 1."";' 1 and vaIm!'n", f,&
I , .o. <Onl<" i, , nth"'f"ll"n"''' " ",oil bu. b", ,"" Lose> i> ,t.. ",.m . nd .. "
no( . . M! " ",,,, ""..,.., from . In
6.J.I.6 "" ",",""" (,aIk<I'1t.. I<"nt f ro"
0(
r1r"""",-) . nd "'Ph'" do ,t.. """'"E 'OS<thr" '""r do ~ from ,t.. <>goo..!,
. nd t"" ,ool<xt i, no< ,t.. .. nthropogonro .-..1><" t"" ", .. 'ns!"" Oft ,,,,,,;n o,,",ly "
.... h."",,,, . ,,, born. 11>< wt" , , ." , .... ,. t"" "'" th.ot
d"",,, '0 ",,"<kon ',
'n"'1""" ' .... of th< h.o"',,, in lo'm "',.. '" (I,ll'- "_J/i).
'" " " boc,." ,t..
proOOC<d 00"'" 'h< pkrom.o. and 10,- tho, ",,,,,.
'nt..",n" y dr"", nt. ,Jut tb<y "" d to b< ..=I .. oo "".t<gro"d into ... pkrom.o.
Vaknhn"'n OOUK<' p""",, no """"xr~"""'" for "'" proOo<",," 0(
,"" _
tho< ;.... , brough' fooh by
''''''8'' 0("'"
and h" . ng<h
m .. n ; r"'in~ ,"" pl.ro",,-. wh.ot ... m..... Ir, bu ...,"", " t.... "".o.dr<x. ... nbud
,I>< .,. 0( ..,..-in!! th, "'" ; nto hum oto 'h< s.,,,,",, t.oso>- . nd "'" to "'Ph"', lh"
' " c[
,on'<>'
"Ju"".
t""
",m,,,
.,,<1 "
"""'io "
s",""" t"" "'" t"'.
Thu., frg. 3~, which i, a comm~n"ry on lohn 436-37 but harmoni,...

the text ",i th Matt n37-38,4 1, allud .. to ubotantial f.ature of the
Val.ntinian 'yst<m. The Saviour/Son of Man ' L! has sown the ..,.,J of
Sophia into humanity from the Ogdoad,'lO and has him""lf descendeJ
into the world, together with hi. angels-disciple .. '" to han'est it.
V nde, lying He .. deon' exese,i .. t herefore, Ii .. the e nti re V. Ient in i. n
.)'>tem. He obviously tak~. it for granteJ that John t he disciple wa.
fam iliar with this .ystem, being on~ of those .piritual person. whom
the Saviour had chosen to pa .. on to the rest of humani'y th~ knowleJge revealed by him",l. lohn', GO>pel must therefore contain thi>
knowleJge, but it i. di>cemible only if on~ looks beyond ,he ,urface
of the tex' , the characte" appearing in it typify attitudes to the Sa,;our
and to the r""elation of the tru,h ,hat can only be under"ood in t he
fr. mework of a larger .. I,.. ,ion historical narrath..,; the words 'polten
and th~ .." perfom,eJ by t he.., charac'~" all .lIude to thi, meta-natrath.." a. do the description of 'he place. and a"efac" mentioneJ,
the evangeli"', choice of word. at ewry point .lIud ... '0 more than i.
immeJiatelyobviou., It is not unreallOnable '0 , u&!':<>t ,hat the Fourth
Go.['<1 itself, with its prologue and i" my"eriou. saviour figure who i.
not of this world, invit.. thi, kind of meta -narrath'al reading-a fact
which wa. also widely re<ognizeJ in the ancient world.'" From this
[,<,,[,<ctive, and bearing in mind that 'heology is oIway' a proouct
of the cr~ative interaction of "ripture and doctrinal pre,upl""i'ion.
constructeJ from reason, Herodeon', approach i. not incomp.a'ibl~
with t he .pirit of the go,[,< ""n><. " ;. In.. 1"-" " ",,",on n<>'"
n><nt .... , "" "gu" ofSoph;", b", 'h< "'..Jos;<' ,,;th oth<, V"'nt;";", ,,,.,.,,, mol,
" ""'" ".""".bk to . ""mr "'" .. P""'ppo>I >Om< fo.-m oft!>< Soph .. mylh tho"
""', . . d;J not .
,;,1< Son
H,""
of " "-,, "",. ;mp"",d from -"ot , ""'7,''- " f"<'I>obl,- inol'_
... tho, II" pl<rom>, from wh",h ' h< """,", <In;"" <nil ,. ~_ i"",1I' ' h< 'l'i, ',... """ "' prOO",rd.;' ,,,,,,,,i,'rd .. an "''''')1''1 A.lhropoo, .. ;n ,'ok."nu, f ",
',and lI"",oUy ;n V"'n"""'n',," (-0.0.....". >006.0.
intr<pr<Utoo
.... . 1".0) '"M",trd by j ,m,,", ""'~, ,.,).
AlI'"', II>< ..... ~ ...... ",", " ,01,,,,, p""."
a,r., ,I>< orN bn oown ;n'o
oil hu" u", ( .... ' . ~ ., ALoOO lOn, ' '''_''' ...<un,,), '" ""I)' ,
Or"', , .. 'Pi,',..... Hm<1ro.. W"" "' no ,"' to ,h;. 'l"'''oo .
thi' .... , "" 11.0""'''" ''''''''
m_m, In_J'' .
u 5. <.g.. ",.b '960. 5 .r.Iw ,"" "mort, by K' .... lOOO, .,_".
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""If.
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a.....~""' p"!,<,, R<..i"' /I.. ...."11< ,""""";.,,.,1 Co'I""" "" ""n,'" "ud",
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,<2.
INFlUENCE AND 1l'.'TERPRETATION OF THE GOSPEL OF

JOHN IN ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY; THE EXAMPI.E OF
EUGNOSTOS (NHC Ill,) AND V,L)
Anne Paoquier
Unive"it' L ...a1
The 'ex' en,i,1ed Eug""w, appe." in 'wo cooi, .. of 'he Cop'ic Nag
Hammadi lib=y; Cooex III (70, 1-90, 13) anJ Codex V (1,1-17, IS), t he
la"e, ,,,,,ion being mo,e recen' ,h.n 'he former. hS"""o. ha, be<n
.ubiec' '0 .ubsequen, ,ewrit ings and reo'ganiza'ion" 'he most '''iking
of which i. the Sophia of I<>u, Ch,j", text ,hat exi", in 'wo analogou.
cop;'. written in Coptic. a. ",,11 a. in G,,,,,k fragmen".' Furth<rmore,
many cita,ion. have been preser ... d in c... ain excerpt' from a
Valen,inian l<l1e,." copied by Epiphaniu. in hi. Pdnan'on 3D,I-S_'
Did t he .utho, of Eugno'lo, III know of t he Fourth Go.p<1! Pos>ibly,
bu, t here are no explici' ci,.,ion., and only a few ,"erb.1 reminiocencn,
lhe Codex V ... "ion doe.,
try '0 establi.h apr .... ,;.. wi,h
'he Johannine prologue, an in'eresting detail in i,,.,If. Thu., ,hi. ,,,,.ion belong. '0 an in'erpre'.'''e tr.di,ion ,h., de ... loped during 'he
SKond and third cen,ur;'. CE. espedaUy in Ale""nd,i._' My objec'ive
;, '0 examine 'he po>4ible connection. bet ween ,he Go'p<1 of John
.nd t he d ill'e,en, '"e"ion> of EugnO>lru, .nd '0 explore e>pe<i.lJy t he
w'l" the Cod .. V version ha. in'egra,ed .nd in'erpreted Joh.nnine
p sag"',
The au,hor of Eugno'lo, announce. a '.-.nKenden' GoJ-unhea,d
of by.1l men including t he wi .. - and opts for 'he ,hetorical genre of
how"""
1<'"'
r"V"' n" '"
, On< '" '"" ....iom '" 7 ... _

.. of
CIon" foIIo... >""1""''''' ;mm<di.t,,?
cod" JH ("""l4_' ".tll, wh;1< '"" "'''', "'" ', con"""," 'n
"."~n Cod<.
''''' (77,1- "7."1_ ,I>< u""k
'0 "" IDu.o
ilipIo,","", P.p,""
'oo' (no_ 106-1 '" A. 'u ll..,~' cotUogu<l. ~ . I<~ C"'_ h ...
th, ""
'" ugn<"" in. n<W h.m<, . "'''' .. ,.... JWog'" I>..-n th< '""" Chn...oo h',
'n
t'"
di"'ph
, f","""", "", .00 ",ft"'n.c<J ,'"
'nt'"
".nic"",n
t'"
"'goc".-d
dod"", '" ,ho "'"

""","," '" ,ho I";mo.-dial ..... n. Su """ 7M "",",10 ,-", ... of
' .....1
, .... "" Go>pd '"
JOOn ..... S ,>.pl~;dy ;nflu<""ru
0,, __ ." r.~u;', >00'> (1"" 1.
'''''P''' ' 1_
'n"Urn'"
"""pioooo (B<rl;n ~_
both
"",;om'" "'f'Io. }.-..
epOdeictic diKou .... , or "praise rhetoric ," in order to reveal his pr..enee. The use of philosophical term., the conci~ nature of the ")10. a.
well as tM hymnic and ..,Iemn tone of the treati"" confer to the text
the qualitie. of a dogmotk celebration, lh ... characteri"ic. are comp,rable to those found in the "Sacred Speech,"'. literary genre wide.pread in Midd leplatonic writing . Eugnosr"" i. no doubt intended for
on a <U!ience ",mitiYe to the phil<e>phk.1 or theological-ph ilwophical
thought ond doctrine .. The aut hor u><. language t hat i. ph ilwophical
a. well a. hyronic to further the teaching. oftM two d ivine Principle.
that reign oyer the oil, the .piritual univer ... One find. greot coherence in the organization and <tructure of the text, who>< d escription of
e\"en" unfold. from what is hidden to what is manife"ed, and who><
main principle is that whot i. in,'i.ibJe c an be found in what i. vi.ible-a principle acc ..sible only 'hrough a revelation,> In other word.,
the ident ity of this otherwi .. unknown God and hi piritual world
i. revealed only at the end of the revel.tion, and this i. p""'ible only
becm .. thi. God ha. ma nifested him.elf in the vi.ible world.
lhe text relate. the appearance of an -illuminating light : a -beginning" of the reyelation .ndofknowledge ..... t fir" hidden in the u nbegottell Father, th i. light, .pining forth from infinity, ''''.01. itself through
the ~gure of the Immortal Mon, Thi. Man aI.., receive. the name
of "Self-Begotter Man" or "Self-Father Man" (Eugtlo"o, III 77, 14-1~;
V 6, 19-21), well .. tM "Only-begot[tenl , the Only [Sonl (mo""!:,"",j"
(V ' ,11-23), and 'he "perfect [Only-i be igotten ]" (11177,2). The Son i.
also named -Father" in thot M "and. at the origin of .. Ivation and
, ,,'elation. He is t he fir" Man of the "begin ning" or of the intelligible
world (1II8~,9-10; 86,13-14; V 13,8-9). Ha>'ing at ~r" been hidden,
he th,n manife ... and unveils him .. lf. after that of Man," h, ... ume.
the tit!, of-Son onlan" and then tha, of"Sovior." He is al.., identified
wit h Wisdom, who in 'urn iscalled "Tru th" (.... {o'r/reia), "Love" (Ag<lp.f)
and "Fai'h" (Pi"i.).
This doctrine i. 0 form of Chri>tianity characteri,ed by Helleni"ic
Judai.m and by a .piritualized pogan religion that can be compared to
"_3'.
S P. "l u~, 2000,

11>;, 11<'",Y 8" "";' wd d<""Ob<d by )uoo. )061.
LO '_"';I. "" ....''I'~ , Ihm m
of ~ ;" A loo." ~ DOd.,."Jiioo> ,I> , n<!
l .... b! ~"u '
,>< ..""ni, 1.>-
">C<'
"..li,"""
, ><,I\"",;og Ill< d. ,,;c.J ,-I.,1oric.!

Ill< ~ n.ct"" of hf"""'" "' con b<
"p"'""d .. rollo ~'"
Po. l _7'.II) . ..,""". ,,;'"
(7'.'"_'<" 1).
(74,"_ "",OJ , 00
("".'_' 1).
proho'"
,..,.-d'.m
i""""""
rrorru""
Hermetici,m. B)" all~oriGl.I in .. rp .... 'ion and the "eat men' of ce rtain
,hem.. . uch 'he divine ,hrone .nd ' he cele"i.1 .. mple. Eugtlo"o. i
in f.d. '''''y do"" ' 0 Helleni .. ic Jud.i.m. In ' he COOex III ,ero"m. ,he
revelation;' no' b... d on the texts of'he New Te".men'. bu, mo"l)"
on 'he first , hr.., ch.pters of G.ni.
which piritu.1 interpreta
,ion i. given.' From 'he unkno,..n and hidden to the manife"ed and
rev.aled. ,hi. interpreta'ion ill",,,,,.' .. how 'he s<rip,ur.. are d irected
,oward. 'he ",vela,ion ofth. Savior and of 'he church.
Ther. are >ome indication. in Eugnos/ru ,ha, poin' '0 ,he "rigin
and date of the
In f.ct. Eugtlo"o, i, without . doub'
text
,.king up m,," explici'ly the PhiJonic doctrine of 'he d"ine . tt ribu,es
(Jynamd. ) or n.m .... The importan' pI.ce thot i. granted to t he fig
ure of Wisdom ... weU .. 'he 'ype of allogorical exeg .. i. 'hat 'he text
expound., strongly .ugge<t.n Alexandri.n b.ckground nd enable YO
in.1I prob.bility
locate the 1<"" compo,i'ion in this "er)' ci'y.
Moreov<r. there.'" literary p.rallel. ,h.t .Uow WI '0 date 'he text .
E"gnos/o. cont.in. a cla .. ifi cation of inteliectu.1 movements. which i.
certainly borrowed from an older 5Ource. bu, which 'he aut hor in1<grates in'o hio/her own theological doctrin . The .. me Ii .. i. men,ioned by lren.eu. in hi. Ad",,,", haem~' 2.13.2. in reaction again"
V.lent ini.n. who had u<ed i, to ."abli.h 'heir doctrine of t he .piri,ual
world.' lhi. i. an importan' clue for da'ing .nd locating Eugtlo"o
ince 'he Ii" in qu."ion i. a cen'ral theme in t he text nd h.. influencM 'he a u,hor. teaching a ,..hole, We ca n dMuce from this fact
'hat a version of Eugtlos/o, w" known '0 Ir.n ..", nd this .1Iow.
u. '0 date 'he tex' prior '0 t80 C Eo Another inte.-."ing literary parallel occurs in ion on negati,-. t heology 'hat directly follo",~ t he
ex",dium in E"g"o"o" and which greatly resembl .. a pa .....g. found
in 'he first ch.pter of 'he Apology of Aristid .. the Athenian." The
'0
,h.
,ex,.'
'0
,<1m
E".f"""'"
Ie ,I.< 0I<j T,,..,,,,,", ,,," i" '" " om," ~ m,""". l~roughoo'
"" ' nC "'" fi nd , ,,"my ky ""no from.uwl .. tu ...... '" c," 1_' and ""'"
"""",,-- lh;. "'...," of "10,,,,= '"PI""'" ,"", ,t.. i m~~ d "ad<" ~"" abk '"
unokr.,nd no< only ,I.< .. I"",,", . nd ,t.. ky " rm . bu,.oo ,'" OOg' ..1 ""'''''
'<wi'"
" I"" ,t..y OC<W'.
, ", r,"l"""
>009 (I"'rt 1.
'''''pO'' 31.
s<, ... .,.,. " . to.

", """""0 . nd
tJou',,",o '''', U3/i-,.". 366-370. A,oorJ'ng '" '""""''''.

,..,,,;,,1 "''''.
'''''''gh', ,,11<,_
"" U"b<goto," ..,1.<, '"" ha ;""S' , ""

f'O''''' m;n<l.
,.... ~ dodjb,,"h""~ . nd '""" logo> '"' """d ("""'. '" .... , ,"th,m";,,
"",,.M) (lll 71.1_"; 1'.5--'" \" 3.
'.6-'1.
,0-, ';
" ' .. n '"'"
"""k ' .... >02_2' .
P/>""""'.
'"
lau .. i. u.u.lly thought to date rrom LM - l 40C[, " Two hypoth ....
can t herefor. be form1.1I ...& .it h .. Eugna,lru a nd Aru, iJ Apology
each in their '''p<ctive "'0)" incorporated a >ouree th.t probobly
ciulated during the ~rst quarter of th e second century, or, .imply
p ut. one wa. dirK!I)" infiu"need by .he other. Which"w, solution i
dOptM, ,hi. par..:llel . lIows uo, in . 11 probability, to pl.ce Eugno,/o, in
the ~"t h alf, if not the ~"t quarter. of th e 5ond cent ury C E.
More pred",ly, I person.lly beli,,'o t h.t Eugnosto, muM ho>" ~n
w,inen in Alexandria during the rerioo that immNiately followed the
kwi.h ,,,,"olt of 11 ' -117 CE, in an environment "'h<re it was custom 'f)', at the time, 10 interp"" the Christi.n me.sage within the framework
of ludeo-Hellenistic Wi..!"m .peculation." It i. from this very typ<
of b.d,grou nd ,h.t trace. of Gno>tic .ystem. or Gno>tic Chri .. ianity
emergeJ. and the intendeJ audienc~ of Eug"o,lo, al", .... m. to h ....
consi .. eJ of Christ i.ns coming from .uch a soci.l and cultural context. Eugno'iru propound. a !"'-nicuJ.T form of Chri:!tianity. in.pireJ
by. Ph ilonic trad itio n wh ..... v''l'' appeal might have l.in in th~ fact
that it did not introduce an abrupt change from the conceptual frame work of Hellenistic Jud. i.m."
L A B., COMPA RISON WtTH TH . FOU k TH
Cos l
Although EuS"01tO, III d~ not explicit ly use the Fourth Go.pel

a scriptu ral source, it doe. shore several import. nt t heme. with this
G""pel .uch a, the Son of Man" and the "name of God; a name
which expre ..... the e..ence of hi . r,,,'elat ion by the Son. A. in the
Go.pel of Joh n, .he Son of Man in EUS"OilO' abo const itute. a link
between h.aven and earth .ince hi. authority i. conferred upon him
by God (lohn ~ ,27; Eugm,.,o, V9,7-9)" Abo ... all , the Son of M. n
in Eugnrulru i. ident ifieJ with the main fi&ur~ of Christianity, In contra" to the figure of tho Son of Man in Jewish apocalyptic, the Son of
Man in Eugno'lo, h.. already r~,,,aleJ him",lf as the Savior, How""r,
" s,,, _,",ron
rt
aI. :rooJ, "_30; Alp;&<"" tOSS. 1_".
" 11" I'w'''' "yo!! ol t ,,_ t t7 c .... Ab..nJ,",.Jmo., '"""oy..! ,'" "..-;010 <""'_
mon" y. '""' pnmj"in8 Q Ui"",""y to ""foe<. Akhoos" A)",,,mln.n Ch' ~'Un il r
" ".oJy
it h..J "'" d ; ~'ng u ; oh< d
prop<rlr from , '" 1oc.J 1<"-;'" <om_
mon 'ty. S<, I..... 200<. ' J-60, Mod.-ui<woL '''7, J07_1tl.
,""I,
" '" P."""" 1OO7b. ",_6n
""If
,. Two I"U' ("'--!lO)." m"'-i"8 from ,I coo.. III ",moo.
al'hough ,her. a", ~er al impo,u n' concep" in Eup!o"o. 111 'hat
have Johannin< parallels, th ... <oncep" were prob.bly drawn from
"",ure... other ,h.n ' he Fourth Go.pel
The ,i,le of Son of Man in ' he Fourth Gospel . eem. to imply> le.,ial "atus, a. its origin. lie in the Danielie Son of M.n (John H3,
~,27, 6.62 )." Thi. i. aI.., the c.... in E"gnoil"", whieh w.. po .. ibly . 1>0
impired by D.nieL In Dan 7. 13-14. au,hority, glory and """,.,eign
powe, were be"oweJ upon 'he one who wa> "like a son of man ." The
etern.l kingdom will ,hen be given the .. in" of 'he Mo" High (Dan
HS,ll,27). The word ",ain"" a. u.ed in Daniel. moot often .. fero
'0 ang.lie creatur (d . Dan HO). Howeve" it i. al.., plau.ible 'hat
,h. exp .... ion " .. in" ofth. Most High" ,efen
angels a . well .. to
m.mber< of ' he I.raelite n.,ion, ' he fa i'hfu l on who will t.. accla imed
durin~ 'he judgmen'
come. On 'he o,he, ha nd, ' he kingdom of ' he
Son of Man in E"gno>lo. i. identi~ed wi,h 'he church ,,'hieh 'eplaee>
I>rael. 'he a ngelo "c... ,ed" by him ... named "church of ' he .. ints"
and the "lights wi,hou, .h.do"," (Eugno>lo. III 81, ~ -6. V 9,13-17).
Furthermore. 'he Go'pel of lohn and Eugno./o, 111 did in all prob.bility draw from 'he contemporary Jewi.h " a dition. It wa< a Jewish
trend at ' he end of ,he ~r>! n,ury CE to compare 'he ~gure of , he
Son of ~tan
,h., of 'he M ..... h and
combine ' hei, rpectiv.
function . How,,', 'he complexi'y and opaci'y of ,h. Jewi'h 'exto! Enoxh 37- 71: 4 E~," 7.29, 133. and 1 Baruch H.S-II: 7H -i. in
itself a considerable problem. The m",t explici' among 'hese text ..
! Enoxh, ,uJ:,gem t he ex;>!en of 'he Man, a nd not only 'he , .. gue
figure pre>en,ed a . ' he likene .. of ma n, a. in 'he dream of Da niel or
even in 4 E~m, and thi. Man i. identifieJ with t he redeem ing Me"iah
( I Enoxh 3!U-3, 4 ~.3.4) . The 'wo ot her texts al.., rewal 'he vi,ion of a
reJeeming Me"iah """",iated wi,h 'he ligh'. In 4 E"a 7,}9, ,hi. So n
of M.n i. called "my Son" 0' "my ",,,,.nt 'he Me"iah. "
Eugno>lo., in fact, might ha"" ~n influenced by 'he Ethiopian ""r.ion of 1 Enoxh where 'he Son of Man manif.." him ..lf in 'he S<-cond
P.rabl . chapter 46. In 1 Enoxh, hi. "name" wa. proclaimed even t..fore
,h. creation of all thing. (483), he i. d ... ribed .. bein~ 'he "ligh'" of
the n.,ions (48 .4), and the ",;room" of 'he Lord of .pirits rew.led
'0
'0
'0
'0
'0
" ,,"" much t h< ["m,h .... 'W ~~ d"". "P"" ,..t;,r 1T.,!;tOom w",,, ,h., fig _
"" had alr<ady un<i<'E"'" ,ri"','P"" 'oo ., "",ot" of ,",boo< ( A>hton ' 007, , _
>76).
him to t il< sain" and the just, it i. by h is " name" .hot 'hey ""ill be
".. ,..,d" and th.t they will gain "life" (48,7). This Son of Man i. ""ated
upon a glorious "throne" and i. i. through him that the sainu will
obtain their "w,l.sting "dwelling" (6 2;2.3,~ 7[,16). The .. designation.
all .ppear in Eugno"a, when t h< cel."ial M.n ,,,,,.. I. him .. lf as the
Son of Mon a nd Sovior. 10 give life to the mem""" of the church (,"""
for example, Eug"oilas II! 76,!8-19; 77,3-4.9-13; 81.1- !8). The US< of
the theme of glory i. con>1.n' th roughout the text in expre .. ing the
m.nif.... tion of God',
and a uthority, which are inextricably
linkecl to hi. ",'el. tion,
How""r, this identifica t ion ktw""n the Son of Man . nd the
Messi.h was already complete in the Synoptic Co.!"'I., which indicate.
th at they poMibly were the impir<>.'ion behind the Go'rel of John and
Eugno"o.,"' A. i. the ca .. with the canonical gO'rel., t he exp .... ion
it..,lf !>Kame> titl<," and, in Eug"O./Of, the influen of M.tthew particularly i. felt. t he >On of M.n "r <i,-.. hi u thority from hi. IFot h..
(Eugno./o, V 9.7-9; cf. 5oph. ,,,. Chr. III 104.22-23; Be 99.16-18). "
Anothe< imron.nt mot if can . lw b< fou nd in t he Go'r<1 o{Joh n, t hat
of the d ivine n.me (17;6. 12, "your n.me wh ich you g .... me", d, ~ ,~ 3;
Io,n, 17;26) , Thi. i I..,.n e.. ent ial theme in E"gno<l"",, wherein this
name I><>tow... Iv.tion. In Eugno<lO<, the lest i.1 M.n, a. knowledge
of t he unb<gotte n Fath er who i< designaled "He- Who-Is" (E,od },14;
Eugno"o. III 7 1, 13- 14). ro,,,.I, the primordial denomin.tkm; Divinity
.nd King.h ip (Ill 77,9-13 , 77.13-78.3; V 6.1 4-18, 6,29-7.1).
Th i. Gnostic text .. hibi" an old Christologic. 1 model .ccord ing to
which the >On i< t he name of God and t he dawn ing of. new day. Thi.
doctri ne of t he >On-Name can . 1.., b< observed in the Go'l'd of Tr~lh
(39) .nd in t he S/"p/t"J of H"m n. (S;mU;,ude 9.1 4.' ). The theology
of t he name, pre .. nt in een.in book< of the Bible, i. applied to the
eelesti. 1 M.n , The n.me then l>e<:om .. a deript ion of hi. di,;nity.
Such> theology, .. rongly Jewi.h in ....,nce, pr .. upro .... 'f"'Cul.tion
"""i.. 1 with the problem of d ivine manifestation, ref1t ion, wh ich
po""'"
>rOOP<"
!!OW''''''. In th<
Goop<J..
"~,,o.t .-ok of I""'.
" " ~ d;or.c..lt to ")' .. h"t.., "'"
,t..
to'"
"Son
"pr<""'"
of "" n" f<n
to th< fu,u.
h.> b<oo-m< ' " ><lual , ;t!< ;" I f~

.. ;n ,t.. N,,.. l',".m<n' ,,,", So< d< V;,.;/, 1001. ' ' ' ' . 00 Copp< ... ''''. 118_138,
" " ... m. ,hot f"I"""'" .... linkal
("ai' ,",t-;,y h.. b<m pftn.,
m<" ) ,,;th M,,, 11027
bn g;,m to .... by m)' h ''''''"), Cf. aI", Moot 26,,,.
1h< "P''''''''' "lh< lUngdom of,t.. Son of ".n" (""1"""'" m st . 1J_l<) .J." ><,m,
to d<ri,', from "',n, .,'" ...... "pm_ ..,., .,""" In G<><f'<I of M"ry ~."'to ,
r ......
M,,, ,",,,
r~l.te
to the two principcal n.m .. gi,-en to God in the Hebrew Bibl~.

EioJ.im and YHWH. which a", transl.ted by kyriru and
in t he
s.,ptuagint,
However. Eugn",/o, is. . bov 11. intricotely link"'; to the teachings
of Philo of Alexandri. who .ppl .... double name (a.soci.t"'; wi,h
double pow.".) '0 God'. ["'S""" ",h. F.,her of ,h. un;'-...." who in
the ..ered Krip'ures i< called by hi. proper n.me. I am that I am; and
the beings on .. ch .ide .re tho>< moot .ncient powen, .. one of which
;. called hi. ere.,ive power, and 'he other hi. roy.1 power, And t he
cre.,ive power i< God ... nd 'he royal power i. the Lord" (Ab" Ill,
Yonge, tran.I.). In f.ct, Philo m.intain. th.t the 'wo powe .. are unified bee.us< God i. the Logo, (Ch". 27-28). Philo', prob.ble inlluenee
on t he aut oor of Eug"o"". therefore impli .. th.t the latter . Iso identifies the cel.sti.1 Man with ,h. Logo" However, Eugn"iI'" m "",-er
deKribeo him explicitly a. ,uch, in contrast to Eusno"", V (1 7,11).
The motif of the d;"in. n.m., a ppli"'; to eel."ial being, i. present in ludai,m and i. undeniably 'he source that in.pired the Fourth
Go.pel and [ug"Oil". Although it i. difficult to establish or ,,-en perc'; .... dirt inlluence from one to the other, parallel. can be dra"""
between the ApOCdJyp~ "f Abmhdm, wh ich i. u.u.lly dat"'; to 'he end
of th e fir" century CE. and the Go.pel of lohn .nd Eugn,,""" " In
the tenth chapter of this apocalyps<, Abrah.m heard . di,-in< mice
.peaking. - Go. Y..,.,I of the .. me n.m 'hrou~h the mediation of
my ineff.ble n.me," Y..,.,I i. an .ngel
by God to Ab .. h.m "i n
the liken... of a man" (d. D.n 7013), .nd on whom he h a. bestow"';
the authority of hi. n.m . Yooel .Iso ..y. of himself, - I am YaoeL .. a
power through the ","';iurn of hi< ineff.ble nom. in me" (Apo<. Ab.
1O,4,~,8; Rubinkiewicz. "ansi.). The name i, .. lf, "Yaoel: i. the result
of the fu.ion of'he two divine names, YHWH .nd E!," The n.me had
. 1"" been gi ... n to the people of God, in 4 Eom 4,2~, 'he divine n. me
i< beo'owed upon 1,...1,
To underst.nd the teaching. con,-eyed by Eusnoil"', w. must
undeniably refer to ,h. writing. of Philo,.n . uthor who icien,ifi .. t he
"beginning" of Cen 1,1 with the fir"oorn 1-og"', named "Principle:
'".0,
,,'
~ "" I'M" (CIon-. l7, ""',1. 86-'10; M",. 11_ 11; QG .. ' " Mo. . ,..._tOO). th,
...... ...,.,." ,ta"'" fo.- God', ",,.Ii,, "".... 1/<'''';);'1. uwl ,he ...... -"",J" fo.- hi'
roy.! """ 1.... ~iV).

s c.qoco an,! !'hno""nko t"7. ,niL
" s ~
t""'....
"Name of GOO: "Man in the image of GOO," "Seer" and "I<..el (Conj
146-1 47) . One a 'l'"'t in pankular d...,rv... fu rth .. im.. stiga'ion . inee
it later on inAuencoo the exeg .. i. of the loha nnine prolol;Ue, put fonh
by the Valentini. n., Clemen' of Alexandria and Origen. According
to Philo, the divine na me conceato itself in the di,ine rea ",n or intelIfft ,ine< only th e divine rea",n i, .. lf, where.he Ide.. or the PI.tonic
Form. re.ide, ca n oou .. GOO', powers (Opij 20). In ""gnoilo.>, the
archetypal Man, bearer of Goo', name, i. endowoo with a n intell"'t
that d i.play. an inner 1o!", which contain< in itself the .phitual world',
plenitude. A. a mirror and image of the unbegotten Father, he ha. a n
intellect "which i pecific to him,' From this intelJ<Ct, comp..-" ble to
a monad, emerges, like a dyad, a thought (,"noin) "according to hi.
liken ... (111 78,6--9; V 7,6-9); from .hi., following the model of deri,-ation of numbers, originate myri.d intell.ual powers that take the
form of refltion. and deli.,. ... ion .. A. the Father, Man i. first of all
pr... nted a. th e intelligible archetypical co.mo<,
According to Claude Panacdo', study, t he oldest straightforward
referenc .. to the ""pre"ion logo, mJin'h<lo, (inner logos), a. d istingui,hed from the logo, pyoforiko.> (.poken log"'), date back to the first
century CE, Other than a .ingle mention ma de by a barely known
a uthor, Heroditus, the f<f<rence. are mainly concentrated in Philo'.
worh ll Although Philo doe. not make any a llu.ion. '0 a typology
.uch a. found in "ugnoHOJ, our unde"tanding of the Gnostic point
of view owes much to him beeause this p.ychology;' rel.ted to metaph)'>i of a theologica l n.tUf<. Philo connects the logo, , "Jinlheto.
to the co>moiogical logO$, which i. the intelligible paradigm of the
univer .., while the outer logo.> "p.... n" the inherent order of the
mible cr.. tion.
When i, com.. to t he title Son of Man, t he cone<pt of the Logo. 0<

the .heme of the divine name, .he Goop<l of John doe. no ...,m to
have i",pired E"S"o"o, Ill. The gO.p<l never .pecifies the name that
could . imply design.te GOO a . he ..",.1. himself" o.-.pite ,hi., the
~ r."..d" ' .... , 6Jff.
D !low","",. " ,.,..., U'_17, 1M Son Iu, ,,,,,;,,ro , dOUbI< P"""'~ "' &'.< I.r, .00
to j.,.jg" th', " _ " nH., pt,;Ic', doc" ... of 1M <1;,;"" ",,<n<.
likelihood of .ome Johannine in~uence on Eup'''''''' HI, neverthel.... ,

ill concm'able, ev.n if i. i. difficul o pinpoint exactly. Thu., it ill po..ibl ha. ewn .he au.hor of .hi. ,'."ion of Eugn.,,,.,. may h.w known
.he Johannine gO'rel. For in"ance, Man .he Son of Man ill de>cribed
a. being .he "Ligh. which ill uminate.; a d esignation wh ich in i.",lf
ill reminiscent of .he creati"., of light in Gen 1,3, a. well .. in Cen
U4-1', where i. ill written .h he gre>1 ligh' wa. cre ed.o iIIumin.... he earth . Ho,,'ever,.he f.<1 .ha. he i. presen.ed a. a .piri.u.1 "ar
is . 1", ,ugge"i"" of John I "~ ("th. light .hin in the darkne.') and
e.pedally John ) ,9 ("the light." which illumin.,,,, all men"). Th.nk>
to hi. arrival a. S.,ior, Ufe" ha. been gene ... ted in each m.mber of
the church (Eugn.,,,.,, I!I 87,7-8; John 1,4 ). Other expressions, like "the
[Only-)he(gon en l" (m.,nogmli) (Eugn.,st." HI 77,2 _ V '.21-23,"The
Only-bego. [.en), the Only [Son)"), could .bo haw be<n taken from
the Fourth GO'rel. N.wrthele ., a. men60ned abow, the Codex HI wr.ion of Eugnrut." i. not ba",d upon the wri. ings of the New Testan .. nt,
but particularly upon t he fi", three chapters of Gen .. i. of which a
.piri,ual interpretotkln i. giwn, Eugn.,,,.,. HI con therefore he con.idered.o belong to an import.nt tradition, that of hexaemeralliterat ure,
wh ich tak .. it> found ing principle> from G.n 1-3 with it< gene.logi ....
and which g.nerated Chri,,;'n commentaries on it with .piri.ual .im.
a. early a. the second century C E, The author of Bugnrutru HI borrow.
element< from Grk allegory a. well .. Jewi.h traditio," to construct
hi.lher own exegesi.,
The text' imple structure and the absence of explicit Chri>1ian
citation. emph .. ize lh. andent character of Eugno"o. ilL There is
indeed only one " of "'riting>, tho"" ",hich will later hecome the Old
Testamen" that i. a uthorit .. i,'e for au;stiano d uring the rim half of
the .... ond century CE. Mor<over, it i., in fact, a mong o,her reasom,
this .. me ancient character of Bug"o".,. ,hal may h,,', promp' ed t he
rewriting of the ,ext, ,i.ible in the Codex V version, Eup'0"o. HI
wouid 'hu. he repr..., n"''''e of an older en"ironm.n' than ,hat in
which the Codex V , ..".ion was develored, of a mil"u where i, was
still po"ibl. '0 rely .Imost solely on 'he J.w;.h ripture. to establish
and nurture a given doc,rine,"
" I .h;"l .hi> "ploin> ..... r ""h ~Torng' '" w''', in 1M "'g '''mmod; hb"'T,
" ith ,...
"r'"'''iy a.,;~ ,m.
r'""d...., bpOd<
"ho, '"
220
This m.ans ,ha' even 'hough E"Kno./ru III ma y h .... been in~u.nc..J by the Go'rol of John, the au,hor doe. no' n .... rily con.id ..
i, to be. proof-text in 'he rhetorica l >en ... Of ev.n, ..cred 'lTiting. At
'he very m",t, rorhap' i, i. ro .. ible '0 detK' one of the ~'" attempts
at exploi' ing or wing 'he Founh Gosrol in Eusnoilo. III. bu, a' ,hi.
poin' we can only p ut fotth hypo'h<re< concerning t his comple. and
delicate iu., It ,..,her .. em, if the GOirol of rohn .nd /iuS"OilO'
III dei>'..J into sh ....J tr.ditiom th., were drawn, for 'he moot pan.
from lud.i.m, A. it has alre>dy been 'mmiseJ wn if . con.iderable
number of key no,ions ..e common '0 both EuS"""'o, III .nd 'he
Founh Go.pel, i, i. uncertain "'he'her one n"' .... rily oorrow..J 'hese
from the o,her, "
Whatever its ""mco of in'pi .. t ion. EuS"o, /o , , u&1.""" 'heological
viskln . nd a Christology 'hat differ from 'ho", found in t he Founh
Go'pel, lhe pre ... n,.,ion a nd organiz.'ion of a 'ext are an expression
of its v. lu ... its vi.ion of 'he world .nd its 'h""logica l horizon. loh n
ind ud .. the ~gure of the Mes.iah in a g""pel gem in a "life" accoun'
dir,..J toward. th e P..,kln. <ven if'his Pa .. ion i, .... n a . a n exalta,ion .nd. gIori~cation, In .pite of ' he f.ct that h i. objective was not '0
rKord the story itself. bu, to in'erpret i,. 'he h i"oric.1 ~gu .. of r.. u.
rem.im ,h. evangelist', cent ral focu. and start ing roin'. Th. Go'pel
a'pire> to",-.rd, forging of a link bet",,,,,n 'he hi<torical I.. u. a nd 'he
'itle "Son of Man: which he is given and wh ich indic .... hi, celestial
origin . The .. a""n . for 'he deKen' . nd .",en' of ' he Son of Man are
,herefore understand.ble ,'" IV ayne M""ks h.. emph iz..J how every'hing in ,hi. particular gOipel occurs on eanh. e,,,n if the ~gUfe of 'he
Son of Man demon"'. 'e> tha, Ie.... doe. in fact belong to another
world." Thi. J.. u. r,,'.,.I. th at the Word of God became fi .. h. which
al<o leads to a new vi.ion of God.
In EuS"oSlo,. 'he nam .. and characteri"ic. a ppli.d '0 'he S..;or
are essentially 'hoo< "f a gloriou< being. The 'itles "Man " . nd "Son of
Man ".re paramount and refer undoubt..Jly '0 a being from .bo,...
Mo." imronantly, a. i, the c. ... with num.ro ... Gno<tic texts. the ~g
Ufe of the Son of Man. und er 'he infiu.nee of Platoni,m. i. reinterpret..J following ,hat of the a rche'ypical M.n where thi, i. no' 'he
~ f or , urnpl<. ,I>< 'nm. "l'r n"'" . 00 " "'~ " "j" ~"
M ' " A>h,OG ' 007, 1"_176.
n M,," I ." . 30.
.. d<~3"" hom "" , I>< Son.
221
ca~
in
th~
Goopel of lohn. Moreo,..,r, following the Philonic tradition

(ei. Opif 134-1H), liug~o"o. diffe",nt iat .. t ho man of Gon U6-27
from the one in Gen 2,7 (made from -dust and -fathered" on earth)
("g"o>'o. II! 70,3-6). We know ,hat the interpretation of t ho dual
account of creation in (;en",i. allo",..,d->till unJer 'he influen of
Platoni.m-..,veral interpreters, among ,hem Philo of Alexandria ,
to mark a di>tinc,ion hetwn a n incorruptible .pi'it",,1 and I<>,i.l
man, created in God', image, and a worldly m an who i. corruptible,
Thi> celestial M.n become> the Sa,';or in liug"o>1o., and he ind""d
app"" a> .uch. E"g",,,lo, d"". not 1'10 any empha.i. on the historical figure of ie.w, or on hi. death, but ra,her empha.i"", 'he inner
enlightenment of the church , lhi. very church consti,ut .. the Savior',
bod)" hi> I<>,i.l figure doe. indeed <ncompa .. within himself God',
people, which len& him characteristic> . imil.r to the lewi.h figure of
the Son of Man, himself a half-individual, half-collective figure.
Thi. . . m~ doctrine i. presented in the Codex V ",,,ion which,
howev~r, i. more explicit in its incorpora'ion of c~rtain a.pee" of t he
Go.pel of lohn, .. pecially in reference
'he prologue. Thi. ,'e"ion
of E"gnosto. thus prefigure> 'he Valentini.n neg"i. known to us
through indirect sources. Valentinu' >tuJen" go", preference
t he
go.pel'. prologue beca .... of ,he Hellenic attribute> apparent in t he
language."
'0
'0
3. A~ INT . . ".ETAT1\,. TaAUITtOI< OF TIl. Go'PEl OFloHN ,
THO
eo".x V
Vu"o~
The omi",ion. and explicative >cholia introJuced in E"8"rulo. V Klmetimes break ",';th Eug~o!tO, 111'. more lin"'" form. More didac'ic, ,hi.
new , ..".ion ,ran.form. the .uccinct and hymnic form of its >OUK~,
probably beea .... it was not intended for the .. me audi~nc<, but maybe
al.., beca= the text it><lf, during its circulation, lost its primary purpoo<." Furthermore, the author of E"g"o>1o. V explicitly u .... excerpt.
from tex .. th.t later became known a. t ho N~"" Te>t.ment to .upport
,o. ,,,I 0( th< pp00'0 II''''' 1. <~'pl" 'j.
tn
O(lh<
hi> tea<hings," The~ ",corpu,,,, introduc~ citation. "'ther than

.imple allusion . One inter... ting factor i. the author'. d .. ire to e"ablish an unequimcal connection with the loh.nnine prologue (John
1.1,9; Eugnrutru V ~. 19-29 ).
The fir" Man Of cele"ial M.n. a. des<rii><-d in Eugno'to, V. ha.
wi.hin him",lf .h e Wisdom named "Truth: Although bo.h ve"ion. of
Eug"ofto, alloc>te a .imilar t k to the Wisdom that concern he .piri tuallmowledge that will be ,eceived by .ho.. wbo are saved. E"snofto,
II! describe. the archet),pical M.n', wisdom a, on, undeniable truth.
Thi> concop. i. particul.rly indebted to Pl.toni,m and luciai"", in
that it mean. the e.. rnal ,eality .. rewal~ to men. According.o the
Wi>dom of Solomon. thi> truth i. understood ..,Iely by tho>< woo haw
f.ith in Go.l it i. identical '0 the d .. ign elaborated by God for the wi ..
(Wi. H 7), n In the Codex V ... "ion of E"sno"o,. "Tru.h becomes a
denomination or a designated entity.
lhe nam, "Tru.h: given.o the female counterpart of the Principle
(~,ch .. ) or of . he mom,s"m" Son. i>. ",cording to Iren"" ... (AI/V. h~",
1.1, 1). a Valentinian concept, "'Thi. Mind they also call Only-begotten.
Father and Beginning of all thing . Truth wa. emitted at the .. me time
he (Mind) "'.... (Unger and Dillon. ' ransi.)," The V.lentini.no themselve. probably borrowed the name from the Go.pel of lohn in "'hich
"Truth' i. almos. considered as one of Christ'. nam ... (John 14 ,6), In
addi.ion. if the Son'. spou", i> called "Truth: it i. becau", the Son i.
"full of grac< and t ruth' (John 1014).
Afie rthe des<ript ion ofthe Son'. ""If-mani (e".tion in t he U nbegotten
Father or "Pre-Principle: he i, told to manifest himself ~J ...:'m, which
"".,.1. him .. the Principle of .. Ivation and knowleds" "Now".
cia]me forth another Principle, with [the] Only- [b< lgotten, Woolly
Unique begotten lSon l ' ,. Fa.her woo l.prin]gs up from him .. lf-wh[o]
i. lthe] Principle (or Beginning, arche) lin] which the logo> dwelll. r
(ef. John 101), Thi> Principle radiat .. inexp",,,ible, illuminating Light
(ef. John 1,9) (Eugtlo"o, V ~, 1 9-29).
f..- ''''''pl<. " ,I>< , 00 ot,l>< ,,,,,,do",", . 00 " ,I>< cone'", .... ot "" ,,>1 -',,_
'"''<g''' P"''Il''---<fUOI''''''''
from ,'" N,w 1'''''''''0' '" "!rod,,,..;, Eo!:"""",
17, - ...x 1'01 ""<]'0'" who ... """" w ;l '" a.Id<d- (M'" '},"
on
V 1,12_tJ,
(7 , ,,_
"""," ",
1'''').
Dodd "B. ,n
Ung ,...:I L>iI= ''''. n
'H',
~ l''' n~,
'" oJ"',
,, ~ , ~ ..,
""" , U ' .',}' 1.11.1 ,
m
Lin.22 of the Cod.x V , ..".ion h.oth. Greek term monog<n'" that i"
the unique SO"," and the immeai ...ly pr.Jing Coptic [x!nu 0Y""~
has th e urn. me.ning. Th. purro"" of 'hi> redundancy is undoubteJly to highlight, for the ",ad.rs, the connoctio" th.t link. it to the
Johannin. gO'rek text that E"sna""" V <on,icie" =enti.1 to the
argumenta'ion (john 1,)4, I 8> 3, 16).
Ther. oro ..,me >lmil.,i,i .. between this in<pretation and the one
.ttributed 10 the Vakn.ini."" by Clement of Alexandri. (Exc<'P" from
6. 1-4) and Iren u . In hi. A.J\~,,", ha",,,, 1.8,~, Irenaell.
p.... n" the V.I.nlinian exege.i. a . follo",~ ,
n,ro.io,",
>ince, then, he _real<> of th, firs' origin (of things), I>< (John) dOH "..,11
10 ,..It hi. <10<";",, ,",'j,h Ih. Beginning, 'hot i. with 'he Son and ,,,",
Word. He
foUow~ I"
Sqi""i"t .,"
Worn, .oJ
War.! "'.. ~'i'h G.>J. and 'h, Word "'" GoJ. H, .... , ,n 'h, &gin.i.t
,,;,h Go.!. fi,,~ he di.<tinguish ... th...
God, Beginning, , oJ W",d.
lb<n he unn tl><m in oroR' to show th nn.,;"n of <>eh on inglr,
""mely of Son,nd Wo,d, , nd th. "n;"n of Son to Word , nd ofboth
to tl>< Fath... For tho Betinning i, in Fath.. and from Fath<" but Wo,d
i. in Il<glnmng.nd from Betinnin&- ~
""ri,.. '"
'h,
'h,
'h,
th"""
lhis e.. g<si. th.n giV<'S ,is. to th Ink couple., found, fo, e.. mple,
in I,ena.u.' Adv. han 1.1 .1, the Son i. Intellect .nd T,uth, Logo. and
life, and th pi,itual M.n and the church.
Such. distinction betwe-en two a.pe<" of the Son, ""ho i imultan.ou.ly intellt and logo, i.e" th. inner logoo and th e uttel<d logo., i.
found in th. Gc,~i ofT""h. In the exordium (Gru. T,",h 16.31-17,4),
the Son is pre.. nted .. a thought th at eternally inhabit< th e mind of
the r ath", that i" .. logo, m ,iiarhelru (latent "oson), before being
utt.l<d with a view to .. Iv.tion. Many of th. notion. exp'ess<d in t be
,xo,dium a .. used again near th. end of the "xt (37,7-1~):'While
they weI< "ill depth. of hi. Thought, t he utterM Wo,d ,ev.aled them .
Now a Mind t hat 'peak>, which i. a .ilent Wo,d and Grace, i, c.lIed
'1hought,' .inee th.y were in it before king ..waled. It came about
then that it w.. utterM, when the will of him who willed desired it."
The philooophic.1 d<><trine of the double logo" i.e" the inner !;,go.
diff'el<nti.ting itself from the utterM !;,go., w.s used fo, the interp""' tion of the loh.nnine prologue. Apart from the Valent ini.n., it i. easy
~
~
T "mL Un!!",.OO Dillen , ." ....

T "ml. P..... NT.
to <>otice tie. with the in .. rpw.tions by a ement of Alexandria and

Origen. Wh.t Clement him .. lf brietly deocribe. in hi. F..xc. Tlrrod."
Origen det.ils in hi. Commentary on St. Joitn. expo.sing in this work
tM major part of hi. th""rJ' on "<pinoiai; that i. the mi>II.n""u.
denomination. gi"en to auist in the Bible." Following in the footstep.
of the Valentinians, Origen doe< ind.,.,a distingui.h. in the Joh.nnine
prologue. many of the important names by which Chri" reveal. himself to humankind for the ..ke of . alv.tion, .uch intellect, truth,
Jogo. and life. The one logo according to Origen. constitut.. . complex unity. a plurality that ".e .re able to distinguish by our mind, with
many of the .. role. existing for the .ake of our .. nctific.tion. lhi.
l.og'" i. a unitary mediator who in himself con>1it "t<o a multitude of
good .
Thi ubtle and <Iaborate th""ry h.. been th e .ubject of m.ny "udies to wh ich we can refer." Epinoiai are "notion. of reality." C. Blanc,
in her edition of Origen's Commmtary on St. '01m, not.. that the definition most ofien g;'..,n to t he word 'pinoiai is -a.(><"Ct ou attribut de
rob;'t I"'n ..... " We can t herefore .urmi", t hat rpinoiai are at once
. ubjKtive and object;'e. They are thoughts concerning the Son, but
the", h"'e a corresponding objKtive reality. Th.y demon ... ate a h ierarchy of .. (><"Cts of Christ. The", d .. ignation. do not. how"..,r, . ffect
Chri,,', unitary nature bKau", he i.the b<ginning ",..,11 a. the end,
although he .... not the ..me. depending on the d ifferent a" ribut .. u..d
(,pinoini ).
A.... ted pr.viomly. the laconic expreion and style fo und in the
Codex III >"<mon of BUEnoi/o" which are due to its liter.ry genre a,
well as the fact th.t this venion bu ild . its argument.tion by resorting mainly to the writing. of the Jewi.h Kripture both explain the
rewriting that materia li""" a. Bugno>lo. V. Thi. rewriting i 1.., an
attempt at making t he original text more accessible and ""'ter adopted
to a new context, and th .... transform.tions al"" india .. a change
in the intended .udience. The .ut hor of Eugnoi/o, V writ.. for an
.ud ience that i. familiar with the Alexandrian t .. d ition of ,pi"oiai,
'.J,
M he. llwwl. H; . I----f; t

tJ ."
M 0ri3,n', ' ''''' '""" ompo<t..,' "", on
.f'''''''i m Com ... /<>. t_2; . 00 ""',,,. 1.1.

H c:.... ,,1 " "", t1t_tlO; l<t, U ~. L.. t. ,"1--li ll, """""no '''''. ' B_"'"
Woli",ki t .., . . ., _ ."..,. thr doc!nn< of qi.., ..i on G_" ",.,.,.rr F"'l"'''
100J. "'_"' ~
"Lon< ' ' ' ', ",.
which con.i." of ~stablishing distinction. b<tween the Son'. denominat ion pecially described in the foh.nnine prologue! ' Moreover.
E"snOil"" V i. more conc~rned with clarifying the Son', uniq "" role
in the re....l.tion of knowledge,
The Codex III version _m. to h.v. been comro-J for an audience more attuned to Jud.i.m .irKe a, much emph i, i. pl.ced on
the notion of community., on the Sa,ior him .. lf Th. Sa,-ior , in fac t,
is described a, being constituted by the congregation of tho .. who are
saved in him. which make. him a corporati,-e entity,- On the oth er
h.nd, Cod .. V ..ek. to .ingul.ri"" him. and it SIre"". hi uperiority in .ccordance ",i th the Valentinian interpret.tion thot i. reponed
by Ir.naell. (Adv_ h<U?r. 1.1-2); it then t>ec . m~ nec ....ry to add other
titl to tho.< of "Man " and 'Son of Man: titl.. that highlight a Semitic
,i.ion which i. collecti".. in n.ture,
The Codex V "." ion. n.venh.I .., con",r".. the text of its ..,urc~
with the genealogies borro,,'ed from Gene.i., whereas in the Valentin;'n
version. known to Irenaeu. and Clement of Alexandria. the description of t he "first gen~.i" of . p iritu. 1 natur .... Irenaea. pre .. n" it,
is only depicted and explained through the lohann ine prolog"", In
other "KIr&.. text of Christian origin-the Founh Go.pel- i. the corner"one fo r the desc riptio n o f the ,pi ritual world and the rendering
of ",h .. t ion , On the other hand, th e exege.i, of Gen",is. instead. i.
con. idered to be. teaching relat ive to the phy.ic.1 cre.tion. ,,-en if
this knowledge . ttes" to the H;,lence of th~ invi.ible . p iritual ..ed in
the molded Adam describ<d in Gen 2,7 (A.,/v, HOU!r. D.~lf" 1.7.2, Exc.
Ihrod, 47 , 1-~,3). Th. ,-sion detailed in E"g"oilo, V .hould proo. bly be placed in betw""n, it doe. ind<ed reflect the Valentinian point
of view. on. which i. later than the one establi.hed in the Codex III
version. but it doe.... m to pred,te the version. known to Oement
and Orig.n,
"aJi,....
~ lb;,
~ r<m..,. lop<)' from Ph;lo """ di,bngu;>h<d lh< .. "",.oJ PO"-_
'" ;n t M '-"f'" room , .. ,..ria ... 0000.oJ d;Y;n< n '''''' ~
lb, Say;,.,.;, lh< "",";f.."b,," of ' M mh<'ypal " .... M"'" u{ God', "am<.
""";, mJow.d w;th .n ;o~ l k"
a;>pW)" ' " ;n"" Iofo>. ,,'hOch .. 'um ",,,Wn,
;n
pk";,oo. u{ th, 'I'~;'u.d ..-.xWl, tn ,"" Sa""", thm " ' . - , ~t
"'1"""'0" lh< ,hutch ("..,;.1. and " ,hOc" will ' f'p<" " th< ,;"" u{
w;,h
.",If,"
,ha,
"'v";o,,
", d;lf"",nl m<mbm, to ""h. , 'Ocw. M,n ~ . ""p"n'" r<,,,,,,al"r ,,-t.o
,ha,
d<p<n_
d< nt "".u 'M ""mb...,""" 'M link> brtwff" "or'""'''' ,oJ ' M "<>rh;"," doct , ;",
d<"rih<d by t"'na<" ~ "" ",",;mu, >00">,
226
4, HYI'OTIlS"' CoNC fL~lNG T .. lI~'" .UW N Til"
GNOSTIC MUH AN]) TH GOS?El O. )O~N
fugnosto, pre..,n" a "m'Kuline" Savior united with a "feminine"

church. What doe, it mean' The true image of God i> re,... I...! a. double, mas<:uline and feminine (Gen 1:26). Unity, "'paration .nd reunification of the couple i> t he way in which 'he my,h of 'he androgyne will
unfold. With , hi. my,h, , he history of .. I,-at ion ;. reloted It take. place
in three "aeon. or "age . From hidden ' 0 manifest, ' he Son i, ",,-eal...!
under >eYe",1 "'pe<t" Fir" appearing .. Man, he ,hen a"um<s , I>< ' itle
of Son of M.n, and finally 'hat of the Sa,-io<,
The first aeon, call"'! Uni'y and Re": k long. '0 'he immortal
Man, who i. 'he first androgynous Man of the Ikginning, or of 'he
intelligible world (Eugtlo"o, III 8~,9- 10; 86, 13-14; V 13,8-9), The fir"
androgynous momen' i. on~ of. union of 'wo r~ali'i... ,ha' are hidden bu, woo.. nam~. will t.. unveil"'! in 'he course of 'he manife"a,ion. The fi", one '0 come forth from 'he world of plenitude of 'he
.'I "'/"opo, i. ' h e Son of Man n amed" Adam," Howev~r, the d i",lo.ure
of'he fir" name in 'hi> proce<s of ",,'elation no' only manif"," a difference t..,ween the masculine and t he feminine, but i, al.., lead. to
an unavoidable, gradual do,,-ngr.ding in 'he cour of 'he unfolding
of t he divine reality.
In fact, a 5e<ond aeon ,ha l k long.to the Son of Man Ihen appear ..
II i, Ihe "middle" aeon or t he 5e<ond day, marking a deparlure from
plenilude (Eugno>to, III 8~,1l-13 , 86,10--13, V 13,9-(1). The unity
i. broken due '0 "the deficiency of Ihe feminine pan" (III 8~,8-9, V
13,7). "Deficiency: bow,,-er, bring... l,.. tion in ilS woke. Thi. 5e<ond,
fem a l~ elemenl in Ihe androgynous .'Inrirrlipo, mu>1 fi .., he .a",d so
Ihal it can become manife .. (H t he church, Le .. a community of Ihe
.. ved). lh<refor<, the Son of Man appea .. a. Ihe S..ior in ord~r 10
bring about
tion. H~ ,hen rev~als the church, who hH a. on~ of
ilS n.m .. "life" (Z"" or h~) . Thi. funher ,ho",~ the church', rel" ion.hip wilh Ihe Son of Man, who i. Ad.m. BUI t l>< d uaJily of Ihe name
of 'he church-divided inlo the 1""0 p'rts (m"o.) of "ch urch" a nd
"Life"- also .how, its lack of completion (III 8 7,l-~; V 14.20-H).
To 'he ext~nt the church ha. appeared, thank. '0 the coming of her
h".,ion, .he i, n . med "U fe," a nd this di.dose, her union with Ad. m,
Le., t l>< Son of Man, Howev~r, . ince some of Ihe ch urch', m~ml><" ar<
not yet gathered 'ogether, 'he church can abo k called ,he mother of
,ho... he gives birth '0 'piri'''''lly; >he i. so n.m"'! "in ord~r ,ha l .he
,,,1>..
227
manif.. , ,ha' by, woman Life came abou," (Ill 87, ' -7, V 14,1'-27),
The defini' ion of 'he church named "Life" i. a reference back '0 Cen
] ,20, where Eve i. designated .. 'M mo,h .. of 'h e living; '0 her corre'IKmd. Adam, 'h e Son of M.n, 'he .... nlhropo' rep .. sen'ing 'he whole
or the perf"" Man, A. an in' ermediary t>etween hi. pleromatic a<pect
(tha' of Principle-ln'ellec') and .he church ,hat i. the worldly .. aliz. .ion of hi. 'hough. nnoia), the Son of Man i. engaged in a downgrading process J><.caus<, .. long a . . .lva.ion rema in> unfini.hed, he
is no. complete ei.her. Thu. it i. in gathering .ogether , he church 'hat
he will manifest 'he anJrog)'llou, Man of the !leginning, 'he pleroma.
Such a doctrine may have inAuenci 'he Valen,inian exegesi. of fohn',
prologue. In he!, 'he Valen,inian concep' of .yzygies may ari .. from
,hi. kind of exeg.. i. of ma><:uline and fem inine genealogies,
It i. no' po"ible '0 exclud e 'he exi"ene< of some form of lohannine
influence on Eugnow. Ill. However, if, a. it ...,m., 'he two t.." draw
'heir in.piration from differ<n, Jewi.h traJi'ion., how can 'he gradu.l
rapprochem<n' of Eugno"o. to 'he Founh Go.pel be understood>
Rudolf Bul'mann, in hi. "udi.. on 'he Go.pel of John, wa. corrt in
hi.... umption that 'here exi" similarit i.. t>etween 'he Fourth '",.pel
and Gno"ic """, and 'hat the laner ploit an e"",n'ially mythological language" How"..,r, hi. h)'P",hesi>, in which 'he fourth ,,'angeli"
had ba",d hi. ,,-ri' ings on a p .. -Chri"ian Gnootic text, stripping it
of its my'hological reference>, doe. no' holJ today. By >1udying ,he
manuscript< , ha' h,,'e ,eached us, 'here doe. no' seem '0 exi" any
p .. -Olri"ian document<
would portray 'he figure of Savior who
de>cend, '0 ea nh and a..end. back ' 0 the heawn . Funhermore, in
my opinion, 'he fir>! "Gno""' ... m '0 h,,'e . ppeared only a' , he
beginning of the second cen'ury CE.
If we come back '0 EugnoHo. in panioul .., we rather _m '0 find
our",lves in a Old"i. n and ludeo-Hellenic milieu Of back&,ound,
The Old"ian>, ,ubmerged in ,hi. )udeo-Hellenic environmen', pa...,J
down Philo', work> and 'he particular exegesi, 'hey contained" fact
'hat .llo",~ u. '0 better und .. st.nd how Eugno"oi doctrine could
h,,'< been dewloped. A, ,he b . .. of i, aU could lie Philo'. concep,ual
structure a. i, consti,u,,,, an interpretation of the double nar ... th'e of
man', c.. ation found in Genesi . A. """"ed by ,hi. interpreta'ion,
,ha,
" " uJ' ..... n
'02'. ,00-,,,," BuJ'......
n ,..,,_
228
'hore exist. an inwrrup' ible man, God', very image (Gen 1:26-27),
and this one i. d istinct from 'he man .hared ou' of .arth (Gen
Thi. in itlf implies 'he existence of "creator. ' hat are differen" or
'he existence of.n inferior Power that helred shape ' he m.n of Gen
1,7, It i. from within this mold.,J man ,ha' 'he Spiri' .pring. forth,
'hereby allowing 'he inwrrup'ible man, God', image, '0 be born.
liL""i.." by analyzing Gen 1017, Philo de.crib<> 'he Logo" God',
firstborn, u.ing the expre .. ion. "P,inciple; "Name of God' and
"M.n in the image of God" (Conj 146-147). The a u,ho, of liugnosto,
identified thi. Ie"ial Man with the Savior, Thi. connection, on ,h.
o,her hand, had """n made ,'e'1' early, i, ;, already found in P.ul'.
I Corint hia n. (I~A7-49 on the celestial and 'he earthly man),
The role pl.y.,J by 'he o,her Jewi.h ,radition. i. also importan"
Bec.u.., of hi. st"'u' as a cele"i.1 king and due to hi. standing a.
half-individ ual, half-colltive, in some source" 'he Son of Man wa.
in' <gr.ted a figure of importance." Hi. title i, porticularly .ignifican' in Gno"ici.m a. i, i. often a.><>cial.,J with 'he cele,,;al Man a.
well a. with Wi><lom, rep" .. nting 'he Spiri'." All of 'he>< figure, , ha'
can be dosely tied to 'h e no,ion. of'he cho .. n people or 'he communi' y ><n communi,y. and the lauer remain> on earth, 'he wn"an' de>cending and
a>cending mo.'ements are easily understood, In any Ca><. 'he rel.,ion
he'\o\"",n , he Son of Man and 'he Me .. iah had a1ready"""n e".bli,hed
in ' he Synoptic Go.peb,
It i. 'hu. po .. ible, wi,h .uch a frameworL in mind. '0 under".nd
how the Qui,,;'n m .... ge could h"" """n ' hu. interpreted, and
how the )ew;,h figure of the Son of Man could have"""n picked up
and a.. imil.,ed, From the hidden ' 0 the m.nif"'t, Eug"o>!o. indeed
pr"",n" an ove,,';"w in which 'he archetypical Man i. iden'ified with
'he Savior who repr....,nu ,he pieron,. , Eugtro"a. do.. incorporate
'he no,ion of a communi'y pr~xisting in 'he divine lhough, or
in , he d hin. N.me, The fact ' hat ,hi. wmmunity ha. ' 0 manifest
i,..,lf and need. to he saved. ;u<tifi ... 'he dynami.m a.IIOC;".,J with
2,n
"". lor ... mpI<, J ,'"",I. 7"" .
for. <.tOOg of ,1>< ",;o.-"y of,l>< .. ,<lm,,>, on< <an adUy <......, ot.. __
by """'" ( l9lO) ,
~
229
the descent and the further glorification of the Savio,. The Son "f Man
,eveal. him",lf fmm the primmdial Man. 00 that h< can generate an
inner illum inati"n within the molded man. Thu littl< by littl<. he
",st"re. the plemmatic harmony of all the membe" of the church
in th;' world. To th ;' i. then added the lewi.h mph of Wisdom who
de>nd. to earth and repre .. n" the community where. being united
with man he tal.. on > human fo,m. 50 to .pe.k.
If the Goipel of lohn a nd Eugoo"o, each underwent parallel evolu
tion. b ..J on d"..,r .. lewi.h .nd. event ually. Christian t rad ition it
follow. that t he Gnostic myth Wll> ultim.tely mnstituted independently
fmm a nd before being infiu<nced by the lohannin< go'p<I." However.
;. it not J'O"ibl< to thinl that the fourth ",'ong<l;'t could have known
and have been influenced by . IKh an emerging myth. modifying it
there.ft.,! SIKh. myth need not h .... been a pre-Christian Gno>tk
one. a. Rudolf Bultmann t hought. but instead a Chri<tian
perhaps
containing t he kind. of mythological elements that we encounter in
Eugna'to" The G"'pel of lohn could. in tum. have had.n imraet on
c<nain Gnostic curr<nts and played a mle in the el.ooratkm of their
""pe<tive ideologies ... aching. and wo,k>. There can. how,,'er. only
exist hypoth ..... with all r1itud .. having been dmwned in the rna ..
of unan.wered qu<st"'n> r<lating to Gnostici.m.
0""'.
BtBUOGhV"Y
P,,">t.,. ".
Alp;gi<oo. c. ~ri""'" J, ... "'," "'~ ... bH_co

Fi,, "= N..uin'
Ed ;,o , I ....
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Blanc. c. "'W"" Com",,,","i,, .. ,
I'""' T""" I (Liv"" 1_1'1. Sou.-"" ,h,i_
"'nnn "". p,n.. ern. ', m
So",
0.,-;,,,,," oN! G"""~ So. of "'. s<udi<, '" "iI>I~.J ~ 1114.

11<>/0",,"". R. -D;' "",, ",uOS dn ",,,,,,,hIoo><,,," mond.ii",""" uoo """",h>.i, _
IIonch _. 7'"
, _, SCM , ' 'ml.
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Iohann<"'....,!!"liwn~-
il''',hrift
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u fib d"",",", vI"ro-" ;.,,,,,,,.,,,""'in, _""""" . pn.m" Wl"m

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l~.ru m l<,.,.";"',;um
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'0 "' mo, ho do,al b<twn

R)\onJ,
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,..n .l 'o.igh><," ""W"""" Xc ....., s.ro../....u.q... 'n',,,,,,
,"'......., "ook, ",igin~"",~ ""ri, 1977, H. crouul .n<! ... Quxq.." IIi, 'w __
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Com .... " .. j . . . . . ,
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d< \,;,;<~ P.,
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U llil<, A"Eu"jru."n<~ 1961!.
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P." KC;', c., !.<aiK""" i"''';.,,~ '''' 1'10,..," c.iIl""",, J"frkIoom, ru'. S<"~. ,....
P"'l""'" A., Eut"""" '-'It" '"' k 1M< T".",,.;.,., (." iI IJI, J,' V, II, "0bI ;~'"
C<>pt, d< N.~ ",m.....!;, _ _ Tn'",. :M, 00II>, 1.<, P", ... , '" I'Uni,.".''''
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__ -", doc\,"" "', <llno"" "', ..... d< lli,.n
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P.JI. Poi, ." . 10 .. R'hH"lhI'I'" do Lo "~iod< . P";" GaII'm",!, 1fm, " ' 6J 1.
(~'JI iii, J" ", ' ~'-<1'"
kiN" ''''''''';'''', vol. " ~'"
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Un go" [) .. SO. I""""" of '-",,,. Api." ,I.- IIIT";", ' _
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Ii""". P<obody, ......... H ,nd,.,...,.,
"THE ORTHODOX GOSPEL", THE RECEPTION OF JOHN

IN THE GREAT CHURCH PRIOR TO IRENAEUS
Charle. E. Hill
Reformed Theological Seminary
L l~nO[>UCTlON ' ThE MYTH OF O~T!lOI>O' JOhAl'.>lOVhO.'A
In some .",a. of Johannine "udi.. i, h . s not l>een unusual '0 !oft t he

word "Joh.n nine" i n comp.ny w i,h words Ii ke "G no,,;c: "Valenti ni.n:
or "helerodox." The relationship of t he Fourlh Go.pel i,,,,lf, or >ome
of il> pre.ume<! ""ure.., '0 emergen' Gno"ici.m i ,heme which has
in'pired. nurnher of d ifferent approache .. But where there h !><en
more of. con",n,,,, i. in the ide. of Gnost ic or heterodox r<,<eption
of lohn in the ...:ond century. One ",holar "yo, "the gnostic> .dopte<!
it ., their .pecial gospeL"' Anot her .pe.k< of the "omnipresence" of
John among the V. lentini.n,,'.nd .nother sars it i, well uown tha,
in the >e<ond century John "w.. much t he pr ..erw of heretic ."'
!leing the Gnostics' "special go.pel" would naturally mean th at lohn
would encoutt'er difficulties .mong the orthooox.' Scholaro ha"e often
commente<! on "The ne.rly complete .il.nce of the rem.d during t he
crud.l dec. de. of the e.rly ..,,;:ond century:' with regard '0 John and
the orthodox. The re ..,n for this .ilence i. thought to go heyond t he
ob"ious difference. with 'he synoptic .<Coun .... A. Raymond Brown
",~ote> "The Great Church ... was a' first wary of the Fourth Go.pel
!>ecau"" it had gh..,n ri"" to error .nd was heing ...."j to .upport
error .... TE. Pollard sa)... "..,,;:ond-century wri te .. he.it.ted to use
<:huI<O~""" ''''. 331.

, poK", '''"''', ,m, "Un< J,lfi, ..... fondammuk '"", In i<r."ld.. G"nd< ~.gI'",
"mll"" Vokn';."'n ')"un , .. ,.""' ........ ..,
<,to""" ;01.......... <.. ;"~,,

or Anhoc"'; ..,
"Ia """" "'"'t"' I.. p<"";' '" ,," proe"', f'" mmpk ,"" ,~"""
I',.tn _ , .n< omru r';"'= ..,. " " " Ju q"'-'n./"" <V.. " g'~'
, T ".tt ''''. "7.
, On ,'" " '"
by
" p~ ..- '""
of",,,,, '"" "orthoOO,- . nO "coIhoiK- ;n p<d.... oc< Ie lonm p"ful

Hill 200<. '_'0.
' CuIp<w<, , .... m .
" 1Irow.
"7'1. ,#--,.,.
'"
CHAkLES H l l l
S. lohn', Go'rel I>:a u", gn".,;c uS< of it made ,hem either 'WlpidOll. of ito onhodox)" or .[",id ,h., to us< it might gh.. the imp .... ion
,h.t they were allying ,hem",h .." with Gnos,id,m.'" Not only this,
but the Founh Go.pel is heli .... d [0 how engendered oren ho>tiJi'r
among Klme onhodo> writer>. the chief (and v;nuoUy the only) example. of which .re G.iu. of Rome. writ ing in the early third century,
and a nebulou. group dubbed "the Alog;" by Epiphani ... of s.aJami ..
According to '.me> H. Cha,leswonh, "Many pro-Nicone critic> dkl
not <on,id .. i. reli.bl. and a uthentic, it wa.,. intl by t he interpretatiom found in Herad...,n', 'h"",'i~{",,- (,kJ, Other Vakntini.n. and
nurnerom gnostic> .Imo" ca......J the Gooln 10 be ca" into 'he rubbi,h
heap. of wnci<mned literature."'
In ,hi. view, we owe John'. ,....cue from 'he rubbi,h heop' largely to
the effon. of one mon, Irenae~. of Lyon., who is >aid to have .. habilitated it and Jet it along.ide thr~ other gospels as -,postolic" witn .."",
to the truth.'
The foundation for this pa.,digmatic a pproach to the early rK<ption
of lohn i. the 1934 lanJmark study of W.lter Bauer, Rh.gliiubigk,U
unJ K""'r<j jm iiJuslen Chri",".um, " .he the .... of which was .ha.
what the church would I... r call heresy wa s . he primi.i ... and domina n. form of Christiani.y in ma ny placo. and for long time, until
.h. Rom.n ecdesi. stic. 1 hierarchy could carry .hrough it> progr.m of
imperi. 1 expansion. Until it> translation into Engli"" in 1971, Bauer's
book did not receive nearly .h "ention a mong English-.pea king
",hola" that it "".. to re<:ei,'e after th .. watershed publishing even., Bu.
on pect of hi. study m.naged to dip .hrough .h. language b.arrier
e.rly on, namely, hi. ,-jews on .he reception oflohn 's Go.pel. A copy of
Rhlgl"ubigl:,j' U"J K<I::",i m.J. iu way in.o the hands of a young
Cambridge stuJent n.med Jo.eph N. S.nde", who>< pri",,-winning
student .... y of 1939 was published in 1943 as Th, Fourth Gos",,1 i"
Ih, Early Church. Thi. mod ... monograph of87 pag.. ca me to h",', 0
huge intlu<nco in Engli.h-bnJ;U.ge, Joh.nnine "holarship. Emb.,ced
by CX B.rre", Raymond Brown and 0 host of o.her "hoi... , and
enh.nced by 1966 Harvard Th.D, th ..is by M.hyn Hillmer, what
I h,,', .ffectiona tely called the Orthooox Johnannophobi. p .,digm,
, p"jW-d 1070.
'''',<07.
a.ulnworth
"-!!-. s.n.l<" t .." 66; c uJp<f'I'<" , ...., lB.
"" "J<.
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~Ol", UCOnlON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
2H
cam~
10 domina .. Ihe land.nP'<, wit h regard 10 the under .. anding of

Ih~ early re<~plion of John, Ihough not quite completely,"
Re<enlly, lhe gr.,'e wealrnee< of this paradigm ha>'e ~n exposed
in ,'ario""
by. number of .. udi.,.. " II is quite lrue thai al ..,me
poinl in the >e<ond cenlury, Gno"k and Valenlinian ChriSli.m "'ere
indeed using John, Ihe latter in p>nicular. Senral >ludi .. oflohn'. legacy among Valenliniam and Gno>lico are conlained in the pre""nl m lume. RUI the Valentinian. ,ook over virtually all of the book. cur",nlly
used by their conlemporari .. in the "great church" in Rome," and the
relalionship bel",,,,,n Gno>tico .nd t his gOlipel w.. not alway ... congenial a. suppo><'d. " Me.n,,'hile, the p,.s<nce of Ihe Fourth Goopel
.. an import.nt fixtur~ in "orthOOox" church life before lren.eu. ho.,
until rendy, gone under-appriated. It will be the purpose of this
....... y to highlighl t he US< of Ihe Fourth Gospel among lrenaeu, predecnsor> in Ihe m.in"'eam of orthOOox Christianily, summarizing,
reworxing, and updaling portion. of my 1004 book. The /oh"nnine
Co.-pu. in the &,{y Chu,c/r. Befof< doing K>, however, some important
i"u..,; of m<lhOO mwt gain our attenlion.
"'''J'>
1.
II>"NTIFYING THO USE OF A JOHAN"SIN " TUT
Some of t he di.agr""menl aboul t he u .. of John in aulho" prior 10

Irenaeu., p>rtkularly orlhodox autho", Ita. be<n engendered by t he
problem of idenlifying literary cilalion>, allu.ion. or hoe., How m ay
"'.., ,ell if. >Kond.ry author i. Klually u,ing an earlier texll
There i. no .. andard ans""r or e\'en approach 10 Illi. que .. ;on ,
One renl "ealmenl . imply urg ... >chola .. 10 .. a.. their methOOology, ",hile being careful and cognizant of what they are doing." AI t he
ouls<1 I .hould ..y th., the particular history of Khola .. hip on t he
reception of John nec~ ... rily aif",,, the go.1s I h ..'e in t he inve>lig.lion. Becau", lbe con><",u. of >ehol ... hip h ~n Ihat early otthodox ""ri .. " and churches ~ither did not know the Fourlh Go.pel, until
" >'<><. f,lk, ......... jng of th, h"w.-,- of ""<mh, ." " UI >004. 11_"-
" "<ny] "IN; ROO] ' ' ' 1; "<nyl I.. " ".yll000; " il l oo-1, ' n'''' ""'.';n><,
mN< n",oc<O .pproo<On to "" .. rlr~" of "" """nn;n< goopd h.,'< """
01"'"
",>Iou' by 01""".
" L t-. nn U nn;k I . ".
" S ROO! , .. 1, "~I >004, 10'_1"" {;"lI"'r ",d Toe',n ' 00',
CHAkLES H l LL
p<rhap. just I><foro lronaeu or that th<y knew but .mided it or used
it with genuine tl><ologicol r.",rvatiom, the first th ing I am looking fo,
i. good evidence that.n .uthor "''a:! famili., with the written go<p<1.
I am not >0 mIKh concerned whether we conclude that th e autho,
"quotes" John. par.ph ... ..,. it. a llud .. to it, or ech"". its thought.,
but r.ther.
of . 11, whether we ca n .. y with any kind of ... urance
th.t the aut hor know. the Gosrel of John ( . .. uming its existence in
"irtually the .. me fo,m as we have in the earliest .urviving papyri).
A>cenaining knowledge of "Joha nnine oral tradition" which might
have predated the written gO'rel and theoretically continue<! to circulate .Iter the gOOp<l ...a . written (in>ofar a. thi. might I>< discover.ble).
,,'hile V<f)' ,'a luable in other "'recto. will not . uffice here. for it will
not tell us about the reception of John as a written gO.p<l.
Second. if t he .. is a strong possibility 0' p,ob.ability t hat the autho,
knew lohn. I am interosted in whether or not we ca n .ay that the
author h .. appropriated John in a poIliti,'e way. a . a n authority in
some sens<. Thi' mayor may not reflect a u .. of John as ""'ripture "
0' a. "canonicol." SIKh determinatio", are ofi en notoriously difficult.
particularly in the earliest source a nd the attempt to ma ke them
ofien entail, usumptiom a nd dehatable definition. on our part. Fo,
our purpose particularly in dealing with t he earlier source .. it will I><
enough if we can get a sense th.t an autho, i. ming John in a poIliti ...
way Of in a critical way.
The object then i. to find evidence of "lite ... ry knowledge" of John.
evidence of the existence and US< of John', written &OSrel and not
.imply of oral tradition. Thi. seem, ,'err na"ow foeu but on the
other hand, I am not defining lite ... ry knowledge in a v<ry na rrow
way. "Lite ... ry knowledge" or "literary d<p<ndence" may I>< indirect . !
am not nec .... rily . .. uming th.t the author h copy of t he Gosrel
of John, uch. in hi. po ..... ion a. he writ.., to which he m.y refer
back to check for the prod.ion of hi. citation. He may m m ay <KIt.
Th< author m ay have road (or hoard) the go<rei or pa ...g .. from it
''''<ntly and be citing from memory. He m.y act ually have momorized
portion. long ago and I>< citing from memory. Many h.v< infe"ed tho
exist<nce of "intermroia"' ",",ce. of ,-uiom kinds. fo, inst.nce , a
no",book or "testimonia book" of citation. extracted from t ho go<rei
and p<,hap' other >ources; 0' a gO'rel harmony of the sort produced
by Tatian, which it ha. been .uggested t hat lustin m ight h ..'e used;
0' a c.. echetical or liturgical sourcebook of somo kind. Schol.rs are
sometimes willing to a""il>< to an a uthor knowiedgo of one of the",
fi,,,
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l " , UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
237
oource. b<fore a",ribing 10 him knowledg. ofthe Go<pei oflohn i"elf,

While llhink il i.... th .. unlikely Ihat a ..,cond-cenlury church leader
would have h.d ..co .. only 10 a >ource derendenl upon John and
not a lso b< fa miliar with Ihe go.pel it><lf, even if t hi s were the CO"", I
would "ill regard Ihi, a . evidence of Ihe knowledge and use of lohn,
1he th>rized intermediate ><lure .... um tho prior exi"ence and u..
of the go>pel, if not on Ihe ciling aUlhor'. pa" Ihen on Ihe pa .. of
Ihe one who pUI log",h .. lhe nOlebook. calechi,m. liturgical boo'" or
g<pel harmony, II i. only if Ihi. aile mal".., ><luree is not Ind y inlermedia .. bUI ... her independenl of tho Grupel of lohn, and if its use
bylhe citing a uthor w unaccompanied by knowledge of the wrill.n
go.pel, Ih. t "'.., may oay IhalJolln i, nol referenced and no ""ilness to
Joh n exi""
Somelinl<' ""hola" thoori"" that a gi,'en a uthor mighl nol know a
wrill.n go.pel fir"hand but "nly through hearing it read. In Ihi, ca ..,
one might say Ihe author know, John'. Go. pel "nly "orany," YeI ! " ill
conceive of Ihi. a lit,mry dependence (,hough indirecl ), a. public reading a.. um the u>< of . written lexl and nol .imply unwritten o ral t radition, II< t his a. il may, .n t he au,hors con.idered here, I
would . rgue, knew of loh n', Gospel not 'imply by public reading, bUI
by per><lnal r.,ding.
No"" '0 Ih. "ickier maner of Jollannin. ><lurc., and oral lradi,ion ,
Helmu, K"""d rly work on t he ,ynoptic malerial in Ihe Apo<tolic
Fa,her>." in .ffect e". blished . preference among ma ny ",hola.. for
",g.. ding ' ynoptic paran.ls in t he Apo"olic r . ,hers .. reflecling
a k OCl""led g. not of Ihe wrillen go'pel. but of 'heir wrillen or oral
oourc .., or later deri"ati,'''' from common origin" He argued ,hal one
should not claim . no,her aUlhor'. knowledge of one of t he Synop'ic
Gospel, unl",. one (ould . how ,hal t he parallel .ntoiled Manhew'"
Mark'" or luke'. final "redaction.l" mOleria" words peculiar 10 t he
finished form. , a. oppoo<d '0 propooed earli.. form., of tho g"'pels,
K",,"er'. a pproach i, g.nerally "",n a. an . ,kance on I... ><lphi"ic. ted method. u....J previously which gave ... nt (on.iJ .. a,ion 10
. ynoplk material, no' deri"ed direclly from Ihe finished Synop'ic
Gospel" Koe"." approach, on the other hand, h,., b<en crilicized for
l><ing 100 .. strict ive; o~en a .. uming panicular, unproven th.ories
of gosrel compo.ilion . nd redaclion; .nd fOf a "uming the continuing
n.
CHAkLES H l l l
vi.b~ i'y
of pr~-'J'noptic sourco. long after 'he rublication and circula ,ion of Matth ew, Mark, a nd Luh Y
One of Koester's stude,, ". Melvyn Hill m er, ",ugh t in hi. m uch qUO'M 1966 Ha".. rd di..,,,.,,o,, " to extend Ko<ster'. me,hooology,
a. much .. """ applicable. to lhe study of 'he reception of lohn. He
argued ,h at in tho"" ca",. in wh ich explicit quota'ion for mula. O f
explicit attribution are lackin g, "i' i. nece ... ry to detenn ine whether
'he writ<r .ho ...> knowledge of mote ri.1 or ch.racteri"ic. which .r<
p<culiar 10 t il< evangelist. If. WTiter Ita. parallel. only with ma .. ,ial
contain ed in loh n', source. or the traditio nal ma .. ,ial in lhe gO're!
,hen there i. no proof lh.t he h.. u <eJ the Fou rth Go'rel ." " The pr< d ", con len' ", however. of lohn ', sour ... 0' "traditional m ate,ial"
or< not alway. ,,,,If-,,,,ident to .n ",hoi... , and a ttempts to .. ,abli.h
,hem som etime. involve debatable >s>ump, jom abo ut , he com!""i , ion history of 'he gospeL Hillmer at least allow. ,hat ' he pre",n .. of
"ma .. ri.1or ch . .. cteri"ic. pemli .. 10 ,h. ey,ng.list" will tip t he ",al..
toward regarding the material , . indica'ing ' u S<' of the go'r<1. I tak<
it that the", could indud, "ori.. un iq ue to foh n bu, mOf< <specially
att ribu tes of John'. pan icul.. theology a nd lite rary styl,.
In any ca... th is "red .. dona!" i'e don, how..v er pred",ly understood, has bffome bedrock fo, m a ny investigato .... Another of
Koe" er'. students, Arthur Belli nwni. in h i. , ent exa m ination of the
po.ible u "" of Luke in the Apostolic Fathe"," prop<<1 th,,,,, criteria for determining whether an author ... borrowing from a go>r<t
fir" ....... ibility, that iI, the gospel must h ,,'e been
ible to the
a uthor in question; second , textual d i"in ctivene", that is, ,h ..,n of
dist ingui.hing ,edactio nal ch.racte"stk> K""ster a nd Hillmer h . ...
delineated; and th i,d, ..... of recu rrence. that i" the ca.. fo, use of a
document is ",.ngthened by the p,<><nce of mu ltiple apparen' pa ral-
.,..
""'>I".
" F..- . ,.n' ' ....""'n' 01"

VI"" .00 '"""'1"'"t oln<lopmrn", ...
G... go<)' anJ l "do." l!')}. With "'sa'" to J "~ jn' . po, d'" "" 01" ",," _<onom 1coI_
1m..... 01" ....... .. " ng', 0 SU." .", 1007, 67 .
mit"", , _
" l!iItmr, , ... , 6. Sr, al .. from thr 'n'rodud ..... "' n ",,Jr, to , ,,alN i,), dri"tr1r
tlut thr ... " ' m goop<l Iu, I> n ."d it .. nr ..... ')' ' 0 luv< <it"',
fonnula< '"' oomr Ond ... ' .... ' ha< thr "rin ... ~p<I" ""ng .Otrd. '"
n<o"')' '" pro>< , ... , !,mllrh m " ith m.o,,,;.t .. , ''' goop<l..-hOc), .... I>n ... " ' m br
,'" ,"I"'" ~'m .df '" ~' hOch .-dim. , ... ....,,""'" 01" hi' .,,,, .. "
"1''''''' q"""'''''''
d" ""
""U
'n ron' 100'. "'_"
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l " , UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
239
lei, in ,h ..,,;:ond.ry work-<>'en 'hough a lack of rurr"nco cannot

nec.... rily disqu.lify the I""',ibili'y,
11 is w"Il,o remember ,hat tho>< in the S<'<ond contury who engaged
in liter.ry borrowing from lohn were not consciou, of the iml"'rtanco
of quoting only "redactional" m.teriol and ",'oiding "t,.ditional"
ma"rial wh"n quoting, Thu, w" mwt k<ep in mind th. , in GlS<'S in
which we might judge that borrowed material reflect> only tradition.l
and not redaction. 1 material. our level of confidenco about t he >ourc.
m.y not corresl"'nd at .11 to the actu.l historical facts of th" use, or
non-us<, of lohn,
Distinguishing literary indebtedne.. to John', Go'rel from ind.,j,tedne .. to "Joh.nnin" t ",dition: whether this i. taken to me.n 0",1
tradition, a hypothetical rlier edition of the go'rel, or a hYl"'therical
",~inen >ourco u..d by t he . uthoris) of John is, of cour~, not an """y
bu.ine ... The gOl1pel ""ten.ibly claim' to be written by an erewitn."
who recorded what he saw and heard (lU4-n). To the "xtent that
ev"nts and .peeche. recorded in lohn really h,preneJ, we may allow
the J>O"ibility th.t stories abou, them circulated indep<ndently of t he
Fourth GOIlre1" But as we .11 know, judgment> differ wi dely . mong
schola .. a. to the historicity of the m.teri.1 in lohn , If the Johannine
"Sondergut" i, adjudged highly, how far i, that tradition likely to hav"
'pread hefore the go<rel wa , ",finen, in wha, form did it exist, and how
long a nd in what form did it ,urvive aftor the circulation of the written
go' pel' And if it i. not adjudged highly, thi, ereat.. certain problem.
for ... uming it> early and widespread circulation, If th" distincth'"ly
Joh. nnine t",dition> do not rell"'t historical event> and 'p<"Khe. but
owe their origim to a localized community formed much later, or to
..,t of indhidual ,e. che .. in that I.ter community, it is ",mewha'
problem. tic to a,mme t he early, wide reach and acceptance of the ..
tradition, while at th " .. me time holding that the community which
produced them was ""tarian in outi()()k .nd ",m.what removed from
mOf< main"'eam Christians, .nd that the gOl1pel produced at length
by hi. community wu ..'oided or rej ted by th"", who had ""copted
its t,..ditiom in 0",1 form . If Christians far .nd "'ide from "arly on
""'n ... , ....."" ....,
" (;"'lI"'l' . nd T ....... (100') "Y,

P"'P"'" '0 ,<pOrt
",,'<TIt> .00 dO""" ... , in ' "' 1,[, of I,,",- __Thn.ro., ,t.. "" ~D ;J" y mol not ' "
<><J..&d .d<og<'"'"' W' ."'~ mnt> ' 00 dO"'""'o... ...-,- "",, " rruIa" d in 0..1 " ._
J ,,,o... q"' i<Wl<p<nd<"' of ,"'.. Wn'''" " X<~ "" "" [u. [ "",.m "h" ~ moy "",',
""" , >I both 1' '"' , ",""", of , it",", " XI "'U 01", by o<hn~.
""
CHAkLES H l l l
were Klmehow ramiliar wi.h di"inctively "Johannine" tradition and

accepted them, it would ONrn that when"" .. 'he written Johannin.
gwrel appe>rt'd th ... O,,;stiam might h"" ~n prepared 10 rei ...
it f.vo .... bly.
Perhaps 'he best we can do, without pleading for an incii,idual ,h.o,yon lohannin. compo.ition hi"ory, i> 10 0>1< in each co.., whether it
i. po",ibk or ",lath,.ly IiLely that the materi.1 in question could h ....
pas>ed t" 'he >e<onwry writ.r as par' of oral , ... di,ion about f u
pan from t he ",~itt<n go.p<1.
Finally, ""mothing .hould be W about 'he "and.rds and 'hnique. of literary borrowing in antiqui'y. Often when a .. hol.r wnclude. a gi,-en . uthor'. ",i lene.' wi,h regard to lohn panicular "lew
of quo"' ion <tan<lard. and ,oehniqu.,. i. being im..,hd. Th" is, it i.
ofien ... umN
it was 'he unwavering ideal of and.nt authors to
reproduce the underlying text with e.. ct verbal precision, Thu. a ny
'igni~,"nt d ..i.tkm i... ken to signify th.t the borrowffl source, if
there was one, wa. something other than t he Founh Go<peL In my
2004 monograph 1 arguffl, however, t hat autho .. in our period o~en
did not have the .. me st.ndard. of pri.ion in dting earlier written sources ,hal we do, While pred.. dtation did of cour", occur, i,
"'a< far from the uni,'.... 1 pr.ctice, .nd ".ndard. dearly could vary
e\'en wi'hin the work of. single .u, hor, 1 cited in pankul .. the work
of 'he dassical schol.. lohn Whitt.ker in ,hi. regard, who wrote
,'err imponan' a nkle on ,he sub;":t in 1989,~ Sine< 2QO.1, Sabrin.
Inowlocki h publi'hed a numl><r of studi.." of 'he ciu,ion prac,ic.. of a ""i.n' a u,hor.., i""luding examples from Plato, Ari"obulu.,
Cicero, Porphyry, 'he Corpuo Hermeticum, and in panicular the Jew
Jo .. phus and the Christi.n EUs<biu ." She condude.., very much in
line "i,h Whitt.ker. ' h at
'''at
11>< change. brough' by an au,hor to ,I>< ci,ed pa ...ge ,'arr sub>"n'iallr.

1h<y g<nerall)' (Om;" in 'he omi"ion or addi,ion of word<, u\ gram-
wh""k<, .....
s," ,,,,,,,I,,d,, 1OO}O, ,,,,,,,lock, 100 .... ,nowIock; "'"'
~ M.ny ott. ~..d ... rouJd b< <itl. 5<,. '.g., on p l""d". u" of N.t", f j " ...... ~
,..,;, ,t<I, "Although oom< of ,b< .. d ;'g'n<.. '" _0bIr duo to ,ho
of ,ho ...... , m.n"",rip.. of PI"'mh. and K>m< to "" .. _
in ,b< m.n "",;!". of
plo'o ho .01, ~ .... m. 01...
PI.'nch ...0> not oJway> o"ra" 'n h ,.
.nd tho, h<
odd! '" ..,1<11 """g" '"' ,...... ".. 1 "l ui"'~nt "",J, ...
1'1".... f<x tho.. . "d by 1'1.",: II, oJ", 'P',k; of " Iut .. ,h', "I"'"phr",. or '''"''~
of t ho 'Ti.... u .. - (It<ll.
".00""'"
quot._.
>Om<t'm<,
,ho,
'1""'''"'''''
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l",
UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
241
matkal ch. ns"" in Ih< combination of dt. tioll1,.nd in Ibe modifica

tion of the prim.ry m<aning of the quot.ti"". 1he", chong.. n,.y be
delibe .. le, "'h"h m,,"n, that lbey ' l< mad< by ,"" dtlng .utoor 'p<<ifi'
cally in order to . ppropr;'1< th. conlent of the d t.tion. l h<y n.. y al",
be occidental. If delibe ..", th. chang'" r",u11 from th utho,', ..ish
10 adj ..t the dutl"" 10 hi, o~." FUrpo'<. to ' n>O<lern;,,' Ibe ,,)lil1ic
of . mol'< . n,ient wri1<r, 0< to . ... rt the gr. mn .. , of ,"" citro
lext to thal of th. citing t<xt. It may"" ootNi thot d<libe", .. ,h.ng.. do
oot al~.. Y' "'m f,on! tM citing .uthor', <agem"", to .. mrer with tbe
prim.1ry me. ning of Ibe "'''' ge,'' modem ",hoi ... often 'w.p1 . nd
h.mhly ,oMemn.D
<XI"""""
lh is being th. cos<, we may eept Ib.t if other fac tor> point to the
use of.n earlier "" ~rce (in this co", John), c"".in , .. ri.t iom from
the pred.., word ing of the potential sou",. may not be .utlid.nt in
themselve, to d i"luaJify the th",i, of liter.ry borro",ing. Thi' will not
h.,-e prob.ti"" " . 1"<; it will not en.ble u, to be ".in of a potential
U", but it will foree u. to be more careful before rejecting .uch . conclusion beea .... of d i>ere",nd", due to ominion , . d dition, ,-.riation
of word order, grammatical chang ub<fitution, and lack of regard
for the origin.1 context. The", are all well ""e"ed f".rmes of ci .. , ion
practice in the period which concern . u .
I al.., adopt a mOf< inclusiv< set of criter ia than ""me, Since J am
trying to ...... t he probability of. gh-en a uthor'. knowledge of t he
written Go'pel of fohn (and ,""ond.rily, tho a uthor' "itud. to",.. rd.
it), I "",k to allow cont""t",,1 or circum"antial f.ctor! to pl'r their
part .. ! believe ,uch an .pproach i. historiographically ,uperior to
one which focu"" solely on the t<xtu.l" f"" tures (sometim .. q uit<
r"'trictM. " that) of a text. All ",hola" work wit h some ,uch a.. umption . To give a .impl. iIlu""'t ion. let us im.gine th .t exactly the ..me
"Joh.nnine -oounding" ph ..... hom up in !gn.,im of Antioch and in
an anonymous Ch ri"ian letter from the fifih century. !-"t us ..y fu rther
that the phra .. doe, not correspond perfectly with its )ohannine pa.-..!lei, but it i. a fa irly ""Icing or peculiar ph,.", none the !e ... Mo<f of u .
would d..,m it inherently more likely that it .ign ifies actual knowledge
oflohn in the Mih-century letter t han in !gnatiu . Thi. h .. nothing to
do with pur.ly textual factors-t he exact form of the word., the length
of t he parallel material, the r .. pect or lack of r"'pect for the original
context-but i imply due to contextual fa<: ton, for w. blOW that t he
CHAkLES H l LL
Go.pd of lohn was wid~ly-usro and r"ptt'd a. "'ripture by virtually

all Christian group' in th~ linh century, while we might not be r d)'
to male the >arne .., umption about all Christiano WTitingca, 110-117
CEo We m ay s<e how contextual factor. ma y alfoct our ...,.]uation. in
""rn~ of our aut hon below.
3,
CATAHMU. Of OUHOOOX Usu,
I ha>'e ~Is< .... he .. catalogue<! twenty-two pre-lren ... n a riotian sources

"'hkh may be regardod .. within th~ orbit of orthodox aristianity
(>ome mo .. d ... rly than others) and which, I argue, eith .. cert.inly or
,'ery probably knew the Fourth Gospel and usro it in a po.itiv~ ",. y.'"
The"" aroo !pistl< of Vienn< and lyons; Hegesippu" Athenagora" the
Chri"ian interpolator of the Sibylline Orad,,; Theophilus of Antioch;
Claudi"" Apollinariu. of Hier>poli" Melito of Sard i" the Christian.
opposro by Celsu.; Tati.n, t he Go'p'" of Peter, lustin Martyr, the
Martyrdom of Poiy<ao/, ,he Ad Diosnel"m; [pistula Apo"oior"m; The
Sheplrerd of Herm,.,; the l.ong Ending of Mark, the OJ" of Solomon;
Ari>tiJe" P.pia. of Hierapoli" Polyarp; Ignatius; Papi ..'. A.ia n
eld~rs; and the elder lohn .
To .. -examine each of the .. adequately i> out of the qu~"ion in this
e... y. Instead! h ..", .. I"'ted eight for do""r examination, to"'hing
only brieny upon a f~w of th e o,h .. s. Some of the>< eight are ... lectod
because of t he import.nce of their witn~ .. to th e Fourth Go.pel, others becau", th ey h.n .ulfere<! relative neglect in ""ho!armip, others
for a combinatk", of rea""n., Treating some of the .. works allo",~ me
to r.. pond to some who ha,'. in" ..ctod wit h m y interpret.tion. of the
evidence of partkular a uthors,
3.1. Epi"le of Vie nne and l.yon.

We begin with a ""urc. that wa . do"" to Irena<u. and .urely well
known to him. The [pi"le ofVimne and Lyon' "'''''' written in 'he wake
of anti -Christian pogrom. in Vi.nne and Lyons in tbe )"''' 177. The
church<,. there ""n' a letter to the out>.ide ari,,;'n ",orld. addr .. sro
to ,he brethren in Mia . nd Ph'},gia, who have th e same fai t h a nd
hop< of rodemption." The letter wa. also ca rried to th e bi>hop of Rome
" ill >004.
"THOUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
243
[,<rsonally by a pr~,byter namM Ir~n.~u., who "'m~ . UG&esIM m igl"

al", h,,'e be<n i.. aulhor, Wh ...wr wrol< the \eller wrole in th e fir..
['<rson plural, o"e n.ibly on behalf of the <hu rch of t he Iwo dlies,
The leller wa. e"idenll), .igni by number of Ihe manyrs and confe. 00 .. , Thi. lell .. , a. well a. tho ..veral lelt~rs from ind i"dual martyrs
and conf..",,, which wer~ ""nt oul along with it, t hus repre ... n .. the
""'n""" of Iren.eus' own Oui"ian communily p' '''ious 10 h i. "'Tiling
of Adwrsw hn'''~',
In reflKling on its experience of .uffering, Ihi. communily regarded
Ihot experience a. a fulfillmen t of the prediction of Ie.", recordi in
John 16,2,
When this ,umou, 'Pread all men lurned like ON". again .. u~ '" Ihu
,,'en if .ny had for m.. l), hn \eni<nl for frlend'hip' ... k. they lhen
beca".., furiou, and raged ' g.imSl u~ aOO Ihere ,"'" fulfi ll<d that which
wa. q>Ok<n ('0 ... , i~~~ i"",,) by our lord, llul the lime ~'~I com< wh.n
- ~,~"" . ill<th you wililhin.lhat l>edo.. h God ",rvic, (u" a ..."""""
""-,,,0.; i. io .~; iJ i..w.~,i.~; "";;,;
)":, , ptlu ~pt ..
(Epl' &L l.Lll), ~
,op "".)"
&*,
Here t he aut hor 'ppea" 10 invox. Ihe word. of Jesu. in John 16,1 ,
"Ther will pUI you oul of Ihe .yn.gogue~ indei, the hour i. coming
wh<n wh ... wr lUll. you win thin. he i. offering se",ice to God," There
are, howeyer, certa in minor d ifferen<", hel",..,n Ihi. a pp.renl d .. t ion
of John and Ih. MSS of John, which read, i'PX"''-' Oipo:
a.o .... d""" ;,~"" 001;,
'f>OCI,,",P"" ,,;. 9,<[>," Fir", there i. a
que"ion a.'o when t he aut hor inlend. hi. quolalion to start. II is po.-
',m ."" "
J,.a,,,,,i,,.
,ib le th aI hi. word. "" ih""",,,, ~"'''''''' .;. constitUIe an indirt

cit.. ion and Ih .. Ihe direct dlalion hegins only wilh .Ii:;. 0" Ihis all
rna)' he part ofwh .. he con.id ... a direct (bul inexact) dlalion of t he
I-",d', word., In any ca"", hi. Of[ i),M"", ~"'''''' ;'" .;. ("t haI t he
lime will come .... hen, ,,") repre..,n" the ,ub"itulion of a fulure ind ic.. i,.., ,),Me"u, for lohn'. fu turi"ic pre..,nl ind;':ali,'e ' Pl""" and
a . ub"itulion of .-.:nr><-; " .;, fo r lohn'. Oipo: ',va, Beginning with the
word
how<wr, Ihe only difference with fohn i. in Ihe .ub"ilution
of the fUlure ~ L for Ihe aod " . ubjuncl iw &O.!;~ , in . eq>ing with t he
change he bo Iready m ade by elimina ling tho "V<'!. , II i. concei,.. ble
Ih .. Ihe>< <hang.. could r.t]":t t he pred .. wording of Ihe a Ulhor',
'''<;,
fug"'"
't"""
Go. " " ..'"

" , nd,bon, '"
m f,om Uk< .. ,6,
lb, onI)' p'~ i ""nt m"'"", in ,,,,, M" i, ,,,,, om;, _ of ""', in R.
CHAkLES HlLL
sour<=<, and th us th .. hi, text of John d iffe "" from the to .. which ha.
survived in manuscripts or that it came from an alternative sou r<:e, But
tho d irKt quotation repe.ts eight word. exactly and ch.ng.. only the
mood and tons< of a n inth, .nd the ,,,rhal change. he .. and in the pos.ibly indirect quotation are . imply the kind. of ch.ng.. we often """
in the secondary uS<' of. text by. lator author in antiquity. t'>ot only
i. the meaning not distoned but the citing author still pre .. rve. a substanti.1 amou nt of material t h.t is d i<tincth" to John, .mong known
pos>ible ",urce . He a ttribut .. t he "ring to r.. u., and it is attributed
to r.. us in the only known source which ha. this materi.1, the Goope!
of John, which we know wa. in circulation by t hi.> time, The a uthor
cI""rly accept> the .. word . a. . . . .1 prediction of the historical Jeou,He ob,iowly believe> they constitute an a uthentic prophecy, for he
heli,,'" the word. a", coming to pa .. before hi. eye ." By hi. infom,.1
introduction of this prophecy a. something "spoken by our Lord: he
.... m. to ... ume that the recipients of the letter are .I",ady famili. r
with the prediction,
Yet, what the author of the opi,tle ha, altered from the text of Joh n
i. imtructiw, H is .ubst itutions for rohn'. futuristic pre",nt and hi.
elimination of John', ',va plus the ,ubjunctiw amo unt to changing
stylistic elements that we would call di<tinctively Johan nine. Here,
therdore, t he chief criterion of Koester, Hillmer, and Bellinwni f.il.
uo, for the>< are certainly di"inctiw, Joh.nnine redactional elements
and it i. preci><ly the>< that the author chooses to change-perhaps
precisely beeause they were so di"inctive.
Another, more complex lohannine allusion occurs when t he endurance of a Chri<tian na me<! S,onctus i. pr.lised, who held "firm in hi.
confes.ion, refre.hed and menphened by the he""nly 'pring of water
oflife which procd. fonh from the body of Christ (~~O ,~;; oi>f)("io~
~~yii_ fO~
r~_ ~"'~;; toU i~\il''''''' i:~ ,~<; VIl~ fO~ Xp L"mu)"
(EpV'H ~. 1.12 ). hen 'hough ther< are "",eroJ difference. in vocabulaey, this !m, to be a combined u.. of three lohannine texts, corresponding mainly to John 7,38, ".. the ",ript ure Ita. said, ou' of hi.
hean !han flow riv." of living water (~om~oi h ,~;; orol)..i_ a~fOu
P~lV 000'0:; Qiwt-o:;): combined interpretatively with Rev lH,
"The n he ,howed me 'he river of the water of life (~of(t~iw oomo:;
y,,~<;), bright a. cf}~tal (w~. f'bv 0.; <p"",ai..M,), flowing from the
;;00,,,,
cr"".""" , M Y, koon-, '.14.t,
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l " . UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH

Ihron~
2H
of God and ofth. Lamb" (d. 1", John 190]4). From R"" 2LI
(om... the "",ion of. heav~nly living "".... , and Ihe idea Ihal Ihi.
h . . ... nly living " .. , .. flow, from 'he body of ehri" .. I.te, 10 lohn
T38. BUI Ihe aulho, has also sub"ilUt"" ~~ri1 fo, ~O'!,,~o. used in
holh lohn 7,38 a nd R.Yela,ion lH. This sub"ilution seem d.qUalely explained by ,upf>O.ing Ihat the . u,ho, h a Iso con.dou.ly
or u nconsciously combin"" Ihe .. texIS in .. rpw .. i,'ely wilh lohn 4 , 14,
"bul whoe,.. , drink. of Ihe wal<, Ihat I .hall gi ... h im will never Ihirst,
Ihe """ .. t h., I sh. lI giv~ him will be<:om. in h im a spring ('~riI) of
wal<, welling u p 10 elernallife,"
lhe practice of combining .. ferenc... i. ",.. II known in bolh nonChri"ian" a. well Olri" ian source . In Ihe p.... nl ca .. we .,-;dent lyare ",-;In",.ing t he intlu.nce of an exegelical lradition . Read e..
of the Fourth Go.p<I, Ihen a. they do now, m~st haw ily made t he
connection (a. I ,all doing, ye'" ago wh.n I fi,-, t 1><g'''' 10 r~ad lohn
d .... ly) between Ihe living ",.. t.r Ih.t I<>us promised Ihe Samafi lan
woman in John 4:1 0-" and Ih~ ",-.te , wh ich would flow from leou'
hew (.:m)"a) in 7,]8, watel' which t he lohannine au,hor immodi. .. ly
inlerprets for Ihe re. der a ignifying Ihe Holy Spiril (7039). The aUlhor
of Ihe Epl'&L i. also fa mili.. wilh .n exogelk allinking of Ihi. th eme
from t he loh. nnin. gO.p<1 with Ihe figure of Ihe river of the water of
life from R""elation ll.l, which flow. from Ihe he",'enly throne, Thai
Ihi. i, indeed a t raditional .xegetical linking i. impressi ... ly confirm""
by Irenaeu>, who;' familiar wilh Ihe .. me combinalion of lohannin.
lexlS, He similarly rffer> '0 the Holy Spiril ",h., mo," limpid founI.in which issues from lhe body of Christ (de carpo Ch,j,,; pr,dente", "itiJi"j","", fome",)" (A,lv. ha"" 3.24. 1), Even though t he
expression i. nol Ihe .. me and t he
are combinod in a d iffe .. nl
"'-'y, asain w. . .em 10 ha,'e Ihe mingling of Ih~ ",me p.... ge., loh n
4,14 .nd 7,]8 wilh Rev ll ,l. The Holy Spiril a, flowing w.'er pro(eeding from Ihe body of Christ come. from lohn 7.38. flul here too,
a. in EpV&L, ralh .. t h.nfluvium or flum," , reflect ing an underlying
'Ol,,~o. which i. u..d in bolh loh n T38 .nd Rev 22 ,1, we h",'e the
wo,djo",. Ihe typical Vulgate t ran.I.,ion of ~~ri1 in ,h. LXX and t he
NT, lhe word used in lohn 4 ,14 fOf Ihe wate, ,hat lem. giv.., which
",.. II. up to eI.mal lif., W~ .lso have an apparenl r~e<tion of Rev
""s<.
'"
CHAkLES H l l l
22,! in the mention of th.t fountain as "moot limpid" ("iliJj"j",uml,"

corre.ponding to Jw~'r"'v Ii>;; ~p""",u.,.,., "d"ar a. cry,",!" in R.,.'
21, L Thi. points, . gain, 10 an exegetical , ... dilion of comingling th" ..
Joh.nnin< verse. into a .ingle concept, the Holy Spi,;' as luminous,
living water, flowing from t he heavenly body of Chri", This would
,,,,,m to [>e'f"'.k. fairly longst.nding us< of 'he Go.pel of John a nd
'he Ro>'el.tion of John in lhe Chri>1i.n preaching which formM the
background of the aut ho .
Another p>. .....ge in the 1.... , i> rem.rlable for its contoining
app... en, aU u.ions to th,ee )ohonnin ..,uree>. Amon namoo V<n;u.
Epagathu" it ")'S, w call..J the 'Comf"" .. of Christiano: but had
'he Comforter in him .. K the .pirit of Zach.,ias which he had ,h.,wn
by 'he fullne .. of hi. loy< when he <1>0"" to lay down ewn hi. own life
for t he defe",e of'he brethren, for he wa. and he is a 'rue di.dple of
Chri", and he follo_ 'he Lamb whe,."""",r he go<>" (EpV.H ',1 _10 ),
Vet,iu. i. n ile<! 'he ~"pO:d~r<><; of 'he Christian. because he had
~"pO: ~~~TO' "i n himself, 'he Spirit of Zachari . , ." Thi' comparison
of VeniWl wi,h 7.haria. i pparen'ly relate<! in the author'. mind
bo,h '0 'he Zh. ri.h of 2 Chr 14,l()-21 (called "the eMer Ze<:h.ria'
in EpV.H ' ,1.9) who w .. clo'hed with t he Spirit of God, who gave hi.
te>1imony and ,hen
brutally manyred, .nd to 'he later Ze<:h.riah,
' h e father of John 'he !\ap'ist, who w also .. id to h.ye walked in
'he commandments and ordinanc<,> of 'he Lord blamele .. ('_1 .9; luke
106), The poin' here i, that the author equ.te. 'he "Spirit of Zachari..,
,h., i. the Holy Spirit (cf. bot h 1 Chr ]4,20 and LuXe 1,67) wi,h ;,
~"pO:~~~,<><;, Thi. US< of 'he torm ."iX;~~~l<><; for the Holy Spiri'
invoke< 'he promi of re ...s in John 14,16-17,26; 1&7 '0 nd ;,
~npO: ~~~'<><; to hi . disciples. In accord with the word. of 1 John 3.16,
which the author h cle.rly ad.pted for 'his purpo"', Ve!tim ' howed
'he fullne .. of hi, low by choo.ing '0 "lay down ewn hi, own life
for 'he defenco of 'he brethren ."" The "Joh.nnine" tribute to Veniu.
extend. '0 t he appraisal of hi. position in 'he afterlife, a. it i. said,
in the word. of Revelat ion 14 ,~ , t ho, he "follow. 'he Lamb where-
,i"
,,'a.
" "'w',
,s..,
,r<! Shoo " "',"" >1.'"'''1, ziill";"I, ""pI, poliWd,

(d . ... , 'Y'"
opkndOdy" w",y, ): lh, V"ig.<t< y,,, ,pkmJ'a., fox ""'''''"'' 'n R,,.11o ..
~
"3,,, .... d",,,;,,,,,,,<
"" ;>.>'' ' '
Uj.;
m; u,viaIh.,;; 9.1""
n,.u. ... "''''. i ~", ,~ 0." Uj.; no.;.,.;;.

Jobn ",., "rei" ,!, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, '-;'v n,.u.,v,
""'"'" ,
;,ri~ ...... ' .. '""'"" a;' .... 1&,... -... ; ....t; ....""'''' ...;,. ..... a&~
"" """'" 9.1.." Id. jobo ",n, "";"''' 'a" .... n_ .... 000. .. '.oc i_ u; '-;'v
""";'v 0""'" Il!\ ' riO ..... ~U- ""'''"_)
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
247
he g<>< . "" Thi. very d istincth.., ph .... Ih~. place, Vellius in

Ihe comp.ny"f Ihe 144,000 cha"e and .potle.. "n.. red~med fmm
the eanh, wh" n",,' wo"hip before the Ihmne (ef. Mart. Pol. 14,1-1,
5 Ezra 238-40). II would aprear ,h., the author and hi. community
ar< ,"""ped in t he I"h.nnine lite ... ure. And .gain, he .eem. t" ... ume
that Ihe recipien .. of Ihe reporl will c.leh h i. J"hannine allu.i"n "'hen
he jump. fmm ;, ~" r>Kl~,o;; a. "Ad,-ocate," probably the name gi ... n
t" Vettius by the g"vernm," to 0 ~"r>Kl~,o;; a. Jesu' n.me f"r t he
Holy Spirit in the Go.rel of John.
Later in hi< aount the ""'hor 'reak.s o>f tho", who denied Christ
and did not rerent ... 'sons of rerdit ion" (0; U;OI ,~;; a~.J d",)
(!pV&L '.1048)_ While one might imagine .uch a term of opprobrium
to have ~n a commonplace, without . ny p.nicul.. textual referent,
it i. inler"'ting that its only OCCUIrence in Ihe!-.'T i< in lohn 17,11
(0 uii>;; ,~, a~(t)l.d",). Thot thi. Johannine p.... ge i. behind t he
phrase here i. made more likely not only from the othe< instanc..
of apparent lohannine borrowing, but b<c.u .. the author i. referring
here not .imply to unbelo....""r opponents but to tho~ who denied
Jesus. In John 17 ,12. 'wn of perdition" refe" to luda the archetypal
denier of/ .. u .
One could t ry to argue thot an these apparenl lohannine allusions
derive not from direct or indire<:t literary knowledge of the "Tillen
go.pel but rothe< [IOm Christi.n "adition known only oraUy. But in
this Christi.n selling in Gaul in 177 CEo which obviou.ly contained
literate Chri"ian that """m. extremely unlikely. II i, much ea.ier
to ' gIee with WilIi.m Frend who has remarked. 'Clearly t he Founh
Go'rel and the Apocalypse Wt're two of the main sourc .. of in.piration to the writer."" I only add thaI the Fir," u tter mu," have been
known as w<U.
The wit ne .. of the EpV&L i, interesting for ""veral rea",n . First ,
whether lrena.u. was its author "r not. it , ho,,~ that the Founh
Go.pel was in u~, along with the Apocalyp .. of lohn and at I..st
the ~"t Johannine Epistle. along with "",eral more NT texts. a mong
the .. church<> in Gaul befor< Irenaeu. wrote hi. major work> . When
embarking on the writing of AJ\~r>u, ha",,,,, a few years later,
K><V<r
" S<, HiU >001, "0.

" 1 ..-100-.00 Duhon "54.
~
hrod ""' 1, ".
n ,,_
".
CHAkLES H lll
I noem n.;nlr had no n~ to ;ntroduco Of defend this go'J><1 to

his own Christian communi,i in Gaul. There is no ,..,...,n 10 ... urne
that he was .w.re of doing anything contro,'er".1 a mong hi. fellow
orthodox bEliever whether they be in G.ul, in .... ia Minor, in Rome,
Of el.ewh<fe, when be u>e<l lohn', Go<rel in AJ",,,u, hoi","'"
In fact. the epi"le strongly .ugge... that Christi.n communitie. in
Phrygi. and A,ia, .. well .. 'he church in Rome, were familiar with
'h"", books of the Johannin. corpus as well The Christian communitie. in Gaul were comro...a of many A,ian and Phrygian tr.ruplants,
some of whom, like Irena"u., may h ..,. oojournl in Rome on the
,,'ay. We know ,hal the .. wu igni~cant contingent of Chri"i.n.
from A.i. Minor in Rome in t he .. cond century, and it is ro"ible th.,
'he~ A,ians now in Gaul m ay have first sojourneJ in Rome and may
have ~n pan of a Roman mi .. ion in Gaul. In any ca .. , the wnnectiom with lxIth A,i. Minor and Rome are important. The church ...
in t l>< letteT "'.... a unity of their fa ith and hop" with the church ...
in A,i. a nd Phrygi. whom they addre .. (EpVd-L ~. L3), and t l><y c.ll
Eleuthenu of Rome "father .nd 'peak of him one to whom they
were .ccustomed ("o nce more and alway>") to gr"'" by letter (~A.2)_
Thi. denote relat ion.hip of lo ngstanding, ,u[',&e>ll also b y the
fact oflrenaeus' commi .. ion from the churches in Gaul to deliver the
letter p"r.(mally to the bi'hop. The strong connections of fellow.hip
lxIth with Rome and with A.ia .nd Phrygia are prima facia e" idence
th.t Christi.n, with , uch cro-region.1 atfiliation. m ight also h ....
hared much t l>< same authoritative tex"_ It is unlikely that the ..
young churche., cen.inly plantl .mong those Iren.eus call. "barb.ri.n' in the recent past, would h . ... imtitutl tl><y p"rh0p' were still reee i,-ing .upport . At the very le.st th is demonstrates thot when he used
the Fourth Go.pel in AdV<Nu, "",,,,.., I"noem w not trying to
engineer. tok"",-.. from hi. V.kntini.n opponents, nor d id h e n..d
to mount. defen .. for it .mong onhodox a,,;sti.ns. It al ready h.d
st.nding .mong the church .. in Gaul and the correspondence renders
it ,-ery lihly for A.i., Phrygi., .nd Rome, prior to the ISO',.
A, it happen" the US< of John in Asia Minor prior to tM writing of
the Ep,tlk of Vimne and 1-yon' may be corroborated f.irly copiously
from "",,,,.1 earlier .uthors, as we .hall_. In the 160> we have record
of an e.rlier phase of the quanodedm.n contro ... "y in which ooth
Melito of S.rdi nd Apollinariu. of Hie"poli. particip.ted While
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l ' , UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
249
apparently "'king dilferont ,ides of the issue (thi. is d..t>.,ed by Klme),

each author
the Fourth Go'rel a< authoritative, We ,hall point to
earlier example. in more detail below.
w."
],2. The Chri,/ian, Oppo,.,J by C<lsu,"
The next aUlhor we examine i, neither an orthodox nor a heretkal

"'Titer. bUI an unbelie ... r, The anti-O,ri<1ian .pologi<t Cel,u", in hi.
treati.. Th, T"" Word written sometime betw""n 160 and 180. i.
apparently "the fir" pagan 10 '""t out to write a whole 1re. ti", agaimt
Chri>1ianity."" Everything we know about C.I,u, and hi, book <om ...
from Origen'. Centr" Ce/,um written probably about 248. Where
Celsuo wrote hi. book i. a matter of uncert.inty, mo<1 ..:hola", have
f.mrl either Rome or Alexandri .
Where ... r he wa Cel>m knew at lea " """,.. I Chri<tian books
whkh were dearly d .... ly sociall with the form of Christi.nity
he wa. mainly .".dung. Among t hese "'"., the Go'rel according to
lohn. Some have voiCM 'keptici,m th.t Cel,m could ho ... h.d acc...
to Christian ..:ripture o.. umed to be hard to come by," but this i,
cont",dicted by "rong ,,'idenu. First, Gel>u<. by hi. own words, i,
aware of and fully accep" t he common notion th.t "the disciple< of
)<Suo wrote .uch .ccoun" r<ga rding him" which PO".-.Yl hi uffering a nd de.th (Cd,. 2.16). Indeed. he h hi. fictional Jewi<h opponent
of Chri<1ianity daim explicitly to h ..'e taken hi. inform.tion abou,
Chri"ianity "from your own books (;.~ ,iiN i.~,-,il""" a vrr",,~~<ir"'"
(2.]4 cf. 2.77), and this is natu,-,lIy ,aken a. a t hinly ,'eill claim of
Celsm' o",n, That he made u,"" of the>< books i ufficiently dea r,
"""ondly, from Origen'. testimony. Origen .. y. th. t Cel.", "ende. vou" to cast reprooch upon Him from the nor .. ti,'", in the Go. pel
(h riiN t'1""~~iv,,,," OJ '''' <oorr<h",r
( 0,/" 1.34). He '"'''' thaI

Celsm "makes numerom quo,.tion. from the Goo!",1 K <ording to
Ma"hew."" while he charg.. that Cel.u. omit> ot her tex" from t he
&OIpel. which would ha,.., hurt hi. co", (C, k 1.34). Origen not", that
Celsm "extract> from the Go'rel [this time it i. Joh n] even puug ..
S<, 'hU >004, JO'O 1I 1.
" hro. ,_ , 1"~
L""" 100' , >6.
~ i , ' ''" """'""" ""'" g i, ..... ..,),),i, am "'"

[rom Ilorrrt 1'>6'_ 1970. ,1>< v<rl> ,,,,,,,,iil.wo, ,.
A
'"'" ....rtIa......"",.,., ,,,,,. G=k

""""'m<
"d "" 'l""''''''''- '' in
poIIon'., I Jy>ooIu~ II>< ",00><1-",","'1' u ",",,,,;'n, IN f""", mi, ib.. '-1. '; , .ll.
CHAkLES H l LL
which .re inwrrtly interpreted"" (uk 2.36), Again Origen .Ileges

'hat ul>uo
from the go.pel narra, ive ,ho", "a"men" on
which he 'hink> he can found.n .ccusa,ion" (u/ . 2.37).
Origen cenain]y knew what it w
extract ",'emen" from book>
for , he purpose of compwing your own, .nd he knew ,he go.pel nar,..,i,-.,. quite well enough to recognize Cel>"" u>< of ,hem. Alexander
i. cen. inly corr', ,hon,
obserw 'hat "C.I,u. i. 'he fir>! pag.n
writer
>how indi.putable ind<p<ndent knowledge of , he go.pel
,ex", . ."" We nm
'uppose. of cou"", ,ha' C<I,,,, h.d read
,he", book. ei,her carefully or .ympa'hetic. lly. There i. every reason
acknov.lecige Origen. ch.rge. 'h at Cel.u.' reading wa. ",Iecti,-o .nd
for 'he pu<pO'" of .pott ing difficul,ie. he could exploi' . From Origen
.. pr ... ion. i, would .pp.. r tho, Col.u. followed what ",as eviden,]y.
common cu>!om . Having obtained copies of Chri>!ian ~"'.pel" c.l>us
made ..tr>ct. of c<rt.in p . ... g. . .s they were read ou' by. ",,,,,n'.
or el .. 'he rol<. were rever..d. Th..., extr""," ,hen kame C<l>u'
'001> of reference.s he wrote his book. against 'he Christian." lhe
'hird reason fOf concluding ul,,,,,' familia rity wi,h 'he go.pel> comes
from 'he . ctual evidence of hi. knowledge pre",,,,,,d b)' Origen, We
confine our..,]",. h ere to 'he evidence for hi. knowledge of John.
Origen sa)'> t hat Cel.u who beli ..",d it to he .. If-eviden t tho, "'he
body of. goo i. no' nourished wi,h ouch (oarthly] food: "' "able to
prove from 'he Go.pel na rrative. (i1.;, lOW ,.oon,)"~iiw Tpa~~o: r"", )
bo,h ,hat He partook of food, a nd food of . particul.r kind' (C<k
1.70). From Origen's comments it i. evident tha, ,h .. e goopel nar,..ti,-.,. included fohn', reference to Ie",. 'hir>ting 'near 'he well of
Jacob:" and drinking from t he wa'er of ,ha' well (John 4,6-7) , C<lsus
.Iso mock> 1.. W1 by implicitly charging 'hat 'he ",a ter which flowed
from 'he body of le.u.-wmething recorded only in lohn'. Go.pel-
"e""",""
'0
'0
'0
no'
'0
,,",.,.,;u,,,, oi& ....... ''''''''''''''''_
;V,,,,.
..._
"
i .~ Up .... ,,,,on'nR _do" or "p ...... ~ . "'abc .. ""''''' '.N ,J1) ')0-
';. 0 roO
"",,6.<.
~ .. " .. od<, 100' , " '.

~ M",h " ""'un " m", "'.. ,o. co", ",," ..... ' 0, "ho, '" all,!!", "q""'<<i""
(h"it.;"(>'<j ""ng' 'from ' p',.w of 0'"' prop"";'
(em. 6 .19). ' " ,'"
.""",'ns occoun' of" .. . "'" .. P<""'" g'"n 1' I't"'r ,o. Yoon!!" , """, H , .00
"" dO". "",,, 'n'~ 1006, "'_".
~ """" <j; r!i 'Ia"'"l\- ' " H'U 2(I).I,}(IIl,' '"lIS'''..! u"" eod"... k,.,..I<Js' of
J".' .. tOng. (We< of hob .ft" ".. '"~,''''"''' hk<il' , ' gnd<d " .. f,,"~"'''y
John 'UJ. ""'" tho, ",",)' '" "''', "" w'nll"OS" , now .01'," ""'" d'''..!r
"''''"l!'-
"t" ,d
to
l'" '''''l_U
w,'"
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
nl
wa. hk~ 'he watery ichor .uppo..w to belong '0 th~ immonaJ bodi...
of tbe god. (ui>. 2.36. cf. JIi"J ~.340). Or igen cri'ici,~. ulsu., 'hen.
for extracting "from 'he Go>pei e,'en p.... ge. which are incorr'ly
in"rpreted: in thi. instanco, lohn'. testimon), in John 1 9,34-J~ 'hat
when I.. us' ,ide "'.. , piorced "th... came ,h,,<out blood .nd ",aieL"
In another p.a ..... ge Cel,u. refers to Jesu. a~er hi. ,esurrfftion, ,howing "'he mark. of his puni,hm.nt , and how hi. h.nds wore pi~rced
wi ,h nail>" (Cek l,~~; 1.61 ),. com men' clearly b,a",d on the accoun'
in lohn 20,24-29, a. Origen in fac' .".". (Cel,_ 2.61). <:.Im pp .. enlly kno",~ ano,her d .. ail from tbe Go.pel of John, chaUenge by
some Je",~ 'hat Jesu< exhibit >ome unmistabble .i&" tha, he wa. t be
Son of God, from. m""ting which i. >aid to ha", tmn place "in t be
"mple." Thi m. to refer '0 the incident ,ecorded in John 10022-26,
when I.. u. wa. acco"ed "while walking in t he lemple, in 'he porlico
of Solomon" a' ,h. fe ... of 'h< Dedic .. ion. C.lous' Jew is also familiar
wi,h th~ Chri"ian 'ille of Logo> for J~'u. (Cek 2.31). Thi. dO<'S not
n",,~ .. i'a'e hi. knowledg. of John 1,1, ,4, panicularl), if he "''''' in any
"'-0), familiar wi,h t he writing> or teaching. of Ch';"i.n apologi'" lik~
Justin." Y<I because <:.1.",' Jew .ppears '0 be referring 'hwughout to
'e"imoni derived from the go.pel,," 'his probably til" 'he baJanc~
'o",.. rd. John .. 'he .pecific source of information.
Ther. i, every reason to affirm, t hen, tha, Celsu. had acce .. '0. copy
of lohn'. Goopel and u..w it indi.criminalel), along with t he Goope!>
of Matthew and luke (and perhaps Mark) a,. SOUKe for informal ion
aOOu, Ju. and whal Chri"i.n. believed aOOu, him. Th ... i",n
one lext who>< meaning i. debated bu, which some ha", taken '0
indic .. e <:'1",,' awarene .. of a four-fold go.pel canon (Cel., 2.27)." It
i. no' n"" ...ary tha, one draw 'his conclu.ion, howe"", in order to
rogni,~ 'hat Cel.u. was well aware of Chr;"ian reliance upon their
go.pel. and th .. he himself faced no great ob"ack. in obtaining aI
I.." the three ment ioned aOO, .. , Had h. obtain.d his own copie.?
H.d he .imply made extract! from copi<. OOrrowod from an umu.pe<ting Ch,;"ian, a former eh,;,,;an, or from. w~II-"ocked library?
w. do not know, Bu, we mu" conclude t hat C.l>u. aI some time had
in his pos ..... ion copi of Christian go.pel, which he con.idorod the
o Lon.> '00', , ....

- H i, .,,,' obi<rt"" b". '" 00 WI1h th< U""W&<' in ", .. ,hew.oo L"", (Cru_
U')_
H,n!,] ''''. ,. ...... So< '"'" "" _ , 11<". On a...JwKk ,.M.
CHAkLES H l LL
Chri"ian' 'own books" (2.7~ d. 2.7n among which was wha, we

know a. 'he G>.pel of John .
If we could be c~rtain ~ither ,ha' ulsm wa. a Roman, or h.d ba..d
hi. knowle<!ge of orthoom Chri"i.no from wha, h< had ob"",,'e<!
while in Rome, ,hi. would be p.rticularly >!riking e"id~nce of 'he
f.ilu .. of B.uer', ,h",i. ' hat 'he Roman church, a ba<!ion of orthodoxy, wao m,piciouo of and opros<d '0 'he Go.pel accord ing '0 John,
'hroughou, the >Kond century, In any c. ... ul.u' knowl<dge of ,h.
contents of John and other go.pel written accounts. and no' .imply
as 0",1 tr.di'ion., is impott.n, for "",sting to the "lIOCiation of 'hes<
written gO.p<l. together .nd .. soure<. of the f. i,h and teaching of ,h.
Christi.n. ao C<1.u. ,hem, Celsu how. how John'. =1"1 "'
('J .... iI.bl., (b ) commonly .ssociate<! i>o,h with 'he .ynoptics ("your
own books: 2.74 d. 2.77) and (c) wi,h t il< great <hurch which he "'
oppo.ing, and this at ,im. before I .. n." wrote, and in 1oc. 1i'y, whether Rome or Alexandria, far dist.n, from Lyon>. He ,ul'Plies
further evidence that Irenaell. had no nffd '0 def~nd 'he G>.pel of
John to hi. orthodox peer>,
A. 'he Diate"am" of Tatian 'he A"yrian is ,reated el"",here in

'his volume, Tatian', contribution will not be co,-erN Il<re, excep'
'o "y that t il< importance of fohn'. =1"1 in the compo. i'ion of
'he Didt,,"'m~, and the recogni'ion of fohn .. reflecting orthodox
impul ... , i. enlightene<! by a look at its role in th. wri'ing. of Tatian '.
te.cher, Just in."
Did Ju<!in know t il< Fourth Go.p<l' The vote. of ",hoi... are
di,-ided," Some find linle or no re.son '0 think Justin knew John, or
'hey find 'hat he may hove u.e<! i, but only wi,h ca u,ion , Here I .hall
look at portion. of hi. writing< which I beli""" demon",.,e not only
,ha' lustin knew and u..d John bu, that it wa< one ofth. go.p<Io he
d",i&f1ated ",h. apo"olic memoirs: "'hich he saY" were .... d in s<r-
~ 11", '" ",hol<V<, p."..,.. T""n hod 'n produ';ns ,b< [)W,,,,,,,,,,, . oo ~' ho,_
",n <h<oIogKoI """nc"" " ""r "'","'.h....'N '".m of ,.",,",m.n, bn '"3_
S".N). ~, "'''P''''''' . nd Ondu>K>n of lh< . ... nh """"I w m'" b< "pIo,.. d iJ-.
&"" to". '06-10'; 1I.m<t! '.70. m; Bro~" "'"', " ') .. """,Iy. "" w' of h"
'0'. ",..-",1.. h<t .ooo..r. " ..... ,;moly lh< mtO".. _ of h', p'odi<, ,"",ody "go;_
tWd
~
'ns,"."Hill...100<,
_ 0.-.,,, ,nd. ,.Ik'ct"", of,b< 1"><Ii<. of""'n"b<, I "~;n .
,,~
"THOUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l", UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
2H
,'k .. "f Chri"ian worship in R"m. alongsW. 'he prophotkal wri' ing>
of 'he OT (I .... poI. 67.3) .
Jus' in . only "quotation" of lohn. or ....'h ... ofj" u. in lohn. occur.
in a wenno,..! """ion of hi. Fjr./ .... pology. where he _k>
inform
the rule" . oou, "'he m anner in whkh we dedicated ourselves '0 God
when we had l>eoen m ade new 'h rough Chri,," (I .... pol. 6l.J). He pro
cd.
.pe.k of 'he Chri" i.n bapti.m al proctke as he knows i, in
Rom"
'0
'0
1I",n ,h..,..re brough' by us ... be", th"e i.....1<,. , nd are rq;en<r.,ed

in 'he .. me m, n ... , in ~'hkh Iff ""I'< 0", ..1v<s r<g<t><' ated. for. in ,be
nanl< of God. 'he F.,be, . nd loN of 'he univ" .... oo of our Saviou,
J<> .. Chr;. nd of the Holy Spiri ,h..,. .hen .ei,.., ,II< "".hing wi,h
~.1<r. Fo, Chri" .100 saki. -Except ye b< born .g. in. ),< oIIaU "". enter
1n'0 the kingdom of II<. ven " (&, "~ "'""'Y'",,fIi;,,. "" "~ ,i~"li1'l" , i;
Niv
~~,"i("
,.... """'''';'''') . ~
lhe dose corr<sponJence '0 John 3,3.~ i. OOviouo. though ' here are
certai n ,-..bal discrepancies. Ju"in h .. " kingdom ofhea,,,,n: and lohn
ha. " kingdom of God." .... nd inste.d of John', ' wo distinct word>.
"born" (y<wO:"') and "again" (iivolk.v). Justi n u>e. a .ingle compound
word. "reborn" (n",,-l"wO:Ol) . Boca u", "f'he ,-.ria.iono. Helmut K""ster
beh",'" the "IoNs .",ibutN to Chriu by Jus, in a re no' behold.n
the Fourth Go.pel at all. bu, are deri,-ed instead "from the fret" " adition" pre>erved in a CUHen' b.pti.mal liturgy. a nd , hi, in a more original form .ha n appea" in John ." [n thi K""ster i. Kboing ,he earlier
condrnions of h i, "uden' .. B<llinzoni a nd Hillmer.'" N",,,,r m ind ,hal
no bap'i, mal liturgy. current or not. ha. ~n produced whkh
the .. form. of the .ayi ng .",ibutN
Chri".
And whatever el", we may say about ,h... d ilferen.. , hey ar. just
the kind of alterations , ha' ",hola .. . ueh as Whitt.ker and Inomocki
OO>e"" in ci' .tion. by authors of ,he period. Subs, i,u. ion. of ,ynonymous or near ,ynonymou. word .. ei,her for 'he sake of clarity o r
for an e mph";, 'hat 'he citi ng au,hor wan"
mak o r fo r rea..,n.
'0
re1l"""
'0
'0
,,0<'
lh, o.-.,kO< Vial. " from "'u>Vi<h , ..

~I<'I.;' loom "'''''" ., , ..1.
K ",~,, ' _ . '''' >6,_ >6l (.-.;'m"d "" n'?, in K""", :tim. " I. K",.", .00
~ kg<' th.r <h< """,nm"" ...,..,.,
o<)o/<n 33. 'n",.d of"r>" <on_ ",,,,.. I""'n." ""'.-. ,vi<l<nc<
d;K"I"OC)' bo",n , ... ""'n .00 ,.~ ; n' , ,,,.,.,,
(Ko<~" ' ..... ' '''1. lohn " ' . ho"""" . .J", "" "r>" ""not "",,:
" 8d .. """ , .. , . ,30- m. I .. "n 1<.. i""'p<nd<nu-rl""""""d . 1"",sKoI "'pr i.
...1"" ;n , foom 0.10" ,"'" , .... found .. ""'n , nO ....., I"""" " " ;. proI>oblr b"",J
on rbo .. IT>< oo Oft ~ mU " ".do"",-, of. mil .... 1966. ,",_"'.
"
<0""'" ",,'
0<.
CHAkLES H l LL
inexplicable, ..... mong the common .l"ra,ion> tho, .utho," make '0
'heir dteci I<x" wi,hou" in 'heir view" distoning 'ho~ texts. In 'he
c .., of hi, ,ub>t itu ,ion of "reborn' (a VaY'.WIl&i;r<) for John'. "born
.gain" or "born from abo,..,' (iav ~~ )'fVVTl6il ihxu6r:v), it i. quite pos,ible 'hat hutin .i mply fel' tho, """Y""vO:(l) would be Ie .. perplexing
'0 hi. pagan audience ,h.n the expression "born from .bo"e."" A,
any r"e, he h.d .Iready . dop'eci
a. hi> .. rm for regenewion 'hrough b'pti.m, using i, 'hree times in 'he first p.n of 'he
paragraph," ,hLa, ,hi. modification of John 3 , 3,~ i, in keeping with
,hi. cho .. n t heologic.1 vocabulary, Tatian would soon u.s< the .. me
lexical modification of John ],] or 3,~, "I too, in im i'a,ion of 'he Word,
h.ving be<n begott<n again (aVlly<w~9d;r (Ora,. ~.3).
The divergences bet,,'..,n Justin'. ot. ~~ , ;",<)"9.,,, " " ,~,. !la'''M'''v
'"IV o\,pa""", .nd John '. o~
.'",i..9.:1v <,:; ,~v 1I"<>OM,a" <O~
9,0~ (John 3'~1 may be due, as ",me have .uggested to. con",ious"
0' uncon><iouo conflation, with M.tthew t8:3 (ot. ~~
ri,. !lamM;"
ot.pa"""'I." It i, natural enough '-'ip for tho><
well .cqu.inted with the .imil.r .. ying in Matthew. It i. even pos.ible
that II""'M'''" '"'"
i. what 'preareci in Justin'. text of John,
.. <,'en the original ",,,be of Codex Sinai,im. wrote !lamM",," '"'"
ot.pov"", in hi, copy of John 3,~, " According to Rom.nid .. ," .11 cita,iom of John 3,]-~ before Origen, have "kingdom of hea,'en" instead
of "ki ngdom of God.'
Thu. the d ilferences bet w""n Justin'. cit.tion . nd 'he .urvivi ng texts
of lohn are not ,uch .. m.ke it n"" .... '1 to po.it another >ource f."
Ju"in besides lohn. Moreover, it i. rerh.p. helpful to remembe, t h.,
Ju"in i, o nly claiming '0 quote Jesu, here, not John. That i., Justin,
one might "y, .ccurately quotes I",u, (in reproducing hi. me.ning),
though he d.,.. not, from . text-critic.1 " andpoin', .ccurately quote
"YaY''''''"'''
1\\,,,,,,,,-,
<,,,of"""" <'"
'"W
ot.pa,,,,,,
Pry'" l W l , t6~
6,-, . , H,.no ",.. "" """" .rn.,......"." ;n 61.1, 66.t . nd .. m.l t lB.'. Cf.
ro
oil." ,,..;,,' .... ..... ;n IJML .,,7. ~""~ M mor "",,,, .... n, "
R",",uU.s.,.
117) ,Mnl>,' 'he""
f.. "" ""I";",w "" on I"";""
dar. ""'" ..
,o. ."m lu";,, h..J oOOr<<<l ,
~ wh;u.k"
M
1""_ t"~.
"'1'"' 1991, 1M. -,,,,,If br"" ",on<! ""'"')',
,,,,, ....), .. ....'do", " ,' .00 John H. , wouIJ "",,,, b<," u"",,,,oad ...pt;un.dlr
"oh ''''''';''g fu~ " g of ,,,,,In s," s,..,,"'" t .." ", .
~
_omiw_ '.. .
(t."-"",,
0,." .....
"IN,". ""_tJ2;
"""""MI<.
""""rod<. t"'_"". t-l3l,
'<n"
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~""', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
2n
Ihe t<x1 of John-just u he often does nol accuralely quote 1M tex"

of Ihe Synoplic Go.pels, 0' <ven Ihe LXX"
But could the "ppearanc< of this .. ying of I",us in 1 ..pol. 61.4 l><
the ,esult of its survival through the "free tradition: without lustin',
knowledge of the written gospel' Fo, thi,
l>< the at>< one must po.it
the ,uM,""1 of the story in Rome in about l~, and this i, only pan of
the difficulty, The othe, p.n is .he a.. umption th.t thi. f.. e t ... dition
wa. acc<ssible to Justin ap ., from .he w,itten g""pel which all ag'''''
wa. in ex;'.enc< .nd circulating well befo .. this time. If I Apol. 6l,4-~
.. p.... nted the only place in Justin', WTitings where. familiarity with
John .... m. 10 .un.c<, one might pe,h.p' l>< lempted to hold the",
two 'U!;!;estM solutions in "luilibrium, But it i. no. the only place,
""en in .he .. me con Ie",
Completely igno,ed in t he treat men" of this ..ying of Jesu. by
Koester, Hillmer, .nd Bellinzoni . .. the word. which immlialely
follow it in Justin's apolo);)' (61.~ ), "Now, th at it i. imJ'O"'ible fo,
those who h"" once bn born to ent into t heir mo.he,,' womb.,
i, manifest to all," wo,d, which ""ho .he reply ofNicoJemu. in lohn
3A: "How can a man be born when he i. old! Can he en'" a ",""ond
time into hi. mother. womb and l>< bom1- Did .he b.pti.m.1 t ract
postulated by the,., ",hoi." contain a denial of the po"ibility of ..
entering ones mother'. ,",omb as weill" Did this pan, too, .urvive
till l~ in t he of,,,,, t... dition" 'pa., from the go>pei conle'" 0" did
Ju<tin a nd the lohannine autho, e.ch come up with .he thought of
'0
~ Wo." I",tin ,"" "" G<k oT;n lApel., 0. .om'ti .... ' <;t<, from , ohort"
foom w h~ ~ SLoBO."" (10071, "l\u<o """'.
o,ri~"n "~ ; mon" "'",c<. ,1><",
<;u,"" from ""TO"'" oft,n ",00..", (by .n,,";"" I. ;" """",,t<. onJ ,omb;"" m<t<
",",. s," SI<"",""" ' 007, ,.-6<1. '" lXm. " .t , to. .;"' .... of G<n .. ,10-1 1 "h;!';"
",..,.1 ,;grur.,,,", &,.","000 from to. LXX "XI' (SI<",W""" >007. "1.'1>< <In'".
,........Iud< "" .....
of .",nl<, ''''"g<> .. to. forrrn of mho, <00 ,I>< om;,
""" of """"' """ (poooibIy..,. 00m0t'~"(""1 . W.... " moot "Mn8 ;' t"', I.~ ;"
""",fie", d.;m, 1><" '0 '" "'prod"";"! ,I>< won!> of Mo." "];" "Uy" "' ";n t l><",
"'1' "",do' I .1m ",;,wI,.- 1 '''''00;11
* on !Ii "'; 00;""", ." ro, . ,'''''' .... .....",.,.,. , 00:.,; ';,m~ ....-;....",,;
;..p;;,...,. "''''''''' ,""" "''' (J Apel. 6'--'1; ... ~"".. ,
,.""'&;;wu " ' ~
.",).in,. ''''
i
(Jolon H I
" c.:",,;oI, ,I><", ;, no >m:'f'<""I<nc< ;n ,n, .,, ' <;,.1 .. <I"',.JI; ""'''" 00;,,,,,,,, .""),9""
&....,",." ';"
... ,..,""'*"",
CHAkLES H l LL
re-entering one'. mothe" womb inderendently i'"' [ find each o>f th ...
ugg."ed ..,lutiom to> be more difficult th.n t he ,ugge"io>n thot in
both hi. p .... ph ... stic dtatio>n of r.sus' words in John 3,3,~ and in hi.
echo of the Johannine record of Nicodemus' ob;"'t>On in John 3A
Justin i imply derendent uron John', "Titten go're[." John', Cosre[
"..'" <enain[y in exi"ence and avai[.ble by this time: the correorondence her. i ubst>ntia[ in content, in wording, and in length. lhe
fact that Justin doe. not quote John with ex""t verha[ pred,;on, in thi.
c."", h.. very litt[e relevance.
Justin . 100 know< detail, con .. ined o>nly in John', accou nt o>f lesus"
b'pti.m (Dial. 88.7). Ju"in ob""rYe> that while ..,me ,upro~ th.t
John the B.ptist wu the Christ. he him",lf "cried to them, '[ am not
the Christ, but the voice of on. crying, for he that is monger than I
.han come, who"" . h"", I am not wonhy to> bear,'" K""ster correctly
points out. "Th. an.wer 'I am not the Christ' h a. a parallel only in the
Go.pel of John; the mntinuation of the Bapti"', .nswer in Justin (,but
the voice of. crie,) .1", recall. the text of the Founh Go.pel ..... It
look. in faet like Justin. in ,ummarizing the accou nt in lohn UO-B.
ha, 'imply .kipped from the S.ptist, denial "I am not the Chri,,"
() .20) to hi. affirmatio>n, "but 'the voice of one crying'" (1023). ,,h..e
he i. quoting Isa 40.3. Ko<"" d.nie. 'hat th is .ignifie> Justin', knowledge of the Founh Go.rel. how,,'''' preferring the explanation that
Ju"in .imply "de\'eloped the an.wer of th. Baptist on the b.asi. of
Luke', text ILuke 3,)~J and the l sai.h prophecy [lsa 40:3J,'''' luke
3,) ~ sa),>, "A. the prople were in expectation, .nd all men questioned
in their hear" concerning John, whether l"'rhap. he were the Christ
(~~~O"[f. flU'", <l~ ;, (P,,,<o.;) ... " K""'1<" explanation would mean
that both Justin .nd John ind'pendently, from t he crowds" mming
"whether rerh.p. he were the Christ" (Luke 3 . 1~), put the word."[
.m not t he Chri" (o\, ~ ';~I;' l PL"'6.;,)" into the !\aptist'. mouth, and
then both independently excerpted word. from [sa 403 and placed
them too in ,h. mout h of 'he !\aptist (none of the Synoptic Go'rel.
'[J.
~ C.Ip<1'f"" , .... ,
"1"" prot'" th .. on< , ... _ lil<'&IIy I>< oo.n ag.U" con I><
......, on, tim< .""" m<t.op/<rn-><.t 1,"_, i. ",,<I. Hm too, I"";n n<l noll>< dhng
)00" J.J--" -Th,, ... m,

~ 1~",.oo
Lo IT>< I.
G.-..., , ....
H K.,..", ' _ , " "

~
K.,." .. '_,""
,~,
d.
1>< "",h.
w.rt"l<
1907. 1'iO, s.rn.,-,J mnJ7<1.
h., ,he !\ap'ist d'ing I,. 4(H in regard . '0 him .. lf). I find ,hi...,h er
hard to I><li""e.
From . ,ignifican' batt ..y of"'1< no' wn,id .. ed by Ko<ster, we m.y
surmi", 'hot lohn', prologue played. formotive role in lustin',
understand ing of Christ ., ' h e Word of God, God', Monogenos,
"I><gott.n after a re<uliar man ner" (/ APOI. 22.1; 13.1), .nd a, h" 'ing
bKome fle.h. A. I haw , umm.rized el .. wher,,"
.1..,
While lohn', Go>pel m.y
00' h"" be<n 'he only ",flu.",e on lustin.
'UJgo< Christology', the <011".<".,,,, wi,h loon', pr ...."tion .'"

numero .... nd h"" <omincl m.ny ' hat it ~'... k..,. ",ur, or ,he
key source, for h.. under ... nding of J<>u,' . .. rna.! dei' y (J ApoI. '-4;
10,6> 60,7; 63 . 1 ~; 1 Itp.>i. 6.3, 4-~) . nd i",ar,..,ion (J Itp.>i, 21.1; 22.2;
23.2; 32,10; Dial. 63.2). lustin u .., the ~..,rJ """"" a few times .. rly in
hi, fir>t apolo,l;y in the ..,"'" of 'reason '. He in" oou,...ooth<r n",.n
ing, .. a title (of Ie",. Chri" ... d"in. being, in chap.. r ~, 'p..ki"& of
'Re.",n Him.. lf (ou,oo M; AOy.>u), ",ho 'ook .n,p<,.nd b<c.n", m.n
(."""""''''''' rui i..vIlp.;...". ytvo~i"",,), and "'... called jeo", Qri,,'
(J Ap.>i. ~,4J, lbi. n.inly r.II. 'h< ProIogu< of ,h. Foonh Goopel,
~'here j .. u, Chri" i. coUI " ).I,yo.;, .nd .pedfi<a.!1y it ",all, John L 14
(<oi" 1..ityo.; ""~ iyi ... ro), ,h. fi .., ,ime the ",I< i. ""'" in (onn,ion
~ith ,he i",o",a,ion" lustin el,,,wher. ref." to this Word .. divi""
(Btlo,;. I Apol. 10.6), as God (~, I ApoL 6l1~), both "mini.,,"t
of lohn U, i... "o>ii hv /, A/rro.>; ...-ai IItI>; ~v " ...,.,.",. lustin d<scribH
the UJgoo .. t<io ""f"'. Q,,,,,,~ (J Al"'l. 60,7). the Fourth Go>pel say,
;, ...,,,,,,, ~ 1";; to. 9."". (L 1); oi;; I"""'1"<voi;; .""" ruff {U4); ;,
..... uf"'. ,oii 9roi; (6,46), In ' he "':000 . rolo>gy he .pe.ks "mil.,ly,
. nd ref", to ,I>< cr .. tion of the work! through ' he So" (2 Itpol. 6.3,
4-~), Justin kno~~ the I"'S0'" God'. o"ly proper or righ,ful Son (0
..ovo; M.,o,."vo; ."".:...; ";.;;, cf lohn I J4, ~. 0.; ~""""",,u.; "'''''ruff. who w.. ",ith him ("",..;,.., d . loon U, 2 ~v.1";; "'" lit,,.)" at
the b<ginmng (rij. i..v.t~v, cr, Jolin U, 2. i. ~P>ii), through whom God
,,,,,1.11 thing. (S,- aUM; ~u"'a [.'''~". d. loon U . ';'vtO S, 0"'00
tyiv"to). loon i. not quoted, but Instill. wOlds are 00' . p.ar>phr>'" of
the Fourth Go'pei'. ""hing . oou, tl>< Logo. from its Prologu., s..,..,ral
tim .. l"'tI" .pe .... of the Word'. homing m.1" or b<conung lie'"
(,. g.. I Ap.>i. nl, 22.2; B.2, 32.9, 10; 63.2) in term. which, gi .... " Justin',
pe",h.int fo r '''ryi"& the w<ord ing of hi, SOU"" .nd of his OW" "'p"" .
oonl, . ppear .. permu,",ion, of loon LI, lJ. 14. 18 . On, ",.mpl. is
I Apol. 31.10, 'And til<
pow" .tt" God the Father . nd Lord of all
fi",
'00610, ,,,_,," . .-,>< ""'''' <l<Wled CO",;,!,,,,;"" 01 !hi, .... nol , > mil
JO"-"'. Non< of ' hi' ",""""I i. ",>tal in K"", ... , ...,.
" i~
NOO.
w .~dl< "". 1.
" Cf..oo~. 61.4, "",,"" ....."".
CHAkLES H l LL
i, the Word, ~-ho i, .1", the Son; . 00 of H,m we will, in what follow~
"ute how He took fIe.h and b<c. me man (~~P",.",~&t~ i;,~",
Of thi, p..,. se 11'. ",11< "y., '0 texte .. mble bien <'''e krit
' Y It ..,.Yeni, p,ki, du Pro"gue .k I't",mtil. i/. I."n',~
,...,..",,,r.
Ref<renc<'> to Christ', I><ing "produced without ",xu.l union" (I },('OI.

ll.!), literally, "without mixing: i.e., of blood. (cf. Di"l. ~ . l, 63 .2),
.nd """omins m.n .ccording to Hi, will" (I }'pol, 23.2, cf. Dial. 3,2)
.ppear to go back 10 the so-c.11ed "We"ern re.ding of lohn U 3, or
to the Chri"ologic.1 interpretation which m.y h.ye gi,'en ris< to it,
which <ubstitut .. the ,ingular pronoun and w rb for tl>< plural . nd
therefore understand. "who wa. oom, not of blood. nor of the will of
the fle.h nor of the will of m.n, but of God" o ref<rence to I... u., not
to Chri>ti.n . There i. one p.a ...ge in the Dialogu< which .pp.arentlr
gi,-., the source of t hi, 1<aching . oout the Word becoming nesh:
For I have proved that he was mo"ot<"<1 ("""""vi);) 10 the Father of
all lhings (top .~,~i t.... 0.>.0..-), begotten ofbim in l""uli.. m.nne, ..
Wo,d and Pow, .oJ ;'t" b<.:om< man throogh th. virgin, as ,,~ hove
""'rned f,om the memoi ... ~ (OW IOU, d. , 100,2,4)
Here we ,e,,,,, to h",~ clear . "enion that Ju"in', source for hi,
belief. aoout a lli,,'. pre-exi,tence and hi. incarnation wa. (or at le.st
included ) the Ap,,,,oJi, M,,,"o;,, , That i" he <laim' he is not bo,ing
this teaching on oral tradition, on liturgical 0' cat",hetical manual.,
I",j,,"oni~ SOU" . . , or, ultim.telr, on rudiment.ry go.pel harmonies,
but on a written text or tex" which he con. id,,, to belong to the",
Memoi.-.. book> he el",wbere .a).. were written by Jesus' apo<tI .. and
their follo,"",rs (Dial, !O3 .8). Ike ..... the only hown writ ing which
could ro .. ibly have prmided him with this kind of information . oout
the pre-exi"ence of lesuo as 'only-begot1<n' of the Father i, lbe Gospel
according to lohn, it would _m that we have 0 -,moking-gun" reference to lohn (Jobn U4,18; H6), John Pryo' bo, argued, ooWfl'er,
that wh .. lustin attributes to the Mm,o;" .oould be rtricted to the
mention of the virgin binh alone. He orgu .. that .ince I"",i" sa)"
he h.. demonstrated his ca .., if Ju"in i. relying on lohn, we .hould
find "evidence of di,w dependence on lohn I in the .rgument of the
"THOUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l", UC"n'ON l N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
n9
.,.rli~r chapt~"' , "I
Pryo' finds no ,uch evid~nco, while fi nding on t he

other hand t h.t lust in d "", u .. Ma" hew a nd Lu k~ in chapter 78 in
demom tration of Christ', birth from a virgin_
A p roblem wit h Pryor. argument, however, i. tha, l ustin d "". not
.. y here tha t h~ ha, 'proved" hi. a",,,tion "from t he ,\1..,10;"," o nly
that h~ and others h.,~ learned someth ing fro m th~ m~ moi", The
pl ~ ral "we" in, "as we h.ve I~arned fro m t h~ ,\ f,mo;",' ",f~ .. no ,to
I ~"in and Trypho, and th~,efo,~ not to wha, he . nd T rypho hav~
ag'<ed to, but to Just in . nd othe, Ch ri",ia n . " What i. J ~"i n .. ying
he ha, pro,'''''' The .. ntenc~ ...." . t h. t he ha. pro,''''' that he was
monog<n" to th~ Father of all thing'," Th< n fo llow two .ubo, dinate
claw<. de..:rlbing by adje<:t i"al p" rt icipl'" t hi> figure who i. mo"oK'""
to the Fath~, "begotten (yqf_Wlj~ivo.;) of h im in pe'Cu liar m. n ner
a. Word and Power, and I. ter become (1'-">"""") man through t he
"i'gin ." In .ayi ng that he ha. proved this on~ to be th~ Only-begotte n
to the Fathe, of all things, he i. ""id~ntly ,~ferring to th~ di"",.ion
'Ko,ded earlie, in chapters 6 1-62, Neither t he,~ no , anywh~,-., ~I ",
p'e>'ioU>!y in the Dialogu< h .. he u,.,.] th~ wo,d ~o""l""~<; it ..If," but
in 6 1-62 he "p roved" from "'ri pture th.t
God be~" (Y'_0,-,-,,, ) before.U Cf~atu r.. a Be~lnnmg __ _, il>Ce h< ,,-..
bq;o11<n of the Fath.. by an ""t of ~iU C;" to<; ~." ..ru ""~ Ik~ito"
r<Yt~,)", the Word (~ A{,ru<;) of Wisdom who is HIll, .. lf thl> God
bq;011<n 0("", Fath.. of aU things (iL<O..ru "'t~ ..... 0.>....- " .... .-,11<,,).'
nd Word, . nd Wi""'m, . nJ I'<lW<1", and the Glory of tbe Beg~tt.. (to1;
Y''''';''''''''')" _(6 l.! - 3) , ~
" P')'O< 1"1, ,\6-'57 1M, < m p-ho~'I . R <=gnw "~ "'" "I",... '" John m 0"",
, .... "" . nd f,,!! " ,",, 1001. ].(Il_JO'. "of, ..h,,, ( 1" 1, '0<1 ""knowiNg" , .., tt"
,;,k
"10,,, '" "'" ~ of 101m, bot ,M.l> I.";. " Id on fo<m of
"'" I""'nn;", proloo'" ..h ~ .... ,,;I ;oo.l"nd.. , '" , '" """rtO Gool"" H ;, huc
'" ' " how \h;, rouIol b<, ..- ;oo..c ,.<tin ", ... , ;, '" ,'"
" i.,.;a,..,. ", '"' _I; m.v;"""", ;n ,'-" .nd w."";; . ... ,.v "' a '; '00.1, ai,
oom<IMng I.,,;n .nd "'''', a.,;";.,,, .." hmal, ,,00""000. '" p";",d lrom
"'" "rip'"''', bu. ~-h ..h c.n"" '" " , ribu"d '0 T <ypho .nd ha In.nd...
"lb, """d", ,ri"," from ,'" o ,,,,k '"noLo,.,. of F. nlll. but "'" loe! ,.. ,
I.";. ;n" ;n<\;,ri, " 00""","" u,;, ... U ,;"oIopcal h!k" in"""';,,_ ' n I ~,...
hod >J .,.. ,
Uri .. a ,n. ""?' prop<' "'" who .... """ "'so<"" by
u..l """"" ioii.>; .ii..; "e." ri""1,a, )." lh;, ''''' would ""m 'o ,,11m ","n',
""'''''f'"''
M._".
--H' '"
I"'"
" a. .....",."" ... ,' ,,,,-,,I ,.. ~ oI.ro; "' 1Ji.!_ '"'_'~
,. '''''I.6,... Uri.. ;, calk<! "'"
~ '" God
"I" '"
'(Or""".H 'nl
:P"'l
'n, p4., , ''''' '1"'<1 p) H' "'1"1 .1" ..... "jdJ. ..,.!ioro.,mp "'fl ~u,,tJ>'
JO ('m"'.rr~ ") II!" ""'"""J ..... 'u,"", 1" P'" "Gl w OJj ~",>d. "'" I"P ~,,~
>OUH . ',....,"" iluo"1 .. , " l"!<' "' p"qnd". "<l l"'l . 'f'>Il 'I'"'" itu"... -'" .u,,"
lIu,woo~ " ~I 1" lIu,pu.,,,,'I'"" '.
I -on e
I '('I'll" '''''''''''''') _'I''{I
1Iu'_'''l. J3 ;Qil,'!4~).'" "'I"i JO lIu, fU"" "'I' imp'll" 'no., .i""-'\I-'r
-V"" " '1'\1 , . _"" ..... m<\"""", ' .., ~ "'"
A'" m....)
0, 'II'" ;,f"'D lq '1''11 >UOO~ ~';""'I.' ' ''I .. i--J;,>do
><fI 'jinru'fl I... .."." ~) .u,," iluowro>q. ', ~"'P ~
:::t"".j"
_ ,;; '"I' .(q ".;.,
~ n 01
"."n
.,04"
"'{>l
'"r<""l
"""'l'''''
g, "'''''''
-"!O""JV 041 JO .uo ,~." 1><1.0::> ,. u~of l"ql ~u!A.". 'p nw ,. 11'''
" UjSJ!A "'I' t(.lnOJ41 u~w .mo""'l su".~. ~ JO u,,,o~-.(luO ~q,
,noq~ "W"" W '4' mo,) P.UJ~~I'4 .An u !"nf l'ql u.A3 ,i'UO\I"lnw
-10J ',ul"n! uo .nlloIOJd ',u'Iof JO lU!,dw ! '4' ""04' ~J~lj.""l~ q'!~'"
.~"n2u 'l U! U.AjS ~JO u.w ~U!w0""'l. '! q JO u"!,d!-,,,,~p '4' pu~ ~~.
_uO<J..J ~u\A!P ' 141)0 uOjld,J:><.p "" ' 410\1 'UjS,!_, '4' I(.lnoJq, UOlU 2u1
_lU0<j 2u1><J , u'''l"-,,d O}O ~.><I, IOU 0p A<>'U '(f' &L -'''!(J u1 1""P
'no)''! ''''''! ~<;Ilurl~"~ ~! 'on) . ,!,!dS .1loH 'q, JO . ..." PI'q' ~1 '"4'
.... 01 .. 'OJ os ,>02 .,""qn~l~ '''q'"J uomnq 0 JO U"!,odp,,,.d '4'
mOJ} uod. 2U!A!"UO' uj2J!A 0 ,noqo ~o><l, '~nl puo ""qn~l~ U! q"lq
"n"J}o "uno,,,",'U ;u!2J!., ' 411(.lnoJ41 uom 2U!lUO<j" 'J~"f '41
)0 u,n02>q-AluO '4' ',m2y 'U!A!P " lnoq. ,"q 'm1iJ1" mOJJ Pl!4"
)0 4'-'!'I ,nol"'U!W '4' ,"oq' Aldw!, 2u!~ o><l, IOU '1 '4 .. nD>q '! '1'U
-u40J)0 '21"'1'''OU~ '14 '''''ll''J .1I'~!l Ill" Pin"" IU'W",,, '!4 1 'uj2J]A
JO UJoq 2u!><J "].14:1 lnoqo "m.p ,,"u1pJoqn, puo, .. '4' U! Iu,m.,."
'!4 0, "roUI>j\' ' 'II 0' >ou'}" ',U!lrnJ "!,,.,J PIM' ouo J! U"'l
'uo1," 1",'od ""u, '4' pWlU
u1 . A'4 "'I" lrnm '4 "!OUl>JV '4' lUOJ} <liU! 41 "'41 JO P'U,""1 "4
'4 ..... '4 u'4M '"4 1 .m,w ' !'U "~nl pu. ""'4n'l~ JO ' 1><1"'9 ''II
puo ..m,d1"'s 4'1""1 ' 41 42noJ4 1 1"'"oJd ' 04 '4 4' !4'" 'CU12J IA ''II
4~nOJ41 uow 'lUO''''! mOl puo 'l .."od pu. 1"011\ ' 0 J>uuow "lIn~.
u1 lUI4Jo u.n02><J '<liU!41 II'}O "Q'"d '4' 0, <>u'&'uOUl " ""4 '"4 1. )
u"!'"I""od "!lU' '41 pU1m u1 'A04 01 . w.... ' 4 'u'4' ',2u!4' ''' 41
.1"'.,rud. "4 ~ ..... up,n! "~ ...\ '8L '!"!(J U! (W'41 2U!lUOU lnoql!'"
42n04') ."n'l pu. ""'4nol\l mOJ} "! UOWP'" 0, ' '-'0'" .1IIOUY'4 't FL
"'I JO uj2J],' '4' JO Uloq u""'1 P"4 'J>4'"f '4' JO "u.llcuo", '4' '2u !"'I
']4' ' 04' .,n ld].l>< 4'1""'! ",!1 lUOl} ,.,old 'J>""MOIl 'IOU Plno, up,n!
>OU]5 .-pu1]JJ Am '<1u,mn!l,. AllOW .1'1 puo " lqpJoJ 'w 0 1 I"'AOJd
u""'1 "4 lu !od ' !'11- '"4' ,>ounouoJd oqdU,l ['f9 '!"!(J "! 'l""'pu1
puo "-'IDUl'!\' ' 'II WOJ} 'ou 'rn pm 8['9<'1 u"!) '9"I{"& AOJd '",ml
_d!-,'" 4',"'1 ~1 lUOl} "HI 2U!lp.1q ' 141 .",oJd. 0' uo lU'''' up,n!
w,
111K '. '.'HK"
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
261
,ha,
The concl""ion
rohn wa, one of rUSl in', Aro"olk Memoi",
ill connrmed by a Sludy of the mall ... whkh he .. fers to being
found in "the ACIs ""h k h 'ook pLoce under Pont ius Pil ...: .. I have
de,.iled el..,,,,,here," In 'hr"" plac .. in 'he Fim Apology (3~,9, 38.7.
~8.3), IUSlin refe .. ' he emperor . nd the ",nate '0 ...,me,h ing he call,
"The Am ""h ich took pl.ce under Pont im Pil ...: .s if ' 0 "" of
rord " D<-spile some ,"emp" '0 do so, it i. 'ppu<n, th., the..
canno' be rela,ed '0 later apocryphal Pila'e liter.'ure, .uch .. the Am
of P;/a/< no"" conlained in the Gosp</ of Nico,j""us." Though hi>
la,in I""nword in C",ek lelte .. (acta; (in"",) give. ,he .. record n
official sound, it i, imro .. ible '0 conceive of t hem a. offici.1 Rom.n
documen" chronicling 'he .ctiviti .. of Pon,iu, Pil.,e, for th ey .Ilegedly nor .. t. le.us b irth .nd gro>l1h '0 manhood, hi. healing of t ho ..
fflic ted with v.riou. physical handicap nd d i"'..... and hi, ",i.ing
of t he de.d ( I ApoL 48,3). t he gainsaying, denial and ,onu.. of him by
hi. persecutors. t heir selling h im on a Judgrn<n' ~t, h i. crucinxion,
'he soldie,,' u.ing nail. '0 .ffix hi. h.nd nd f"'" '0 the cro .... nd
'heir ca"ing of 10" for hi. ,<"Sture. The ma ny de,.il> .11 bu, dem.nd
'hat JUSlin is here referring, by ano,h .. name, a n.me t.ilored '0 t he
'rologe,ic occ ion. '0 ' he go'peb in US< by him .nd other ehri";.,,,
in Rome at 'he time," Th.t ,he OlriSli.n gospel. could reh'. ouch . n
.ppell.. ion i. eviden, oo,h [rom ' h e tille of l uke's second volume, t he
Ac"of the Al""'tle. (which we Irnow "'.... in u>e .,le.SI from ,he ,ime
of Irenae",), .nd from comp.r;""n with how bot h Papi nd .pparenlly Ign.'iu pe.k of 'he con len" of th. gOpel. (see below)." Th.t
Ju"in i. ind""d ref.rring '0 ,he>< go.peio under 'he name of "Acts
whkh took place under Pont ius Pil"e; m.y be ascert.ined from 'wo
"''' of pa ... ge> in 'he Fim Apology .nd 'he Diau,gue with r'}l'ho,
In I Apol. nand 38, JUSlin cI.im. th., 'he emperor m.y ",.d of t he
fulMm.n, of P. 22016 and '8 (""They pierced my hands .nd f"",' . nd
"They p.rted my g.rmen" among 'hem, and c.SI lots uron my ve.,u",') in ,he" ACIs whkh 'ook place (riiw ...
under Pontius
Pil.te," Bu, in Dial. 104 he aIIeSl, to Trypho 'hat ,h. fu lfillm<n' of P.
n,Il<:-18 "i. written to have ,.ken plac. (l"...o,..<VQ'OI) in 'h< Memoir>
-.c"
l"""";''''''')
" _,I.<
"go""'"' 'n goc"t<, ..,.......,,)h1J ""',.
, S<, ""'''', ' ..... ." w.",,11< ' 981, "', on 'H.
~ K",~" (, ..... 41 ----111 ..g.... ,,,", th<" '" ;n>!<,"" "I!"'f'd ",,',," I~ by "hkh
I.< 'P!"" "'1y """n .... t<mh .mkh f"<.d.ot< ,'" wnttm
known .. lI"'P'k
s<, H'U ""'7. 'iO-n
,,,I>
CHAkLES H l LL
of hi. 'pOIltl . " It i. th e sam. with Ps 2107, "lhey .pah with their lipo,
they wagged the head, ..ying, 'w Him deli,'er Him .. lf'" In j ApoI,.J.8
Justin refer> the road .. to the "Act>" for the fulfill mont, while in Dial.
101.1-.1 he r.r." Trypho to the ,\1"'10;" of
Apo"I".
1he point to mak< here i. that in material which he .,,,ib nte. to the
Acll: lustin include< detail> kno"'n only t hrough th. Fourth Go'rel.
All of the><, then, are 'rM.ctional" elements unique to john. among
known &""1"'1. Fir>!, there is lustin'. mention of the judgmenl ...t
at t h. tri.1 of I u .. I""t in believe. thal I.. '8.2, "They now ask of me
judgment, and dare to d",w near to
wa. fulfilled when, during le.us' trial, the Jew. .t 1"US down on the judgment .... (a~,';,
.~"a L"av i.\ ~~~"''''', 1 Apol. 3M) , It i. only in john', Go.p<l th.t
,,'e read of a ~~~" on which j"uo could have sat, "When Pilate heard
the~ word., he brought j""" out and .. t down on the judgment ...t
rlace called Th. P>vem.nt, and in Hobrow, Gabbatha: justin ha.
apparently read i~"ij,<><v of john 19,13,. referring not to Pil.te but
to I"",, This i. an e''"getical tradition known al.., to th. author of the
G0'P"I of Pel" (the Akhmim Frogment) 3,7, who also h .. Jesu. rather
than Pilate .. ated, but who , uMtitut .. the word. ml1</'opclv <pi""",,,
... t of judgment, for lohn'. p~~a"
lhen there is Imtin'. neg .. i. of Ps 12:16, "They piercM my hand.
and my r""t: whic h he ..y. ha. reference to "the nails (ijJ..rn) of the
cro .. which wor. fixed in hi. hand . and f"" t" (I /tpol. n ,7). The
Synoptic GO'rel> do not mention I.. us' being h eld to the cr",. by
nail. (a. oppo>ed to rore or lealh .. , which were u>ed with m any crucifixion "ictim.), among early go'rel .. only joh n and the Go,pd of p""
m.ntion them, Thi. i., of cour,", a detail of Q ui,,'. crucifixion which
might ha,. ~n widely known withou t referonco to any written narrati\'<, But in j Apol. 38.7 Ju"in tell, hi. reader> <redfically thot they can
learn about t hi, fulfillm.n t of p, 2H 6 from a ,,~itten >ourco, alluding to th. >ourco mentioned in chap.. r 3', the Ac" which occurred
under Pontius Pilat . " And. a, pointed out abo,., in Dial. W.j Justin
claim. thaI t h. piercing predicted in P,12 .! 6 "i. writt.n to h,,'e taken
place in the m.moi" of hi. apOlltl..: Thi., again. points to the identity
of the Mem";,,.nd th. "Acts: and it mean. not only that j ustin knew
,h.
God:
.t,
On .... "l.o.'iornMp bo' ..... " lh< ""'1"1 of '01.., Go>, p", .n<! J"";" , "" K""",
Hill IDOO. _ _ _ , " 0 _lJ1, . n<!"" G<>< P". , od
oow
~'too
roo,;ndnM'
J","n "" nor '"'I"ndm, "P"" C= p",
'991,
N6-,."
''''''" >00,.
"P'
,ho,
J",r;", ,,,
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l ' , UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
263
written aoun' whkh men,ioned 'he n.ils of the crucifixion, but

'hot ,uch a IIOUrc< w .. one of the M,,,,o;,, of 'h, Apo,tl",
FUrlher de .. ib concerning 'he cast ing of lou for J.. u.' garmen', in
fulfillment of p, 11 ,18 (John 19,14) in I ApoI, 3~, ~ ,8: 38.4; Dial, 97.3,
and lust in', men,ion of Je.us healing ..,me who were atlliCled "from
their binh' (h 1" '''''~' in Dial, 69.6, d. John 9,1,19,20'}1 ), al.., point
to the .. me con<lusion," Justin has relied on John ', written go>pel for
hi. knowledge of le.us' crucifixion, and thi . gO'pel must h .... been
one of t he At.mo;" of 'h< Apo>tJ".
Walter &lUer contended t h., "t he go.pel of John Ita. left no notkeable impreion on Justin: and ,hat Justin .imply retlted the caution
toward. this go.pel which wa . typical of the Roman church "right up
to almost the end of the ...:ond century- a mood that m.nif.". i, .. lf
through .ilence a nd 'hrough explicit rej<o<:tion, "" On the contr.ry,
when Justin i. read carefullr, we see that John h figured promin.ntly
in lust in ', understanding of the divine Christ, 'he Only-b<-gotten of
th. Fath" of all, and hi. being made A.. h, and in lustin', knowl.dge
of 'he even .. of Christ', life and hi, teaching. He i, familiar wi th <lemen" whkh a re ",. ttered 'hroughou, the go>pel, which .1.., .peak.
ag.inst his being dependent 'imply upon trad ition or upon preJoh. nnine source .
A n umber of "hoi." h.ve though' ,hat lustin', word, in Di~1. '03.8,
that the M,,,,o;rs were composed br "Ie,us' . postl", and their foHowe..; imply his accept.nce of four Go. pet., t wo written br apood e..
two by followe" of .poode .... In any case, it ..,em. we mmt conclude
that John w.. one ofth. Go.peb which Justin call< t he Memo;,.,- of the
Ap''''/e" A. such, John wa. evidendr read from, on occa.ion, in t he
",..,ekly mefling. of Roman O"i>tians for worship on Sunday, ( I ApoJ,
67.3) and wa . expounded like th. proph .... nd otber Go.pels. Not
only doe> 'his conclmion follow .rom th. evidence of Justin', writing.. it al.., helps explain how Joh n would soon fun Clio" along.ide
th. 'hr~ Synop'ic Go.pel. as the ba.i, of Tatian'. Di~te"aron, how
eebm could a.socia.. it with other writ ings of the great church, how
it figurM in the (orrespondence betw..,n ,he churches in Gaul, A.ia
Minor, . nd Rome in ,he en.uing deud .., and how by the da".., of
" H;ll ""', '1_93.
" ",",,101 ,. 106, 1M.

" """ ,<",])',
SIco"""",, :tOOl.
n S,,, ~ ;, li~ of ,ct,.,l""
CHAkLES H l LL
'he 'hird cen'ury, pain'ing. ba><d on 'he contents of ,hi. Go.p<1 could
be found among ' Il< e.. I;'" . urviving form. of Christian an in 'he
Roman catacomb ."
All of ,h i. 'end. to .how the bankrup'CY of Bouer'. ,hesi. 'hot an
a" i,ude of caution 'o .... ,d. John characteri""" ' Il< Roman church of
,he "",ond cen'ury. culminating in 'he ",.. I opro.i'ion by Gaiu. in
,he ... rly 'hird cen'ury. who allegedly - .. ru<d in 'he gO're! of John
a 'piri' of her..), wi,h which h i, Roman-cbia"ical a"i,ude could
not be ro"dled, '" The fairly complex issues . urrounding Gai u. are
beyond 'h e score of ,hi, """y." bu, i, i. righ' ' 0 poin' ou,
more
ren' "udy ha. ca ned in'o qU<'<tion wll<'her Gaiu. ewr cri,icized
John at an" (,hough he probably d id criticize 'he Apocalyp ... ). And if
G.iu. or anyone in Rome in hi. day I"'eled the charg.. against John'.
GO'rel ,hator< a"ribu'ed by Epiphaniusto ,he Alogi" {Pan. ~1.3, 1-6)>1
and anribu,.,J in medieval Ea"ern soare<. ' 0 Gaia>, it i. clear, ~'"
of all. 'hat , he charge> would have had ' 0 do wi,h d;'crep;ond .. with
'he .ynop'ic. , no' wi,h a ,uprooed gno<!icizing tendency in John.""
,ha,
~ S !iii >004. "'_ ' 66, Among tb< , ....... , ""' mp~' m 'f'P"<"' ''P''''"''hom of II>< .... ~n~ of Lo ..",,, (Job" ")' II>< """ri"n ~= .. II>< ",.0 (john <);
lh< h..I ',,!!of lh< P,, ~ )t i< (John " '_" and ,o. GoOO $h<po.,u (John tC>'-19 """'!l
",b<, pl .... ), lh .. ,bn< ;m,S', con"'" 'imply bo .nnbuk<l to ,"",rodoo, grouP'"
>hewn. tint, Oy lh< foct ,"', lh<", . ", lit"''')' ''''''''hom of lh< pop.wri.,- of ,b<
,""... , th<y "'1""'"' ;" .. rooo_"",.,,, ortt.odo. " u <~ >end br 'o. fact <ho , ,I><
''''g<' oft.. ' PI'''' along'"'" Unog<,/,om lh< oT '" from ",I><, !!O'p<l .. >1 __ """om romm'Won! ,I><m.t., oocq>t<d "rip' u,.! ,.. " """,,,,d Oy "" 8"''' ,hu",h
;" itom<, thi,d 0)' tb<i, 'rp"""'" 'n """.,'" of lh<
of Co1I i ~. ~ WhKh
;, know" '0 "''''
O""N ,00 odm in '~,d Oy tb< Ilonun ,hUKh (!i 'f'P"Irt"'T.-..I, .p, "" "4 . " '.".'" d , T,n u~,,". Af'" "'.,--6). Th< ,"aromb ;m'S" '"''''
pon ,y{"w S,.ou.tly 'm<~"g ~K '.... "'. " HgOon ,........ , ""'.Iopj,,!!
""'""'y_uwl mu'ng it ,.;,;[,k ... " " ,n'""",,", "fkct<d ,o. r,Oth ,nd v..... ,.,( ""
~'hok Chri,h," ,,,,",",.n;,y" ("""n >000.11),
~ ""'" , .". lOS.
",.d;"g of ,I>< ,,, .. 'ion ho, bo<n I<MJowN by ""'"r
"h"I...,
", "~11OOI, tn_N<,
M ""'"' , .. " Hill >004.
~ "AJog;" (umo""""ni! ~ ,I>< "Om< >:p'"","'.' >op b< ti"" '0. ~ '''''P woo ait'_
,",," ,o. Apoc.typ>< ,nJ ""'1"'1 of John and "tribut,d ""m '0 C<ri", h" "mal
,,001... , 'ndoo'~ Sm;th (to'") and Odp<pp<, (, .... ), ,""" """,Iud<d ,"', ""'"
"''''' .... ""h , groop bu,
>:p;phon'., .... 'P',Wng .bout "",., on"
oIoGo. 'n m ) ' op'n,,", "',n' ('''') i, prob.obly
to "" "",<1, woo th;nh "",
!'!" phon'''' ~ om.tg.om' ''ng ""~;"m ["'''' ,~ , ... , ~ w"'n.oo ''''gnmg ,bom.tl
to, .;"gk groop o.
f", ,o. I"''P'''.
~ 11>< only pou'bi< ...... roo- ,.,h ,ro''i<ctu", " ,o. L."",
(by
"'" ,b< AIog;. , od W n (br ,I>< Sy"'m Eb<d "'" .n<! !'"'"l"' u, ho, U .... )
u .... ~ ,.,ribut,d both th, ApocalYl'"
lh< Go",, 1 '0 em",h ... , lho
Co,,,,,,,,,"
"""n
't>
Bow.,
,,3-,",
,ho,
Go,.,
,10><,
ho. ,,,,,,,,,,,tal
'''''l!'
n"
>:"'........,,)
,ho,
"rl.,,, "._
26~
s...:ondly, ,u,h critki.m, if it cam. from orthodox quarte .. , d ..rly

pro ... d to be quite ephem ...1 and ineffecti"" in the face of what mu"
by this time hay. be<n a y~ry longst.nding p.. cti(~ of wing lohn as an
authoritativ~ goope1. The evidenc~ wllfft"" above from the Gallic.n
corr"'rond~nc~, tho ro .. ible witness of Ce!.us, the witn .... of both
Tatian and now ju"in al th~ midroint of the !eCond centu,)' ,how
how misguOded B>u~r w in hi. infiu.ntial "".Iu.tion of t he fortun.,.
of john. But Ibe evidence from justin for the u>e of john for .. position
in wo"hip in Rome in th . mid->econd cenlury impli~. that it wa. no
rec~ntly acc.pt"" go>pel, bUI must ha ... held an important place in
Rom~ and among the orthodox for oome tim. previouo,
3, ~ ,
Th. Epistul. Arostolorum
Th. a uthor of th e Epi"ula Apo<tokJ",,,, i. unknown, but he wa. an

orthodox Christian almost c~r1ainly writing in A.ia Minor during t he
time of Polycarp, ro .. ibl),,,, early a. the !<'Cond d.cad. of th. "",,,ond
century, bUI perhaps more likely in the docad. or '" precoding ]l<I,"
lhe u>e of lohn', GO'pel in t hi. work is .ubstontial. 5<hmidt >aid "i n
keiner der un. iib<rliefenen 5<hTinen de. 1. jah,hunden. eine d~ .. rtig starke Benutzung d~s johanne.-""ang~lium' h.rvortrin wie in d~r
m Tiiegenden,'" A. a rough indic.tor, th e edition in N,w Twa",,",
Apocr:)pl,a gi"" fifty-thr "porate ",f",nc" to lohn, five to 1 lohn .
Th is work al", help. confirm in a number of ",.. y. th, relationship of
justin Martyr to lohn as d,lin~alod abo ... ,
Because its ind""t""n~ .. to Ih. writt,n go.pel i. not really con1rov~r
.ia!, I >hall not tak< tim' to e"abli,h it here, but ,.,her onl), illU>1rat~
it . A, it was with lustin M.rtyr, th, prologu. of the Fourth Goopel was
a crucial datu m for thi. author', unde"tanding of the incam.tion of
.... , '0 ,M, ."nO"' .... (Goiw Mm,df, " f..W;U>, H"' . ",,1 J.1'-1.nd llionpiu,
H'' .
onlr ,..
'" Ab.nd,.., i. " .m....

"",1 7.1'_') <""'".
AI""'1ypo< ond "'"
"'" Go>pd, .nd th" .... ""'" hk"y booaj "" eni.,hu, .J kgl <hilWm , ,." hi'
doc,""". lb, ""'" " "..i", ~udy '" t" probi<m, ,mjth "", "'_J17, <onclu.k.
tho, Go,", "".." "''''''',ail''''n '" C<".,b"~
"" dnnoa,"., .... '" t"" oond."""~ '" .iil , _ ""d ,,,....,,_,yk<o ,.,,_
"hmMio " " , ll4---ll'. ","!!"I b"""" ,"', "'" ,,,...,.,... "ohm. .....d ,"',
" ,Iw h"" th< ,.,honIo'p .... "",o<Iy " t...... "d '" ,"'>'n, th< "''''"'" d;,dpl, .00
'l""'k" ( "'"gd I''', ", d_ 'k"uI I''', l<I, 74, II;U, '''7). lh i' ,"," ,,,,,,,"," "',
," .., .... th
d< . " '" ""'" """ t" pIa<..,,,", of I""n ..
od "' , .. _ k
n" '"
H" .. hKh . 1", ..dud... N.th....I, .. ho;, ""I, m<n'",,,.,j in
"'" ''''''' h Goop" I.
'r- ..t"
"""_. . " (.
t" ..
CHAkLES H l LL
'he Wo,d of God. In Ep.lopo", 3.2 'he . u,ho,deda,., , ha'. ,he Wo,d
which !>K.me fi ... h [John 101 4] 'hrough the holy vi'gin Mary ... "..,
bo,n no' by 'he lust of'he flesh bu, by 'he will of God (John 1,13 ] ., ,.
Thi hows 'hat he
i. familiar wi,h 'he Christologic.l application of
John 1,13 and sho",~ 'he imronance of lohn 1,14, ",he Word bec.me
flesh" (. Iso Ep. Iopost. 14,~; 39.16. cf lUI, It exemplifies 'he back
ground for Justin', US< of 'he .. me loh.nnineconcepu .g, Dial, 63 ,2 ).
The a u,hor refe" '0 Je.us' ,urning ,he wate, in'o wine at the wedding
in C.na (Ep , Apo". '-l- 3; lohn 1,1-11), He know. I.. us' - new com
m.nd ment; 1o\"< one another" Oohn 13,14; Ep, AI"',I. 18.~), Also like
Justin. he know. ' he Johannine posHesurrtion .pf""arance of le.u,
in which he invit his d i",iple. to inspt h is crucifixion wound. (Ep,
AI"',I. 11.9; 2],1 cf. John 20,17). When 'he d isciple. e.pres. wond.,
men' at what 'hey h.,e .... n and heard. ' hey are ' old. -Much more
ble""" .re 'hey who have no' seen and (ye') have believecl" (Ep,
101"',1. 29,6 Cop" )' in the .. ci,cumstance, a ra, her obvious echo of
John 20019.
lhe Epj"ul~ i. familiar with p .... g 'h roughou, 'he Founh
G"'f""I, which i. good evidence for iu .cquaintance no' wi,h an early
".ign' source" or .no,her hypo,hetic" source for the Fourth Go'f""l.
but ' he Founh Go'f""1 itself in 'he
h.lf of 'he ,,,,ond century in
Asia Minor, [ts deep indeb,edne .. '0 lohn (no' '0 men' ion 1 lohn
. nd !(e"ela'ion) i problem for 'he 'ypical Onhodox lohannophobia
P.radigm argumen,. a problem which cert.inly <anno' be .,,,,,ed by
a cI.im 'hat i, came '0 him 'hrough Gno>tic influence." The work
sets itself con"''''n';''",! y and "'en aggre"""ly .g.inst all docetic ten
dencies. insis'ing on Chris,',l>eing "in 'he fle.h" no' only during 'he
crucifixion. bu, 0100 .fter 'he ,esurrec,ion . A. an antidocetic work
which relies heavily on John for its Christology. the Epj'I"I~ i fitting
indicator of 'he A.i.n background for bo,h lu sti n and lren .."" .nd
also of 'he milieu of Polycarp and Papi ... It i, . Iso earli., ,han .ny
wri' ing which can confidently l>e . ttribu,ed '0 Heracieon, P,olemaeu,.
or Valen,in""
'00
fi,,,
HiIlm.-" "'''mm' ('966, tltJ.
G"",'~"""
oltl.<...,,1<.
"rH ) )' ",.." ".."

s
oh<
mil , .... , ", , 00
",",t
,I.< """"
""... glr .. ft", ...ro by
"-wk",, .uwl m"" , tl.< ""''' .poIog<'~ impon
H~ll00<,
111.

3.~.
267
Po/y<drpojSmyrnd
While thore ar< plausible tracn of Polycarp'. knowledge of the

Joh.nnine go.pel in hi. Leiter 10 'he PhWppid", (parlicularly ~,1, 7, '),
there i. nothing clear enough 10 comm.nd ..... nl ... From Ihis I.ck of
compelling ""idence in Polycorp' ingle, .horl epi.. le (or double, if
one follow> the th>ry of Harrison)," Ko>< .. er >or> "it i. cerlain ,h.,
he d id not know t he Go.pel of John: nol ""hen he wrole the l<1Ier,
and nol ,,'er,'" BUI dearly, .uch "cerlainly would require u. 10 know
a gr""t deal more than the conten" of PhjJjppid"' c.n tell u . On the
olher h.nd, .ince il is commonly, thovgh not un.nimov.ly, Ihought
Ihat Ihe letler .how> Polyc.rp'. familiarity ""ilh 1 lohn 4,2- J (ponibly
2 lohn 7 .. well) in 7, 1," R<>berl Grolnl t hink. t haI, Such.n echo of
Ih. Epi.. le , ugg"'ts Ih.t he knew the Go.pel well . , ,"" From. purely
lextu.1 poinl of view, of cour.." Polycarp'. knowledge of , lohn .. ill
.. yo nothing one way or another ahovt hi. knowledge of the go.pel ,
Grant may be of thi. opinion becau .. of t he difficvltly of imagining a
.ituation in which th. lohannine lette" are known but the go.pel i.
not, In a case .uch as th is, in which we how text",,1 uncenainty, contextual racto" m.y contribute something to a historical jvJgme"t of
the probabilities on the i"v .
The", conteX1ual facto" haw
Jo with the presence or absence of
evidence for the u.. of John in contemporary or e.rlier . utho" which
might inform us of the milieu of Pol),corp. We h.ve alreaJy ~n ,h.,
within Polycarp'.lifelime t he [p, liprul.. in A,ia Minor, makes profound use of ,hi. gosp<'1 to combal doceli""" Earlier m.te-.-ial from
'0
,. HOI
pt..".,.. """" oS'''' .,""''''''t<m<n,
,,,oooobk ...m
" Hm I ><1" ,I>< ,nb""" of " ..h.d Holm<> of my 0".

>000. 42o. I .booJd not 10.,., .... th., ,I><
ooc<
th.t .... ye.". _Nl k""" .n<! ""'"'" ,I>< '""fih Goop<I" .. th< tim<
"t.."
"rot, '0 ,t.. Ph'~rr". ~ 1h<y sO'" .', I 1><,.,,,,,' ,m"."."" .".<an<' <h.o, I><
roWd h.," kno" n ili', Pr"" th .. lim<, 0", 'h<y "'..,. of . "',." '0 ..... "".
tho, ' h<y 'oWU not 10,, ,,, ,,>.... from PoIy''''p', .""",tion -.;th th< .",00.- of th,
goop<l (Hoi ... , 100', I.. ) '" ",,",Nl, from oth<, .".,,"'. Hoi ... , 'I'I'''''''.g "ta
,.... of G,.nt',,""m<nt u.., No_ . ' .l.oow. th>., '.oIye. ". " ... OJ hn' ~""'Nl from
th< ppd' bo, ,too.< no< to" ( Hoi"", ,..". '_41),how",,,, i, mi",ado.g !><c, ""
t..
PoIyw}' moot oft,. 00., not "~"",, - bo, "th<, 'n'",n'ngk. th< .....-do ofh" """'"
-.;,h ho. ow .
~ Hm'"", .. '"
"no """y (1001. 'M) d,"'m'"" th., tho. hn>o<h""i'
" .. not " ' ,.... '1''' . U".oo d do"""', th< 0<0000 k .." ,...,..." I>< to", do,<d I><f""
"""'II',
lID C>C
K",,,,, I .. ', ''', d .
""'~" ' ' '' , '''.
~ >C!-, """'II 1OO!. "" H"""', (100', 12<)
" {;"n'
'''7, ".
,0.11, " "",'1' p<OOabI<."
CHAkLES H l LL
Ignatiu. and Papia' elder i. yet to he <on,;dered. The", ..e also other
"",ond -century material> clo",ly related to I'olyca rp himsel(.
One of th"", i. the written accou nt o( Polycarp '. mart)Tdom written
by one Mard.n"", Thore i. a pos.ible Johannine a llu,ion in Polycarp '.
prayer in 14,2 where he mention. h i, eXp<"<1ation concerning "the
r<>urrt ion o( eternal life (, ..
~"'~ "i""lOU): recalling
John ~29, <i<; ,,,,,,(,,,,,"" ~"'~<;' with the characteristic Johannine
", .... ,'" added. In t he n .."'tive i"elf. t he author relates how Polycarp',
martyrdom was a martyrdom "in accordance with the gOipel" ( U ),
and m arks out a numher of coinddence. between circumst.nces .urrounding the capture and death of Polycarp, and the accounts of the
Lord', p""ion a. re<orded in the gospels. In 8 ,1 M ..d.nu. tell. hi.
reaJers that when "the hour came" (rii" Oipa, a~, cf. the climactic i),~J,."a"., ~ Oipa, John 17, I) for Pol)'carp '. departure, "they set him
on an a.. (ef. John 12 ,1 4, etc.), a nd kd him into the city on a 'great
Sabbath day'" (foh n 19,31) . lohn', i. t he only account to mention "the
great Sabb.th " (John 19,]1) in <onnection with Je<u, death."lhe fact
that t he many ""in" of <orr<>""ndence ..e ,pr.,.d out in more thon
one go.p<l, a nd the fact th .. their rognition depend . on hi. readers'
(.mili .. ity with th e go>p<l events in q ue "ion, ,ugge'" that the written
gO.p<l>, including John, are hei ng u.."J in the Smyrna.an community
at the time of Polycarp'. death .
Irenaeu, testimony, repeated in at lea" three public. tion. over a
period of ma ny yea", i. th .. I'olyca rp uw, he.. d anJ wa. ordained by
John the .post le. IOO ln one place he claimed he could rememher how
Polyca rp "reported hi, inter<our", with John and with the othe" who
had "",n the Lord, how he rememhered t heir word ... " (i n Eu .. biu<,
Hiil. ,cd. ' ,20,6). Hi. d.scription of Polyca rp '. relatiomhip with apostles i. laced with loha nnine language, though it <ontain, no actual reference to Polycarp u.ing the Fourth GOpeL But in .... Jv, II~er. 4,27-32
Irenaeu. rq><a" and elaoorate. the oral, .nti-Mardonite teaching of
. n unnamed elder, a d i'dple of a"""les, ,,'hich he had memorized.
Many factors combine to ,how 'hat th i< d isciple of . postle. i. in fact
ava,,,,,,,,v
~ Abo m<nInl in ''''r<'' " . 00 '" II>< Mort",-"'"

H"",Jun..nn 1.... t6,_t6 .
~ t",,,,,,,~ ~oI>. MI,. J .J.<, ,-",... to >00"""00 j ~ "... t.
Hi<:. d. uo.6 anJ '-"- 16, mp<rt;,..,Iy.
"co" ' . t;
J.&. ""
\'~"" in ~",OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
269
Polycarp, It, The", i. one place in t his m.,eri.1 whkh rell"," 'he elder'.
knowledge of Ihe Fourth G>opeL In Adv. ha", 4 .31.1. while defend
ing Ihe .. ints of Ihe old covenant agai nst Marcioni.. slander. Iren.eu.
cite. the words of the elder. who <aid th.t we should "'gi ... thank<
concerning them to God. becau>e at the coming of our Lord he for
gave ,hem their .in.: For he al.., usro to say that they gave thank>
for .nd re}oicl in our .." .. tion." I.. noeu' u .. of lohn 80~ .nd its
interpr<ution in the earli .. p.rt of book .j show that thi. i. an all u
.ion to 15US' wOlds in lohn 8;~. "Your f.,l><r Abraham rejoicl,o
see my day. and I>< .. w it and wa> gl.d,"JOl The import i> tha, lrenae u.
had l... rnl hi. inlerpre,.tion of John 8, ~ from t l>< .postolic elder.
Polycarp. Thi. instruction probably ,ook place >ometime I><twn
a!>out 140 and "4.
An excellent. though in t l>< n.'ure of th ...., not fully condmive.
argument c.n I>< made that til< lIOc.lled Epi"/. '0 Diogn<lu, i. actu
ally 'he transcript of. 'pe<"<h gi"en by Polycarp before a Smyrn... n
nobleman n.med Diognetu.,'u If thi, work i. by Polycarp. t l>< u..
of lohn in hi. ,e.ching at IIOme point near 'he middle of the ",""ond
ntury i> manifest.'1< Imt one p.ir of allu. ion. must .uffice here. The
author 'r<.k< of God >ending hi. Son. and "wll<n he >ent him. he did
KI .. one loving. not juJging ('~f.~ ,!,,," Ox; "y(J.~iiN. o~ ~ri\'''''")" (7, ' ).
and I.ter "'Y'. "For God 10,-1 (~.,.;.",,<) men". to them he ",nt h i.
on. anJ only Son (_pO;; oi), a~i.<>!"h ,ov uiov (J.~fQ;; ,ov ~oVO)"vii)"
(m2). The conception. and the language are .urely inJebtl to lohn
] ,1 6-17. "For God so lm'I (~yO:_""") the world that I>< gave hi. only
Son (,"'" vi"," ''''" ~o\'Oy<vii)., , For God ><nt
t il< Son inlo
the world. not 10 conJemn (OO, . . 'i"" ' pivU) the world. but ,h.t t il<
world might be ..... d through him " (d. John 1l ' ~7; 1 lohn 4,9),
Thuo. while juJgment> m.y continue to differ on t il< lihlihood
that Polycarp knew the Fourth Go'r<l .. the time of writing to t il<
Philippi an. (we c.n. of cou,.." not be "cortain" that he did or d id no'
know it), there i. other "'dence to make it extremely likely th., he did
in f.c, u"" this go'r<l in the cour.., of hi. ministry. And even if one
(a.,,,,,,J..:,,)
~ '''' ,o. "id<oc<.nd

. nJ HW >OO6a. 7_".
-
H UI
""
"",,_ . _
>OO6a. .,-,",-
- 11..""
<ity
to. "Bn,r.."", ol th< "'''''"''''''"' >
,_ mil 20060, '11_16' . F..- lh< ml><logKol proof of . 'my"''''.
,uk, nomN !~'"' . nd h.. W.oo.o. of "" ..m< n. m< 'n "" lim< ol rolywp.
"~I
'0060, "-'0___ 16' .
~ '''' lh<
"''''0.," "ill >004. J/i1_J66.
270
CHAkLES H l LL
chooo<. to r*'ct a ll t his "ide""e. if the a uthor of the ad Diognelum

i. oom. one else, if I.. noeu' arostolic pr .. byter is someone el .. , th ...
sources and the allmio n. in the Martyrdom .. main a. witne..es to the
influence of lohn among the onhooox,.ll moot likely in A,ia Minor,
in tm, rerioo of Pol)'carp'. life, The .. factors, along wit h an. lyse. of
the Apology of Aristides, the letters of Ignatiu. and the fragment> of
Papia. (><e below) would at le"'t constitute context""l factors which
should help the historian to render a judgnl<nt on tbe probability that
Polycarp knew lohn'. GOirel at the t ime h . wrote to the Phil ippi.m,
3,6, Ar;,tiJ" of
. 1.,/,,,,,
Almo.. alway. owrl<>okeci in discu"ion, of , m, early , ...timony to John

i. ' he arologi" Ari"W .. of Athens. The Apology of Arisrid .. , u",,'es
en tire in a founh- or fi fth-cen,u ry Syria< tr.mlat ion, and in pan in
a fifth-cen,u ry Armeni.n venOon (chapten 1-2). two founh-cen,ury
G r""k f,ogment> (chap .. " ~.3---6, 1 ~ ,6-16,1) found at Oxyrhynchus,
and a very valuable Greek paraph .... of .Imost ,h. entire work incorporated in'o the ten,h-century Lif' of Bar/"",,, "oj /""s ap/, 16 -27 by
one Eu' hpniu. in Bithyn ia.'"' Eusebiu. " .... tha' this a rology was
presented to Hadri.n (Hi", ,ccL ~.3.3) . and this i, borne ou' b y the
,itle in the S)'rio< version. and the a dd .. " of , m, Arm.n i. n ."" This
probably occurred when Hadri. n v;'i,ed A,hen. in 12~ and wa. there
in i'iated into the Eleminian mysteries,
A. i. 'ypical of Olri"ian .polo gi ... of 'he .arly rerioo. Ari"id ..
do o>ot cite hi. written a uthori,ie. explicitly
unbeliew" who
'0
,OJ,.
&'""''''
~ s wolff
00 ' h< "10",, """'0<)' of "'" SyriK ,n<! "'" Gr' of
' h< G,k f"gm< n" of , n """,n' ,." ........ m"",".,; .. o'r,ol'",O"' ... ,.. pro_
,;d"d ' ru .. ""rthy !".... An " do>< <Omp.ni """
' h< fi", of ,..... frag"" n"
G"nkll ,n<! H.," IO.yrlo,.m. .. Papyri ", no. ' '''') rq<1";
'h< Sy""' V<r_
, .,., "n<!, '0 "1"'00, &n..m '" ron'nd, bo, "", , .. ~ .,
{..,hf.. 10 ' h<
"'igin.u. Mil ", (to,.. "i , Ilinn<d "'. , ,,,,,d uoion .r;" >!ooy'"S ' h< ",rooO f"gm< nt.
hOO."'!! ." ' h< ')'rio< ,;gh" mpl ''''''''''' ' OO ....., "","'00"" - 00 ' h< ",OOk, how. .",.
,h< ')'rio< g'''' , tojmbly do>< "ndnins. .olthough 00.. '"" -'Pf'<" 10 r<p'oo"",
' h< "'.."''' <nO . "~,n,y of ' h< G",k.~ ,h< ..JO"" .... ' h< 'lY'"' go<> "" '" mmlion An' .. '"" P.", ( ' ''_ ' 6' a).
G"n' 0 .... "-'" "'!W""; ' " "" gin.d , poIogy
Hod,,," w., """,k<d , 00
pm,"'''; 'V." '" A"',,"'n", P.... "",,",ron. hn< ,n<! o..,,~ , (>ro>,
ho ... "", >how ...., 'h< Am,,",. . . n<! "" S)'rio< 11" bo<k 10, rommon l ..k m ,ai_
Ii"". ,n<! "go< ,Iw
Am",n"n ., m~"'""n """.os 10 H,",ion'"
both ' h< ti,l< , 00 "" ..Jill<", '"" ,d<n '" An''''''n., Ou< 10 "" .,.,. .. n "', .... ',
ronfu...,.,.
wi'"
,n.,
"""'ioIIy
'0
b<c._ "'"
'''-''21.
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
271
did no' hold ,hem to be authoritative, And yet, it ""'m. dear that
AristW .. knO\..~ a plurality of au,hori,.ti,'e Christian gO'p<l. (1 ' .1
Gr""k; 2,4 Syriac), He mak .. oold '0 exhon the em!",ror to ad aoout
the Chri"ian ".ching in what he ..110 "the go,!",!."
G",,' of Barl""m
.,., Aoo if you ,,"OUId read. 0 King,
you rna)' judS' the glory of his
pr..<ru:< from til< holy go.p<!
"'riting,'"' ' ' it is called amoos
tbem",lI-e~
Syria.:
1,.1 lhis is .. ught in tt.. gooI"'~ .. it
is "lIN. ,,-hich a .OOn time ago was
pr<""hi among tbem,
you al",
if you "i ll , ..d thmin, may refC<i,..,
til< ro~'<r which belonS' it,
.,>.1
'0
Ari"W .. he ... refers to "the go'p<l: which, though it m ay haw been

"preacheJ" .mong Christians, is here in aoout U' a"umed to be available in WTitten form .nd known by the name of "go'rel" to Christiano,
Th ingul., "go.!"'!," .. we know from a rerioo even later than t hi.,
.. n be used wben the ",itn"" of plural goo!",ls iJI in view, '" and this
seems to be the .... here, Aristide. ""ill mention d",.i" of 'he life of
Chri>1 which cannot have come from any .ingle go<rei known to us.
lh.,e aruxcellent r<>-son, for thinking that one of the gO'reb which
Aristid .. had in mind was the Go'rel according to lohn. In a very brief
catalogue of biographical fac,. aoout I",us, Ari>1id .. ".t.. that Ju.
"wa, pierceJ by the Jew., and he di<d and was buri<d" (l.~ Syri.. )."
lohn', i, the only account of t il< crucifixion known up to thiJI tim e
to r<-<ord the piercing (John 19,).4),LL' Of cour .., ' Jetaa such a. this
could have been learn<d by t",dition a nd not have come directly from
any WTitten gO'rel, '" Yet two [wo" should be borne in mind. Fi,-,t,
apa" from pos.ibly the allusion to Zech 11 ,10, ""hen t hey look on me,
- E. ,;;, mo' .rowi,; .w.m.,.i."", ""'l'Y"), ' rii,

_ .. ,,~ed in ,'" S)T;K '" Annm;"n,
I'i<". ,ro! 0."", '<XlI, 176).
.. ;,
alia, 1'1',..,." . .,'" "",J alia.;.
~ ~y"",
",;g;n.J (...-ron,
- S<, I~. 10.1; 1IXI.' ; '''''''' ... A.y. ....... ' .' .1; , ., U . " " ,I>< "0< of ,I>< ~ n ~ ..t"
"_I" in v;.J. lO.,; 'OC'-'. ""... d ( 1067, '" "Y'_ "lh., om, (0 ,d" '0 a ooIkc_
<ion of w<;"", ""ma" .. ;. ,'" "" ..-.h ''''n.... on<! m.ny ''''-1'''"' writ .... "
- n.. .~"""" nt of ,'" Syrio<'M An"",'.. oho..-, i ...."ioo mu" ""., I>n
;n "" "'.g; .... 'Ooo"h ,'" G,.. k of "" ...... "., ~ mrly "through ,'" ,,,,,,' {".Il.
Pou.i<ron, I'i"
"f""'IosJ '" h~ "'"
onJ e>..t,,,, (1000, 19'1 """Iud< !hoi "" , .. ,boo- ..-ho ..t.p<ed ,'"
<0.'''' "' ""n..m ;groond ,'" ",I. in..m.. ",,,..,, "k moo it.;,
;lI""'i <1<, fonn .. ~. <I<

, ~ P.-",,,, "''''
In 19)7."
[of ' "
, n<
""'g< ... ,",""I<" ..-I><n "' ......ked.
e>..t,~,
(1000, 191) .. y th.t "';. "fvo.Ju;,
n<c.,.;,,",,",
' " 0. from al"""-Il"'rd k.hmon;" ..... ,C<, ....h ","~ in ... y h"',
......
CHAkLES HlLL
on him whom they h,,'e pi.rced" in R.v 1,7. 'he piercing of Jus i
vidently only attested in worb which ar. much la'er ,han and derende n' on th. Founh Go.pel (Sib. Or. 8.296; Ap"'tlinariu. of Hi .... p"'lis;
I .. noem, Adv. I,"". 3,22.2 , (,3].1, 4.3 ~.J; Am of fohn 97; Oemen'.
Xc. T/r,oJ, 6J.J).'ll Second. and mo<1 .ignifican,ly. ,hi. refe .. nco '0
a detail recorded only in John occurs in chap'er 2'" of 'he ap"'logy.
in preci .. ly 'he contex' in which Aristides inform. 'he read .. th.,
his information abou, Jesu. co rne. from ' ,he gO'rel. a. it i. called ."
And ,h i. i. not a .. ferenco
the un"Tiuen. or.1 go.pel proclama ,ion, for t hi. gO'rel i. "'mething which he enjoin. the emperor
read for himself to a",enain whether who, Aristides i ..... )"ing i. 'rue, '"
P... umably. if 'he empemr could not find an account of the piercing
in thi. "go'rel." Aristide' t ru,hfuln ... would be in j<opardy. There i.
'hu. <\'ery rea",n
beli,,'e ,ha' her. Ari"id .. i. r~ating a di>tincti",
of t he crucifixion o f I WI which he had read in a gO'rel
which hi. worth .uggest would have """n available in ",hen. for 'he
emperor to rem.. if he.., chose,
A familiari'y wi,h 'he Fourth Go'rel
underlie another
portion of chapter 1. Her. Ari"id ... peaks of Jesu. Christ a. "having corne down from heoven" (.h' o\,p<tvo~ .... ",j\O:,l, Thi. kind of
language is not found in the Synop'ic Go'rel. bu, i. "<r)' Johannin
echoing Tituo Nagel p"'int> out , 'wo Johannine pa.sage>, John 3,13.
'0
'0
'0
""pee'
_m. '0
1. h IOU ol.p"'>'<Iii ~"ral\ci<;. and lohn &38. "'"
""'''I\ff\rlm "."
"''0, ,.. ""
lO~
'''''''1'
'" c[ l u~;n, who "",,01 h"". ,rt<o '.h

~'hi<h ]OO"
.... fubilkoj br
""n' ("""""" ' "i,;;., i~, ';,,",_,)_ 11>< ","'....d ;n , .. moo'
rom""", LXX
&.. '"" m",n "p.mal but "",>IN d.'r"'-
th',
,.-..t""'" ("'''''''''''''',)
fully:
'" 11>< aJj, . . who ioc'''p"nlopt" "-. -. .. SyriK . 00 A"""no. n
ho", ' " <><OV..J pia<"""n,". 11>< ,"fornu""" Ari~ "', g'''' in ,hop!<' 1 ,,""'" . Uho", <om< from ont,- "n<
of ou, so>r<h (""onK.1'" """_"",,,,"'.ol)_ II, "",",,,,,,, tho, ", .. , "' .. ... k ... ..II ;g!>
e.,..; '''" .~"""")_ "'k fouoo onIr
.. Soo of God M ..,
("",z... .... """ "'"
"' "'." H " '0 Lw", "'2 "'" _ 'n M." .... '" I""n, II, ,,,," ""nlOO, 1"'-"
d.,,,,,It r,oon "',,,,n ""0 Oirtl> tl" ...g!> II .... '" ';.-gin. 11>< "'on' from ",,'<n "
only", 1OOn_ , .. ""g;n birth ~ ""oun"d only br "' .. ,"' .. and lw",_ 1M"
romn tho ""nOOn of ... p~ " ;n g, ," I>u,," (_ 'n ,."z...,.). '" ",.. =,"on oft"
"pi"'.
'h,,,
wri'''"
d.)". . no ' " . "'<m'"" to ... "'"_ , . . ,"",,'ns." Of;, " ""'. from
gooprl. m..' "''''' from I""n and tho
'oWo "'m< r,oon ,nr Ou' M.", (",,"
from M.,k;f .. 1wl ' " long <OIling. '''!O), A, min'mum 'h', >m. ,,, "'qu'", l"k<
.00 ]00". Ou, ;, a ho<J to "dod< ", .. tho .. , .,.j ""n "''''' ,,""'" b< ,.kd ".,., AU
,Ill. ""~Wk. f... '0 .,,, go>p<l" .. h"," .. 0Ikg<. '" 'mp<ro.- , ... .d,
,0""""
273
""l"'-vOO. '" Ari"id~, al.., menliom in tho .. me contexl J us' ... uming fle.h" (aar~" aviAaf\<)." Whil. Ihi. al.., could he explained a.
a ChriSlian commonplac., il i. highly r~le"anllhallhis Sla'emont tc>o
(>cell" in ,h ...,;:,ion in which AriSlid ... encourage. ,h. ~mpero, to
"reaJ" aoou, ,he", 'hing< in "the go>pe!." And the only go.pel to con.. in .ueh language is, of cour",. the Gospel acco,ding '0 lohn 1, 14. A.
h. ,epe'" in chap'e, 16.
G"",k of 8m/""",
Syria<:
'''t
And
)'00 m.1y lui""', 0
King, 'ha1 in .. ying , .... ,hlng'
I 00 _ spe. k a1 myo"'n
in,wK'. if)'OO deign '0 i0oi:
m'o ,be writing< of th.
(hri .. iaru, )'00 will find tha1 I
..... _hing b<)"OIld th. "oth.
T.l<. ,,,n, 'hm ~ri'ing .. ""d ",. d

thm;n, and !oJ 1'00 ~iU find , .., I h"..
_ 1'''''
I;'nh Ih"", ,hlng' on my o~'n

.otherit)'. nor opok<n thu, as ,hoir >d.
yoca1o; buU;IK. I ",.d in thrir wr"ing< I
"'.. , ful ly ... ured of ,bose ,hlng' " . 1",
of1hmS' whkh ... '0 corn .
In addi,ion '0 ,h. abo ... ~,'idenc<, 'here .re 'w" ponion< of the G,,,,,k
of lkirlaam, no' rellKted in the Syriac, which con'ain prob>bl~ allu.ion. '0 John . Th. aulho, ,ay> in chapte, I ~ thal God made all Ihing>
"th rough ,h. only-bego"en Son (.... uii[> ~ovO)'f:V'\) and 'he Holy
Spiri': whkh "",m in par', o".mibly ba.oJ on 'he 'heoJogy of John
U,I.! and i, remini ..ent of !"", in. Thi. G,,,,,k ,..,,,;on also contain> a
reference '0 r.....s' m lunl.ry d eath on Ibe cro .. (SLit (!wuf'Ol> !I",0rou
i;yr-i.on,o ' .-.,,><!i,.' f\ou),;), "'hkh may well be b.oed on lohn 10,17,18.
We may concluJ. from a comp.ri..,n with lb. Oxyrhynchu, G,,,,,k
fr.gmen" th., Ih ... are place. where ,h. Syriac omi1> some,hing from
,h. original and where 'he Grffk of Harlaa," pr<><rve. 'he original
be"er than the Syriac Thus i, i, quite possible ,h., ,h.", rell"'tion. of
,h...aching of John go back to the original, bu, lacking . upport from
,h. Syria<:, w. can no' be .ntirel), con~d.n' of 'his.
Ari>1id ... ,h. AIb.nian philo>opher emph ize. th ~ t~X1ual au,hori'i~. of Chri"ianit)' in w.y which i. quite r~rnarhbl. for 'h~ time and
for t1>< newly flouri,h ing .polog<1ic "g.nr~. " It i. highly . ignifican',
,h.n, thal John'. Go.pel was apparen~y known '0 him .nd included
in 'he d ignation "go.pel: ref.rring '0 a wrinen accoun' Of .ccount<
N.g<11OOO. I "_ I ".
'n.... Syrio<. "AOO

""', GOO
00"" from ""'<n. , col from
HdK". '"'pn ,,,.,,,,d ,col d o..h,d h;m"lf,..;<I\ Ik .... Pooo&ron, """'.00 o.,h"
,~
~",.;d
<.Om<
11000. I..) ,colOco ,"' .. <1\, Mm","" "', "p,mJ" d,.,," I... ",". ",."1).
CHAkLES H l LL
of I..,;u. the M""i.h in common n"" a mong Christians, It i. no I...

igni~ can t that Aristide. _m. to imply, a. Justin will later do, tha, the
Chr;',i.n written "go.p<I" was so readily acce .. ible that the emp<fOr
could he exp<eted, at least rhetorically, to he able to ""ure a copy of
hi. own,
J.N, Sanders iIlu"'a' .. a tendency among some .. hola .. to w.nt i, bo,h

way. with regard to Ignatin. and John when he st .. ~ 'one cannot
.ay with any cenainty th.t Ignatius knew our Fourth GO,p<I."'" and
later in the same publicatkm u ... lgn.tin. to exemplify "'he reluct.nce
.hown by 'he early Church to accept the Fourth Go.p<1 as Scripture,"'"
But how can Ignatius h ..'e been reluctant to accept a gOllpel he ne>'<r
knew! If we judge that Ignatius did not know the Founh Go'p<1. we
at least cannot at the .. me time w< him a. evidence of orthodox
Johannophobia, Since m a ny h ..'e found .. little or Ie .. evidence of
Mark and Luke and ",.. eely if a ny more of Matthew in Ignatius, the
evidence for orthodox lohannophobia will he about the ",me a. for
orthodox ~brcophobia, Lukophobia, a nd Manheophobia.
Regarding Ign.tiu., the goals of inve>tig.tkm .nd questions of
method be<:ome particularly acute, though in the history of re",.rch
. uch goal. and question> have often ope"'ted at the le.-.I of um,ated
a.. umptkm, Many scholars are .. eking implicitly or explicit ly to
answer the question of "d irect literary dependence" and to amwer t h.t
question will only accept what they call "condusi,'e pwof."'1t U.ually
thi ..... m. to mean explicit or exact quotation, in form. that can not
he pa",lleled anywhere el .. ,'10 If the only question worth amwering i.
that of direct literary dependence, if all we are interested in i. condu.h'e proof, and if the test emplored is exact quotation of a .ubst.ntial
amount of unique Joh.nnine material. the re.ults will be predictably
negath.. , Hence, m.ny have pronounce<la lack of"conclu.ive proor
of IgnatiUs' u .. of the GO.p<1 of John,
But in 'he nature of the ca"", given IgnatiUs' leners are what 'hey
are-letter> written not only "on the rood" but in captivity . nd .urely
'" ",00." ' ' ' ' , ' '.
'" s"oo."
'''', ".
'"
s.oo." 100,
.. , " ...."'" ...., 1, d . &t.o.dd
,~
...Ihlr
''''.30---<0.
'OM,
,n
In
apart from whal"""r "wriling library" he might have had in AnlK>chrorhap' Ihe que"ion of d irKt lile .. ry dependen ... t l>< ideal of conclu,ive proof. and the ... ndard of exact quotalion ... nol ,'ery reali<lk.
Even under tl>< be" of condilklm. exacl citalion of a ,ub".ntial
.mounl of e.rlier Iexl may nol have ~n Ignalius' ideal.'" But in
Ignatius' circum"a", setling up th .., ... ndard moun" 10 'lOcking the deck in famr of. particular conclu.ion.
In my 2004 monograph. I nOled ,ix plac .. in the lelle .. of Ignatiuo
which rolenlially .how hi> knowllge of John'. Go.pel. Even mo ..
renlly P.ul Foster has tr ,1 the question of Ignatius' ro"ible use
of NT wriling>. including John.'" He i. consciou.ly building on lnge'.
Ir 'men' of. cenlury .arlie,'" and come. to more .... "'I conclu.ion. than hi. prle...". He examin .. only the in, Un ... which Inge
Ihought 'howl lIle mo" probable conlacl wilh John. Fool<r conI ... ",
hi. and s.:hoIef. neg""'" cond""iom wilh my own mo .. ro.iti""
on .., Ihough he quite f. irly roin" oul th., we really have lwo different
go.k hi. i. 10 delermine whether Ignatius "u... John" in hi. letten.
min. to determine Ign,'i",,' knowledge of John. "Us<" her. _m. to
a"ume, conscious .nd dirt borrowing of Joh.nnine materi.1.
Earlier in hi ......... y, Fo<l .. had stated Ihat the inaccuracy in
Ignatius' reference< to .. rli .. ..,ur... "i. due 10 'he pragmatic fac10rs ,urrounding Ihe comro.ition of hi. epi"I ..: noting al.., t hat "II
;, highly unlikely Ihat Ign.'iu, had acee" 10 Ihe lexU I>< ciled while
being taken 10 Rome."'" But when ...."ing Ihe Joh.nnine p .... lIel>
Ihe angle of approach ><'<m. to ch.nge. Inge h ad concluded that "on
Ih. whol. direct literary dependen .. seem. much 'he mmt prob.bly
hypothe.i.: Fo<ler d i,sen" from Inge'. conclu,ion 1><.., but in di,.. n'ing, Foster ><enn '0 be .... pIing Inge', framing of the queslion ..
Ihat of "direcl literary d.ronden ..: He .., de'pile whal had been >aid
earlier,' " Foster'. neg .. i......... m.nt "",m, 10 bring in the idea again
,.lng<. "1"" .
" ' wM""k<, .....
'"
~
".".
". ,... " ""' , 16'- On ,hi. 00.."."",,, <.,.- .. rl ~, ..holm, > "~I 1001, " 6_
411.
,a a . "" fool"
1M, " '";" 8 of Ign' ''"'' k..",.kdg< of I Coo- loll,'" ;n JM.
I,," , " Il<n, one< 'I!,"n. ,t.",,;, on ;"","" ~'"'" of ... "riaI from I Coo-i n <h"n~
proboI>Iy ,rik<h"l! ,t." f",' , .... wMk b<;"l! t<,n'p",,,d In ~"""" ""'''''r 19n.o1 iu,
di<J 00< . .", " ' ' '' ' "' . <"Pl' of 1 Coo-;n,"""'. Non< ,t." lou, t." .... ,.. it< "","nO>
""I
I"'''rO''''' ,b< ""..ok """uin po;n'~ .. tim<> ,..;,h q u;" 0 h;p. 00<_
'"P'''''"''''' w;,h ., ""...J ".,.,.0010')':
100'.
",oosn ,.
CHAkLES H l LL
of l&fla'iu. writing hi. I."e" with a copy of John', Goop<1 in fron' of

him, cbl<.ing '0 make ,ure h. has copied 'he word. correctly.
3.7.1. Romam7,}
The fi", of the 'wo pa,sage. Fo"er cite. is Rom, 7,2 :

My lu" h>, be<n ",,,ified, .nd Ih"e" 00 fire of """",i.llo.. in mo;
bUI ,,-.1<1 livint (u.." /I< ;;OW) .nd <pe.kint in m<, <pe.king '0 me from
..,ilhin, "Come 10 Ihe Fat"" (~,up" .~ '"" .~,i",,) ."
Bec.us< Ign .. im' reference '0 "living w.ter" concorm 'pirilu.1 water
and nol phy.k.1 """e<, he i. n.inly d"",r 10 John 4,10 and 7,j.8
Ih.n 10 'h e use of tho ph""" in HelJ.eni"k literalure generally or in
DiJ~ch< 7: 1-2, whore i, .imply me.n. "running ",ater.""" These other
parallel>. ,h en, are of no real ,-.Iue. The fac' Ih .. Ihi, "lh'ing w.ter"
"",m. 10 ".nd for Ihe Spiri' , also sign ifies an elemen, in common
wi, h John lll For Footer, however. , he Johannine parallel i. virtu.lly
neulr.lized by noling. parallel wi,h ad" of Solomon 11 ,6-7, which
al", .pe.ks of living ",.ter sreaking: "And 'I""'xing waters 'ouched
m y lips from Ihe (ounlain of Ihe l.ord generously. And so 1 drank
a nd bK.me inloxi"ued, from 'he living water tha, do<. not die." Thi.
provid.. a parallel 10 'he no,ion of Ih';ng ...... ' er .1.0 "sre_king," a
concep' no' pre .. n, in lohn. Few, however. would pooil ,hal l&fl .. iu.
i. aClu.lIy derendenl upon ' he 0.1<>, "'hich most seem 10 date lar
,h.n Igna';",,'" but bolh could .. indeb,ed to idea. not uncommon in
,he Syrian a ui"ian milieu. Thi. cmainly <10., not rule o"II&fl,'iu'
knowledge of John a source for ,he nol;on of ,h. Spirit'" "living
",.,er,"' 10 'hough this sbon ph ... ", by itself ",.m. quite imufficienllo
allow u. '0 conclude ,hal il ren", ... IKh Irnowledge.
,~
So .. ", ",hoo-Jd 198>. In
rou~h"mtu,,' ,",00.- of "'" long "".woo ,,"'" illh."""., -wd '''l!

"": 'm"..! of Ja>.o;;" "'P'''"o!!-- .. h~h would b< ""." ....-. d ... 'm""',,,"
of 'ndrlnin<>o
/o)m ' :14 r ... , who<"" dr'ok> of tn, ... t<, <hoi 1 oh"Ug;v< .'m
.. ,II on" '.""; "'" ... t<, tt..r I ....11 g;v< h;m .. ,II ... ",.... '" h'm 'Priog of .... "
~'<lH"g "I' [<W.O.,,,,,,,] to rt,,'" HI<-) . ...... ,foot '" f... '<g<roN ~ " ,'"
""", rroNbk "adi"!!- '"M",,'og , .., ,b< lnJ.oW "'m ;gh' nry , .. Uy "'lW" " " If '"
",rib< from ,'" 1oIIo";"I! u-,o.," (!.igh,f_ '''', ,,,,,,,,), "gh''''' "","to to ,'"
p,,!,ul""r of "'"
of , '" "~" 'og ..",,' ,,<lIOnS "P," from 1"lm .,1'. J..,,, '" "'"
'" ,'"
'0
"""'f
0<00n
'h', ' " IIjll >004, JOO-JU
, ~ No<, 'S'm "'" . Uu""", ,,, '", UV'''l! .. "" of lohn ' :14, "'S '0 >P",,", . n<!
"'W> ""
] " .... ". ,;"d ......, .
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l ' , UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
277
!n Ihei, tr,,,'m.nts of Rom. 7,2. !nge. Schood.!. and Foster aU stop

wi lh Ihe IeI'm "!iving w ... ' which Ignatius say poko in him.'" But
what t he inne, mice urged Ignatiu 10 'Come 10 Ihe Father' (!I.';;p"
"r><-; TiN ~"ripo).tha l i,. 10 come 10 Ihe Father nol by way of conver.ion bUI by wayof death.'" also h a. mong link. to loh.nnine Ihought
and languag . The construction."", ,iN '''''p<> occur> .ix!een times
in the NT. of whkh ten are in Ihe /ohannine gosp<1 and t wo in 1 10hn. 1ll
In t he Apootolic F.. he", the ph ... ieoccu" only once mOf in I Clem,
6201, where it rofe ... to "thoughts towa, d th. Fa th.,- Non. of the nonloha nni ne inst.nce> u " tho phra .. to d"Pict b<lief in ' coming" ."",
TiN
through d eath. a. Ignatius dO<"" On Ihe oth .. hand. of
tho len u... of tho ph ,... """, '''v "'Hip<> in lohn. eighl (13 ,1; 14 ,11,
18: 16,[0,17.18; 2O,'7bj,) ref...- to I"u, going 0' a",ending ~r><-; rov
",,,if>" in connection with hi. death and resurrtion (the two epi.tolary p.... ge. refer to le.WI he,,'enly pr... nce "with t he Fatl><' ).' "
For instance, lohn 16,28."1 came from t l>< Fathe, and have <orne into
the world; again, I a m l."i ng tho world and going to t l>< Fath .. (."",
,iN "" " PO) ," John also conlain. le,u' unique claim in 1406 th at h i.
followe" can come"r><-;
~",fpo only through h im. Thu, it i. not
'imply the phrase. b ut Ih. idea of coming to the Fath.r through t l><
instrumentality of death. which links Ignatius to lohn', teaching.
Th u. in Rom, 7,2. tl>< living water .p<aking in Ignatirn and commanding h im to endure to the .nd and 50 come to Ih. F.. her through
de. th. rnarr;" two lohannine concepts exp, e.sed in lohan nine tern.. ,
But one should not stop wit h Rom, Tl a nd fail to .. e t hat the imm.diately following ,'erse contain, funher loha nnine p>.-.lIel>. It i. '\'en
po"ible that IgnatiWi' mention of the lohannine "living water' ha ,
triggered the t hought of the lohannine "Ihing b,ead" (0
0 1;"""
loh n 6,~ ,) wh ich he now goe, on to , eferonco .
"''''iX'
f""
apf'"
hjf" (1"1, >1>6). on Ih< oth .. !unoJ, ,"''"'',,''', ,I>< ron","""'. ' S; ""
,oil & ,.., " , r,," "W' ~ . " . rrorn'" ,n in <, OOot ' ."- on 1'''. k "';"" ,I><, k
pi," . '''' Ig",h.'
of .. ," ning God- 'hrough & .. h. > Hil 1001,
""..,.,.,
." n.. ro." ' ...... " ;"8 f""-'!!'" m !.uk<',

,,' .rn .," my f,Ih<,: ;n ,oeh "" foIJow<J
IWo
,"n<n= '" ,o. prodig.ol
"",',
"r ' f'<"""" n (Luk< ", '3.ID),.nd ''"'"
,"m,..., '" Ep/"'"' "hrl "".k of ..., ..

m
On
10 ,I>< f",I><,. i" P"'l'''' (1,, ", ",,),
,I>< "'-" ..... ;n lohn '" oJ, """ ID''',
CHAkLES H l LL
(,.....u
I take no pie..... in Ill< IOod of corruption

~). oor III rI<'.ur.. of thIS life, I de';" the br<>d of GOO (O;p,.,. fIwU), tlut '>' ,be ~e>h
("';0{) of Chri<t who i. of the O'd of D.avid, for d,ink I d .. ir< hi, blood
(~)Hi Qa.. ' " ,,:"~ nut",,). ~-h"h is incorruptible loY<.
Igna'iu, wOlds in the", 'wo ".'emen!> ... very "mini",ent of 'he
"Bread of Life" dialogue in lohn 6,12-~8, Ign.'iu. . .y. he .. kes no
plea.ure in the "food of corruption" (q)("Pn ~<;), lesus .. y. in
John &27 not '0 work for "food which reri.hes" (,~, I\pffio,v ,~,
".oD..,,~i."'l,)-t he .. m. concep. bu, <xpr......! in different word as
migh' e<rec' from someone who did no. h.,-e a copy of'he go'rel
in fron' of him bu, who wa, familiar with its leaching.
Ignatiu, ..y. what he d"",es instead i. "'he bread of God. ,hat i
,h. fl ..h of Chri<t" (ef. ",h. bread [of Godl" in Eph. ,,2), 10' .Uu.ively call. him",lf ",h. b ..ad of God" in John 6.33, John 6 .33 repre",n' the onl)' occurrence of the lerm "P'''' (l"oi. in the NT or the
LXX, '" It i. ro"ible. of course. t hat Ignatiu. i. f.miliar with .uch a
phr ... 'imply from common o,ri"i.n Eucharistic theology. quile
apan from. f.miliaritr with John'. Go'rel. But a few 'hing. ,hould
be kept in mind.
Fir ... Ignatius' wOld, here do not occur in a Euchari"ic conleXl (ef.
PI,ld, 4 . I; Smym, 7. I) but a m.l1yrologial one. Also. Ignatiu. specifies
that by .he bread of God he mearu the fle'" of Chri ... John 6. '1-~
rereatedly identifr .he living bread. the bread th at Jesu. gl>-., with
the oopl; of Jesus. The .ynoptic and l'auJine pu<ages which recount
the La .. Supre' all ident ify t he bread of that ,upre' with resus' "~,,,
not with hi. au,. A~er mentioning hi. desi.. for the flesh ofo"i ...
Ignatiu. say. he desir.. Qui,,', blood. I.. u. in John 6 ,H I'ronoun.
that .ho>< who do not eat hi. flh .nd drink h i. blood do not ha ...
<ternal lif . Thi. I'airing of t he concepts of eating Ju' fl"'h ond
drinking hi. blood. "reat"" four tim in John 6.H-~. i. also unique
to lohn among the gO'rel>.
SchoeJel. who commen" on some bu. no. oil of these links bet",,,,,n
Ignatiu. and John. beli,,-.. they do not add up to "lite"',)" derendenc ." If he is 're.king of d irect literary derenden. I would .gt'.
Ignatiu. was n.inly not cOl'ring from a leXl of lohn', Go'rel a.
,,-e
279
h. wrol< to Ihe Rom.n>. But "indirKt literary derend.nc. do<, no'

..... m 10 be comid ..."j by Scho<deL
II """m. we mwt ""y t h., Ignatiu. i. f.miliar wilh Je.us' Bread of
life di.<ours< in .orne form, Did Ihi, corne 10 him through only ono!
me.n>. or Ihrough a lost ",yillen .ource u,."j by Ihe aUlhor of the
Founh Go'rel' If 'hi> were 'he only I"'nion of John Ign.tiu, knew,
we mighl h"" to I..... 'he question oren. But w. ha,..,.een already
from Rom, 7,1 that Ignatius .Iso .eem. familiar with other I"'rtiono
of John', Goirel outside 'he Bre.d of life dis<our ... The grealer t he
number of cr."j ible I"'in" of f.miliari ty with di.pa""e I"'nion. of the
gO'rel. t he more difficull, i, ~m'
me. it i.
expl.in ,hem oJl on
some ba.i. other than knowl."jge of the Fourth Gosrel. And ,here;'
yet more material
consider,
'0
'0
'0
3.7.3. Phil.delphi.m 7,!

The otl><r Ignatian text "e.'."j by Foster i. Philadelpilia", 7 ,!.
For .v<n rf 110m< ",i.hed to dril" me K<ONin& to the ftesh. n."mho1t.. 1h. Spir~, being (rom God, io not J.i,"<d For ~ -knowo wbence it
com<> and "hith.. il go (O:&v,....p.~ 'ot."" mt.oi; ~'~Y"):
and it PI'OI'''' tt.. """,' thrng~
lhio has dur and "e'1' d.,.., r"",mblaru:e to )ems' word. in lohn
J ,8. '"The win.! lor 'pirit] (.,,,,~~,,) blow. "'her. it wili>, .nd rou hear
the sound of i,. but you do not know ",t..n<:e it comes or whither i,
goes (",,~ oi&., ~06.:, _PXu", Keti _"" iI_a)'<\); "" it i. wi,h ewry
one who i. 00'" of the Spirit" (cf. . 1", 8,,4), Here would """m to be
jus, wh.t the
for cenainty of direct literary dependence are
looking for. FI", .xact >arne word., xOllrv i'PX<f"-l >=at >o~ ">''1<1. in
e..,tly t he .. me .. quenc including 'wo
in ... cdy 'he .. me
form ... me ten ... voic mood, rer>On. number.''' In addition to t he
fi,'e-word ph,.,, each au,hor ha. a form of the word oi&.. John in
Jesus' d.nial that hi. opl"'nents "know' whene< the Spirit corn.. and
whi'her i, goes. and Ignatiu. in an affirmation thot 'he Spirit i, ..1f
doe. "1mow' whence it comes and whither i, goes. Each author . 1>0
..,.,1"
".rb.
' ow"
I"""'. 'n ""'".

' 'l!"'' iN
Ign" ;",' l;"""",,<w of I eo. U (ill:";'< ..,

'.1 (<ill.' "" ,..,..,
r.-& '" """' ,), 'h< .... " of ,
r,..,_won! <""""",,",0 ~'h<" "only ',",0 of th< ..-.ml>
,U<Ily: <oncl".I,ng.
".,h<" ..n b< lIt1k doub< Ib.1 lll"-" ;u, ;. cl""ing. from '""""'T. "n th< "",d'ng of
I Co<'nlh i. ,,,.H
,,,;,'. &II"",i_.)
1(6)
,,,,,ro
' g<'' '
on
CHAkLES H l LL
rela' ... 'h~ .ubj:' of thi. phr . .. '0 no'hing 01 .. , h.n 'he Spiri' of God.
Moreover, one would cert.inly h"" '0 place ,hi. phra .. in 'h~ cat<'gory
of loh. nnin~ "redac,ional rn.lerial" i, i. distinctive '0 lohn among
.11 known, .,.rly go.pel . Not only ,hi", bu, it relale. ' 0 a particularly
Johannine 'h~rne whic h run. through ' he Fourth Gospel,'" the theme
of 'he m)'Sterr of "whence le.u. is" .nd "whither he i. going" (cf. lohn
7,27-28; 8:1 4,13; 9019-}o; 13 ,3; 19;9). Distinc,h.., redac,ional m.lerial
i. just what KO."I, Hillmer, .nd il<lIinzoni r~uir~ before .cknowledging d~pendenc~ upon a NT sourc.,
In .pile of ,hi", oome ha,.e found i, ea.i .. to beli",'e lh., Igna'iu. gOI
lhe phrase from an unknown Gnw,ic >Durc .''' or from an unwritten
.nd ol herwi .. unknown .... ying of leou",'" or, a. Koester conj:ture.,
from. "tr.dition.l lheologicol m""im .. , p<rhap' derivi ng from. liturgic.1 context."' " For Foster, the high I",'el of ".,hal correspondence i.
not yet com-incing bec ..... of "lh. way the phra .. i. u.."j in a mann~r 110 d ifferenl from the lohannin. conlext,"' BUI i. the m.nner 110
differenl! True, Ignatius i. nol talldng aboul the m)~teriou. worldng
of the Spirit in regeneration, a. Jesu. i. in John, Ignatiu. i. instead
.. lldng .boUl the Spirit', work in himself when he uttered "impired"
word. to the Philadelphian> when in l heir mid", word. which, .. he
laler learned, were prophetic in nature, ""'rning to preouppo .. dhine
foreknowledge of the ch urch', .iluation. When rec.lIing lhi. "..,nt to
lhe Philadelphian nd wishing 10 attribute the word, he .poke l h.l
d.y 10 the dhine Spirit, he >imply describes that Spirit wilh phr ...
which Jesu. used with reference to the Spirit, memorably and uniquely
in the Go.p<l of lohn. The lwo conle". are d ifferenl, lhough nol so
en'irely different, It i. not a. lhough the be ing which "knO\.~ whence
it comes .nd whither il goe' i. a .n.ke, centurion, or runaway
,. OI"'r "'f"'d'
(' ,n""'" "*
of,h~
,"' ...
~.,,,
pKkal up br ,I><
> H;l l 00<, "".

,,"<I'" " " _ , . . .. lh, p,,,,lId'
,"thor of , '" "8""0<> Uoof><I
'n Mum, "" V"'n"""'n 'n ,,,""'"~ Ad .

MI,. u u ,00 'n ,'" hIT. llorod. 7O....J by
<011..,. !!ill... , ('%6,
, '_'1). b<.id<. ""ng m ",~ I."". J,/f", from ""'~ Jo/," on..! 'g""" to. wOd< .. ,,"'1'" p h",,, ""'00 'n ""'n on..! [gn.<""' "".!t). qual, .... to " ' . <.JII. "t~nicd
_ " ph .. ",: .. HOII ... , """tJ h".., ... s .00 ".g<1 lWl, Nt_In
, ~ Von <1<, GoI<~ .. mm""",d ..,. h~"mlwn ''''. ",~ Ko<~" , ..." '''"' d . s..nd", "", ", " ,U"", ,%6, '1, ",n d,mm' of ""
f"" ,.-.d'''"n "'gudmg ,'" '''''''ng ol ,I>< So,""".oo ,,", ""1"""" f.rrtil,., to both
~T'''''''"
,~ foo'" """ , 'M. AI",
"
' mp''',..j
""'''".00
0)' "" d,/fm"m 'n ,"n"''' '' "',,""" lOO6,
"THOUHOI>OX
GOS~"l.
UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
281
.Iave, Ignatius ;, talking. lik< Jem. in John. aooul t l>< Holy Spirit.
And in any co .., I have Irouble ""'ing why thi. amount of dilf.r.nc.
in conle" .hould mailer very much.'" Robert C",nl" word. aoout
Ignatim .nd p.ul ar. equally applicable 10 Ignatius .nd lohn and bear
"ruling. "he c. n 13k< rauline expr .... ions and u .. Ihem in conl<x"
ofh;, own. Such usage i. hardly .urpri.ing. Ign .. iu., in fael. could not
h"'e u>i !'auline exr .... ion. in Pauline conle,a."La
Schoedel find, in Ph/d. 7,1 "the ,",onge" poulbilily in Ignatiu. of
a derendence directly on the Fourth Go'rel" bUI in the end i. noncommi"al becau .. of "the ab<ence of olh .. f'O.itive ",ld.nee of .uch
derendence."'" I find myself in disagreemenl with him about t l>< .urf'O>i absence of f'O'itive "'''dene<. But again it i. worth noting ,hal
Schoedel appea .. 10 be thinking in term. of di,ecl lilerary derendene<,
which oughl 10 be di.mi.....J a. a roo herring. II """m. hard 10 deny
Ihat Ih. best explanation for Ihe expression in PI,IJ. 7. I i. Ihat Ignatius
was familiar wilh Ihe Go'rel according to John. But Roman. 7.2.3 and
Philadeiphian'T1 are "ill not Ih. only ]...ges worthy of con.ideration in Ignalius.
3.7.4. Magnesian. ;,I-g.l
In Magn"i"n, 7.1-2 Ignati'" wrile"
)"" .. tOen lbe Lord did nolhin& ",ithoollbe hth (b .u..w.; avtu loi;
"",(Ii>; ~ ;>oj,..",,). being uniled ~ith Him (~""""''''' ;;"), whrth ..
Ihrough hims<lf or 'hrough the 'roo,l<., '" yoo do nothing wilhout lbe
b;,hor >Jld the r''''''j1m ... u t . 11 run logrther .. unto OIl< tempi<
of God . .. 10 00. altar, 10 one Ie",. Chriot. ",ho came fOrlh f,om OIl<
F.. h ... r<m.min& wilh the 0 ..... nd relu,ned (to him) (f<I... 0.,' ""'"
""'(Ii>; ..,."JJIO>'I" ,'OJ.,, ""'''''u '''; I...,i]oo.vtnj.
Shortly Ihe .. after. in Magn<>ian> 8.1, he conlinu... ,
On th .. ac<oonllhey [i . " the p,ophe"i were I'.""",utl, being insplfl
by hi, gnc', '0 re" ... de the d,sobedien' 'hat God i, on" who rna",
r.,,,eJ him,.]f throogh J"'u, O,i" h .. Son, who i. hi. Wo rd pro<<<<illlg
from rilene< (~"'" ~,ri'.; >o<)J).;...), ~'ho in . ll
pleased tbe
or>< who .. n' him ('" ''ull. """'~ .i>1]"'~,I1<"" 10;. .i~."." ,,~,';"I.
""P"
~,
'n
,ho,
1 d..,. .. ,
on< ",w" fi ..... m",h J,tf",,,,<t .... ," "" ""',.. " 01'.,"1
, n<l l!"" ;",;" "",", H. 'housh f""" "g.m!. Ign"'"'" ; _ , d t"
,h;. po;n' non< ,t.. I,,,,
,Co< U
.,w"
~ UfO" ' 1%3, 3U.
~ """,,",I ''''.106.
CHAkLES H l LL
Here again w< 5m to haw a duster of Johannin Uwiom. What

draw. our attention fir" here i.the apparent double allu.ion to a single p .... ge, Joh n 8,18-29. 1hat J",us, neg.tively, d id nothing without
the Father a nd, ro.itively, always d id what was ple a.ing to the Father
are (oncep" d i" inh-e to the d epict io n of Je>us in John 's GoopeL The
denial is repe. ted three t imes in lohn (' ,19,J(),'u K18 ), and t he affir mation appea", only in 8.19; the full expression OC( U'" thw only in
8.28-2:9.
So Ie ...... id, -Wh<n )'011 have lified up th< Son 01 m. n. th<n you will
know that I am he,
that I do oothing on my own autoo.ity (~.'
;"""'~ 0000. .,;,s,:v) but >peal; thus ., th< Fath" (0 ou ,,,,,) taught me. R
he who ",nt In< is ~-ith In< ~i;'
h<
h .. not l<fi me aion<, fo, I .1>... )'" do what i, rI""sing to h,m (o".yO.
,iI ~.,.~'" "~';;' w,o. .6,tuu):
.nd
01""",", ",,' i""" "''',),
And
Ignatius invokes t he (oncept but .plits it up, 110 to 'I"'a~ >0 that t he full
concept may 5m to act a. an ;nc/us;o for the >Ktion Magn. 7.1 -8.l,
When the ech.,.,< of John 8,18-29 ar< placed together w< find six of
the 10m. or ne.rly the .. me word" '''nip; ,o,ii>; ot.Ii<v; ,.~'''' (in the
form of an aori<1 .ub"anti"" panidple, -the one who ..,nt" ).. u. ), '"
"p<an;' , .. XO'", I .oop<a , I:.:,,;'" and ..1",01i.;) in
this context i. cen.inly equival<nt in me.ning to )e>us' -from my""I,
(ii, ' i~,,",oii). And the subje<t in ooth accou nts, )esus, i. the .. me.
lt >eenu to me that thi. i rather remarkable s." of concurrences
to which neither Inge, nor Schoedel. nor Footer, has called attention.
,~ JoIo" "", "So )<,", .. ;d to 'I><m. "r" .t,-, onot,-. l "'r '0)'0". <h< So.. <0" 00
_ hi"!! of h i, 0 .. " . w " d (":'
bu, ""~' " hot I><
.,'" <h< e.,l><, oo'" g, eo< .. h.t,,' , I>< f.,t.< , do<~ u"" <h< "'" oo..!ik"",,: - I"""
""', ~ l "" do _h,"ll on my ... " (0.:. ~, r,;. """'V 0. ' i""",,,;; ..:..;;,.). A. I
1>< .. , t joills<. ",01 my joodgm<nt ~ jo'L b<c,." I " , k '"" mr own .. ~I bu, <h< ",;II of
hun..-be " " ' "" (roll .i.......... ... ):'". 11>< rompoond fo<m of ,I>< ""to
.>1 '" <h< NT onty "' ,,,b,,,,,.
(t t" .6; " ,(6). ;, ~ .>1 .'" .,,- "" ,'''''' in ,I>< Al"""oIK eo<h<" (t ck,". <
m<p< .. "'''l'', . ,' 00.. " ,.r" '0 ....... "'" ~ ,I>< '"1"'" "~,,, u><d .,
"r." '" )< ... .,,- '" ",hoI t.< did, 11>< uocomP""" d<d wI> """"... .. .>1 t6 <Om"
.. It.< N"r . nd tl "m<. '" th< Apo><oI'" h <h<n wi," I' ..... .wi' onty .. Rom
t>oJ, -.-!o", P. .. .. p C1,,'~ d;d .." pk.., h;"",If. 1t.< . ",ompooOON odj<"''''
"'"'"'';'; ....,j '" JoIo" S,,. """" ,"'~-t,,,,
, I>< N I' ooty "' A". 6", ' 101; ,nd
, JoIo" "n. Doty 'n Jolon 0,,. 00.
'0 ~' .. , I'w, did. 1h"', ""IT "' JoIo" 0,1'
. nd '" t~" .. ",~ Map'. " ,' ioa ""'" of 'hi> ,..,,-d grour , <I of )<'"' doing .... , ....
"r )"""!!" '0 <h< hth<"
3iM-.,,,, ;, """ """tv,." ;""""'),
'''''pro'''' "
,,"'.
"f"
'"
UC"nION
1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
283
Conoider in parlicular Ign .. ius' u.., of Ih~ verb .f~~(j) in Ih~ aorist
.ub"anlh.., participle 10 refer 10 Ih~ Falher as "the one having ""nl"
I.. us, Thi. u.. ofthi. form of ~i~.", can I>e found nowhere in the NT
exc~pt in fohn,'" where it occurs no Ie .. than 2~ tim~.! '"
Moreover, l>etwn the echo of John 8,28-29b in Magn, 7,1 and
the ho of fohn 8,29<: in Magn, 8,1, thore ar~ ot her Johannine concep'" The idea of Ie>u. l>eing one with th~ Father i. distincti,-e to fohn
among the g"'p<I., and hi. remaining one with the Falher during h i.
time on "'rlh, ., we >aw, rell",,, John 829a-b, "And he who ..,n'
me i. with me, he h not lel1 me . 101><." The conception of I~.u. a.
the Word i. of cour", fohannine.' Hi. coming fOrlh from the Father
and then returning to him i. al"" di",ncti,-ely Johannine, a. on~ """
in lohn [] ,3; 16,28. John and Ign .. iu. US< differ~nt compound. of
i'P~"I'aI for le.us' going forth from the Father, but t hi. i. understandable, particularly if Ignat i"" is not writing with a copy of fohn l>efor~
him for .. ference, Again, l>eside. what """m. to I>e dear u .. of at
lea" one lohannine pa.sage, there i dmter of apparent lohannin~
allo,ion. or ech~ .
We have e.. mined here a numl>er of p ..... g.. "'hleh, I beli",-e,
indicate Ignatius' knowledge of lohn'. Go'p<I, There are other po..ible on..,'" induding one mentioned by Allen Brent in two recen'
publication>, Conc~rning Epl" 17 , I, "For this re.son the lord rec~ived
rerfumed ointment on his head in order that he might breat he incorruption into the Church: Brent 00"'''-.., "Ignatius will interpret t he
.ign ificanc< of I~.us' anointing by an unknown woman .hordy l>efore
hi. d~.th [Matt, 16,7, Mark 14,3 ] in the light of Chr;'t'. breathing
into the apostles in thi. paosage ]i,~" in lohn 20 .11-22)'" '" Ignatiu'
r~ferenc~ to t he Lord rec~iving oint ment on hi. head, ,,-en SchO<'del
admowleJge<, i. based on Ignatiu.' knowledge of t he story "in a form
close to that of Matthew (2&7; cr. Mark 14,3) wher< t h~ oil i. poured
Th< mb .. ,I>< fu"" ;nd".. h'< ;, "o< """" ;..!".hv,
<;sh' tim<.;" n_6 ro. God .. "nJ;ng of M, Son, .... ,h;, pa=g<'OG;, <kp<nd<n.
"PO" I""" IH;l1OOO, )6,).
- '''' ,I>< .... '" "" w",J promJ;ng "from ~I<oc< " "" Sct.o.<kl I.. '. 111 ; . nd
lUI 100<, " ' ... 3).
- Sc, ;"
1'hId. "1_1 (~n ".".; 1406;
1""0_13), """". , ,'_1
I~" "n'l, "'" .1>< <k,.;l<d ' .... ""'n. '" ,I><" """ ",I><, pi""" ;n N.g<llOOO,
"6-",,
.~ ",," '100', JI_" , .bc 36, s<, .bo B,,", >006. 4>6.
-
wkk<O "' ... " .. 1 .." 1O-,1J. "h",h ;. on
1""""'"
,,>0-,'"
CHAkLES H l LL
'on I... u.' heod' and not (a. in Luh 738 .nd John 123) on hi. f""t."'"
It ",enu rn..,nable that Ignatius has .nother <'Vent in the life of Christ
in mind for )em. breathing on t he chuh, and the onl)" one rordod
in any gwpel is that rKord'" in lohn 20,22. "And when he had .. ><1
thi", he breathe<! on them (;"'~""~",,,). and uid to them. 'Rei ...
the Holy Spirit .....
Ignati us i. the ripient of .ubstantial Johannine tr.dition. b it
more likely that at I.,.,t >ome of this tradition re"hod him through
the written lohannine ~"'.pel, or that all of it rea<bed him through
other meam1l>l Sew,..1 facto," le.d me to think he must have known
the written go.pel, First, though the lengt h of the pa .. Ueb i. not gre.t,
there is a relatively high number ofthem. lll If we deny Ignatius' knowledge of lohn'. Goopel, thi. me.n. we must imagine that t he contents
of "",er.1 of the 'f""'<hes now rKorded in that go.pel must have com.
to Ignatius from >orne oth.,. route(.). s<':ond. t he l<'Vel of .pedftc lexical correspondence in ..,me of them, particularly the ex.ct corr.. ponden with ft"e con",cuti ... word. of J... u. in lohn J,8 in PhM 7,1 but
also t he ,",veral hO<'> in Magn. 7, 1-&1, i. al.., im p"""e. Third, a nd
doI)' relate<! to the "",ond. i. t he fact that.., much of the borrowod
Johannine material appe, ... to be "reda<tional: going kyond mere
acqu.intan with stori .. which might ha>'e [,..,n pa""d on orally. or
concep" which m ight ha\'e [,..,n communicate<! in Christian teaching
or prea<:hing, to a knowlodge of distinctive term. and literary them ..
of the written go.peL Founh, the do .. parallel. " I.te to many different ponion. of lohn and are not restricted to one or two, making
the >uppooition of 0 ..1 tradition t h.t much Ie .. likel)". Fifth, the f.ct
that the lohannine material often occur. in dusters h .. [,..,n underappredat'" by "ho]a" but would seem to ind icate that ""hen Ignatius'
mind >t an. on a lohannine phr .... thi. often trigger> other Joh.nnin.
word. or conpt", j ust t he so" of thing we m ight imagine from on.
, ~ s.ho<d<l " ", ,,_

~ Som<)" . . pooi"d
'lI"""u,
,)",
i " ~ ..d know"" ... he. of ,I>< go<p<l w hU"
'hi' "'-i"I)' n,,"'" I>< ,"~d "" ... .,." oot on ,h,onoIogical l!ro.".d~ '" "''''''"'
ro..U ,I>< pmlkh ...,..Jd <i<m""j ,"', I>< h.o I><"cl orally <nO """uJlr ,,,,j,,,"
ouboun, iol poo1"" 01 oh< "och;ng , .. , ,.-.kd up in .....Iy "",'''N "".,., of oh<
..-T;'''" !l"'p'I,
, ~ " i, ;n"'''';"g , .. , ""n 1_"_ s.n<k" 0 ..... "I ""'" Kknc..--I<dgro "''''
-"" 1><,, m """)' ,,><mbio .... 'n though, ,oJ ["n=o ,I>< fG, ' ''''''gh no<h'''!l
oh", "" "' "liN , quouo"" ___ Th", m '" m.nr 01,
"'''~" ;n 'sno""' ,.. ,
~ >m,
"'PI"''' ,)", I>< k", .. ,I>< >'G ,-
"...,,,,bI< '"
"THOUHOI>OX
GOS~"l",
UC"nION 1N THO OkOAT CHUkCH
28~
who i. not roferoncing hi> borrow."j malerial> in hi . "udy, bUI i. writing "on Ihe go," The Ih",,, criteria outlin."j by il<Uinwnc acu"ibilily,
the p ..",nce of ...,..j"".ional materi.l; and the '"r"'i'ion of material
from th e .ame ""ure<, are more th.n ad<quately me! in Ignatius,
Another f.c.or has yet
be mention."j. Igna1iu' us< of .he term
"go<I"k" in all but one in,nne., seem o func.ion, if no. exactly"" a
.itle. a. a referene..o .he conten.' " of a wrin.n work or work,.' '' For
example.
'0
BUI til< &001"'1 ho. "",,,,.hi"!: ,xc<)'Iiona!, Ihe corning of .h. Saviour,
our Lord J.. u, Chri", hi, p,.. ,ion arullh. r.. urr.ion, For.1I< .. loved
pIOphru mad< prod. m,a tioo pointing to him. bIlt III< g0'P"I" tl\< p<rI't",n of ",<orr"ptlon, (PItIJ. 9J)
It" fitting._,to gi'" h<l to Ih.
in ~'h"h til< pauion i> n...J.
pli>hed. (Sm),,", 7J)
proph<! ~.nd
.. p<d.llr to til< &<,,1"'1,
cl." to u, a"d the ",,,,r,,,..ion,, ""com-
The war I&"atiu. p.o.irs "the gosr<l" with "the rroph""" a nd th e way he
refers to elements from the "ory of Je.u. a. being "in" the 1><"1"1, suggest that h e i, not just a pr<cur=r of bIer Uri,han usage, but. witne .. to the early ..,odation< ofthi. word with t he book. now k nown
a. g<pel._ ". Thi. textual consciou<ne .. forn" p.n of the bockground
for hi, use of conc,,!,ts. word" and phra .. , which he has in common
with t he Founh Go'I"k and ilioWl that it i. by no mean, improb.ble
that one of the "go>r<l" document< '" referenc."j i, John,
3.8, Papia. af Hiempo/i,

Papi .. of Hieraroli' in A.ia Minor "Tole hi. [-"po,i/ian of Ihe Lord',
Omck, in five boob perhar' a. early H before 110. r<rhal" H I.te a.
the early 13O's. Papia famous among ",hola" of early Christianity
for t wo ma in thing', First, he r<corded tra dition from an elder (alm<><t
cen.inly nam."j fohn) about the origin. of the Go.pel. of Matthew and
Mark which i. pro .. rwd for us by Eu><'i>iu. (Hi", ecel. 3.39,I~- 1 6),
s.-cond. h. m ade a "atement about written and oral sou", .. for hi
M Moch . , 00... ,I>< "",J lo ... in lohn , ,17, A,,, ",}, Rom 6, ... ", '''''' (;.01
},17, Eph " "" Hm 'J9.
m Th< .;ngul." "11"'1"" . ..... oIi,n m<d to 01...,,, ...... at ... "",n won.. th~,
"" "",nil " " ' " ')' (A"~;& ~
DW_ 10.1, 100.1, 1

LH ; '_'_1 , U,I.1 ) .
~ "" !lill """.
Apcicw [ "_I O",k; H Sy"""[' Fp. Apo". I, I " ~;",

A.,o/. '_1" I"n.. ",. ' .g.. AoI. Iou .
a. .. _0,,, lhrophil"~
A.
CHAkLES H l LL
tr.dition. (3.39,3-4) which ha. confusM read~" ev~r ,inc~ EU><biu.

HcerptM it for hi. E,c/"ids/ical Hi,/ory (if not befo ... )!
Papias recorded t ... dition h~ h.d le.rnM from an eld~r, evid~ntly
man)" ye ... previous to hi, ",~iting, .bout the origins .nd liter.ry
char.c t ~ .. of Mauhew and Mark (H ;,t. ffci. 3,39,1 ' -16), but in these
excerpt< th~r~ i, nothing .bout LuXe or John, B.u~r belOe""d lohn wa,
omitted by Papia. bffau", it "appar~ntly belong"d to the long-winded
pr.ule in which th~ gr~.' m ..... took plea.ur<", th~ Fourth Goopel
[,.,.ll ,uspe<ti, no doubt, bff.u", of its content, origin, and th" fri~nd,
it had mad".' ''' Yet despite th~ fact th.t 'he <xc~'l''' m~ntion only
Manhew and Mark, others hav" noted tha, ,h",.., .r~ , f~w indka tion> from Papi... >u".. hing fr.gments and from rer'"'' by Ir~n.eu.
abou, the ~"'gesi, of the eld~", most rrobably derh..,d from P.pi."
book" that P'pia, must indeed hav~ u..,d John', Go'pel, lr<naeWl cit'"
an exegetkal tradition of certain "~lde .. , t he d isciples of the 'ro"l","
which r~~rrM to J",u' :saying rKordM in John 14;2, "In m)" Fother',
hou", . re many man,ion," (Ad . hder, ~ _J6 , 2 ).l! If this i. not from
P.pi book, it "yield, .dditional and ind~pend"nt "'>limony to the
,a m~ date and character a, that ofP.pi . ',.
A number of scholo .. including Lightfoot, Heng~l, Culp"pper, G.-.nt,
and B.ucl<h.m,'" h.Y~ .rgued for P'ria" knowledge of John', Go'pel
from th~ ord~r a nd id~ntitie. of th~ di><:iple> nam~d in an introouC1ory
"""tion of Paria " book cited by Eu""'i", in Hj", fixl. 3.39,4, "bu' if
e""r a n)"one came who h ad followed the pre>bytero, I inquirM into the
word, of the pre>b)1ero,
Andrew or Pe"'r or rhilip or Thoma,
or Ja mes or John or M."hew, or .ny oth .. of th~ lord', di.dpl~. h ad
..id _.,' The d iiples Andrew, Philip. and Thom. . . re prominent only
in John and t he ord~r in which they a rpear (excepting Maah",.,. at the
end) her~ mirrors the order in which they are introoucM in John t.40
and 2U . nd i. cont"'ry to any <ynoptic list, Hen~",1 and Baucl<ham
bel;""" that Papi.. not only UsM John but must h. "" >aid Klmething
.bout John', Go.pel, but that Eu..,biu. ha. Mited it out beaus< it
contained IIOm<1hing he d id not . gre< with.
""ha,
,~
~
Bo"" ml, ..,_

On
mil >001, ""' _ _
'h', ""
Ligh'loo< "", 197.

Ligh'loo< '''-', , ... _''''' "'ngd ' ' ' ', 17_>1, Boud<h'm
, ...... , Ill_II', G,an' to"', J 5; &u<kh.m 2006, " ,_
'''J, .,_,,, Cwp<pp<r
"THOUHOI>OX GOS~"l " , UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
287
Bu, it migh' be 'hot Ew<biu, dOd not repNt in 3.39.1~-)6 what

Papi .. uid about lohn beuu~ he had alre.dy giv.n i, .arlier in hi.
book, t hough without attribution of hi> >our... In an earlier .nicle I
p .."'nted e,.. idence ,h.t Eu..,biu. ha. in f.c, par.phra..J Papi." comm.nts on lohn (and luke). when he refen '0 an earlier wrilten ",me.
(.-.:nf:l:<l~."a record preserve.) while c.taloguing 'he writing. of
John ,h. a!'O'~e in 1.l4.~-!J. "" The full ,,'idence canno' be repNted
h .... The argument ,..iIl in"eaJ be bri.fly .ummari""",, and ,hen part.
of i, will be r",,;'ited in a r"'pons< to Richard B.uckham, who h""
ren'ly commen,ed on it at some lengt h.
Fim. w. know 'hat Irenaem and Eusebius kn.". Papias' a:ount
of 'he origin. of ,h. gO.p<l and links bet",""n t he m.'erial explici'ly
allfibuted '0 Papia. in 3.]9.):1- 16 and ".'emen" . bou, gO.p<l origins
in I.,er writers indica ... ,hat in.1I probability o,her wri .. " al.., knew
,hi. a,coun'. Some of t he .utho" ,..ho a ppa .. ntly knew P.pia" word.
abou, t he wri'ing of Mark and Malth"", also 'p<ak in w. y imilar to
on. another abou, luke and John. Thi. could .ugg." 'hat. if indeecl
Papi .. "'Tote abou, Luk. and John, he migh' . 1.., be th. source for
,he .. la'er writer< on the", gosp<l. a. well. Indeed, w. find th., there
are ..... nol parallel. be,w""n t heir 'e"imonie. abou, Luke and lohn
and 'he mo'erial [u,.biu. ci .., from hi. wrillen >ouree .bou, Luke
and lohn in m.t . ...-d. 3.14.
s...:onJ, t he accoun' in 3.14 ;'linked '0 Papia, by cI"", .imilari,i
in both ,h. concern. and the wording of 'he materi.1 Eu .. biu uribu'e. to Papi'" la'e, in 3. 39.1 ~-)6. Th ... include (aj that each go.pel
hod its origin in the preaching of one 0' more .]>O>1Ie. , (b) that t he
evangeli'ts wro .. at th. r<que>! of o,hers, (c j tha, a form of t he word
"recollection." a..od . ,ed ,he.., go.p<" wi,h 'he firsthand repo'" of
'he Lord', p<,sonal disciple., (dj. concern for 'he dilferen, deg",e. or
'Yp<' of "ord .." or ".,rangemen," of the moteria" in the go>p<ls. and
(oj tho .ttemp' to find . n ".ndor.. m.nt" for . ach go'p<l from another
accepte<!, ,extual au'hority.
Ahern.,i ... , to Popia. a. ,he ",urce a re al", con.id .. ed, bu, none
corn.. near to sa' i,fying 'he relevant dota well .. d e><-> ,h. Expo'ilio"
oj the Lord', Drach by the bi.hop of Hierapoli . Accep'ing 'he bulk of
tho accoun' in 3.14.:1- 13 (in particular, 3.14. ~-7.1 I) a. coming from
Papi .. ' book would explain much of 'he ,radition concerning th e four
CHAkLES H l LL
go.p<1s which occurs in later writer> who uS! Papia' wor~ .uch a.
Justin, lr~n aeu ., the author of the A/uraror;an Fragmcnt, a.ment,
Origin, a nd Victorinu. of Pe/tau. The material recorded in H;". <cd
3.24. ' -16 ",em. to provide a mining link.
All of thi. would mean not only thot the .. gO'pel. were known
to the elder in the "ery early)''''''' of the .. cond century, but th.t
they were already held in high esteem, lhey were already credited to
apootle. or to followe" of apostle. (anticipating Justin). Elfon. were
al>o l><ing made to provide accounts of their origin> .nd to deal. at
lea st .ummarily, with oom. of the difficulties posed by having multiple a uthori .. ti,'e .ounts of Je.us' word. a nd deed. which did not
alway. entirely m.tch each other. lkea .... it i. nearly cert.in thot the
elder w1>o passeJ this i nformat ion on to P'pi i. hi. "elder John: this
would mean that whoe""r "John" wa. to whom t he Founh Go.)'<1 ",a.
l><ing attributed, he wa> not lohn the elder,
The most extended interaction with the th ..i. whkh ! have ...,n 110
far in ~:ngli.h'" i. that of Richard !\auckham in hi, recent boo~
a"d 'he E,...~,;,"" ..... ,., Bauckham acknowledge. t hat -a good co.."
ha , been made for the proro.al, but also uy. that he doub" if it ca n
he .ustained. '" He offers no rea son. "'hy the ...., .. nnot l>< .ustained,
but instead offers.ix "qualifi.. tion' of it, The fir" two qualification.
h,,'e to do with the faet thot in 3_24. ' -13 Eu",bius i. not quoting his
source ,'erbatim but giving a paraph....." a nd in at least one ""tion
(3 ,24.8-10) break. in with hi. own comments, which may "ill reAt
something of t he .ubstance of the source, but contain OCIticeably hi.
own thought>, The roin1S I affirmed in the original e.say, '" and they
do not afft the a rgument that th e source [usebiu. i. o.ing a nd paraphra.ing i. Popia ..
The third of B>uckham'. qualification. h to do with E.... bius' ....
of "",,; ("t hey .. y") in the cour>< ofhi. reroning on what the lIOur
.ays, B>""kh.m .dmowledg that EusebiWi i. IWrking with a wrinen
SOU"" in 3. 14.~-7 when .aying -a ",",ord hold. (mu'X<l J..it-ro<;), but
he .. Y" it i. not de .. that the 0"" of ""at in 1.2-1.7 and 11 , in apparently referring back to this source, can indeeJ refer to a ",~inen source.
"'u,
,,n' """'..,.
~ 11><
No,d, 100', wh.,h "","'n, . ~ "gthr "' ply. h..
mr h...."" ""r""" .... klr too 10k '" I>< '''f'''"<lro to 1><",_
~ Bauckh.om >006, '''--<37.
- Bauckh.om >006, 4".
~ &<. ' . ~ .. 'lOR t""",
>'>,_ ....., ,...
rom<
'n'"
289
Here h. i imply mistaken,'" BUI h. i. righI, on Ih. olher hand, to

.urmi.. thai EW<'biu. could be using 'they .ay" l>Kau .. h. is reponing P'pi",,' (written ) word., "'00 ",a. him"'lf Pli'ing on oral repo""
"If the a uthor of the wuru in },24,6-8, I I, i. Papia., then Papia. <ould
be citing what he h.d beard that the elde .. had said or ",hat he had
heard that lohn the Elder h.d said,"'" Thi. "qualification, then, only
.uppon. the identification of [u",bius' source a. Papia., and .imply
me ..." ,hat ,h. informa,ion go<' back
a ,ime before Papi wro'e,
Klme time whkh mwt be quite do.e
'he 'urn o[,he first/"",ond
cen'urie ..
Another of s..uckh.m', qualification. concern. a condu.ion I drew
from the iden'ification,'" and doe> not .. ally touch t il< pro!"O'>l to
iJen';fy th e source of 3.14,6-1~ u Papia . Thi> mean. that only 'wo
of Rauckham' ix qualifica'ion. remain, and propos< any .ignificant
difficultie . To ,he.., we now turn,
The fir" concern. what t il< unauributed ... mce in 3.24,~ and t il<
.uribut'" Papian fra];lllen' in 3.39. 16 .ay about Matthew. B.uckham
'hink> ,hat ",hat Ewebiw record. from his .nonymou.... mce in
3.24,~-6 could not be pa., of 'he same accou n' which Eusebi ... auribu, .. '0 Papia, in 3.39.16 (he acknowl"'ge. ,h., i, could h"" come
from ano,her cont.x' in Papi... work) .... On the con".ry, I 'hink 'hey
would fit toge,her quite well . s..uckham oboer"", that one of th e concern. reflect'" in 3,39 i. "'he iue of order in 'he Go.pels, wher... t il<
only poin' of agr""ment be,w""n t il< t wo ",urc<'> i. the ...."ion ' ,hat
M.t1h"", wro'e in Hebrew. " There i. no reason, how"",r, why ,he",
'wo colKern. migh' no' have been combin'" in 'he .. me accoun' . In
3,24 . ~-7 E"",biu. i. only repeating .nough of t il< Klmc informa,ion on M.uh",,' (~1ark and Luke lOCI) .. ,,;11 prm'ide 'he nec .... !)'
bad'ground for relaying its tradition on John, which i. the ,ub~' a'
hand. It i. qui'e rea",nabl. '0 ,uPI""" 'hat hi. >Durce in 3.14,~-13,
'0
'0
'0
- s.hI! '001. 387_,"",,"~, R.HKkhom lroS, . ".

- 1M, """"''''''' 1<., '0 do ",;th P'p"" ""'" of ,t.< , .thon), ;p of,t.< fourth
;,
.. h ~~. "'",khom ''''IJ!<~ ;n""l;d. Ii"" '00, I b<b"" IIoocu..rn ;, m;,

,akm ,t.< ;mport of 'h< f"gm<'" ,.",Ir ..
b<1.,,,,d ,t.<
of ' h<
go'!"' .... , ,1 .po>tI< John, ""' "' ... , ;, ''''" mD ""to;" "
Nk, "'" Joon
"'" dd" .. ,t.< ,,""'" of 'h< Il"'f'<I. b,u", h< ;, 'pp"'''''r ,t.< ""'K< of P'pU'
,.-ad;,;,." ,nd 'f'<w of ",,>to., John .. ,,<box of tt.< goopd. l h;" of "''''''', d ;,,,'tr
",",.-ad"", ",... khon" """ <hn;, obou t ,t.< ' "''''''''';p of 100".
- ",..,khom lroS, " ' .
Goof<~
,ho, ;" "'"''''
,,,,, ;t
,.,hoT
CHAkLES H l LL
who"" aim cle.rly was to gi ... information about the origin' of eKh
of these go,,,,,lo, did 110 in order, and the information [usebiu, quote.
about Matthew .nd Mark in 3,39.1 ~ -16 (which <Ire .... that Mark dOd
not gi,'e thing. in order but that M.tthew did) would ~t well after the
information he <0 brieAy , umm.n.<,> in 3.24.6 before the information
on John in 3.24.7.
The moot .ubstantial difficulty Sauckh.m cbim' to ~nd with the
identi~c.tion of the two ""urce. Ita. to do with t he problem of "",de,
in the go.""b, ! .hall de.1 ""ith it in more depth becau .. it will also
give tbe reader. hetter idea of the nature of the evidence for identifying [u .. biu' soure< on the origin of John', Goo",,1 a. P.pia .
Sauckh.m ,ecogniz.. th.t both Papia, in 3.39, 1~ .nd Eu .. biu'
source in 3 , 14.~- J3 share concern fOf "order:'''' but believ,," th.t the
solutkm each ..,me< give. to th e problem i, d ifferent, ",'en that they
a,. "quit< incon.istent: .nd th .. this i, then ""rong ""dence again"
identifying the >ourc... '" He claim. t hen that "in order to ..... the
attribution to Papia. we h,,'e to .pecubte about wft.t the ><lure< it .. lf
.. id .nd how Eusebim ha, . lterM it:'" Thi' unfonun. tely gi,'" the
reader. d i<torted imp,."io n .bout the actual argument and it .. lf
relies on Sauckham', own theorie. (which are by no meam devo id of
.""culation!) . bout ""h.t Papi .. "must he inferred" to h",'e >aid about
John,
The d ifference betw""n the two accoun ... a. relate. to order, i.,
according to B.uckham. a. follow"
lfte ..,Iutioon to the difference in o,der b<twn tbe Co.p<l, thot Papl"
mu" be ",ferr! to h ..'e oifer!" thot John'. Co.",,1 00.. follow. (0<<h,ooological o,der, "hile tho other Gospel< (ot least Mar\; .00
Matth",,) 00 nO!. In Hi>r, ro:l. 3.2 ~ .~ - 1l the ",Iution is qui" diffe",nt.
1he foor Go'peh are ",con<iled without an aJmi".,n thot .ny of them
i. _ "in order: lohn i. .. O! to h.v< confiDl himlfto filhng in the
g.p I<ft b)' til< Syoopti" " the beginning of th,i, ,",coun" of 1<",. minht')'. 'Iftey narrated only "'hot hoppeDl aft<! Jolin the Bap"" "'... put
in pri",n, ~'h" .., lohn n.noted "h..it oc(urred before loon the Ilapti"
" .. put in pri",,,. EusebiU! is "idently ~'hol l r content with this ..,Iutioo
to til< whole i" ... of d,ff""",,,, in order bet...,.n the Goo""I.,,n
",:t
Bauckh..m
' " Bauckh..m
' " Bauckh..m
'" Bauckh.om
'M
,006, .,. ,
>006, 436.
>006,.36.
>006, . '"
UC"n'ON
1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH
291
What Pap"" >aid .!>ou, Mark in j,39.1~ was ,hat Mark ",t things
down as he (Pet .. ) remembered t hem; he did not make "an ordered
arrangement" (m:.",,,~,,),,, and did not put things "in order" ,;<,.,j
but wrote a, Peter remembered, tailoring his ,pet'<hes to hi. hearen' need, (U'"u:J (Hi. eaL 3.39,1~). Papias, or rather, the elder
he is quoting, ",ems to be responding to ..,mo criticism from .omewhere a!>out Mark', lack of 'order" h"~'<;) and Bauckham believn
the comparison is being m.de to lohn , Thi. may be so, but we may
only think this from inference or -'peculation: for no,,'her< in tbe
account which Euiebius rel.te. in J , 39,1~-16 i. lohn mentioned, In
fact, this _,ion d~ say that one go.pel writer did make an "ordered
arrangement " J~v""~"-'o) and that writer i. Matthew, not lohn. II
is, I belie,,", quite true that in the t",dition from th. elder repeated by
Papi. . .l1 th e gospel. are being con.idered with respect to t he que. tion of literary arrangement (f';~L,,), but this mean. not only Mark and
lohn, Matthew'. G<>.pel would apparently be preferred to Mark'. in
term. of "orderly arrangement." The unnam.d ..,urce Eu .. bim lU<. in
3.24,~- lJ de1initely foeu ... on John'. pre.. rvation of the beginnings
of Jesus' ministry-omitted from the oth er gospel accounts-and not
on the chronological 'order" of even" in the rest of the gO'p<1 story
(though, a. B.auckham obsen'e., i.. ues of chronology might ha>'e been
ment ioned in ponion. of the account> Eu ..bius omits). But the i><""
of an aut hor'. r"~':; or the lack of it cannot be "stricted to matte" of
chronology''' ], can refer to ",.riou. matter< having to do with literarr . kill in compo. ition, hen the omi .. ion of imponant m.terial i.
a matter of "order." .. Quintillian indicate. in a quote mentioned by
Bauckha", hirn ..lf if an author'. "order" i. f.ulty, he might "re!"'at
m.ny thing., omit many thing ."'"
But el""",here in hi. book, B.auckh.m acXnov.ledges ..,rnething
different .!>out what m.y be inferred about P.pia" vi<w of John'.
order." B.auckham h.. argued, corrtlr, ! think, that the author of
the Murar.".;an Fragment is d<'p<'ndent at poin" on Papi.s' account of
". lh;, " he ... ",,,,k),.m (100<1, 103, ''')
>10"" th< ooun 0;""'<>-'; .. , t.< "<n .
"'0> ,t.< .",b O,-""",,,ro::;U,"to I'"t ;nlo prop<rlr oro.,,"; foo-m" wt.<" ,<1",;"& to
t .....
P .,.., """
;f"''''' of "', own wo
~ s.., ,.t-, ,,<w.rt-sr< ..
'" Hi". <rrl
J,"-' "' ",,,,k),.m lOO<S, ' " .
'''''', "he ","", t .... m~ .. <10<, ""';"
,t.<
6", pi""
,<I.... mong h; ""' .... , '0 <h~.t "'00 (though ;, mol ,,,,Iud< <II but ~"''')'
...."S'""",. ",I>< "'" of oro.,nng ..n., of "',.." '"'" ...., .., ;,',- (."').
,~ ()o;m ...... ,
a..r"'" 7, p"fK< J, <it"; by B.ud<h.. m, """,,, ,..",,;.
from ""'dol
,.,w.,.,
CHAkLES H l LL
'he gospelo, particularly on what Papi.s mmt have .. id abou, John '"
After ci'ing a veroion of I lohn U - 3, 'he author of 'he Mum,orra"
Fmgm'"' ..y. of lohn. "TIm. h, prof" .., him",lf not only an e)"wi,
ne .. and h .. "r bu, also a wri"r of all 'he mirad" of our I-"rd in
ord<r." B.uckham writ",
'Ihat John ,,"" nOl only . n ,)', - . nd "rwitll<>< but . 1", I<rot< "all tl\<
mir>ek> of the Lord in oNer" (p<, o,Ji"",,) <omspond. to P.pi ....
""ftion that Mark "n';tl\<, I><. ,d th.l<>rd 00' accompanred h,m.OO
did not w,it< in order (,....;)" ~'ha t J...... id.oo did. IIK. u.., John,
unlike M.rk, ~.. , . n ,),...-ttn", he ~.. , . bJ. '0 writ< "in ord,,: Mo,,,,,'er,
tl>< oNer that the ~tu "'tori . n Caoon ,-.Iid.,,,, III thi, ~'.y i, th .. of ,h.
Lord', mirocl... referring to to. mo<t o!n;o,," " " y in .... hkh the Go,!",1
of loon
to in';" on chronological ord<" in >pe<ifying the fir"
two sign' .. th. fir" .00 ",,00<1 of. S<quenc< (2, II, ~, lo4) ,,_ Such.
"",,,,,,nt ;, th, kind of claim ~" hal" alrudy coocluded th .. Pap",
probably m. de . bout tl>< Gospel of lohn.m
.W"'''
BaucHam th ... acknowl<dgeo tha, Papi ... (or hi. elder'.) referene.
Mark'. "order" cone.m s the very thing he denies tha, it concern,
wo.n critiquing m y proro ..1 to Odentify Eu",biu' source in j_24.~- J3
a, Papia,. In 'he Mum.oria" Fmg .. ,", (echoing Papi.. ), lohn'. writing
"all the mirades of the Lord in ord,," moot lik<ly ren""., .. Bauckham
,aY', John'. ordering of Iu.' fim two "sign. in ><'quences in lohn
2,1 1 .nd 4, ~. Here i. wh Eusebi ... "Y' in 3.24.7-8,11-12;
'0
Afier tl>< th, =pel, ",hKh had '-n p,ev:iou~y ""riflen had . Irudy
'-n dimibut<d to . 11, . nd ev<" '0 h,m><lf, tOry ..y (.,.-.6') that h<
".I<omed tl><m .00 ' ''tlfti to tl><i, truth, but thot th<r< was th.",
for< only locking
tl>< Scripture (or writing) the accoont cOIl( .. ning
things ~'hich hod '-n done by Ch,;" .. fi." (.. pi";"" iv "";''''';) .00
. , the I><ginning (""; ,,,,' ",,~~v) of tl>< prod.m. tion. (8) lh< re<ord
(0 ~ .. certainly tm" .. (Afi .. """" commen" of h" o"n, E....bi",
r<tum.
,he acwunt. ] (1) Now tl><y sa)' ("'-'~') thot on ""count of
tl><.., thing~ the 'ro"l. lolln ".., .<honed h.nd do~'ll (."",,~,<,,)
in th. Gospe l occo,ding to him",lf tbe ,im. pa...,d ov<r in ,".nee b)'
tl>< fint """ng.Ii", . oo the thmg, ""hich h.d '-n don. by the S"iou,
. t thi, t"ne (,ha, ,~ thing' before the in\p,isoll"",nt of 'he B' pt .. t), .00
that I>< .ignified this ,,-ben , . ying ,hi. beginning of ",.r",l. (tu~'~v
~p>;l\v _,. w""~) did J..... (john 2,11 1.,00 to.n by call,ng to miOO
'0
'0
'0
m """"kham '006. .,7,

" """"kh.om 200<i, .,7, A!!';n, "lb., " "hkdy ,0., 'Il< I.. , I""'goc'ph .. ,;' d o.dr
dep<nd<nI <X\ P'l' ... ; ___ " f" .. order ;. ,oocrrn<d, Jolin ;, ,up''''''_ 11... ",nfi,m,
,0."0;, I"" , ","nI ,om<, f,om h" """".' r;"- (.,0)_
293
"'''''''''''''''''',tu)
(or r<""'mbering.
111< Raptist in th< nud" of th< 0<:10
of I... ", as stdl lII<n b>.p<wng . t Mnon ""or Sal<m, pI. inly indl<otmg
lIIi, ~'''n "" "Y' "for Joon w.. nol y<I co" onto p,oon [Iohn 3c2~J. ' ~
(12) lhwo John on III< Scrip<""" (or ~Titing) oftlo< Go.p<1 o<mrding 10
him h.nds down (ro""Si&OO,,) th< thong. dOIl< ('''''IQt",,) by Ooris,
~+Orn tlo< !I.lp<i!1 had not Y'" bn ClI>t onto pri",n, but th< oth" thI
" . ng,li". <all to min.! (or ",,,,,,mber, "''''''''''''''''''',,) th< lIIingo .ft"
III< Rapti" hod bn shUI up in p,i",n_
This fom". r<m.rhbk coindd<n with th< M"ratori~n Fmgm<nt'.
".1<m<n' that John ""01< "all the mi .. cJ~ of our Lord in order: and
remarhbl< <oindd<nc< with what Bauckham hod >oid Popia, "must
h ..'e >aid" obout John. In the contnt of ""ing that lohn'. "count
rKordl ev<nt> befor< til< orrht of tM Baptist, t"" "'ron u..,J by
[u""biu. comm<n1<d on lohn', ord<ring of 'h< m ir.d, "ond that
h< ' igni~l thi, when saying "this beginning of mar",l. (m"""v
';PX~v . .. """oo~) dld I.. u," (John 2, II) bdore r<poning th.t fohn
wa. "ill not imprisonl in John },14.
On< mor< rath .. uncanny d.,ail """m. 10 mnfirm th.t th< author
of 'h< Alurarorian Fragm,"r knew the materiol Eu""'i ... dtl anonymomly in 3_24.~-13. In reponing hi. ",ure< in the l.tI p""'ge,
[u",biu. dt" John lol l , but do<> so in , peculiar way. I",'ead of
John'. "this beginning of . igns (,,~~,.i(l)vr Eu .. biu. writ"'- "thi. beginning of marvel. (~"paoo.;"",)." No .urviving toxt of the go'p<l ha. this
.ub" itution. Eusebius mar have made the .ub"itution himself. but it
i, .ign ificont that in hi, two oth" u .... of thi, ver.., h. follow. all t he
monu>crip" of John', Go.p<l in u.ing (!~~,i"lV. It i. more lik<ly that
[u..,biu in,,<.d oHnding hi, copy of fohn'. Go.pel and looking up
it> wording, .imply reprodu<<<l th, wording of hi. ""nrc., whic h hod
.ubot itu,ed the word ~,,-paoo.;wv for "'ll"iwv. It is most telling. th,n,
that wh.n t h. Alurarorian Fragmmr in the text d tl alxw.
about John "",~iting oil t h. mir.cI .. of our lord in order." in" d of
u.ing th, word ,igtl"m. which norm.lIy tr.n.J .... o~~,;"" ond which
the Vulg . .. US in lohn 1,11 .nd 4 , ~4 .nd ""'rrwh....1" in John
'1""'"
,~ 1h;, 'nh" "n"'nc<" ' .1'_11 ;, "',,"' .. ;nu;=' >p<h .. 'M <On"n" of
""" """p,).-'h;' d",rly "f"" ' M "odn b.<k '0 th< '0'''''''' "'4.6--7. ",,,,k)um
";,,, '"' poWb~"y
'M ""''''' only <on"""d ol oJ.. m"""';n '_14.6_7. onJ
th<n "",,' h" r<j<rt .... olIn. "1"".;[........ ol " ....... , ",""0<, . . Pop""~ Oft Ih;,
,,,'ric';o,,. "", 'M <onl<"t ol '_".11 (r<lor;ng " tMy 00 to ~"'t M h.d ;nlrod",'"
.. ' .' '-'_7),
of
and 'h< Ond;r<ct d;.. .. ,'" alii; ... t h;, ""t<_
...1 to ~",.;, ; wri't<" """""_
,ho,
".",b;u' "'" -""y ..,:
u,
CHAkLES . H l LL
fo r ""~,io,, the Fragmenti" u~ the word mirab,Jjum, t he word u..d

by til< Vulgate to translate ~"pO:oo;", in luke ~ , 26 a nd el~he ...
App.rently the underlying Gr""k of the Muralorian Fr"gment had
~"po.~ not ,,~~i"N. It mihs me as unlihly that this ... me .ubstitution .hould .how up both in til< Mum,orian Fragm<n', a t a po.in'
where it appe'" to know Pa pia' account , and in EUS<'bius' unnamed
soure<, unle that ,""urce wa. Pap i...
In conclu.ion, I do not regard Baucl<ha m'. -qu.li~c .. ion.- a. c.rrying .ny weight again" the identification of [u",bius ..,ure< in Hi",
,L 3.24 . ~-13 a. Papi . If we accept t hi. identi~C>.tion the implica ,iom .re .ignificant for unde"t.nd ing not only the early afterlife of the
Founh G<r.p<1, but for the four go.pelo as a group, If we do not accep'
,hi. identification, it i. "ill highly probable, from P.pi ... apostle Ii"
.nd from the ,radit io n of the elders cited by lrenae"" t hat both Papi
nd 'he generation before him in A.ia Minor were u.ing this gospeL
4 . CO"CLUsto~
Was lohn -,he Gno"ics' .pecial G<r'p<I-' How do .. did the onhodox
come to con.ign ing this gospel to the fla me. a. condemned literature'
From eyen our ,'err limited >ludy her<, we would have to uy: no'
"err do ...
Contra,)' to wh., ha. heen the prevailing paradigm for t he study
of Johannine community history, ,here i. every re.son to belie\"< t h.,
from Yery early on Joh n was quit< "alued by t ho .. church .. (on>.idered l ren aeu, predeceuo", in S)'Tia, A.ia Minor, A( h.i., Rome, G.ul,
.nd in Egyp" John r.,her quickly became clo .. ly .ssociated with the
"gre.' church- and "I" widely regarded a< one of its written a uthori ,i .. , .. i. eviden, in Ari"ides, Fl'. Apo",,, Justin and Cel>us. It migh'
e\"<n with good r<uon be dul>bed -,he orthodox gO.p<I" even in the
period before Iren.eus, Not th., it was 'he mo" u..d gO'pel among
'he orthodox-from our p ..",nt "ate of knowledge th at honor would
h.w '0 go to M.tt hew. But while John .hared wi,h Matthew and other
gosp<1s it> role of providing the ch urcll<. with .uthorit.,i,'e accou nts
of leo",' life on e.nlt, his m iraculo", 'igns, .nd hi. teaching, for u><
in preaching, ca'echizing, and li'urgy, Joh n a lso played a spedal rol<.
Yes, i, provided some of the be,,-lo"ed storie. aoo " t lesu", the turn ing
of the w.ter into wine, the encounter> wit h Nicodemu nd with the
woman at t l>< well, the bread of life d iscour .. , tl>< rai.ing of Lauros,
29~
Ih< encounter with Thoma. after the r.. urrtKm (and more). But
t>ey<>nd thi, and in w.y unp.... lleleJ by any other g015pel it darifil orthodox OHistology for <hureM< in the line of lrenaew' prl<c"""n. Th"" more th.n .n)' other gospel it wa. u..,ful in apologetic
contexts with le",~ and with pagan. for instruction about Ih< pre-exi"ent d eity of the Word, hi. f<UOI.-.hip with the Father, hi> p,rt in
the cre.tion o("all thing''- Mor< than any other gospel it was used in
polemical wntexts with p>.gam and with Chri"ian doc.,i", of ,'ariou,
kind. for imtruction about th< Word', becoming flesh, hi. partaking of <.rthly food and drink, hi, .uffering in the flesh .nd hi. rising
in the flesh. hs usefuln of loIi" 101,8-9).
From a time very early in the ,"",ond c<ntury it i. dear th.t mot ..ialo
which appe.r uniquely or .Imost uniquely in the Fourth Gospel were
in Wi< among the mainstream or "apo>tolic" chuh ... tho", . ..odoted
with Ignatio< and hi dJr....... , and elde", of t he gene"'tion pr:Ming !'api.., It i. not quit< de" ;mt when we can ..y with certainty thot
the .. e>idence. owe their existence to wrinen material. or to what "'e
call the Grupel of fohn. But t he app.rent awarene .. of written &<><1"'1.
in Ignatiu,", the dear referen<<< to gO'p<l writing. in Ari"ide .. and t he
definite knowledge of named. written g<p<l. in P'pia., if he i. indeed
Eu .. biu' source in Hi", meL 3 . 24.~-13. all .p<ak for a very <.rly influence of the go.pel it.. lf, prep.ring Ihe ...... y for its u'" in Rome in ..,rvic", of worship in Ju<tin'. d.y, In any ca ... Ih< Fourth GO'pel soon
became a mainstay among the onhodox. A uch it might be read
by any who could oblain copy, who we,. inl<r<>tM in finding oul
. bout Olristianity for friendly pufPO'<' (Ari>1ides), unfriendly purpo ... (Cel.",), or <imply for purro"" of curiosity (T ryphox Aristide'
and Justin', .-...:ommendatiom to the <mI"'ror). In this ",n"" little h.,
changM from then till now.
.." '''''''''I! f'-'!!-'"': 'II>< w,;rr," '""P .". Hockm .. hJ and I).A.
' ug"", ..I.. Combri<lyc Combo-KIll' Un""~')' Pn ... 100
lI.orn.<ro. L W" 1"""
Combridtl" Combri<lll' Un;"""r p",~ 1967.
1I.o",kh.m, Il, P.pio' and Pol)'... ' " on ,'" Origin ol ,'" >ourth Go>p<~. }ooornaJ of
llorolozKoI "..diN N,,,, """ '" ( 1... '), l4_M.
A)",.n<k,. L. "II><
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"THOUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l', UC"n'ON 1N THO OkOAT CHVkCH
299
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6,_.,.
W olff. R L . ...,I>< Apology of Ari,,";",_A il<_mm;""",,,,' N."",,"

R.. in< JO (1'31).1"-147.
1~.J
THE D1A TESSARON AND THE SECOND-CENTURY

RECEPT ION OF THE GOSPEL OF JOHN
Nkhol... Pernn
Wheaton College
For some time now it ha. r..en widely a.. umed that in the earlbt dad .. ofi .. reception the Go.!"'l of John remainM strictly the domain
of heterodo, forms of Chri<tianity. According to thi. line of think ing,
it wa, not until Irenaeu' heyday to....ard, t he end of the ...:ond century that the Fourth Goo!",I, overcoming the hurdle of proto-orthodox
.uspiciom, made any .ubstantive inroad. into the -great church"all t his largely due to Irenaeus himself, It i., I ""pe<t, litt le coincidence that t oo", who have .ubs",ib<d to thi. recon>truction h.." also
gr.mted only limited 'igni~can to Tati.n's four-fold gO'rel harmony,
the Dia/maron, Il.ecau.., Tati,n', harmony (ca, 173 CEI incorporated
John aJong<iJe t he Synoptk Go.pd. ami pre<:eJed IrenaeWl' ",~it ing<
by roughly a decade, it i. impo"ible to grant much evidentiary ....eight
to the Dia'",aron without.he diminish ing the waterdled .igni~ .. n
normally attached to the bishop of Lyo",,', endorsement of John, One
may r.. [OIgi ... n for wondenng whether it i. merely out of deference to the dominant paradigm, which I h .." Jmt outlined, th .. the
D,a/waro"'s U>e of John h.. be<n regarded .. somehow suoodiary to
the moment of Irenoeu>.' explained by Tatian', lo~ into hery (constituting him .. the exception who prove. the rule of proto-orthodo,
aver>ion to John),' or .imply ignored,'
va"""'"
, S, ' , ~, H....... tn<. )<, ..00 Colp<pp<' t .... tn. A

of thi'
'n,%,'" , .. , .... !ho, '1'","n', h"mooill'oo of ,he ~'rad'''on' ' m olOl_"
.,'" 'n '[""n', ,),<,-, 10 ......... of, .." ,ho,jjr ""
p<n""'''n t'l>. ""
u.mbk " ",
, oJ .<1<'<><n >004. 66--611. , h"" "ll"'" d><wh<", (p,rrin 1003)
!ho, ' h" ~ m ply m',uOOn.und, "" .. ' u" of ..oo.n' )< ... ", h"rnsonill".,,,. wh",h
P'"uppo><d , ,,br, I"," p'mp<'" ,br ."'bori'y of the ... ,'" t",~ .. .1",. in ,br
JO-",
. _ OfT.".n , M,,,,",I ''''' , 00-.1.

, "''''' ,.,.; Jt~J.lI, N6-=; ",,",<I,
" " . " " &o,m m., "1 .

, SchnK"n,""s 1%0;
' ' '1;
7."'","'in '''''' ""I" 1006.
l',",n ',,,,,Iy Ikrt'nslr ""n,_d in wiI<, (' OtIO,
~ I oi "hKh i,
de!",,,. lrom Sand", (1... ', '1) ",ho in <onn<ct .... ,,'th 'r..... n', ""'"" .. ,',, ~
"lh', " oJ""", ,br "'yon'ng of orthodo.....'P" .. ,.... of ,br 'ourth Goord-'
",nob"
"o/f" ,_
"_"'1.
qu'"
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
In this .... y I wish to . r g u~ that t h~ ,urr~nt Kholarly marginalila,ion of 'h~ Di"r","ro", wit hin 'h ~ larger d is<u .. ion of lohn'. r~p'ion
in th~ ..,cond c~n'ury. "ands in n~...J of r,",'i.ion, contrary to wid~
'pread belief, T.,i.n'. h .. mony can a.. ""lIy '~II u, qu i'~ a bitabou,
'h~ Fourth Go.pel .nd its r~p1ion in 'h~ pr~-Ir~naean church, .\Iy
.rgum~n' con.i", of,wo pan.. In t ~ fir" p.rt I wi.h '0 .how th., on
~xamining t ~ ><qu~n<~ of 'h~ pericop.~ (insofar as it can be ron"f1Kt.,J on 'h~ b i. of th~ witn~."'.), i, be<omes d~ar
Ta,ian
.S>ign "'thor h igh valu~ to 'h~ Fourth G<..pel. On~ might ev~n go so
far as '0 ny- and I><r~ I mov~ onto mo .. contro,"""ial ground-t h.,
in 'h~ Din/mara" 'h~ Fourth Go.pel acquir... a kind of h~rmeneut i
c.1 privilege unshar.,J by 'he Synoptk Go.pels. In 'he se<ond part, I
argue t h., on con.id~ring 'he ""rlie" testimony '0 Tatian '. 'h<ologicai
'hift, it be<om apparen' ,hat 'he A .. yri.n '. high ~stim .. ion of John
c.nno' be credibly a",ibu,'" to hi. change of ,-ie"",,, If the t wo p.rt.
of my larger argume n, toge'her pro,-~ ,-. lid, this has implication> for
our understanding no' only of Tatian, but also, mor~ broadly, of 'he
"",ond -cen,ury church and its rep'ion of Joh n.
,ha,
1. THE SOQ UF.NCO O. TH [ DIA TSSAkO.~ ANI> THE H.IC"E.~' UT'CAl

VAWO O. THO FOUkTH GoSPEL
Th~
task of "''''''ing ,ogerl><r four go.pel> in'o on~ unifi.,J and chronologically oNered ""coun' i. a difficul, one by any standard. It doe.n,
requir~ mu<:h imagination '0 realize t h., anyone ,hought fully setting
.bout .uch an undertaking would face a number of in'erpreri,-e deci.ions which would on 'he one . ide impinge on t l>< organization and
empha",. of 'he h.rmony'. final form, and on 'he other .ide presupPO'" certain judgments regarding t he go.pel>, along wi,h a willingne ..
to discriminate among ,hem, Whe", fini,ude require. 'hot one and only
one go.pel .pe.k at a gi""n Ju ru:,ure or in c.... whe r~
or mor~
go.pels .ppear '0 gi"" conflk'ing accounts, lik~ William Styron'. chara.. er Soph ie, the Iiarmoni .. mwrt <00.- for one beloy'" and ag.inst
.not her. The b i, for .uch , bokes may not alway. be en'irely paten, '0
later read~". But ""I><re one go.pel is chosen .. 'he expense of .nother.
it i, sometimes pos.ible '0 di",em implici' eval uati"" judgments on 'he
p,rt of tm, harmoni", Thi., I would argue, i. ju" the
>eve",1
point> when "'''' con.id .. 'he ~uenc~ of 'he Dia/e=ro" .nd the role
of 'h ~ Fourth Go.pel within tha, ~uence.
'wo
cas.<"
Unfonunately, W~ poss.". no ext.nt m.nuscripts of Tatian '. fame<!

text,' De.p ite its immen .. popularity in the Syrian church (indeed,
p..<isely on accou nt of its popularity), the go.pel harmony w. . .y.tem.tically eradicated in the fifih contury so a. to .. mow any competition with the """p.r.ted gospel." that have come down to u. in the
Old Syriac (OS', OS'). We do, however. have a ya" .,,..y of .. xtual
wi tnesses, .panning conturi .. and va .. geognophical distance . Sinc~
the .. Di...... ronic witn ..... betray the impre .. ofth. now-loot g""pel
harmony in differing degr"" ... nd since there are ..,metime. con.iderable d iffe' ..Ke. betw""n the .. witne...", it be.rs stating 'hat "'hen we
..~ contemplating t he original wording of the Diat<,,-aron, ,,'e are-a.
is ",metime. the cu< of ' ext criticism-dealing in the r~alm of , he
highly pro,i.ional,
When it come. to r<comtructing the original sequ<nc~ of the fir"
major g"'pel harmony, w< or< on ..,m<what firmer ground. Largely
retracing the pat h laid by the fou rth-century Comm'"t"'y of Ephraem,
th< nin<t""nth-c~nt ury giant Theodor Zahn ""'. ab le to "" down a
sequenco he con.idere<! likely,' When .hortly ther<.fier the Arabic
Harmony cam. to be published. it only seryed to confirm Zahn',
hypothe.i.ed sequence, and ",i th wry linl< ~xcertion. llet",,,,,n t he
Arabic Harmony and Ephraem. the sequenco of the so-called Ea.t<m
f.m ily of Diate".ronic witn<.",. come> to light ",i th "'iking darity,
While this ""Iuenco Ji .. gr"", at points with th< sequence of COOH
Fuldemis, the <"liest La,in wit ne .. and the chief repr...,n .. ti,'< (along
perh.p. with the Tuscan Harmony) of the 50-called We"<m fam ily,
",I>ola .. g<nerally pr..ume that th< .hared sequ<n of the Arabic
Harmony and Ephra.m reft""" the ""Iu.nce of Tat i.n him"'lf.' In
,<n' ,_"oo
11><
of KoI,un>',onun (100II) , .... 1'.... " .... , no( in foct ' h<
," ,00. of "'" """"""'", .. ""';"""8" rt ""'Y 0., ",-w" ""' .. ,dying"" ,I<vd of
wpt.rnm """"d, trod;,,,,,, ''''', 'f .pplK<! m"1y ' " .. "rly<huoch M,""J', would
.. n<kx ,0.
ro<pU> " mm ''''''"' and m'non. MOT<O'..... ,0. ,"!hOT <"",'a1~'
.... ""'" wrongly", my v~" t'" d""",,"",, 0.""") , th., "'"
w,;t(," ,ft"
T.. ",". b.-.. k bOn> Itom<.
, lph,.. m" c-.. ,""'')' fioo. ;,. "'~ ""''''''''' ;" ''''' """tth -",u,), Am>< nw.
monu"";",,, ' ",nwtion> of """h .."" p. bi;>i><d ; n t.,6- wh<th<, '" _ ",mook
I t .. t .,~) .. " th< fin< ' " .. ;" "P"" '"' pot,n'w of u~ng Eph, .. m,,,,';'-' to "OOfi_
~"'" 'M onk, of ,0. """""''''''. z.h" ( 1..1) .. " 'M "," to t.)' "'" ,d<t.ul";
of,",
~hh, K>nlin8 to ."", .. It .... 111), . ....
>< u" "Sud ... .. u ...
Pt . .. ~I ..... , IS.
, 50, <.g., P<1,,,,," (t .... 1m who I0I0 ... e.G "", u(! ("H).
1"''''''''
,,,on"'"""'"
0.-.,......
I."",
,......,<1.
y"",""".
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
th~
twentieth cenlury. building afr~,h on the major harmoni... des<~n

dent from t il< Diat ..... ronic tradition, Loui. Leloir h a. refinM Zahn',
'''luendng furthor' To tl><> best of my knowlMge, Leloir'. ,,'ork ha.
gone umurpasse& grateful for this ground,,'orL. we are able to reconstruct the original ~u~nce of the Di"""mro" with a fair degree of
c<nitude. "'ped.!l)' whore East~rn .nd W~tern familieo ag .. e.
Fmrn the beginning of the gospel harmony, it become. dear that
Tati.n', ordering of pericopae .peaks to a high view of John. A. commence> the Fourth Go.pel (John lol),.., commence. Tatian'. gO'pel
harmony. "I n t he beginning wa. the Word . nd the Word ",a, with
God and the Word was God, '" Not only do<. the Diarmnm" kgin
on a Johannin. note. it app<aro to do... on one well , "The.. are,
however, many ot her thing. which Jesu. did, ",hich if every ,ingle
one of them wor. written down, I .uppo.. that not even the very
world would contain th .... books which WQuld have to be writt.n"
(John 21'H).~ That the Fourth Go.p<1 provides the bookend. of
Tatian', harmony i, .ignificant. for it ,irtually goe, without .. ying
that t her~ i. something intrin.ically programmatic about the beginning and ending of a compo,ition. A. i. well known in the stud), of
literary form., the n... ath.., f",me pro" ides the context again" "'hich
th e remainder i, to be under>tood; it "''' the "age a nd pull, dosed
th e curtain. and ... uch i. hermeneutically determinative, Tatian', life
of Christ in .... p.bly become< the story of the "Word' who w<os "with
God and wa.
a story which close. with the .. me "'him,ical editorializing found.t th nd of the Fourth Go.peL By beginning a nd
ending .. it does, th. DinleHam", a. Tatian i. doubtlew)' well . ",are,
doe. mor~ than lend its ...1of approval to the Go.pel of John, it implicate, the Johannine text kind of hermen.utic. ll.n, through ",hich
Christ is to be understood. LL
God:
ldoi' I"';.
'Ihi' .. ,k.,-Iy ,t.<

1.101
,,,,,,no!
on both
. 00 ;n!<mol gNU"'", Aph,.t..,
U .. ,t.< ,wt of ' u" Go>pd of ,." '''' ..... :
oo..bd"~l ,t.<!);a'""""". A, fD< ">lu.o) ""'''''''', imporum MWldI< Hutch (Hi<l<
from U,,,,,,hl), M icld~ High """',,'00 ...tin
'!"'" fD< ,t.< "'''''",n b m il]c
,I>< M.b<.< """""'Y , r<! eph,,,,m 0=0" john u .. T" .. n'. "'~in ~ poi"' '' "oil,
"'h~~ "" "" ofeo.k. Fut<i<m', Iqin' >rilh l ui<, U_4, i"
(ubi< of
ron"n"I, "hKh b<g;m ..-.h lohn u. bot"r>
ot u,,, poi"' , I><
of FokI<rui,
"', b<m ""'p<,a] wiu" "" , .. hn l Mt ,
t tJ_t to.
A~'mltr , "",i""d by , I>< A".." .Jo",. l",,;, 1.. >6, ,tJ) jo>d!!,'
'r"i.n
mOO! ~' "h , hi. """,
" ,,'Om not 00 to "'6!!'~ ' hot , I>< in"~"'n of John U ---< ot ,t.< t..ginning .... '
...,,, 0< 1<" . n orlo;'""r cho;o,," if '0 " r. WdI, wI><" ,..., m;gh' I>< "'''' pu, ",.
(I.""",,,,,,,,t,,,,,
0.0 . .
,it" lohn
""',c<,
''''I
lJ_".
'.f""'"''
,<x,
,ho,
The .haping forc. of the Fourth G"'pel i. fu rther oorne out on consideri ng the way in which Tatian arrange> subseque nt perkopae_ Zah n
ha. already made this point on the . urmi .. that Tatian h as arranged
hi. chronolog)- according to the ord<r of the loh.nnine Passovers. "
Generally spealing, when Tatian comiden the synoptic materi.l, he
pr<fers to fo llow the order of Matthew .gain " Mark a nd lu~." On
comparing Tati.n', reordering of Markon and lukon material. it i.
dear that Tatia n i. more int<rested in preserving the order of t he
former." But of all the ev. ngeli.", the one whose order is lea" di,rupted i. none other than lohn." Thi. la" point .houJd not he overpressed . ince one would expec' fewer di .. gr~rnen" to "'ttle in t he
ca~ of John, Howev"r, inter.stingly, among t he few ploc .. wher< lohn
and Matthew ar< in conflict. Tat;'n ca n he found g;"ing preference to
the former by relocating the latter,
An in.tan of this can he gleaned from th e witne" of the Arabic
H.rmony .nd CoJex Fulden,i., wh.r< t he Calling of the Four Dis<ipl..
(M att 4o,S-21I/Mark U6-20) i. mo'-! to a point . hortly hefore t he
deKription of the early Galilean m in i" ,!, (M.n 4.12- ,6/1M.rx U 7)."
While the ded.ion to t.."'po'" the pericope agai nst their Matthean
order i, rather mystifying at first glance. it appears that Tati.n i. actually .')'ing to ",,,,,Ive. conflict hetween M. tthew and John_ Matthew
''''!oct
0.-.".
W, 1>., .< '" r<oro. wju,

,h.. ,'" ,uilio< of Ih< ".,,"'.,,"" , 00 ,'"
lu"",,!! ""'" no K>ng<' , ",n' "", j " .. fu '00 ".I ' rai . . d, """"rio" '" ".,.,
o..n obi;, """ '" Ih< .'!"iIK ....< of th' , mo< . whOl< t m'gn' 'n ""'" " n" 'U"
,,;u, wik. I"", n=I '"
of th'nking of .. . IT"o.nl ..
out to
"" if"""hl Goopd"
Ih< """ " "". '" m... ' guard _pn" 'h< oppm;"
<m>< .. h~ h f<U. to > ,h.o.t rbm<nt of m",n.l i.
SimiWlr. z.hn
t""t.16t, H<," to'", D O_ lJl,
N'g<' 2(100. 71.
" s., a'",",,"'" 'n '.ohn ... t. "._,6t. f"rtWir ",m mar,,,d .. folio..-"
s.h< ... vom G,ns <1<, ..r,nll;,"'n W;,wmuil I"., ,,,, g<uOgl " " '" una
< ig< n ll~" ,,1b.t,rnt>ndlKh ;", .,"," j<nun<I ",n v",,,,h ,..., ,-",,,0.;'""II .a.,,
,"" " , ng<'''n macht. h.o.up''''hI''h . u, lob.on"" g<""""'''' Z";Kh<n <l<m "''' n
"oil .!r'I!<n P. ... nK" <1<, T,uk I"" ",Ii"~ ,in< rwri_jihrig< w;rt .. mu;t. _ ohI
", n Anf"'S'l"'nkt. ai, ""h d.. a.. G"nndrik <1<, "'.... I"''' b-LL.-kn<k P. ... <m<hn;u< th,OI<nclm .."", <1<, ! ~ ubh","n una
"" T,mpd ... ih< <mn", <hr<><><>iog;,<h< , ..,""',. Iw "'u, 100"'''''" (l6t 1_
" I.H. 'hi , .... ,,-,., t.doir 1036. "0_
" Acr",d;ng to I_H. H~' (, ..... >O-Jt), u" . i, I"rt ~u l,-, ~' ""' ... .0.1, in th< mOd_
<II< ",,"," of Luk< (.. "_10), "h""
,d., ... , ,,, " .. u,<w . n<! M.rt or<
""'ng
"'..-,,<
I'''''''. "I)."
tn,'''"
""" ,,'n<
a,Wc.",,",
'n"'P""
'""'1"""'"'"_
T",,"
""'"""robk.
" I.H. lhU (t .... , JO_Jt) ."'" ,hot "" n"mh<, of JHIoc,,",". of 100" ;, .rou, k.lf
.... , of M.tth<,.. or M.rt.
~ lb, .,.. .. g<
i,,,,,,,,,1 On
~r h, ,,,,,-
NICHOLA' ".UIN
ha. J..,;u. beginning hi. Galil~an ministry aft" John 'h~ Bapli,~r i.
am",ed (Man 4,11); 'his in turn i. foliowNi by t il< calling of t il< four
fi.ll<rmen (Matt ' ,18-22). Meanwhile, lohn .hO\..~ Jesus b<ginning hi.
G"il~an mini"'y INfo" Joh n '. arr~" (John 3;2}-26; 4.1-3) , By moving the call of 'he four di.ciples '0 a roin' prior to lohn'. impri..,nm~n', Tatian .... m. to have made hi. fa,o ri,. Synoptic Gosp<1 bow ou'
'0 lohn in 'h~ in"r~" of chronological accuracy,"
Ano'h~r conflict bet ,,..,n John and 'h~ .ynop, k trodi,ion occu"
in connKtion with 'he Anointing a' Be'hany. Matt~ and Marx
agr"" th., ,hi. anoin'ing (M . rk 14.3-9/1Man 16.6-13) follows I~.u'
Triumphal Ent ry in'o J~ru .. lem (Mark 11:1-IOIIM.tt 1U-9). lohn,
however, m.k ... 'h~ anoin'ing (John 12 .1-81 take place before ,h.
Triumphal Ent ry (John 12012-19) . Perhaps wi,h add Ni induc~men'
from John', chronological marke" (Joh n ILI,Il), Tati.n follo",~ ,h.
founh ev.ng~li" (anoin'ing then ~ntry) again" the combinNi t.. t imony of ,h.
and ~ond " .. ngelis .. (~n'ry ,hen anoin'ing), Ag.in.
'h~ .)'Ttop'ic malerial give. righ' of way to t il< lohannin. ,~xt , When
forced to choose be,w,,",n John on t be on ide and M.tthew and Marx
on 'he oth er, Tatian opt> for the form~r,
In Matthew, 'h ~ Healing of til< I.~p<r (8.1-4 ) foUows on the h""l.
of t il< Sermon on 'he Mount (M.tthew ~-n Y'" for "'m~ r~a..,n
' h e DiMenron slip. righ' 0\'" ,hi. p<ricop< '0 t il< Healing of 'he
Centurion', Servan' (Man 8 , ~-13) , Tatian ,hen rein",n. 'he Healing
of tbe I.ep<r be'",,,,,n ,h. Healing of 'he Syro-Phonedan Woman (Matt
I ~;21-28I/Mark 7,1~- >0) and Jesu' He.lings on til< Mountain (Matt
I ~;29- 31 I," Mark h.. the parallel "ory of 'he lep<r much earlier in
Je.u' ministry (Mark ';40-4~), and had Tatian Il<re been irnpre...J by
Mark', ord~r, he would haw . u r~ly in",nNi it bet""""n I<>u' Praying
in a Solitary Place (Mark U~-39) and the Heal ing of 'he Paral)'tic
(Marx 2,1-12)," !.ike Mar", Luk~ abo has the Healing of the Paral)'tic
(I.uk< ~.17-16) immediately following t il< Healing of the Lep'r (l uke
~.12-16). Bu, ev~n though Luk~'. ord~r i. corroborated by Mar", 'he
fi",
lB","
.
''''/;''ll
" A, ,,,,,,",,d nW ' 'lIuro br ulm '384,1"_150. fO&"'a!",. l. fL Hm

lha a " I,,,,, <h< "'" 'n th, E.""", .. ;In< ... cod", "uid<m;, "'I" II><
of to. l<p<r ;mmal~"~'
s..""", on th< "''"'. ', but th" p.oo.l>iy .... """"
,Ii" I"'
00 . . '0
,,,,,form or" ...... "" '0 " ,<tho" .
,ho,
1h ;,.u ,I>< mor< , u'P "~n& >'ng

Mort. """'''''', ""''''n<''ri~;ruJy ,
'h'onoIog><.JIy ~nk> th< i!,~,"g of<h< Pmlyr;. to th< i!'~",& of II>< l'P" ,.;!h th<
1""... ", kw d.ol" ~",. ("'.,. "I).
thinl ~.. ngelist too i. ignored by Tatian at thi> roint . Wh.t might
h..'e ...... yed t he author of the
to relocate the Healing of
the lq>er against the witne .. of aU thr~ Synoptk Go.pels!
The .hon an,wer, it ""'m., i> lohn. Mark implies that when the leper
came to Jesus (Mark lAO), it was the midst of lesu,' tour of the "ne"
towns" (Mark 1:38) ",atte red "throughout all Galilee' (M ark U9).
tuke .Iso pinroints Jeou' healing of the leper in one of the town,"
(Luke ~,12) , presumably, giwn the .urrounding Lukan context, within
Galilee. Tatian ""'m. to haw odated thi. stint in Gali!"" with t he
Galilean vi.it recorded in John 4,H-4~, which in hi. m""",,<o"
immediately precede. the Healing of the Leper (Man 8,2-4 parr.) .
Tatian move> the Healing of the Leper to the end of John 4, it "",m.
to me. in order to connt thi> healing with t il< Healing at the Pool of
Bethe.Ja (John ~ ,I - I~) . Bee.u .. Tatian'. juxtaro.ition of pa .. ag.. w..
sometimes dr"",n by them.tic r...,mbl.nee, (not just chronological
""'Iuenee) nd be<:au"" the .. two a<cou n" have ",me striking , imilant;'., not I"",t t ll<ir both b<ing centr.lly concerned with til< question of "';lIingn... (whether on the p.rt of Jesus in Mark 1,40 or on t il<
p.n of the .uppli.nt in lohn ~,6),! find that til< lohannine Healing a'
the Pool >1ory had an overwhelming gra"itationai pull on the .ynoptk
Healing of the uper. Not in'ignific.n~y, Tatian '. interest in grouping
the two pa=ges together prompts him to di.rupt the trajectory of t il<
triple tradition ra,her than mo,'e the Johannine matenal.
The .. e.. mpl .. are merely illustrative of the way in which John',
Go>pel influenced Tatian', ordering of hi. harmony. They are not
me.nt to imply tha, there are no occurrence. wll<reby John's ma"rial i. tramrosed for the sake of conforming to the synoptic record.
Indeed there are. The clearest example of one .uch tran.po.ition i> in
the Cle.nsing of t he Temple. Over 'he cen'mi .. readers of John have
struggled as '0 whether John's temple cleansing wa. meant to be t il<
same ewnt depicted by the triple tradition at 'he end of Jesus' mini.try or whether 'here were in fac t two cle.mings. Tatian op" for t il<
former option. Con><-quently, Il< mows the loh.nnine a<coun' (John
2,11-22), .Iong with the meeting with Nicooemus, to a .. Iatively later
roint in hi> "ory . Thus if we .urmi.. a go.pel'. weightiness on the
ba.i. of its gravilational pull, th e pull i. by no meam unidirectionaL
Thi. sugges" that for Tatian the Founh Gospel ,,-a. no me ... upplement to the >1ory of Jesus. Rather, in John the .uthor of the m""",,<o"
found an .<coun' which was faithful in its theological reflection .nd
D,,,",,,,,on
NICHOLA' ".UIN
credible a. a historiall remrd. Th ... i. not the .Iigh .. st indication t h.t

Tatian considered the Fourth Go.pel a ny I... r,li.bk than the nrst
three gospel., On the (ont"'f}', lohn .. em. to ha>'e been the foundation stone on which tilt- building block> of ')"lloptic m.terial were laid;
it w" also the edifice .round which the .... m ynoptic m.teri.l.
would be forced to bend. At the same time, it would go b<rond the
.vidence to .ay that in Tatian', eyes the authority of lohn outstrip.
that of the .ynoptic .. For tM a uthor of the Didl<f",m", lohn i, a kind
of primu, ;"ter f"'w."
Having establi.h.d Tatian'. high ,iew of the Go.pel of lohn, it rem.in.

to b< .hown wheth<r hi. appreciation might b< connected with hi
lkged laps< in'o he",.y,lL Afier all, if T.tian cam. to use lohn a. scripture only .. a ",.ult of the heterodox outlook h. acqui.-...llat< in lif.,
th is would certainly confirm that the Fourth GO'pel ,,'a., a. late a.the
170., en vogue a mong th. GnO;S,ico but, correspondingly, onfa.hion.bk a mong the prOlo-orthodox. In thi. ca .. '00 we could only .upPO'" thot Iren.eu' end."...,ment of John w indeed something of.
breakthrough if not a complete voIt<-face within the gre.t church tradition, On th. other hand, if Tat ian'. appropri.tkm of John can not be
convincingly linkeJ to hi. t heoiogic.1 turn, but can b< better explai ned
by influence. within the proto-orthodox traj<ctory, then t his too ha,
implication. , which point in a ,'.. y differen t dir'ion . For reason.
J hope to m a ke dear, the I.tter p.ath seem. to make f., more ><n", of
the avail.ble .vidence,
like so many even" in """ond-century history, Tatian', turn to
heresy i, .hrouded in obscurity, at lea" in the detail>, We do, how.... r, h,,'e .. a starting point cert.in remarks firs t h.nded down by
lrenoeu.
"'i,
w;'" ,'"
.lU,
M
" "'"'T b< t .... John <om< do"", to .... n ng
",-tu,
fin' Gmp<1.
..-uWd" ,nT"'" fi, '1"'''' ..-,U ..-,'" ,'" w?, ,"uKh', pO;lm .... roo- "" 'f""'oOC
.... nE<~ ....
" ',m qu'", ..-"" th>" c<"'gori<s"" ""'''''T- 000 "(pro<<>-)oc,hodo"r" , ... ' n",h_
"",am. At th< .."",
~ do", ,'" ~ , .. , , "UK" .... ;n"'nI."'h=", ;"S,"
,I>< nt< "" nrommuOUCOt .... ;mrl;,, ~ .,,,n 'f ""o. ""gori<s w"" ,'"
"" qui'"
"" ... I uo. 'h< 'm", h<" ond througho", fo< "" ..., of ron<;,;o".
'im<,"
,,"'.r< ..
Springing from S. turninWl ' oo Mordon. too ..

lied Encwit...
(.. If-mnnolled) pInched .~.in" n",nage . ,. Some of th"", ,ko"ed
.mon~ them hOl-e also i"noouced . bsti""",, from .n"".1 food. th ..
pro"ing the"""I,'", ung"teful to God, ~'ho rormed . 1I thmg., lh<y deny,
too, the .. I""t"'n of him woo "'.. , fi,,, ([e,,I. It is but lately, howev",
th .. thi, orm",n has heen "we"ted . mong tMm. A n. in rn.n n. n>l
T.II. n fi .. t m"oo",,1 the bl .. phemy. He " .... . M.r<r of j .. tin'" . nd ..
long .. he continued wilh him he ..p......J no "",h vi<w~ but . fi .. hIS
m. rtyrdom he "'p.roted from the o,ur<h, .nd, exdled .nd pulfe-d up b)'
Ihe thought of being . le>che" as if he ,,~ .. ,up<rior to other>. he mm
pos<d his
!",<uliar tn>< of doctri,... He inyented 'Y'lem ot "rt. in
invi.ible A""n>. Iii the follower< of V.lentinu>. ""hde, like Marcion . nd
>atmninu., he ded.rl that morri. ge "'.. , nothing el th. n mrrup<ion
. nd fOlnic.lIOn . But hi, dem. 1of Adam '. ..1'-'"00 ...... n orin",n d...
entir<iy to himlf,"
0"'''
While rumor would circula'e .mong I" .. church f"hen th.t Tatian
wa. the found .. of Enc .. t i.m (Ew;,t,iu., Hj". d. 4.19.6), tl>< bishop
of l)'On. make< no .IKh d,im. I""ead, .ccording to lrenaeu., the
.uthor of the Diar,""a,o~ joinM tl>< Enc .. tit . . . nd .ubsequently won
them over to his belief in Adam', perdition, Although Tati.n i id
to haye .harod, while h e ""'" .ll aehod to the Enc"'t ite comm unity, an
interest in invi.ible A<OIl. with the V.lentini.n,.nd neg"ive yiew> on
m.rriage with Morcion.nd s..tuminuo, Iren.eu. emph"; .,. t h.t the
doctrine regarding Ad.m originated with Tat i.n himself, The bi.hop',
account "",m. to .ugge" th" this bl.. phemy w" the pr..cipi"ting
caus" of confiict with the church at Rome. the un,ali.factory ",>olution of which cillminated in Tati.n', "'p .-.tion at Klme point a~er
the dealh of hi, mentor, lustin Mart)T ( t 163-168 CE). According to
Euselliu., Totian'. break with the Rom.n church occurred .bout 172 C E,
a dale which .dmirably~" the evid~nc"."
To b.- .ure, it i, quite l'O"ible and indeed probable that Irenaeu'
r~mark. are linted with ""'ggeration-proto-orthodox critici,m of t he
l.p,.,J was ",Idom understated. At the ..me time, there must b.- ,.,me
.ubotanee to the bishop'. word for it is de" th .t Tatia" and t he
church do part way' and th.t in a time when the Roman church wa,
relati""ly tolerant." It i, at any rate not unlikely that t he .uthor of
the Diate'mro~ b.-came incre .. ingly 'ympathetic with the ""rr ""'''
" Ioocu, Ad . """. U3.1 (t .. "~., AN" "'''I.
" s d'KWoion;"
" S Lomp< lOO' ,
.""K" """. "'_134.
,",_,..s.
NICHOLA' ".U1N
m.n';on<1l by lrena.m, and therefore th ... i, 010 a prjori .. allOn '0

rul. out ,h. ro .. ibility ,hat Tatian', high view of lohn evolv<1l ou' of
,h ..... )"mpa,hi.s. Of , our.." .. ying tha, Klme,hing i, "ro"ibl." i. no'
,h ... me th ing a. saying 'hat i, i, "likel)"." The likelihood th., Tation'.
high view of fohn deri,-<1l [rom Mardon. '., urnin u. and V.l.ntinu.
must be a.",,,<1l on 'he ..,d.n,
II<fo .. turning '0 t hi, iue. i, be." considering T.,lan'. goalo in
comp<ing hi. Dja"",aron. Th. que"ion ha. been ,.ken up in depth
by Tjitze Baard", who, .fter no'ing Tati. n '. chasti.. ment of Greek hi. ,ori.ns who muddle t hei. facts and Ih', a' e a.. with ,h.ir con,radic,ion>, .ummarize. th e Diau,,,,,on', raj"m J'Ur< a. [oUow.:
0"'
lh. Diat"'.. "" w... coreful . ttempt to crea"

h .. torical oc(Qunt
of the word oo deed! ot 1<->"" as far .. they (Quld be recon"ru':ted
on th. basis ot til< memoirs ot til< """,tie. contained III the , ... riou,
g""""I .. predominantly tho ~-hkh later on """i,-..I c. oonkal "' tu~
'Ill< b.a.k kI<. of the b.arrnony w.. 'hot ,II< truth 1>""'<0 vioibl< in
unity . nd harmony. 1h< ",utHOconwned d,serep.anci<s . nd wntradk,ion" ""t by ... ing his'or",,1 m<'00ds the his,ori. n could demon"'ote
0'" uniye ... l bOogr.phy of I...,. could be created ""Iu,h wived the
~",,,,,,,'in ot th. SOU" .. in 'he ~",,_iu of harmony,~
,ha,
BaarJ .., condu.ion i. per<uasive; it~" ..'er}~hing we know .bou, ,h.

compt><er of 'he Djalma rotl," Whil. n.in Q Histi."" like ,he 1.",
Origen and tbo", of the AlexanJrian school. remain.d imperviou. '0
apparen' d itcrepand .. between the go.pel as t he", d ifficulti ... onl)"
underscored t h. nee.i')" of. ".piritual" (as oppo><d '0 Ii ...:!) ... Jing of 'he .aiptur... Talian was cu' from a d iff.re nt heml<neu,ical
dot h. Convinced ,ha' tru,h must exhibit a t horoughgoing uni'y, ' he
his'ory behind 'he gO'pel'-preei><ly becau .. t he go.pel. were "uealso had '0 exhibit t he ..me Lind of uni'y, Certainly. 'he Djate"aron
wa. born partially ou' of scholarly inqui.i,i ... n... , but t he Assyrian
had a \'ery p.-.ctical apologetic concern .. well. In d rawing "p hi,
go.pel harmony, Tatian wa. in .... nee ... king '0 ... me hi. fai'hful
re.ders of t he f.ctual trustworthine .. ot 'he fom gospel. Jespite ,h.
occ .. ion.1 appearance of Ji.cord, which w .. e.pecially .mph .. iud by
' he opronent> of proto-orthoJoxy.
~ ... ,do , _ ,
M
s," 1'.1"
tJ}_ ' '"'' >
,..." J.I_,
''''_t<" quo
"" p. ''"'.
Among too... whom Tatian would hav~ had in lhe for~ront of

hi. mind wor. the Mareion it.., .... the Mardonit.. saw it, the go. r<1. were far from harmonious; in f.et, they fiatl y contradkted one
another." Sharing Tatian', a.. umption that the goop<l.' t ruthfuln ....
der<nded on their con>onance, but p>ning way. with the "'.. y"an'.
eon,ietion that the four-fold gosr among t he g<p<l deci."..,ly
undermining their u..,fuln ... for faith .nd p ractice. Not mLKh later
than the middl. of the ",,",ond century, when justin 'hureh was u.ing
a plurality of "Memoirs" and ~tardon was .ingling out the Third
Go'r<1 and only the Third Go'r<1 a, a uthori .. tiv~, Mareionit.. must
h,,'e ",arched intently for goopel difficulti .. 00.' to provide grist for
th.ir polemical mill,," With this sam. debate .howing no 'ign> of
cooling in his tim~, T .tian would have simply conceived hi. project as
part and p.. c~1 of this con,'e"ation, that i., a mea n. of r~uti ng t he
hugely.ucees.ful Mard"nit .., So, fi'en if t he ... yrian e.... ntually Glme
to .hare Mard"n', negat"" ,;~,,~ on marriage, thi, doe. not nec~.ar
ily mean that he .. ,.. himself a, h"'ing j,..,n influenced by the P"ntk
.hipbuilder (Irenaeus only .. y. that Tatian', ,;ow wa. "like [that of]
Mard"n"); much I. .. doe. it imply that T.tion', ,;ow"f "' ''pt ur ..
,,-a, .o moh"w posit,,'ely .hoped by the Mardoni .. m"vem.nt , On t he
contrary, like justin (hi. ment"r) before him and RhoJ"n (hi, >tudent)
after him, Tatian, in comp<ing the Djdte,,~ro~, appea" to be joining
a larger effort to head off Mardon', eritici.m of the four-fold go'pel ,
While it hardly bea" stating . ince, a, i> well known, Mardon had
already deci.ively rejected john, Tatian could hardly h,,'e acquired hi>
fondn . .. for john from Mardon,
" A fin< mmpl' of
Di.!ot...- of A..""'"""'
u... I.."
Mm',,,''', b;'ing cr.''''un con boo found in th,

1.7 (",n ""n So .... &1",")"," ' ''''',
l4,
MEL A,a---,"" ro ,;",T'!i,-", ... i o.u" ...; o.u" i.iyoo..o", ;;e... ", i"""
~.
A",
~ ... i ,,;."'" X,,,,,;,, '''''Yr''''''''''''' '" ",.;" , "" ~_'k
MH, no . Oll' "",i",mL
M,s-, 11>< !"'f<k d'''&'''', ""'" "Y "'" thing. ~'h"" "'",,, ,"","" ,h'ns- All
of from "hieh 'PP''' f~~'i<,.
A,L [10 'h<)' p""",h "'" Chri" , nJ '",n anothn Ch ,i ~ ' " " 'n 'h', '''I''''
l"""Y th., tI><y d'''g='
M,S-' No. ,.,hn tI><y """".die' ,,,,,h
" ..,""... "oo. n' . AI"II<~ ..... Iy pick<d up "" '"' (i,k 1"""1",,, f..- ".,'ng
""" 'nroru'''<oc~, ,nd ,","", " .g.o"'~ hi' pro<o_orthodo..
",6"
"'h,,,
f,,,, "" '''moe< "",
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
But even if T.tim a)",'oy' lined up with the proto-orthodox in their

practical in,istence (agai nst Marcion) on multiple a uthoritative gospe1<. this doe< not rule out the po"ibiJity that it "'.,.. the mo,'ement
initiated by Valentinu " who in lren"u' .ccount of T.,i.n, .postasy i, mentioneJ a1ong,ide with Sat urninu " that ultim.tely induceJ
the A"'yr;'n to include John in the h.rmony, Aller all. a. ha, ~n
pointeJ out el><",here. the Valentinian. (like Tatian) .1>0 ....,m to h ....
been esp:ially at"acteJ to John." In this c.... it "'... Tatian'. commitment to the plurality of the go.pe1< that leJ him to compo .. hi.
harmony. but it wu hi. ac .. ion to Valerin;'ni.m that leJ him to
include John .
Despite the init;'1 persua.ivene .. of this ron>truetion, it i. not, in
my mind, fuUy rersuui,'e, When we con.ider Tat;'n'. goal. in composing the Diate"",,,,, and the hermeneutical dispo.ition which those
goals rellt, which I h"" di>cu ..ed above. and when we con.ider. by
contrast, the -.piritual" e .. g.. i. so ch ..acterut ic of the Valentinian
",hool (incl uding Valentin u" Theodotm. f'tolemy nd Heradm),
it be<:omn dear that .ny theory t hat explain. Tat;'n'. u.. of lohn
.imply by the Valentini.n' u.. of the .. me gO'rel i, wo<fully in.dequate. Such a th eo!), founders be<:.= it f.il. to realize that while
for the Valentin;'n. the approp ri.tion of lohn .Iong.ide the Synoptic
Goopel. was intrimicaUy unproblematic. in the mind of Tati.n, who
"'.. comtraineJ by t heological ne ..ity to maintain the historical
compatibility of the go.pel .. the idea of <U!Jj"g John (.gain, on the
... umptkm that he wa. pe",..deJ to do so only through hi. contact
with th e Valentinian.) WCluld h .." been fraugh t with difficulties. In
other word.. it i, p;otently unlikely that the Valentinian. could ha ...
per:mad eJ Tati.n to Kpt lohn . ince they were apparently not able
to win him over to t heir hermeneutic. a hermeneutic which for the
Valentiniano w., the only mean. of rendering the Fourth GosI"'I
admissible in the first place,
~ G;"," <h< lars" .rgum<nt ol " "... h." to'", t ",iI ~.'" "P"" ,1>0 I""';biUtr
,h.t ,....... , i, "",f"",J'''lI ,..., ,.,.. , ol ",","h""' ,,;u, u,,,,,, of h', mon .. , ......
[010, ,,,.
M
"
mol<. no "'"'" to """o.k, "'t"m;"u, .. a" ad"", .. , [oo I"""" ,.,,' ;,
no ...... n
""d "" 'ourth Go>p<I."', ... m I""~ ok tiu, ' hi' d i.. ; p~ ol
.\\, ... ndn "''''' """ ."''' th< 'ex' exi",d_ S "',un
. nd c.E. H;II lOOI,
,,.
,ho<...,
to". ''''
" ,... """ ~ Ad,_ Iu>n. '_11 .7. Il-uTW. (t ... , t"'l ,,,. u,;, ""r<d pri'~"g ol
John .. f"",;t,k ground> [oo I;nk;"~ 1""00"' "" ol ""'" ,..;u, V"","'un,,.
A more likely explanation for Tatian ', u .. of lohn Ii.. do ... r to

h.nd in Iwtin Mart)'T, While .arli.r inv<"igotion of lu"in ha. indeed
emph""izM the 'I"'logi"', reticence to use the Fourth Go'pel, mo ..
rKent scholarship. while not nee...... ily denying this retOcence. i. at
Ie." calling its .igni~cance into question. It is.! belie...e, now be<:oming inc .... ingly d.ar that lu"in did use the four now-canonical go,r<1. and .peaks of normative Chri .. ianity a. habitually wing the >arne
four." Moreov<r. if Tati.n >at at lu"in', fefl. and if lu"in kne,.. and
UsM lohn .ut horitat;'..,ly. then it make. most sense to ,uJ>PO"" that
Tati.n'. attachment to t he Fourth Go.I"'! came not through heterodox
influence but by way ofl""in." When Tat i.n defK" from the protoorthodox ranb after the death of hi. ma"er, he take> hi. high view of
lohn wit h him.
Thi' explanation i. con~ rmed in light of Chari", Hill'. illuminating
di>cu"ion of Tati.n, Or,,'i~ old GMff~', Here Hill remind, us that
Totian quot", .ut horitat;"ely from t he Fourth Go'r<1 at mo .. than a
handful of plac .. (Om', 4.1-2 [_ Joh n 4,14 [. Om', ~,I [_ John lol l ,
0,,,,, 13,1-2 [- Iohn 1A.~[.Ora'. 19.4 [- Iohn UJ)."ltcan be maintained that Tatian', u", of lohn found its imretu. in hi, heretical turn
if and only if the Orali~ """" ,ub"'quent to that 'urn. The .... id.nce
seem, to indicate otherw;"'. There are two factor> in p.rticular ,hat
I"'in' in this direction. Fir". "" W.L Peter",n l"'in1< ou'. Tatian',
al"'logy "",m. to ha ...e been written f.irly dooe to the time of his
com'emon (cf. Om'. 3~ . 2 ). that i probably at >om. I"'int in the late
I ~)o, Secondly... Hill remark 'he wording of Orali~ 19 would lead
u. to beli""e ,hat lu"in ",a. in fact still alive at the time of the document'. WTiting. " Th. bulk of evidence then lead. us, along ""ith a fairly
.i",bl. cont ingent of scholan, locate the Oralio fairly early in Tat ian',
car..,r, and ,herefore, well before hi, bre.k from the great church, Thi.
mean. that Toti.n had already-long before the Di""",,,on wa. probably even conc~",d-authori ta'i"'ly citM lohn in a proto-otthodox
'0
" lb,
' 'llum<n' ofs"" ,,,,, 1003;.
" On ,I>< ..,'k!< ... roo

"""' 1003, 116_ Ill.
" (c>'
t' ul
>OD4, 1" .
" s., C.E. "ill
pm","lo,~
>004.1'>'. wl><,,",
<." P"...."
h '","". ron"" ..... "" P",,,,,n >00'5. "

~ (Co.
tlUl >004 , 1"".
1'".... ;,..,
I".bn" ;nfl",,,,,, on T,,;'" "" lomp< 1003. 2"'_201; ona
...
..... "" ' N . On ,I>< d.ohng of
'"
NICHOLA' ".U'N
conto"'" Again, 'his lead> u. to ,uppo'" 'hot Tation inherit"" hi. high
view from Justin', community.t some point in the ll{\o.
1hi. "ill leave. unresolved the qUe>' ion . s to why Tatian i. more
forthr ight in hi. use of the Fourth Go,!",k at lea.. comparNl to Justin.
I h.,-. arguro
th.t in T.tion', ern John occupied. '~" t among
eqwls' statu . This d"". not .. em to h .... been the co", with Ta,i.n',
teacher. How is Tati.n', more direct and more explicit u.., of John
to be expl.in.,a> I think w< can b<gin by recalling th.t the p<rioo in
which Tat"'-" ,,-rote hi. gO'r<' har mony i 1", time in which we
det"" cm.in defen.ive ro"ure in '<'g.rd. to ,h. Fourth Go're1
In this connKtion. we might think of t he M"mrorian Fragmcnt or
Irenoeu' remark . I quo them ooth bElow,
.bo,..
lb. {""rth of Ih. Go<)'<'Is i. that of Joon, on< of "'" di><ipl ... To hi,
fello~- di.dpko . oJ biohopo, "Oo had '-n urging him '0 "ri1<, he said,
"F .. , wilh me from tooa, '0 'hr da,~ . oJ ~-h" ,,;U be ,,,,-.,.11 '0
,,,,h on< lei u. tell i, '0 one . no,h,, In ,h... m. night i, was ,,,,...11
A"d",.., on. of rho 'I""u.., ,hat lohn ,hould ~-,i1< do,,"n.J1 'hing:;
in hi< own nam< "hilt .11 at ,hem IDouId "";.,. i" And", 'hough
various . lem, n" may be "ught in ,h. indi"idu. 1 boo", oirh. Goop<l~
n".. "hel... rhi< make< no d,ff"etle< '0 ,h. f. llh of bel.".... , .in by
,he on. ",,,,,.ign Spiri' h. ". '-n dedarl all rhing:; in.J1,h. Goop<k
cooc,mrng ,h. ""'ivII,, concerning ,he p"';on, conwning ,h. 1<"""<1ion, <onceming lif. ,,;,h his diuipl.. , . oJ co",,,ning hIS ,wofold
. , .."
<omlllg
'0
And ,her<fol< rho Gosp<ls . r< in >ecord ~-irh aU ,be .. 'hing>. among
"hich Christ l<5u. i. ",-,ed, Fo, 'hOI acco,d'l\& 10 Jolin rebte. Hi. o,igin.J, .ff"",U>I, and gIoriotu &."" .. 'ion from ,h. forh", 'hu. decla ' ing,
"In ,be beginning was lh< Word, . nd ,h. Word ,,-.. wi,h God, and ,I><
Word ~'.. God: Aloo, ".JI ,hlll&' "el< mad. b, Hlln, . oo wi,hou, Him
was oo'hing mod<." I'<l, ,hi. r<:,,,,,n, too, .. ,har Goop<1 full of all ",nfid.ne., for l uch;, Hi. p< "',", ~
Judging by ,he langu. g. of bo, h "Xl' ("All thing. in alJ the CO.p<I'
and ,h . , G<p<1 i. fuJI of all mnfidm" [iralko added)), it appe.rs
,har som. eith .. from within or withou, ,h. church ha"" bet>n 1",,"Iin~ charg.. again .. John', credibili,y, It can hardly be coinciden
,h., about the .. m" ,im. Celsu., as d,ed by Orig.n, i. mOcing hi.
H S,,, bibbog .. ph, prorid<d by C-"_
M","''''' ,'''gm''', ~""
~'gh' mod'.,cot"",_
~ ["' ..... ~ M,., "" ....,
,_,1.1
,, ; ~ 200<. N'J_ 5<,
0--11." ,..
(' ''"~''
al", " ""'
",OJ. "
nolo,," by "''''1!'' 0'''. ""_>07) w,th
A"" "'>II,
complaints in reg,,,,h '0 Chr;",ians who a", repeatedly .. vi.ing ' heir
gospel.
Afier ,hi, he saY' Ih>! some beli"Y<"" os 'hough from. drinking 0001,
go '" far a. '0 OPI""< ,hem ..I,'", . 0<1 . It", 'he ",!gi..1 IeXl of th" go .
p<I, thr"" or four or "" ...I,i"... over, and ' hey ,h.ng" ill ,lura<!<' '0
enablt th"m to deny dillkul,o.. in f",e of uili<i,m. -
\\lhile ,her" ar< dilferen, way' 10 unJer".nJ Ce"u" word. (for exam ple, a. referring 10 fa" and loose copying p ",-"kes among Chri"ian.),
I ,ake il Ihal Ih. famed opponen' of Chri"iani'y i. referring 10 'he
plurali'y of now-canonical IP're" ("'plaining why h" "Y' ,h .. Ihey
h ..,,, been made o,-.r ,hree or four lim".) ," Hi . "i,id,m. which
roughly da'e. '0 Ihe ,ime of , he Dime=ron'. compo>ilion, concern.
Ih. disc"'pand .. between 'h" go'rel accou n", il was a "ilid.m which
naturally could have been par1ially, m.ybe ""',,n largely, aver1ed by 'he
church', dropping Ihe FoUr1h Go'rei. A .. uming ,hal ,h .. e kind. of
argumen .. agai"" Oui"ianily and il> prized Iex1> were already in 'h"
air before Ihe 170., we now haY< an imponan' backdrop for T.tian'.
proj<cl. In Ihi. ca.." it would be mi"aken 10 'hink of ,he Dialwaron
a. having been created in a ,-.cuum, ra,her, i, wu composed, a' lea"
in pari, 10 confir m in Ihe face of gain .. yers "",h ,he appropriatene ..
of muhiple gO're" and Ihe appropriatene .. of John il><lf. A, such,
Talian', harmony i, more ,han a 'Y", h",i. of ' he go>re" for 'he curiou, and rerplexed, i, i, a n apok>gia for four-fold go'rel and, Iherefor"
100, for Ihe Founh Go<pei it",lf.
3. CoNCLU"O~'
'wo
In 'he preding discu .. ion, I h."" a"emp,ed 10 e"abli,h

poin",
Fi .... I ha"e >ought '0 ,how , halon examination Ih. Diarearon'
oequ"ne<traY' a high view of Ihe Fourth Go'rel on Ihe part of it<
author. No' only i. 'he GO'rel of lohn on par " , 'h th" .ynoplic>. il i.
in .ome .. n>< ,he b.ckdrop .gain" which 'h" o,her Ih",e are '0 be
unde ...ood. St>cond, ' aking up 'he argumenl ,hal Tati.n', high "iew
of John was only a re.ul, of hi. 'urn ' 0 heterodoxy. I haw con.idered
Ihe ",,'.rian, u>ocialed early on wi,h Ta,ian', break from th" grea'
Orig<n. c.;,.
'.17.1_' (Oudw'"
" So too " ". .I " ". ".
''''. "').
".
NICHOLA' ".UlN
church. When t he evidence i. weighed, it 'PP'''' t hat none of the .usP"<" can .,. convindngly charg.d with .mu&gling lohn', Go'rel into
Tati.n', ,hought-world !n>,,,,,d, T.tian fen hei, to the Founh Go.p<l
while und .. ]"",in a nd I"<tin', proto-orthodox church. The add.d
<mph",;. which T.ti.n Ia)~ on John. at I .." when he is compared to
hi. mentor, an bt> parti.lIy .,pl. ioM as 'he A")'Tian', contribution
to. broadly I>a.....J apologetic for t he Fourth GoopeL Seeing t hat thi.
take. place aft.. Tati.n', break from Rome. it .ppears ,h.t ,hi. defense
ofJohn ren aero .. >e<t.rian (pIOIO-<>rthodox a nd heterodox) line ..
Altho>ugh an we
left of Tation', Dja", ... ron i. its wake of textual wit ne ..... it continu to 'peak. From it we learn then th .. the
Founh Go.",,] h.d it> I.te->Kond-cen lury defend." ari'ing from
theologk.Uy di,-.rse quarters; we )""In too 'h>t if there "' a .welling wa\'e of Johannine approval with in the sea of >Kond-century
Chri"ianity, thot wave wa Iready taking rognizable .hape at le. st
a generation l>efore t he bi.hop of lyon. set ren to p'P, In light of
the former point, perhap. it i. ti me to discard the ... umpt ion t hat
the orthodox Iren.ew . nd the I.p><'<! T ati.n could not h.ve 'greM,
for all their mutual m i.giving>, on the authority of loh n within the
fou r-fold canon. Perhaps too. in li&ht of the I.ner point, it i> time
to a.k our",I,'es whether lrenaeus' valid.tion of the Fourth Gpel i.
an),where .. innovat i,'e or . ign ificant a. it ha. t)'p ically been m.de
out to be. Sometime. the lines of history, by which histori.n. mark
out epochal turning-points and diKrete mo,'emen", are more .barply
defined th. n reality warrant>,
ha,..,
B l "UOGkAPHf
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-- I. .
JOHN AND HIS GOSPEL IN THE MIRROR OF IRENAEUS OF

LYONS, PERSPECTIVES OF RECENT RESEARCH
Bernhard Mu'schl ..
hangelische Hochschule Ludwig.burg
I .'.I'''''''Y of ilirgot MJ{ha,/a R"~ch-Muti(hl" (J967-2008t ,"y",.,wa
,..;1<, ",oth" oj ""' ,II", ,1Ii/J,,"
The la<1 fi ft~n years haw _n 'he dewlopmen ' of a new inter..,;t in
the rela'ion.hip bet,....,n 'he Gallic bi.hop, Irenaeu. of Lrono, and
>ome of the main New Test.men, author> he freq uently quote .. ' In
the ca", of ' he Go.pel o f lohn. however, monographic con,ributions
h,,'e been rare,' In ,hi ummary. I would like
pre",nt some a.pee"
of how t he recen' re",arch ha ...en lohn and h i. ~",['<I in th e mirror
of Ifenaeu. of Lyon .. Subdh'ided in'o 'hree pa" .. 'his e.uy pre .. nt.
( I) a h istorical pe"pective, (2) a literary perspective, a nd (3) a theological ['<"['<ctive.
'0
1. WHAT
IUNAOUS R'''EA15 A"OllT
JOH~
A H tsTO"'CAl P!'k'.'CT"' , '
After collec'ing 'he in formatio n Irenaeu. givn about John (1.1). we

will a.k from ",-hich ,""urcn the .. detail> we", derivM . and whether
'hey are trustworthy or not (Ll),
'0'}'
, S N"""","" , ... Ic..r .. Po"i,"""" Bins ......

(""'I"i of ", .. ,!><wi;
. nJ My",h.,r ,004.< Ic..r"' J"",m,,"", ), ", .. ""h on ","""'" . 00 "" k< _A<1~
"f'ioIy ,,", Goop<l of Lu"', ~ "ill ~' .", ;n g , "...".,.w .oo '"' <1<",..,., '" ... , n
'"""'iV' .... ;"'0 ,I>< '.'''1'' .... of I """ and th, fi gu<' of,,", d',,;pI< p" ". '00, of
ooon<.' .. ooy on ,,,...,," , , r<! ,I>< Goop<l of",,, .. " hKh ... , bem "",<I)' ,,,,,,plrtrly
oqk<taJ '" ,hO, "g"'1.
, 1'0<, I",;d . 00 prom"",", t,,"""nt .... l.< .. ~ , _ '-<><w<"Kh ,." , . 00 CWo,
, ,,,_ A ""'" hO.wry of mOO<m """"h " 100,,0 .. My",h." >004.0. 0_1,
, ,'"". bo-Nf """"''Y....
>006. ""_" "_
",",,,ILL<,
320
1.1 . Irma<", awu, john
It w'"' observed a1 ... dy long ago ,ha' the church fa t her' of the "",ond
century know. more details about the founh evangelist ,h.n he doe.
abo u, the oth .. three .' To show th is concretely, Iren.eu. m<ntion.
M.tthew 16 times by nam<, Mark 7 tim es nd Luke 31 times (altogeth .. ~). while he m<ntion. John alon< about 6() tim ..,' Pet .. i.
m<ntioned almo" a. often (46 times), and a mong the New Test.ment
au,ho" only P.ul. naturaUy, i. named mor< often than John by
l .. na<uo (.pproxi m.tely 120 times),' For Irenaem. fohn i. t he dj><:ip" lu, Domini par <xcdl<nc<, ,h. di><:iple of the Lord. AU combination. of
Domjnw .nd djmpulu, .re, in fact. exdmively reservM for John!'
Cert.in oth .. r<markable ob""""tiom can ~ maJe. too,' The most
common form of t he formula, "di.dpl< of the Lord: in Greek is,
'1,00"\'1], " ,oil KariO\) ~,,11.],~<; and in m.ny case. lrena<uo continu ...
with ~Ij"i (or inquir, aU, memj"";,, aic,"" dixi,,,/, <ip~n') , " Eleven
explicit quotation. from 'he Founh Gospel. 2 John and Revelation, ar<
'hu imilarly, . lthough not ,"",otypically, introducM, How,,'er, th<
fommla Ji,dpul", Domini was not in,'ented by lrenoeu" he prob.bly
took it
from his tr.dition< in A,i. Minor" or-in the c e of Aav,
Ha<r, 3,I.I-Rom<.
lhe formula, ;, toil K upio~ ~"l1.]t~:;, i. not. in f.ct, found in the
Founh Co.p<1 (nor in other .,.n. of the New Testa ment ), (Irena.u.,
for hi. p.rt, doe. not use th< fohannine exp .."ion, -d isciple whom
J"u. loved: which app<. " five time. in t he Founh Go.pel.)" It ;.,
ho",,,'. fairly <'"'y to. how the formula
d ...'eloped out of th<
0""
"I.'
Kr.rt 1.. ', 6'io -.k, mt< b<hoI, .. "" K'''""n>'''''-, D.mp<niw u><n 1%5,7, orin
~'''' rhaIi
ol""n<nUc""r
K;rr""",",,.
""" to", H -.om ,""'n "",ng<i;""n

ai, von .1m Ubriun d",c
"0#"" ..<In.oo 'f'",.,ik,.. ",,;6
M",,,""', >006, 301, "mu..rly M" ..."." lOO4 .. 696. "'ynd<" ""'.1 ,"", "'''. '"', " ,."', "" Il<yoom 19", ',10.
, M",,,""', ""'"' "'I. cf. Il<ynd<" 19"'. "". ". 83, m. "" R'l'n<kn
I"'", '0.
,,,,,,,,,.~ Ad, . ..." . 1.' .' (,,,"',), Ll6.J; L'." ' ." ." ' .' '-'; ' .n ,., . , ' .1 Ll
(,_" ,.,,,,, '.16-', '.16.1 (""' 'n ~ ..d of ~mini), ,."-, (a,,,,';; On ~ ..d of '''"
K"""",), "'''.1', '."'."
' .lId, '-'J .J; '-''-'' f,. ,'." . (. -t>; ... ,
,1
, .,.. '6). S. . '""
I""", of
Doutt"'," .. aI. 1%'-1901.
f"" romf'"'''''' ,...., . .. , M ....hl<' lOO4 .. 16" . 00 On J. .. ~ ..... ., 1"'_17'hl<, ><JO<a. 164- 166.
" btl.. , pm.byrm .. ;n '''''''''''~ .... . ' - . '."-}; '."'." BU; '" .oIrc"l' . 00
M, H ~m<r ~ .. ;n Ad . ..." . U .. ,
" fob" l UJ; , ..," XU, "")0; ~ ...
.nd DKhuJn iM ' ' ' ' . ,61 (_ C 6 1).
cr""''''
'.!s."
I!ou,.,,.u,
M",..
..,"t.l
H"'.
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T " . M!kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF "rONS
321
Go.pel of John ..\t"~f~:; i. "",d 78 t im .. in lohn, mOf~ th.n in any

other g""pel Of corpus in the Bible." In the root-Easter r<f.[>tiv~
and ro,,-Easter terminology, a "d isciple of lesu." become> con""luentially. "disciple of the lord: a Jj5Cipulu , Dom;~j
For the ",ke of completene .. , some earlier occurrence. of the formula in Ihe rlural 'hould . lso be mentioned hereo (1) Act. 9,1 ",pon.
that Saul still raged ".g.i n" the di.drl<. of t he lord ."" (2) Half a
(entury befo", Irenoeu .. Paria. of H i'f'3poli> mention< ..[>ially
"Ari"ion and the eld.r lohn, (both) diKirl" of tl>< lord."" And (3)
the Martyrdom of Polymrp refers generally to "d isciple. and im i,.to "
of th. lord."1<
A, for the <ingular formula it.. lf, o ne m.y ask whetl><r henaem
emrloy. it so o~en in o,der to me,. John', disc iple.hir-which from a
histofical perspe<th.., i> ", mewh.t problematic-o, in orde< to bol"er
the authority of th. YOU"gt''' gospel by attributing an aro"olic origin
to it. W~ moy k more preci .. ly: Did Irenaeuo want to emrha<ize
the younge .. go.pel'. origin omirut the lord', cirrle of d isc iple.> Be
that a. it may. the bi.hor of Lyon. d".. not use t l>< formula Jj5Cipulu. Domin; inddent.lly. but addr ..... with it either a traditional or a
scriptural topic "Iohann'" ist in .Ilen Fallen <in Gewiihrsmann von
ganz be",nde<em Gewich l, der s.:hri~ zil ate cder Trad itionen mit der
Autorit't die"" einzig.rt ige n und besonderen St.tu. aI. ;, lO~ Kup;""
~,,~,~<; bzw.;' ~~f~:; fOU Kup;ou ,..,rbil rgt:"
A further .ign ificont detail i. that Irenoe",' only explic it use of the
formu l. in t he plural (dj,dpuU or ~"~,,,i) i. not traced back to a
di>ciple, but to the lord him .. lf."
So. it i. not just any di.dple. from whom the Fourth Gospel "enlS
according to Iren.eu . It i. "t he disdrle of the lord: ",ho "Ie.ned
upon Hi. b",ast: a. I ... naeu. roin,. out twic . " The .. are . Ilusion. to
" "OW",""", ,.7' . " ._ ~..., , """'" <_~. ;, u>l only onc<. In ,.,.,n "016.
~
"
.
.
;
'
"
''''''''
.... "'" """"" ow..,,'"' ~'"";.. i ;, ....""",,"'" ......""'"
''''' ...,.,;... ..,&.,rn; (r,p;... f<S-' ,,<>1m<, _ f<g-' Koo"",.oo "'u""h
H
" (;, '''"''
'''' "'" "'-"'''''' (Act' .. I).

U"
'"
_ ~.
1034)'_1<) fu n. ,00 "obi"",!"", ,"".B_1' lmdnruonn . 00 P,uI"", ;n E..... u~
Hi". ...-I J .J'H).
"a&." ", ...
~
i """'''' "'" ..... "'" (.".". pol. lHI_
" ,,",,<hI<, 2ro1~ 1.... _
Qu<owdmod"m ''''"' ' , ...."., ..
( I"''''''''' ... .t.. "'''''. 4.9_1 1M'" 130511).
1'0< ,.., pho ..... ~"' ; . 0 Mu, ..h)",:>oo<.. 161" ''- U ...; i~i ro~,;;&.; a",,,,, '''"........ l"' .... "~ ~.t._ '-'_ H I w;,h f<g- u10'0--10 I"""," u,. H'~ . ",[ '-1.4); '/,>< ,oJ ,. <wi .. "",'on ","m1o.&', ad "",,m
II no<oa. Ad._ '-'_ <.2"_11 ).
'P'"''
John l3,n and/or 21020," and show a ded,i..., and unique d o""n ...
be,we<n John and the Lord. Th iJI imJ>lie, agoin thot, for Irenaeus, Joh n
i. "'M" disciple. and corre'pondingly Ch ri" i. hi. ",eacher" (Johanni,
magi"". ;' wti 'IO>Ci",""u SLoo<Jml.o.;)." Thi. iJI 'he only t ime Chri" is
explicitly called ' M 'each .. of ..... ngle disciple.
MoreO\er. John iJI ""metime. called an apo"le, eitMr ' ogether
with o,hers" or alone." AI'hough Paul i. normally "'he apo>!le" for
lrenaeuo." the 'e rm i. not restricted exclu.i...,ly '0 Paul, u nlike di><:ip" lu, Domini i. for lohn. John belong. '0 'he group of 'hose "who haw
"""n the Lord:" a nd t her~ore iJI one of t he eyewi'ne"", of Jem . " Bu,
,hi. i. of cour>< ,,,If-''''ident for "'he d isciple of the Lord: woo "leaned
upon Hi. breast:
Two fu rther detail. from lrenae .... however, can no' be haoed on
'he Grupel of John or 'he New Te"amen'. (I) John wa Iive "un,il
the ,ime of (,he emperor) Trojan"" (who reigned from lanuary 28,
98 eEl," and lIwd in Ephesus, the capital of A.ia Minor, a. lrenaeu.
a""," ""'eraJ t imes." According to Manin Hengel, 'he lohannine ".,imoni.. ooout EphesWi are old .. than .n}~hing reponed of 'he geograJ>l>ical prown.nee of 'he o,her go.pel>." (2) In 'he Roman Bath
of Ephesu loh n once met urin,hu.-and ned ha"ily, b<-<ause he
.-.
M'
~"'"'_
.
. ,
-" '"
.. ...
,
'". _ " "
~ , n" "
'"- '''''' u"'"
. .. ___ '",
o La",,,"
"
""'l""I.
(john 1 "'!(IX M.. "hl<, >00-\ .. " ' - " ..,, Mul,,"" '004b. 7Il'-""" M",,,,h!., lOO6.
" '''' .... ~ Ad,_ """ . L'.l .... h ~ . gr_ Uo,6 ("p;ph>" ;U ~ P _ ''''".7);
Nonn.o" n 1%7, "'_ "'.
~ '''' .... "~ Ad,_ """ .
,,;,h f~!'_.2Il ( ':u.d,;"~ HUt. <ITt '-,4.7);
, .11." '_" .'" '-' 1.1; ' ."_" J",nxu " "p_ "Kt. I ~"..t> i" ', II iot_ ..-d. .,.. ,6)_
~ '''' .... "~ Ad,. """ . L'-'_'_ with f~ gr. UO"_'Ol' I ~piph>"' .. , Pa . 'UI.",
" .l 'U)_ ' ''' mon ol< .. U ~ 0 " , ,,d,!., >IDU, 1M; "u"d,!., >OO4b. 6'h_700_
~ Il<yr. lm .. "'- Hl, HI, N,,,,n,,,,," ' ..... "'_51.
~ T'" '-..;,_ '''' " """",, t. Flo... (" ><1>; .... 1M. <I. '_><>.6)_
M T'" a'''''''' .... >p. >1",. I ~" .... "', lliot. wi. .><>.6).
~ Min" ,... rp'''''''''' ".;.-. usq"'..J Traumi '''''/H''''. '''n'''"~ A.b. '-_
'-'1.5 ..-ith f~ . So. u (""_"', lIi~ . <I. ' ..nJ~ '_H with fog.!'_ 60'_' (~"..t> i",
If"'. "d. 1.1HI.
M K.... " , ..... '210 T ..... " w .. , mp<= "n'~ A"!\u" 7, ' " cE_
~ ''''" .... ~ Ady. 10&,.
(~. gr. u o (""_"'. H"'. ",[ . .... , , ....
(lwk,)..-ith fog. gr . 20
lii"_ ad ' . I H~ , nd fog. gr . ,'_, (~"_ "'
If"'. "d. 1.1H), M".."hk, 1OO4b, 6",_
M I!,,,!!<1o.
""'''i''I"," ""10,,.: ,., 110< roI< of Ipo., ...... tlo< oIoc<
of ,o., "/o>h<""'"' .ct"",,- ijoho ...i.d.. """~). "" ;100.,
Hdd WiJ.<,
6'J-6] .
1']0_'''_
."_" '_J.<
'_LI ..-.h
1""_""
",,'""ft ........,
"M'
""-loOL\;
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T". M!kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF "rONS
323
f~ar~
Ihallh< B3th would collaps< with .uch a h<wic, an "~nemy of

Ih< "ulh: wi'hin its w.II .. "
!renaeu. do<. nol repon enough del ai!. for a full biograph )' of
John, bUI wha, he do<. "'pon i. more exact ,han .n)1hing ~ says of
the oth .. 'hr"" .,... ngeli,,,, a.! h .... poin'...! oul el"''''TI",'' "E. is!.,.
ungl~ch mehr und ..hr vi.1 gen.uer al. aile .. "" lreniu. iibEr die
ande,en. frii~ren dr~ h .. nge)i>ten zu bErichlen weiR'"
To .um up, in lrenaeu' "iew, Ihe aUlhor of the Founh Goopel i.
unique in hi. relation'hip
'he Lord He i. menlioned much more
frlu<n" y Ih.n 'he olher "'angeli>t" he i. - ,he- disciple of ,he Lord,
"'TIO "I<a n...! upon Hi. bre ...' and an -apos" e: who wa. >till alive in
Asi. Minor when Trojan b<came emperor. He mu" h.,'e ~n quile
old at Ihe end of the fir>t cenlury-probably t ~ la" ,unlh'or of,~
ap"'tl",,' g<ne ....'ion_"
'0
1.1. Irenaeu, Sou"" and RfiiabW,y

Iren.eu' sourc .. aboul John are of cour.., ano,her q",,"ion. Fir>!,
it is of
imporl.nce ,bat !ren."". 'of Lyon. hims"'f grew up
in and <migra,ed from A.ia Minor. lherefore he knew wi' ne.",.
"'TIO knew -John" in or around Ephe.u . Jrenals menlion. Papia.
of Hierapoli ." Poly,arp of Sm)~na," and. in pu' icul.r, a group of
anonymous presb}1ers. -" He also refero
people who had had
11''''
'0
" I"",,,u, Ady. """_ ' .J.< ..-"h ['II- g<. " ,"-1-1 (" u .... " ~ Hi., . ,wl . _"_61_
1...... " .... 'h', 'n<i<l<nl. "hOclo >m , kg<ndory,"'k to ""~""" to p~
"""'" '" ''''''1' d''''"8U'''''' from "" ..""'" oHmym , h'm"'f.

" ""lKhk, '''''0. "';'''''"''''I' " ",,,!.I<,!OOIb. 1"~ I'i<, ''''''0 ",,,.,0 ,,-.I a..rl<. "_ Ibll ho" ,<n,l, ,ri<d '0 >1<","1' "" "f"'"
brt": m<ntion<d
.. "" ["""h _
''''''. 11'}_I ",; Hil >006. 7_", ""
("""oK,
of M,y",,, """",,, ..-;th PoIymp

Ad . '-_
d_ L,._Jl, 1. IS_' "
I",,,",,,~
'-'1_'") __ h 0 hll"""'''' hoJ ""'n upl""'y ,kn ~<l
'-'1_",
by Adolf von H...... (" " .
""lIOS).nd Hon. ,,,,;,,,,,. von <Amf""""""'" (''';'. "6n"-,). H""""". 0 'horough

"_,.. """",,,," of '''''" h)'po<"'~ ' ,ouId kad to
'''wt~
" I""'"
~
u, A'y. """_ U H
i""_."
fr_ "",. I""""'.',
"=xu,
'.J"'.
my '",m~ ing o'''<>ricol
,,;,h f'l!. g<_ ,", ,_, (E ..rn"~ H;,J . wi. "" .1) .
Hi" . wI. '. IH), '-'H
(Eu..rn"~ lIi"_ wI. 1-"'_6r,
IIHI....-L ",._'61_
Ad._ """_ '-'D ,,;u, ['S- g'- u ---< I"""";u,, Hi" . ..-d. '_"-J~
I"",,,u, Ad . loon. ' .H";u, f'lI- g<. , ,19_"

,,;,h f.-z, g<. ,.,1_'
H'~ . ""l "'0. 'I,
~
>Om<
s my OortIKom;ng .. u<l)' Oft P4.rp ."j ""Ii<f-
1""_.',
'*.n..,.
p<....,n.1 conto" with lohn." a. well a"o "Ii"en." to Polyc",p."" Ap.rt

from t he .. people ""ho belong to a "rou nger genera,;on of ""itne"".,"
lrenoem ",Ii.. in a g. ne ral manner on "the church of Eph.. u." H a
"true witne" of tbe tradition of the apo"le .-'" Possibly - the church of
Ephesu' i. more or Ie .. equ".. lent to the anonymous "pr.. byter .. "
Of cour><. lrenaem did not himself know John and the apostl
(Irena.",' older generation of witn.....n)." but they were known by
the "pre.byte ....- Polycarp. a nd Papi... all of "'hom lrenaeu. knew.
Thu., t he ch.in of ""itne"",. bet w""n Irena.", . nd the Lord ihort,"
Moreover, this is the only co .. of a concrete linbge between a church
rather and a N.w T"'tament author,
The connection to th. church of Eph . .... may also be more .ign ificant th.n IrenaeWl di",los<., a. the b ishop grew up in the Ephe.u.
region and cam. from th ere to Lyono," [ph ..... ",-a. not ju" the hom.
of Iren""u but also the city ""here John-and before him Paul-h.d
lived and ""orke-J . Therefore Irenaeu' rhetorical aim oeem. dea" With
a con nection to the church of Ephesu he incre..... h is own importonee .nd '1f.n~'1hens hi. own position."
W h ile lren.eu. mention. t he older Parias and the younger -li.tene" to Polycarp" only once, it ...,m. tha, Polycarp. the b ishop of
Smyrna ....... in fact h i. main source .bout the O lTistian po"'" In hi.
letter to Flod nm. lrenae", styles himself a. a diKipl. of the second
generation after loh n'
T'" ... , ... '" ,;" ''''';W", """',0.-, ''''"...... Ao . . ... , . '.J().' ";,h
"""_J()
(> " ..
H"' . "d. ,.I,' ).
M'h " ,,,,,,,;,,_
'",,_u'. A d. . ...... H ' ..
IV. >,19_"
~
f~ &,.
b;.~
Oth~ .
a';,";;,
""'. d. ' .14.61,
(~u ><b ; " ,
in...,,,,, ,"'""'' ' ...
" ' H ;. ""'...

.,61,; '0'" '''' .... '''''''''''- ",.,.,roo_
],,"'""u, Ad . ... , . '-'A wjth ~ . ~'- "1-4 IE._ "" Hi". ",I J .1H).
- "1"" p"" "r'''''- m ""of"""" ,..... ;" <""""ch".,.;th loon. bo, mo ,,,".
,_.t).hm<> a/tog<..., ;n ,.. ""' of ''''......
"'"i.
~ S p",U"'''' " I.''', '0'_'07;

, _ , <l; "'I'rom ""', L'lO; 101. "'; R<yOOm
" ''''OMU' "" " ,.,." 100" nin< hm< ~ but ,I "'p"',h- only fou, hm< ~ ,...
t.".,..
",.,,,,I\k, ' ....0, '07067 (...... " J, ' fo< th< 'l""tk< 1_ . fo< Johnt .
~
'or, g.. plu..... me "" M.... hkr 100<0, _ ; io< ,I whol< """ton.
;b"'"
704-7'"
u Mu,,,,I\k, ' .... 0, 7110 " ' ,a J<" S<h ... ~ " , .. .!a. ""nnigb . ", V,rlMooung<n
""h ",,",," '_iltm "., ~ n ..""ig<. OOg"",,'och .. " . la .... dOm~ lX h
Iq, ...!.t,_ "'" "","L "
Mu,,,,hk, 2004b. 7" .

~ Mu,,,,hk, lOOIb, " ', 71>; ' 00 ;b;d .
hnulp",on1Khl," g<"''''' " "" n, d.,
"p<0001i<h UmVog hat,,:
M
7n
"p.,Jr' ''I'
",,,'n< d., wKh' ;g'"
"=",,, ''''oIogO",h m',igt "', " 00 m" <lor,
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T". M!kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF "rONS
32~
For "hile 1 "-u Sldl a 00r 1 kn,w rou (,c Florin .. ) ;n lo"'~ r A... in
PoIy'''p', hoo .. ~'h.n you ~"'I< a man of rlllx in the royal hall and
,,>d,",'OOdng
",nd
",ith him, I rem.mb<r the ev.n" of 'hoo<
cUr> mol< d".. ly ,lun Ihose which harren.,] "",.mly, for "luI "'.., learn
as ,hIlJre" grows up ~,ith 'he ",ul and is uni,"" 10 it, so 'hat I <an
",en of 111< pla in ~'hkh Ih< ble.....:! PoIycarp .. ' and di>ru'.,]' how
he can", ;n and
the ,haroc,.r of hi, lif<, the app<1ran of
hi, body, III .1;0(011'''' ",hich h< made 10 Ih< _I<, how b< r'l"'rtM
hi, mt",,,,,,,,, with loon aOO with ,h. othm ...ho had on th. lo<J,
how he """,mherM 111m word" .nd ,,-h.i.1 ~'''. the things concerning
Ih< Lord ",hKh he hod he"J from ,h.m, aOO aboUI 'h<ir rnir.d ... and
ahou, ,h.ir t.,.,h;ng, , oJ 00"- PoIy<arp had r<i"M lII<m from the <y<"~i1"""'" of ,h. we,d of life, and I<poned all 'h;ng. in 'g ... m<n, with
Ih< S([;ptur",. ~
'0
"..,11
'1'<'"
",,11 00',
When one e".lu.t .. th. historical d.,. delivered by lrenae~ one i.

inclined '0 agree wi,h I'aul Hanog that 'Poly<:arp may h.ve had. few
"ori", of (brief childhood connec1ion with John, .nd lren.e~.,
for hi.!'"", m.y haw remembered only little of the material."" B~I
thi. conclu.ion _m. to b< too c.utio~ . If the fl hback in Iren.eu'
letter i. ,.ken ",domly, lrenae"" eml'ha.iz .. "I"icitly thal he rem.mb< .. "the ewnts of t ho", d.),," vel)' well, "for what we I.. rn children grow. up with the ooul and i. uni,ed to it." Hi. ob",rvations ..e
detailed and do no' appear '0 be b.oed only on on< .ingle day or on a
.hOTt period of time_ Obviously, Polycorp "membered lohn mainly
an .yewi'ne" of the Lord. for he "had ,een the Lord" and "what w"e
the th ings conrning the Lord," Thi. means t hai for Polycarp lohn
;, mainly interesting a link to the Lord, Non"h<le", John i. t h<
only 'J'O'tle, t h< only eyewitn .." and the only of the four evangelist.
",'110 i. mentioned here by nam<, It i. cI ... th ai Polycarp-who was
.bout sixty l"a .. )'O~nger than John-did not .. ay in lohn '. coml',ny
for decade. or "",n for ."",,,,1 Yell .. , How,,'er, if this had been only
bri<J childhood conntion: Polycarp would likely not have told
hi. memories '0 the next generation sew ...1 decades later," Therefore,
I claim Ihat I'olycarp, as well a. l ren aeu knew more than "a few
fr_ fl.., 'n Eo.ro,U>, Hi>!,,,<I. '_"','_6,
t .-.n~_,
lili t . , .., . ... _
".rt"!! 1001. <1 ,

~ .. "" '"" '"""",,, ""'"'''''''''''''"''' 00; ...". w ,'.
' _"',6).
,'r, '-100-, (Eo""',,., Hi"_ <cd
326
stori .. ," They probably r.rn.mt..rM much t..fter and mo,.., pred"'ly
than young.r f>Iple do in our mMia-overblown t im .....
For my . ..."ment of the >ouree. in g.neral, and e.p:i.lly concerning I'olyc. rp, two different yet related circum".n... are of ba.ic
importance, (I) A modem e\'a!uation of the I'olycarp-lren.eu. tr.dition d epend, to a high dogr"" on thecoinddent.1 tran.mi"ion of texts,
Had we not r",eived the fragment of the letter to Florinus tran,mitted in Eusebiu' Eu,;a,t;<al H;,lory. we wouW not know any det.il
bout th e mean nd the inten.ity of the tr. mfer of tr.dition>, Thu"
in o>ing that fragmen t , we ""'pe<t and interpret .n ancient oourceand are far from an arg"mmum .... ,iumio, (2) lren u. refers to
th e argumnl"m tradilion;, in conte ... that can be very d ifferent
from each other. But each time he replie> to a concrete conflict in hi.
timeo He i. challenged by and sh.pe. theology in conflict ('1/"ol<>g;<
;n Auseinand",,,zung')," He d"". not argue for the oak< of arguing
(I'arl pour I'arr), In other worok lhe bishop n""". an . ctual reallOn for
appealing to hi. traditions concerning the past, He i. not a historian.
but. bi.bop who i. obliged to respond to the actual challeng.. of hi.
community and church, to the theological debates of hi. time"
lherefore it i. deor that ",e gain insight into the historical tradition.
about/ohn rather incidentolly t han .y<tem.tically. let alone completely.
Had Iren.eu. been inclined to fill up. fabr icate, or forge tradition he
would h,,'e done it more <lfecti,'ely and with "better" resul", >Om.
gap. could h,,'e been doo<d e ily, more OO"iou.ly, and more convincingly. But this would have been . di ... rvice to his aim" in I.yon.
a. ",en a. in Rome or A.ia Minor. Although certain modern ",hola"
have di.puted lrenaeo>' reli.bility." he wa. not accu>ed of lying in
his time-and he would not h,,', ri'kM that for any rea""n, lrenaeu.
probably knew some details about John and hi. gospel, which we do
W M.""h)" ,.",... '''. A elm ..,,,npi< i, "'c<nUy gi"'" lor T,.f<llOOl!.". ""'"
....
"'I>, ,I>< N"" 1'" ,..,,", Kholu prof. "m~ lU""""n Uuly ". t __ f .......'l'
'7. , ... ~ " """ """,I><n b<oond<" "oo....k&l><n f~~bn' ... " hot ",,'n v"" 'm
,.f:
louf d<r 1m" ""hrloch miOhtL 1),00., 1\.1

dol! Uch d~ btihhmE"n ,""" d~ ,"'"
M. rueh, im g,ring>"'" ,... ndrn, . ,",,.;,,hm ,;"d ,>okumml< "0., """,h< d<r
""" 'hm b<ri<hl<I<" VoopnS' , u&inglkh. "" ~'mm<" m" ","'" Ikrich''" ......
kk'"~, Da~, "o,,,,'n.
"I><i"' dn
d.B """h,,,;.kn,k "";g";,,,
""" Mm"o,n Ub<r Im"'hnt< '" un.... nd<"" W,;,. ,,,,l~,, w<ro.. ronn<n, nkh'
obw<gig.'
~ Mub"h).. >00-II>, " '. .. "h ''th ' " ...",1< ""mph
,">01'".
U<d.n".
" M.,,.hJ,, >006, '_'~7.

~
E.g. """, '966, ... , 'A uffU liung <l<r .",,,.", '-'m'\"ly
'''''''t 100'. " .. "
IO"~ AN" " IS GO.P." IN T". M!kWk 0" Ikf NAV. OF "rONS
327
not and cannol know 'oday for ",,'eral r<HOn . An inte.. sting detail is
Iha' he pr~n" th e Ephe.ian John a. -talking,- but Paul wri'ing.""
1 h .... el>eWhere . nalyzed Ihe trustwonhineu of lren.eu' h istorical
Iradition boUI lohn and h i> go.",,1 in more delail." .nd as for as I
can ''''. the bishop deli,'en reliab le and Iru<,worthy inform. ,ion.
2.
How
[kUIA' U' Us< T " FOUUH Go,puA L!TUHY r . . . PCTJV
In thi. "elion. we will d iKU<. t he Fourth Go.",,1 a n inlegraJ part of

a grou p of "Tiling. WIilten by Joh n (2 ,1 ), and a. part of. four-g"""" l
canon ( 2,2). In addilion, we will """ th.,lrenaeuo pro,ides by fa r t he
moot reference. 10 Ihe Go.",,1 of John in the ,"",ond centu ry (2.3),
and, in conl .. st to o,her .. cond-cenlury aut hors, he pro,ides <xplici'
quola' ions ( 2.4),
2,1. Ihe Fourth Go".') a, Parr of 'h< Corpus Johanneum and

Q"",jon of it, Aulho,-,h;p
,h.
As we h.ve ..,n. Ihe aUlhor of Ihe Fourth Go.",,1 re<:eh'es . u thori .. -
lion from oolh .ides of hi. Go.",,1. a. i, we",: from the Lord, upo n
whose breast he once leane<!, .nd from Polycarp, who later .poke
young Irenaeu. ooout John'. , ime in Ephesuo, Thus John i. , in
historical """""el i,'e, in a frame." and i. at the .. me lime pari of.
ch.in oftran.mi"ion that le. d. from 'he Lord via Joh n and Pol)'co'l'
lolrenae ....
There is no question in hen.eu' mind Ihat Ihe Co.",,1 "according
10 John ( KA1 A InA~~Il~ ) i. wrinen by Joh n,'" The j""ripljo of t he
Fou rth Go.",,1 a nd the =",,1 i1Self ""ong in.. p.. ably logether .ince
Ihe moment of p ublic.,ion." M>rIin Hengel Iherefore con. the Go.""l
inscriplion. "fN''' of I)" Go,~J, d' origj"ally drcuJ""d.""
'0
" ""'"",,,,200<>,'U ",rooch .. .ut ... h ,,.. ..... ... '"'" ' ph<' i" i"h<n Johon"">goo, ;m G<Un " '" p,.Iu._I.. , .",,,hI..m~h ',..<1<",,' uod "~ht '"h,..;b,n<l' "".IbM!., '60: """at 'p<t..",j, " "'ht "h",OI><",j." ""'"hln lroIt.. "'_71J, , "g ;n bri<1 ;bOl., '38_'00 (no>. 11_1').
"",,,",,,, lroIo, , .. _
~ I"",,, " , Ad. . """'_ '_1 1.1; J .I I.'; ""'"hIn 1IXI<5, "'_''"', "J_179 .
H,nv l ,_, " , Inut I .,. JJ, "'os" 1OOJ, '" "" .00 ", ",,,Ill<, _ ,
~
HI .
" H,nv l ''''. ""'" I: -l',~ <1<.
w,ok..- ll<"8" ><ro, <S_i, "pWIy p. ...
328
According '0 Ir.n.eu., 'he .. me John wro" not only 'he Go'rel,
but also 'he book ofRe,'ela,ion. Thi. wa. "no, long ago, bu, almo .. in
our gene ... t ion, neo, the end of the rule of Domi,i.n."" Furthermore,
John comp<Me<l l Joh n and 2 John, which Iren .. u. con. ide" one
letter p;"om);" bu, this i. how he occasionally deals wi,h I and 2
Co';nthi.n.,
lrenaeu. neitm,r men,ion. nor use. the Yery short
.nd pri,,,,. epi"le 3 lohn" In .ny ca"" i, i bsolu tely dear for
Irenaem th.,-unlike the curren' consen,u." -all ,he .. writing re
work> of one and , m, .ame .u,ho" John," "t l>< di.dple of 'he Lord:
who "leaned upon Hi. b.....:
'00,"
2.1, In. Fourth Go.p</ a. Part of 'he Four-Go.!"/ Canon

The Fourth Go'rel is no' only a p> rt of a Co.-pu. Johanneurn con.isting of at I ." four w,;'ing" bu, also of the four goopel. " In the
EVimgeUennolj~, John is dearly , m, fourth of 'he go'rel,,"
Matth.", also i.. U<d a written Gospel .mon~ the Hebrews III th.ir o~."
dlal"", ~'hil< P<1<r and Paul "ere preaching .. Rome,.nd I.ying ' Il<
fou ndation. of ' he Chur<h, Afier thm departure, M.rk. ,I>< di.dpl< .nd
in"rp'''''' of Pe"r, did .1", hand d""TI '0 u. in wri'ing ~'ha, had !><en
preO{hed by p.",,_ luX. al"" ,o. comp. nioon of Paul. rorded in book
the Go.pel p.. ached b), him, Afi.rw"d>, John, the di.dple of 'he I.ord.
"'00 .1", had leaned upon Hi, b.... t, did h,rns<lf publish a Gosrel during hi. ,,,lderK'" Ephesu. in Asia. (tr.n~" ANF)
The (onduding /ohann"no'jz concentrate> the well-known da ..
bout hi. gO'rel : "hm" '1"",I'l'TJ<;, ;' ~,,6r],ie; ,0\; Kopiffil ;, mi <~i
~ th.& """ . ",,..,.u.;. """"" j..,.;<tq. o.u;, o,.-&.
",1
riI> """"" "".a~
.""" , ,iJ"" '''' .."..,"''''' Up""" It"' ... _~ M,_ """ . , ."'., "d," f~ S'. 16.' _6
"' EuO<bjuo. 11i"_ wI. ' .' .6); "_,,,hi<, ,ootb, '"I. A<ronI;n! '0 """""" "",",<h,
R' .... "' .... and Jobn m ,.,. ..,it,," by""' , "0 1M .. n>< "lwo-. S, <-8., hq t .. "
'''. <24.
M t"' ... _~ M,,_ IN". '_t6.', ,_t6.", M"",hI<, >006. "'_"'. ""_"7.
" '" '" ,p;u." q.- ,,' oJ Con",""" It""",,u, ~oh_ ......_ '_11.1); .,.."hI<,
1001, '"', .00.

~ Mu,,,hI<, ><JO-Io. 6t--6" Mot"hIe, _ . 71ll.
o S. <.g., Mot","'" _ .
741_742, Po!o.oo-nf . nO H,d;d '007, ' 710_
m_""
H Mu,,,hk, >004 ..
"'
W'_1"" -""",hI<, 10010. 100-7(11; Mu',,"', >00>, __
>006. "'1-,.,..
,,""
f'R- 8'. 1 (I'"d';_~ Hi"_ <IT! H .1_<); 10< ,'"
Fou"" Goopd 1"_', '" "u,,,bIn >OO-b. "'_t"'; Mot","" >OO-Ib,1OO-101,
~
A oo.f '""""''l'
;, Ioono "' Mu,,,hk.
t"'" .... ~ Ad . """ . ,_Lt
.,_,,,hI<, '006. .,_ tOO.
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T". M ! kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF "rONS
329
'" "'~e..; vuo<o""' !rut ,,~,c.; igoo,~", ,i> f""niJ"ov '" .~'!' ,~<;
A"':;, Not only t hrough ' he explication "in A,ia," which i. not functional from an A.i.n ",,"p,,:tlv., but also for ..,,-era! other ,.asono it
i. conui,.. ble to think th at the Ewmg<ijen"oliz originally come< from
Rome." It "",m. to be a Ii" from a hb,.ry, probably from an archi""
of t he Rom.n community." The Ii" wa. developed be'ween 110 and
J3~ C~~ .. 11 i. the officially acceptod information a!>ou, 'he formation of tho four go>"..ls, at Ie." in tbe church", of Caul. Rom. and
A.ia Minor," and it ren", .. an oW opinion of the chronological order,
which >1an. with tbe Cos"..1 of M.ttbew." Thu. tbe EvangtUe"noUo
;. I",n. eu' "literarhi"or;'ch. Ba.i.orklinmg" at tho beginning of t be
third book of Aa ...."u, II~em", which it self l>egin. with ",ript ureba..d .,gumen... "
lhe order of the go>"..l. in t be E""nseUe""o)j= i. the canonical one,
M.tthew-M.rk-luke-John, Thi' i. >!rildng, be.."", lrenaeu. normally
use. 'he order M.nh<w- Luke-~1ark-J"hn." Ikllh orde" begin with
an apootolic au,hor (M.tth.w) and .nd with another one (lohn), t be
canon of ' he four go."..I. the .. fore h.. an apo<1olic frame or concl",io,
lh ;. goe. well with th. f.ct that most of lbe pre-Con".ntine papyri of
the go,,,..ls belong 10 .ither lohn (l~) or Malthew (ll)," The S"'p<l,
that were tracod back di,dple. of th o apo,,]e." stand in the middle,
a. 'oday. John, in hi. ~nal position, i. an apostle a. ,,'ell a disciple,
bu, not a disciple of an apostle. He i. "th. disciple of t he lord." In
Aav. han 3.11.8. t he unique order lohn luke-M.nhew-Mark conform. to Ihe .ymbol. in Rev 4.7,"
'0
,u lh"""'",,
' 991, L2_>O, ""';1,
~ lh",,""'" ''''.
G<m<u",d",
,,,,_,6,, .""',, ..... _ ,

'-' ~ ,
,u, .xm "Urn,,,",,"
~ lh"""'",, ''''. "-1.

~
"",,,hI<, 200-10. 161; ""'" ..... 2"",", 70, ", ",,,,",,, lOO6.",.
"",,,hI<, 2Mi. 67. n. 1H-16<.
" "",,,hi<, 2Mi, 66,"" for tl>< pr<d ....,."" roo- "'" rri"""l' '" '"" """I'd of
.'I,,""'"
from "''1' ...Iy "", > ",""", , ..,;, !'<Wi""
" "",,,hi<, 200-10. 170; "",,,hi<, 2Mi,"'.
" I"",,,", Ad . Iwuo-. 3.' .1_ 1'-'; 1.11-'; ' .6.L Camp<"ho""," >003. 1100,."
'"nO., gdio"fill't< "'ih<nfolg,', "",,,,,",, 200-10.117' 'g<I""fill''' ""l><n fo>Jg< bo,
I,,,,,",, ".,,,""r 1006, M_,"" "P',w.lly PI" 66, 71_".
"" "",,,hi<,
'''.
"",,,hi<, 200-10.
2Mi, J4_ ".
In the >am< p .... ge (Ad,', han 3. 11.7 - 9), lren.<u ...,h<m<ntly a nd

<Iaborately defend. the four-gospel anon." He defend. itag. in" ..",.eral attempt. at manipulation or .buse by .pecific group,," h ho",.
that tM harmon)- of the n umMr of Jour gospel. conform. to t M uni,-er>aJ harmony in nature and >alvifi c hi"ory," and h. attacks ""eral
groups who do not .gr"" with the four go.pels,- The word .."angrliu", denot .. a .ingle go spel as ",.n a. t he canon of four go>pels ," For
"th. Go.pel" i. ginn "under four aspe<", but bound tog",her by one
Spirit ", .. riX;~_v rQ .tHlyyfAOOV, i_vi 0< nv,~~"', <>~vq;c.,.<YQY .'-'
Thi> i> a n impreive "'ay to d.al wi th th. "problem " that four d iffer ent grupel. were p ......J down."
2.3, The R<ap'ion oj 'he Fourth Go.pel in Figum
Although it is quit< d ifficult to determine exactly how m.ny tim ..

lren ..", quot... fro m or an ud .. to one of t he Synoptic Gospels, it i.
evident that he does so more ofte n in the c.... of Matthew and I.ukr
th.n lohn_" More than half of h i. referenc to the t'>ew T esta ment
relate to t hese t hr"" go.pels," The Gospel of Mark recei,-.. (not unexpectedly) the lea " attention."
Within the four New Testament Corpora, the lohannine writing.
are the on.. to which Iren.e", ",fefS I.. "." On the ot her hand, the
n Mub"h)" 0'006, 2-1'_1 "'.

~
~
,"-
J_'
'''' ..... ~ ~J._ .. " . 1.7, ",,,,,,hi<, , 006, 14._1,..

'''' ..... ~ A.b_ """_ ' _II ." ['" the Goopd of john ....
" M.""h)" 0'006,
""'_1".
"",,,,hi 2{J(1(i, ,,._
u t, M" .. ~ 0'006, 1"_1"..

of I.,,"n """)T, <"'"pooai hi .. rt m_
~ '''' .... ~ ~J.. ....... J_II .' ,,"h 1rg.!V. I

~ ~ro...'" ,I>< dUdpk
<0.1 "Go.pd ,h"",gh
t'" four " I,b &0. "00;,- ''''1'1'""''', ,-,_ th< Dio",,,,,,...). , n
.....-wI",""""""".1b... ~ abo ,... t.'S"
~""."" of ."''''''... b;bIkaI ,<pt"";n"oo,;" g th< (t.,,, >o_<aI~dl Old ..... """ T.."" .. n", " " ""h " "")' """"" ,>1
,I>< "OP< of "';, ''''y. "" M", .. hl<.loo-1o. "_ 100. llJ_I41 , >bOd .. ,,., 'hle,;,.h
".h oXh
f. ~ VO!~",I"
<Ii< G"n "," & . oKh bikkndrn "'ri~,";k,n
',,,wu,
.n
<h,;,<l~"'n K"""' ~"~"
im A~uruI, .. <1<, ,;'rt<n I...hun,",,,, ... ~gt
;'t ,
, nd
",,,, ..hl<. >006. ""_506_

~ Mol""""'" ~ """t""
,"-, /OOn'
~
M
t '"
oo 1" .... _ ~ l. uk ,66 qoou,;"n, . nd , .. .u.._

""",>lOom.oo 117 ~ I """"' . M.t ..h)" >OO<a. "-
'"" "1<"".,,, out of '"'1."",,,,hi<, lOOlo, 71_71_

,,~_ _
, oo " .u.. __ ",,,, ..hl<.100. .. 71 .
" ,,noptk Goot><k 71'
t _~
C<></,,,, Pa.Ii, """ 69, tim<>, l uh_A<",'''' lim<"
c..p., Jcioa,",um, "'" lim<>. ",,,,,,hi '''''''-
71_H,
n,_,!'>_
IO"~
AN" "IS GO."." IN T". M!kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF "rONS
331
bishop rel.,N! probably more in .. n.. ly ,,, the Fourth Go'rel than
10 the Go'rel of Matthew or to 'he Corpu, PauUnum. Wi,hin ,he
Co'pu, 'o',ann,um. ' he gosrel gets citro by far ,he moot ." The greate" part of the reference. to 'he Fourth Go'rel are found in Ad",Nu,
where Irenaeus d iscu.",. scrip' ural pro.of,"" ReIaIN! 10
the leng,h of the "Titing 'he Fourth Gospel i. given a greater th.n
",'erage reception;' just .head of Luke'. Go'rel.
Compared with .uthOr> before and shortly a~er him. Irenaem refe ..
to the G"'re' of lohn more o~en ,han o, he ... induding O ement of
Alexandria," In ab<olute ~gure lrenaeu' writing. contain many
more reference. to 'he Fourth Gosrel (3M) ,h an ,ho", of e.rlier
au,hor> combinN! ( 138). among them Ignatiu Jmtin. T.tian. Melito,
A' hen.go .... Theophiluo, Ptolemaeus and He..deon." Even .U , he
(pres<rvN!) autho rs of Ibe <ond nlmy ,ogether (including po.stIrenaean ones) contain fewer referenc,," to 'he Fourth Go'rel (298)
than lren.eu .... Individually, Irenaeu. rde ..
, he Fourth Go.pel at
lea" ten times more o~en than any o,hn au,hor before him." Thi.
concern, <>reci.llr 'he referenc .. to ,he prologue." anJ it give Iready
a dear hint of Irenaeu ' theological direction. We will. h owe\"er. fir"
take. do"" look at how l renaeu' reference. are distribu led within
the Fourth Gospel. .nd then at the na'ure of hi. references.
More th.n one-third of 'he reference. are made to the prologue
(lohn 1.1-18), Almost h.lf of the reference. concern the re" of the
fir" half of the gO're'. John 1'19- !l , ~. And only "'ery fi~h reference
is 10 John 1}.1-2 1,n," Thu. the prologue em. 10 be \"ery important
for lrena.u>. in contr." to the <ond half of the gO'rel , Especially
I,ae",..,
J-'.
'0
" H 6'!i. of II><

>004.0. "'-llo6.
~
,<x, of ,,,. fuurth Goop<l i> ,,"'ITa! or oIl00.d 10. s," M",,,hi<,,
" , .., of"",
rn",,,,<>- M",,,hI<, 1004.<; 71_71, H I_'''.
I (J7 ,,"' ...m), _ 1 (ll). book '(7'0). _ . (" 1.

bool, (}OJ, >t;a. 0'). M",ochk, 1001 7L ,.". .""',, d<t.iW <1< .. ,;1";0.. > ;b;J .
1lO-", '''_191. '''' . . .I><IT>< " ;1, .... 1). .
" ""nfM<> ,,,. "n,h ""'""" ;. ,I>< U" ol'w<Dly'i>u, ..,,",.. hl 2,...., ,6,
11.1% of"" 'oo .. N"f "",,,na<", ,.. """"' .. " .....,.;" 0. ...... M",,,1ll
~
I"",,," , Ad . 100.,. _
1001.0.101.
,.,.,. ""_
"",,,",,,, 1001 "0. '''' ,I>< ,..,1 """''" 1""'00 '" N,8'" lOOO.
joN"n"" ubi< lboi. ,.,_,...
"",,,",,,, 1001~ "1.
~ "",,,hI 1001~
I.
~ "",,,",,,, 1001~ "1.
M s<, M",,,hk< 2001., m. for ,,"" "um"'" .00 ibMl, "3-106, fo.- ""'"
"0--,,
"'''"'.
m
chapt ... 6, 9, 10, J3 and 16 are under-rep''''''n'''.t ",hile chapt." 18
a nd 11 are extremely under-rep'....,"tod ... Of the prologue. pedally
the ve, .... Joh n U-3, 14 and 18 are prominent," If one tok ... dose,
look at the I .. nae.n lext, eyen more "[.,,nee. can be fou nd, most of
thorn. how,,'.r, being mer< ol1u.' o= " Noneth ele.s, predominantly
they tend to lead in 1M sa me direction_ Lt I This moan. that thor. i.
more Johan nin. language .nd theology in Iren u. than h.. ~n
previously 00..",,1, '" lohannin. language do<. nol . imply rervade
l .. no.u' tho>ugh", It i. i,,,,,1f tbe language of lre" ..,u' theology. '"
2.4. lrena,u, Quo", 'he Fourth Go.pd XpUcUly and Cu,,,,Jy

Irena.u. ref.rs [0 t be Fourth Go'rel not only more o~en lh.n any
a uthor bEfore him, but . 1.., more oxplicitly and more d.,..,ly. For
Hample, the only explicit and d o", quo"", i,,n bef",e lrenaem an be
found in Theophiluo of Antioch, '" while lren.e ... has at lea" 104"f
them.'" l h i. mean, th.t of.u t he refe .. nc .. to the F"urt h Go'p<l in
I.. noem (324 ), every third one is explicit. In introducing >orne of hi.
quotation. "f t he Fourth Go'p<l, Iren .. u. h "the Lord" 'peaking 31
time., I"hn 16 t im"" h i. gospel 4 times. John in hi. gO.p<l 3 tim .., and
script ure 2 t im ... ... Irenaeu. i. theref",e by far the most comprehen. i,'e and most meticulously'" working exegete of the Fourth Go.p<l
before Origen. altho ugh I.. noem wrote no philological commentary
on the go>p<l. Lt.
Mot",kk, ' '''"'', t"_I>', 1tJ, "'_"1 (.d ...... ).

10- " ... .00 r';rfr prorn'oc",- So< Mot",kk, '00<.. " 1, " '. '"_'''
(Kh, .... ).
~ f..- M y. !.xr. , (,"- .. "''''''''',,), ... Mot"kk, ' ''''''' 1<) 1_106, 1"'_"0.
* Mot""",, ,..,..., 206-110, 114_1t6.
~ Mot",""" """"" ''', " ooch ,'nm.! m,h, johonn<"''''' 'P'''''''' .00
ThwIog>< .. don '","''''''''n T.."n
clurch d., Angob<n 'n <1<, S".,,'"
o,,,,,.,n,,,._ Au'S''' .kutl.,h .. ~J . ~ ", ~ .. M",,,,hk,
n .
~ N.gd '000,
"<I., ,'nz'g' !!"""n""h",,,
. u, dom , ~rt'"
Ennsd'um fir<l<' ,;rn bri Th>r"Hu, "'" Anhoch ... :
~ Mu,,,,"",,"""', 1'>6, 11 1.
~ Mu, ,,"",,"""', 1..,.
~ Mu"d..",..,...,
~ Mu,,,"",,"""', 111 .
~ V,'.
."',k!....
,em..
.71,
1.,_,,,,,
",,,,,Lo.,,,,,,
IO"~ AN" "IS GOSP.l IN T". M!kWk 0" IkfNAV. OF l rONS
3. How
1 ~ ""Aws L~n.PkTs
A TUOlOG!CAl
TU Gospn Of
333
JO~N
P.kS ~ .CT".
Next, .ft.. having .ketched 'he 'heological challenge in lren.eus' lime

(3.1 ), we will tale a look ., AJ .... rsu, I,a<me> 3 u a "Johannine book"
(3.2). Then. AJ,'mu, hae"", 3. 11.1---6 ""ill be briefly in,.."igated bo,h
a, a p.rtkularly lohannine """tion (3.3), and as an Irenaean network
of lohannin~ texts from th~ prologue (3.4). Fin.llr. 'he Fourth Goop<1
""ill be examined a. the theological backbone of [ren.eu and Irenae ~.
""ill be ,iewed ..
Johannine theologian until Origen (3.').
,h.
3. 1. Ih. 1I1m1oshal Chalkng< in Ih. Tim. of Irmaeu,

Th. main pro,..,ca'ion for Irenaeus althe ~nd of 'he s<cond century
c[ "" the Gno<,k challenge. repre .. nt ing. ho"".,..r. only a part of
th. broader h"'erodoxy of hi. time. Spoifically, lrena~u. foc"",. on
th. so called Valentinian . Lt Br,id", the Valentinian he con,id~"
Morcion (and hi. followe .. ) and ".riou. o,her Gno<tic. a. hi. main
t.rg"'. [n fact. th ... thr<. oPl"'nents are mentioned togeth" ..".,,,,1
time .'" But the Val.ntini.n. can be laken p'''' pro 1010 as Irenaeus
affirm" "For t hey who oppos< the>< men (the Valentinian.) by t he
right method, do [th ..""y[ oppo .. a ll ""ho ar~ of an ""il mind: and
th.), who ov~rthrow them. do in fact ovenhrow .very kind ofh ..<sy."'11
Mainlr four ar~a, of doctrine po .. an ex".me theologkal choUenge
for Irenoellie
(I) How .ho uld scrip'ure and tradition be related. and whkh on~ ha.
priority' Wh.t constit ute. a scripture! How many g""p<l nd
which on.,. 'hould be includ.d in scriptur.! And what i. 'he "alu. of th e Old T.".rnen, booksl
(2) What i. the ""ationship between God. creation and redemption' h Ibere con'inuity in the .. Ivation history! h the ..me God
r<>pon,ibl. for antion and .. lvation, or i. th". a d~rniurge who
is oppo..J to 'h ~ tru. God!
Qo<
V""'m'n"",
. 'LoUlly '" <IT.,..," . ihU """ d~,"I" (b,"" " ,, M>....,. J .l 1.1); "' ",,,hl 1006.
,,.,..",.
M",hi<, 1006, 19'"J.
,~
'" ' ''""'''', Ady. ..... '
1""4 ' ; Mu, ..hJ"
>006. , ....
'"
(3) Did the mediator hem",,, fl"'h, or wa, he in any w.y "'pawed
from maner1 How do God and mankind (orne togother in the
redeem .. Chr;"?
(4 ) I< there. ""I,.. ' ;on of the fle.h (salu. <ami,)' lh n,wer to this
question i. <loul)" related to Q u;stology and co.mology.
Thu., the m.in t heological challenge. belong either to the hermeneutical ~eld (I) or to the (orr.lat"'" bet",,,,," GoJ, world, m.n, reJ""mer
(Chr;'tl and ..lv.tion (2-4 ). To put the question in more general
term" How i. ,he ,enuon be.ween the Chr;:ni.n doctrine and the
Plotonic philo>ophy to be resol ... d1'"
3.2. Adve .. u. H.e, ..,. J
~, a
lohannine Book
Almost ... ctly one third of lrena<u' r~eren(... to the Fourth Go.""l
occur in !look 3 of AJ\~NU'
Ther~ore it mok", '''''1 ge>o<l
..,n~ to focus on that imronant OOok,'" which i. aJ.., r<rh.ps the
1><" structured of t he five books'" In .00'" A.,IV<NU' ha,,,,,, 3 i. 0
"[ohonnin. book."'"
Questions of ,,:'iptu.. ond tradition 0 . . tr.ote<! as 0 maU., of principle in the
~'"' chapt.n of book 1. 1L) Th. subseq uent chapters
d<>1 with the one true GxI woo is the maker of heaven and e.rth ' "
The >Kond large pa" of the third book dis.:u."". Christolo&)', one
and the ... me le.u. Christ, t "'" man and t "'" God for our .. Iv.tion, '"
Finally, Iren.eu. """, .gain the contra" between the church-her
prea<hing and belief-and the hewko.' "
I, i. impo .. ible '0 exam ine an or e\"en mo.t of the reference. to
the Founh G><pel in this .... y. Therefore, let YO t.ke look at the
,,",,,,<>,'"
fi,,,
'" "ot,,"" """" ' '_lOO,

'" "ot",""
7_1.
'" "ot,,"" 200.s,I;
'" " '''''''',:tOO4.<, , 36- , )3. J ...; " ,,,,,Ok, >006. "'7,
>006,
&""'"&"'"
"'~ iI<~h, do, om b.. n "",I""",,,,, un<!

"""h
<1<. ''''oIog<n "00 Sch' ift"dkn ,,,,,,,,,, OW " ",", ,;n< ",n '''''''"' ""tfl.lt;g 'om_
roN"".!,,' ,',,~'ndl~'" "00 .....",0!1
rOO" "' ... ih. " "'U'K""
'006, JJ_.'. ","_",.
8"''''''''' ";""'.:
''"" "ot,,""
3<17.
"ot","" >006,
>006, "_n, , <I,V"",.
""",,hi 100.s, n. "" "0-,,,.
''"" '"
"ot,,""
46-", , ,,_ ,, ,.
"ot,,"" """" "_61,
' 17_ '11.
,~
>006,
IO"~ AN" "IS GO.".l IN T". M!kWkO" IkfNAV. OFlrONS
3H
high .. t concenlration of Johannine reference. within Iren .. u' worh

AJ""r>u, haertS" 3,! 1.1-6.
3.J, Adverou. Haere",. 3.11.! -6 a, a PaflicuJoriy lohann;n< S<ct;on
lhe greale" concent ... ion of .1I",ion. 10 and quotation. from the
Go'rel of John iJI found in
3,11,1-6. Iren.eu how>
in 3.9.1-3.1 1.6 that .11 four gO.p<l wri.e .. confe .. and wi ln"" one
and Ihe >arne GoJ, do Mo"" and the prophet.'" Bee.u.., t bere i.
no poosibili.y for "'pa",'ion bet",""n .",.tion .nd incarn.tion. it i.
Ih. one God who made evel)1hing through hi. Word (John 1:3), And
Ihi. iJI ""actly the ... me Word who wa. made Ile>h. and d,,'elt . mong
u." (John I, I~), Lll Irena"". empha.ize. John U4. and in.;'" ""plieilly
Ihot .. conlin~ to the opinion of non. oflhe hewi.. wu Ihe Word of
GoJ made n.. h."'" Thi. means that John 1, l .j functions a. a ,h;biJ.,I,,/,
in ChriJItology! Here Ihe whole theologicol challenge for [renaeu. and
hi. lime i. eith er won or lost.'''
[n bridging Ihe g.p bet",..,en the crealor and that GoJ wh ..... Word
",-a. made fle.h, lren .."" employ. Ihe figure of John the Bapt i'" The
latter i. "more than . proph et" be<3"se he not only announced t he
Word of GoJ becoming Ile>h but al.., -saw Him "'hell He came, and
poin'."j Him ou', and p<"uaci."j m.ny 10 beli",'e on Him. so ,hal
he d id himself hold t he place of bolh prophel .nd 'po"'e (, ... n.I .
ANF)."'l> [renaeu. Ihu. pro,' .. ,hal the cre.'or and the one who",
Word wa. made n.. h are 'he .. me.
According 10 our >:tion. Ch""t ,ook m.tt from the earlh to m.ke
wi ne ou' of water in Con. (John 2), and he took "the 100\'''' which t he
e.rlh had produc."j" 10 sali.fy the gather."j multitude (John 6), bo,h
are al", Ihe elemen" of the Lord'. SUPp<L' ''' John US show, ,hal
Fa,her .nd Son belong in><par.bly together .nd that t he v;.ible son
AJ"",.,u, on",.."
"' MUl"hi<,1OO6, 34--4'. 1".u l<m"""" Ady. """. '.11 .1_1, ", ",,,,hi<-<
,."..., ""_""
",.'" " ",,,hi<, '..,.,..110: "n, ;",h"", ru""l! "'"
"",,,,hi<, ' 001, 176-
b<d;nll';m ~""' n I"'nk,n

0., ''' ...... I~ ...,.dih;gl.<". J~" .. ....,rum b<dmll' oowohl d~ M"st.,hk<;, ab
0.. H,;"hl.,hk<;, ,;n",hbdkruk. "".H",,", 0.. ",,;to."
.a h,.x"", A.y. ...... '.11 ." M",,,,hi<, ,..,..., 11', M",,,,hi<,. lOOO,
~ 10m .. "" Ad . 100",. ' .11." Mol","'" '0040, >11_'11; MulKhi<, 1006, n1_
,, ~
.u<"
,,,_m .
d~daro.
to an th ~ h th ~r who i. invi,ibie" .. he did, ~.g., to Nathana~1

and Pet ..m
lh~ main que<tion. of thi. panicularly loh.nnin~ ""'tion or" (a)
Is thore one .ingle God, or i. th ..e a distinct ion bet",,,,,n God and a
distinct maker! (b) What i, th~ Wentity of the maker! (c) What role
doe. matt .. tak~ in the whole proceu of ",h .. t ion' And abo,-e all , (d)
Who i, Christ . nd how i. he connect...J to the.., question.! The greater
th""logical are .. (/od) are thus th""iogy, creation/co,mology, "'t~ri
ology, and Chri<tology. S.>1~riology is d"..,ly connect...J with anthropology, pneumatology, ecd e.iology, and eschatology in other parts of
Irenaeu' work, n.... main t heological fie ld. (/"'-'; can be .ketch...J
with the h~lp of a triangl"
Ihrology
s"tmorov (~;,h a",hropology,

p~"m"'olbgy, </"ioIogy. '''''''''o/ogy)
figure L Cootro,-sy triangle

Th~ question
of Chri" (Chri<tology) is plac~ in ' he c<nt~r of the triangle due to its c~nt ral rol~, All theological questions m..,t in Chri<tology
like road, of the city leading to if< centeL'"
A compari",n with the Gnwtic challenge for t he church in Ir~ na~u"
period .ho",. that all corn~ .. of t he triangle and its c~nter deal with
issues that are under con tro\'ersyY' God, creation. r...Jemptio n and
Christ, or, alternatively, God, creatkm, incarnation and h-ation. Thi.
mean. thatlren.~u. an.wers th e theological and Gnwt ic challenge in
,n
t,."... " ~ A.t.. Iwo. . J.lt .6;

'ilO4>.l60.
M",,,Mo,"""', '60.
, ~ S
,~
""'"hIn
"'"'"hIn lOJ.l>, 111, ",",,,hi<, '0<>1, 1)""'.
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T" . M!kWk 0" 'kfNAV' OF "rONS
337
hi. Joh.nnine chapters, II is hopt'd tha, tho g ...... q",,"ion of t he

(ontrove"y ,,"tween 'he Gnostics (e.g .. the V.lentinian and t he
church (Irenaeu.) can be examin.d more deorly with the help of our
Irianglo. We rna)' thus call it a "conlro"er>y 'riangle."
3.4. The Prok>gue af loon (I, I-I8J a, a" Irmaea" N.two'" of

loha"nin< Texll
A complemen'ary look at the 'pecifically lohannine chapters in
Irenaeu' writing. deal. with tho ... ver ... that I.. naeu. quot.d most
o~en . II has to he rememhere<! that more ,han one-third of lIle reference. to lIle Fourth Go< p<'1 a... to its prologue, John U-18.' " A .
note<! alx,,"e, > closer look a t the prologue sho,,~ that <spedally t he
vers,,, John U-3, 14 and '8 are quote<! and .lIude<! to more often
than other ver .... of the prologue.'"
For ex.mple. the exp .... ion V<rbum Dei ("the Word of
lohn
L uf.) i. ud aoout 100 times in Adv." u, hae",,,, a nd 29 of t oo",
occur in Book 3.''' Ten li .. ral quotation> of John U occur in AJ\~"U'
Ha,,,,..,,LJJ whil. some 60 "for.nc,"" to John 1, 14 can be identifi.d.' "
In fac t, John I: 14 i. by far the 1\\OIIt dte<! ver", of the Fourth
in Iren.eu' writing . '" II i. al.o striking that lrenaeu. emph .. i.e. t he
fir" half of the ,'er", v.ry strongly (""PO!; ",I".:ro, j~carNa'u,),'" while
p.. -Irena.. n and Gno"k litera'ure remain. inarticulate concerning
the incarnation. LJ'
.\t any of the references to John 1,1-18 are not di.>tribu,.d equally
in Iren .. ~" writing.-far from it , In addition, t hey ore very often
conne<:t.d
each olller. Th ... fore we can call ,hem a network of
Joha nnine texU, '" Mmt of the>< combinations are aga in found in t he
third book of AJ\~"U' /"""'''' '''
God:
'''''1'<1
'0
. MUl"hi<r lOOb. ,.,.

" ""Ul"hi<, """". ' ' ',
on ""u,,,hi<r """". 170_179. '"'_'"3, Mu<" hi<, '006. , ... _,.." to. ,
~ ""u,,,hi<r >006. ' '"''"
.~ ""u,,,hi<r """". ' ' '; ""ulKhi<r 2006. ' ''"'21.
~ Mu,,,hi<r """". ' ' ',
. ""u,,,hi<r """". "0--120; MUl"hl<r 1006. " '_ ' 36.
m N' g<l lOOO...... Mu,,,hi<r >00<0. 16'-
t.,._ ,..,
.M A<conl;ng '0 "'ns"'m
, ...,
JO '. ,,,"""' "" ", """'O><J'
",."h",n P" "!!" w,th ' n. n<lwod ofblbl ..,J "" , ,"
. ",u,,,hl<, >00<0. "". ",_n .
to und<m.nJ
No othor combination (n",work) of [ohannine or .ny othor biblical te," i. so f.",red by Iren.eu. a. that of John U-J.14.18' "
Combination> of th~ ,'er"". occur quite ",Idom in [""tin. Clement of
Aleundri. or Tmulli.n, '" Irenaeu. refers to these wr ... ""en more
often th.n Justin, Oement a nd Tertulltan tog<ther, "" Thi. show. that
th"", w's<. are extremely important for Iren.eu., .ince they are at
the forefron, of hi. ,,riting. and theology, Th"", ver .... too. can be
amlnged in a triangle,
oA"",,',,"_~(W,
(w,
l~ .
1-3)
18)
Figur< 2, Prologue triang!.

Of cour ... them verw nd catchword. could be arr.nged in oth<r
type. of ~&llr... a. well."" But it i. nonethel.... dear that we are d.aling
with. Prologue tri.ngle: or 0 ")ohonnin. triangl. : or .i mply a ba.ic
"theological triangle of [renaeu ." To understand the tria ngle better, it
i. nessary to collOid.. that incarnation (John U4) in the lrenaean
conlext , .."yoften h"" a ",.. riological .ur" A pro-structure is inh<rent in the topic of incarnation.'" If this fac t i. taken into .ccount, it
becomes obvious that the Prologue triangle" fits well with the triangle
dealing with the main t heological ~eld. in the contrO\'e"y betw"",n
,~
Mot""",, ",(,,,, 158.

'w Mot",""" """'-, 1 ' ''''''.
, ~ " ,.. " 'rfmn<.... S Mu,,,hl<, 200<>., ".,"'0.
, ~ Mot",""" """'-, 261.
,~ S "ubchk, 1001, 1>& .,"'o!os'",h ,,, do ..
''''''''''''''8,,,,,,,1><" ,;'"
/"<>-St,""",, ;n"'-,,",: '.~_ P'" """, r'" ,.1"" ""'" P'" 00 .. " 'b", /""/'''' hom
',.,m.
IO"~ AN" "IS GO.".l IN T". M!kWkO" IkfNAV. OFlrONS
339
Ih< G"""ia and the <hurch (I r~n.eu.)."ur "wnlwve"y t ri.ngle."'"

To
it explidlly, henaeu' exeg.. i. "f the prologue r<Sl"'nds 10
the main Gn""ic ch.lIenges.'''n,. prol"gue i fiml f"unw t i"n on
which lrenaeu. ".nd. in repudiating 'he Gno>,ic pooitions,
".1<
3.~.
TIre Fourth Go'l'd ~, irenneu' Thrologkal Backbo"<-Irena,", a,

t he lohanni", TlreoWginn of Ihe SuonJ untury
If the ,-iew out line.! .bo ... i> corrKt, then som< inevitabl< wnclwiono
folio,"",
(1) The bishop of Lyon< tak .. 'he Gnostic challenge of hi> time
thologic.1 one, which me.no that i,
both an exegetical and
),,1<matic <hallenge. He r'''l'''noh to it in a unique way with
'he .id of t he Fourth Go'p<l. <>pially wi,h its prologue, lohn
lol-JB.
(2) Within 'he lohannine Corpus, the Fourth Go.p<l hom ....... n'i.l
for hi. r"'l"'n~ '0 the ch.ll<ng<, although in term. of bare numbe", lrenaeu. refers to t he other three N<w Testament Corpora
(Synoptic '''''1'''1,. Paul, lux.-Ac"l more.
(3) The "theological triangle of Irena<us" i Joh onnin< one with
Chri"ology in its cenler. It corr"l"'nd. exactly with the "controve"y triangl~" with the V. lentinian< (who stand pan pro 1010 for
the Gno>tic.),
(4) lren.ern' ex.,; .. i. of the prologue foc,""" on Christology (co nnec'e.! with t he theme of the unity of God), Therefor<, henaern
refers mo.dy to John lol-3,U,!8, In the ..me vein. he inlerpret.
John lol3 ~xclrnively from . Christologk.1 I"'int of view, '"
(') Ver"". such.s lohn 1,3 .nd 1,14 h.,-< the ch.racler of . ,hibholeth
for accurate (i ,e" biblic. l) t heology or a litmu. 1<>1 for heretics.' "
If theologic. 1 "atemenU taken from th~ F"urth Goop<l are t he
"""df. " foundation of Irenaeu' th.",loglcal K<ents, <>pi.lly
1""'"
- M.,,,hI<, 2"""', 161 , n.. wlli<rt, "~'" !IT<.,,k' ,\0" 1.-."., ;ot 01",
,ug!<.,h ,", ." , ;~;"", n<! I<""nd!"o .",h , ;ru, "~ ,~""" G<riH' &.
1oho""''I'roios>' ~ Mu, ,, hI<,
>004 .. _
'"
alkn ,."
11m"''''" ,"", ' '''O'""&,,,,,,;><n<k
An'''''''':
'" ],,"x"', M . """ . '.16.1; , .... " ' .2'-', 1.>1.7, ' .'-"
M",,,hI<, '006, ].(1,_)(1(\, " . ..." , " '-0".
- Mu,,,hl<, ,.,..... ,61.
M.. "hI<,
>004.,
26',
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
concerning c .. ation, incarnation and >al,'atKm, it i. the Founh

GO.p<1 that function. a. the 'heolag;cal Mckbo"e of the bi.hop, ,..
B.nus< ),.,naeu. himself c.me from A.i. Minor to Gaul, he
underline. hi. Johannine foundation impre ..;".ly for historical
reason .
If lrenaem provides hi. readers with genuine and ob,'iously old
traditions aoout the Founh Go.p<1. and if verse. of that gO.p<l
guide the th<ologicai deb ... wit h hi. oppo nent,,'" then tho
bi.hop of Lyoru can be >aid to practke loh.nnine t!>eolo];),. In
other words, He i. a loIt~""i", theologian, '"
Significant .. asons for t his thesi. a. . . . p<ci.lly th e following' (i) tho appellation -the dis.:ipie of the Lord" for lohn: (ii)
the use of lohannine key ... ntenee uch a. lohn U or [,14 a.
theologkal shibboleth. or dogmatic guOld -rail.; (iii) th e foundational me.ning of Joh.nnine words and st .. ements for incarnational Christolo];)': and (iv) the u", of an unrivalled network of
Johannine te .... '" None of th ... four item. h .. strong parallel.
in other aut ho .. of the ,,",ond century.'"
Although Iren.eu. , e"ricted him.<lf to ".pplied" exegesi.'" .nd
did not write a full or ",'en selective commentary on the Go.pel
of John, he i. not only a Johannine theologian, but e.... n more:
Irenoeus of Lyons i. the Johannine theologian until Origen.
ik<au .. lrenoeus should alway. be read while keeping hi. opponent> in mind.''' h< in litct proceed. with a-pardon the anachroni.m--method of correl .. ion" (Paul Tillich),
In ret'-"'pe<:t, Iren u. became 'he exegete. 'Y'tem.tic t!>eologi.n nd in .. rpreter of the Founh Gwpel forthe wholecentury,''''
and the Goop<1 of loh n ",,,'ed as th e foun d .tion and theological
backoon. in hi. con"O'o'e<>y against the Gnostic<,
,- t,.""".,
. n, h~.n<! ""'rioIosl' m m, jnlr P.w i"" "hi!< hi' ,,,., ,.-..Ii_

"om", bo><cl "",,'ly "" ,I><
of
l"i. M.'KhI<. _ . >6 .
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, '006, 51'" - ",I, ",,,,,, ..... d"'><n VmE"'g m;' .lo" ~"""i>< h<n
H"," ,roro.,"'"!I: do" ",..;,-,j ...... h, 01, ' "' HilIi, '" '"'" 8,o6<n L~" johon_
n<;och ",pl;,,,,,,.
,~ c[ ,I>< ,;,10 of ""Khin 100.... ,,,,,,, ...b ; . / w " - l~ .
,~
26/1_169.
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, ""'"" 16", 1IJ~k '""" .... , ."' .... "'''"'. '" .;oo .no-,.;,,- ;./wo .
..... "'" " T',"m"-,'rudn 0&, ... ",,,,"00_fo' In,,.. ..u"o
"""pd. ",,!h<... "'"
"',,,,,hI<,""",
Jo.m""<1<'" <1"".1,_,. ..".1, fo' ,..........-
'" V.n Rom!")' t"'7, lOIi_I"', "' utochk-r " '0.... >6J.
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, """"- 266.
,. """,hi<, 2006, ,,.,
""'OT '"" ",,',,"
"
,~
,~
,,
"
, i
,,
-i
,,"
~.;'
ti
"'0-""
~::,
,~_o .
"' . " '~"

1." ';~--" N_
.~
1<" '~ ~:~ -,,_
~ ." .0':
"l"~
~--~,
-" .
].
.. " 'C" ,
,""
"" "i
E -"'" .~."
::;~;, ~.:<~ "' ,~
., .l! .l!
!lo;' i<
'"
to'
,,~
-5-; -i 3-j l~ .: -i ~ 151 ~ ~1~~~ ~j 1 H ~ rh!l HU ~ f H

~ i ~ ,~~. l~ 1<~ r ~~ r~~~~iH i JU !iH i: ~~ ~~- i~
q~ ~ 1: ~ ,~ 1~ ~] ] ~~~" ,q~ 1 t~~ ~ !~f ~~ U a ,~ .%1
~o~~ , " ""'E .. , ~ ~o. ~ . OJ''!'': ~ ,e " 1.",-, ~~ ~c " :{ti .~

.~..:.~ :q ,~"'B ~~5
z~
,"~ .::1:a-'! 'i""
~'" '" ",,<~
'-.'!~~
::n ~j;"
-_"
E _ ",i::J:
.
, ... - .d
" ~,... :'
:g,"~
~'"
Jj
t~~.i l~ d t~i!~ ai~_u~li 1 Hj H~) ~~f~j ~F i~
~ .. ,j l '~ ~. E~ -i :;'~ ' ~~ 2f .... g~ . , 6~ " ~"'~" ~-l!-i1 ~ ""' E ~~ ,

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IO"~ AN" " IS GO.".l IN T " . M!kWk 0" 'kf NAV' OF l rONS
. "',
Ori<n",i;.m 14' I , .. ,_ ...... idi. 'iii,

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of Q",,~ i.
and
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1,""'10
'''"'. '03_'''-
0,-"",.1
.'"1''''.'''''''
JOHANNINE ECHOES IN EARl.Y
MO~TANISM
Turid K.rl",n s..im

Th~ ~orw<gi.n In"itut~ in Rom~ & Unh'~"ity of 0.10
Thi ..... y is l><ing written at th~ Norwegian I",titute in Rom~, which i
itu.ted on Gianieolo near the church and eat.combs of San Panc,,",io
and not far from Via Aur~lia. In .ntiquity thi< wa. an area where
immigrants lived, e'reciaUy various group. coming from the F...,t,
Epigraphic evidence teH. u. that m any of them originated in A.ia
Minor, and there is al>o a tr.dition, howev~r historically umeli.ble,
that St. Pane,.. himself ,,'as a Phrygian orph.n man)Ted at the ag. of
fourteen on t he Vi. Aurelia during th. Great Persution in th. early
fou rth e<ntury, Ej>igraphic .nd literary .,.. idene< .Iso "",m, to . uggest
that Montani.m .u,,'h'ed in Gr..,k-.pealdng immigrant ce nter< just
outside of the Aurelian ",.,U. of Rome, long after it ,,'a. rooted out of
Rome'. m aimtream Quistian communiti ... ' On~ of them was c~n
tered around Via Aurelia. not far from where I am s itting I wtite.
Proximity to po"ib l. Montanist .urvivor< in Rome in the founh and
fifth century may create an ambiene< for wtiting about their mo...,ment, but th ~y w~re probably in m.ny ",-ay. differ~nt from Mont.ni.. ,
Klme hundred y..... ~.rlier. In ract, in the lat. ",eond century, th.l.bel
Montani.m, which nam the mm'~ m~nt .fter it< found~r Montanus,
wa. not yet inYented. It i. ho"ile and late, a h<resiologieal da ..ification coined .. far a. we know, not until the fourth e~ntury , In the t hird
century the mm-ement w.s by >ome called the Ca' .phryg;'n her ..y
(Eus<biu., Hi". raL , ,[6,[; ', 18.1),' but in the movem~nt it""lf thry
.poke of the New Prophecy l><ing not so much cone<rned .bout provenone< as .bout t h. p,ophetic activity which th~y rightly regarded a.
th.ir hallm.rk.' However. most mod.rn comm.ntator< conveniently
T"""'
m '''7, 4"'_"'_
1'0.- fort .... ill" " ",",, of thl> ' m, "'< 1''''''''',,,,,< 2007, = .
"" be, " ,"gg<~<d ,.... ,I.< odi<,,~., "n<,," ... , a.l&d "' ,"" or i~ '"al ,, If-<<~g_
"",.... ",I.< I'rophy. for pol< mkal I""P""" ..., tbe '"""< "" .. ', <1<,;.[ "I'P""' nt ~
d.
Kr.n '''', 1. p..,["," 1107., 47) .. "'J'" .... ,,. ,;"Ijrn i' ......
,"" "ro"h'''T of tbe oT buo .. ,.eluding "" NT prophy wi,h

.wm.J t o be in ",,,,; ..Or.
~' h"'h
""..,
'g.U""
,"" M,,,,,,,,;,,,
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N
S"'M
tend '0 u.. Montani,m and New Proph"'Y interchangeably, .. do I in

this .... y.
Befo.. addressing the role loh.nnine t ...dition. may ha>" played in
the early pha.., of t m, Mon .. ni" mm'.ment, it i. n,,,,, ..,,,y to dwell
on some p.. liminary q""stion. concerning tm, .0utC", .... ilabl., and
the historical a nd methodological fram.work. in order to show the
,'ulnerability of .ny .tt.mpt at . mwering moot qu."ion. about early
Mon .. n;'m, Cautiou.ne .. i. not I.. " call<d for giwn tl>< limitations
impo><d by the ft tha, the sourceo to the New Prophecy mo,'ement
are few and f"'gile, on.n wm..,n into context> of hoo,il. contamination.
We know from Hippolytus' Reiutarjo 8.19. t 'hat t m, new proph.ts and
proph ....... pnxluceJ wri'ing' but th ... did . 1l peri.h wi,h th . mowm.nt i, .. lf,' The exception i. ""veral treati",. writt.n by Tertulli.n during hi. Montoni .. period (207-220), The most comprehen.ive reports
by opponents are pr....,rved by Eusebius (263- J40) in hi. Ecd"in"icaJ
Hi,t""y ~ and by Epiphanius (3 1 ~--403) in hi. Pa"arion 48. Ewebiu.
draws on two earli.r ,""urc,", for his pr<><n .. tkm of the Cataphrygia n
her",y, Th. old ..., and most exten,i,'e i. the so-calleJ Anonymous,
who i. >aid to go bad, to thirt""n Y"" after the d.ath of Maximill.,
one of the three original prophet. and who probably d ied a. t he I."
of the three_ The other source i. Apolloniu ... Iightly younger but most
probably . Iso from ,h. I.te ><cond century or at ,m, tu rn of th e century. Epiphaniuo doe. not identify hi. source. but the old." and most
impoJ1ant (Pan, 48,I-ll) may be late SKond or early t hird centurr,
and i, con"erg" wi,h Eu ... biu' count_ From these sources and a
few other.. nin"""n prophetic orad .. h.," been di>'ill<d, of which
fourteen a.. con.idered to be a uthentic and five to be quest ionable.'
In curr.nt re .... rch epigraphic SOutC", and archeological findings h,,',
become incre ingly impo"ant but unfo"un.te]y t hey do not yield
much for the topic of this e... y.'
Montani>m originated in ,h. mid-l60s in the .. mote mountainous
.... of Phrygi.,' when . man, Mont.nu., together with two wom.n,
!!sf"""" b",""," d " p"kd br II..", t ..." " " abc l,bb",,>
lh<.-. m .<>,,,.1 ,011<" .... oi ""'<c<. '" ~""" .. '.n" <k W>rioIk "'" Alond
11>< ""'''''''"'pof,1><
' 007, "_",
,..-.. (.),., 10" i"lI"'); &nh<d t .., by w~_
I..... ',:.bbn .. ,_ .... , t,., d'"",,,y" Ph", .. of,", , oi I'<pouu,..., 1_"", and
""''l''<''''''
Lomp<
'008_
, lhi< i<.oo.y g<"".uy

,),., ..ad
t""_
's=d ' go",,, ,I>< ,nk.-m""'n of Er~K" "; ", woo ... Urn<'
)OHANS'Nf . CHO<
's
"HlY "ONTA~ IS ..
MaximiUa and Pri.dlla. b<gan to 'p"ak prophetically in t l>< 'pirit. They

and their followe .. we,e not ",hot Robin Lan. Fox call! "intellectual
h .... ic> ... and it i. today broadly ac knowle<!ged t h.t the Montani",
but fOf a few exception' conforme<! to a mainmeam po<itlon on
controve"iaJ doctrinal i.. ues ,uch a, Chri"oJogy or T rinitarian theology. The point of contention wa. their prophetic ac' ivi'y; only in
their acceptance of the Spirit', new word. dOd they pan from o,her
Olri .. i.n groups,- It is all the more intere"ing that , hi. core .... of
contlict i. where foh.nnine tradition. may h..'e been mo .. influen'ial
a. an a uthoritative frame of ref... nee.
Some ",hola" have enten.ine<! 'he W.a th.t th. New ProphKy w..
an i ntrusion of p.g.n rev.latory .. a.)' and haw ",ught to explain
Montonu. by p.ganiring him . Robin Lane Fox claim. that <hi. i. to
,uHend er to his ancien' critic. and th.ir wish to belittle h i. ap!""l.
which i. all the ea.i,r because hi. Phrygian con'ext .Iready rq;ularly
wa. ",orned by critic. "'ho lived in the older Grk citi ... " From a d ifferent !"'''rth'e Da>'id E. Aun. make. a , imilar oo..,vation d..,ming pagani, .. ion of the origin of , I>< N.w ProphKy a. replicati ng , I><
ancient polemic " He .rgue. ' hat proph et. and thei, r"",latio n playe<!
an integral role within early ChriJniani' y un,il ' he beginning of , I><
SKond century. Thereaner the inevitable force. of institu,ion.lization b.n i.hed prophets from thei, role a. le.ders .nd margina lized
the re.-elatory 'igni~cance of their proclamation>, 11 It i how",'''' not
unlikely, that Olri"ianity in A.ia Minor in ",me plac", may h,,'e kept
a prophetic t,.di,ion at 1."-,, in cherishecl memory d""eloping al",
chain. of prophetic .ucce.. ion."
. a_''''6,'''
.
.,
p.w..n ""'. " , "H" "",, ,om " 'I.... "'" d<m Z""'ngb<f",O, <1<" Mon
L,.,
' ... amo .... ;""""""",,1>< H..... ;. . u ","",n , .. ..-"d ... " WI<,;n ,,;"" f..du.
'010&<. """" ;n <l<m '"~"',",n .. f <1<, l'ropb;', ..-ai<,;n """ <1 ,0.1><" .,.1",,"11"".
"""" .. <lor "'m<,nd<=fa>.u"l! priori "' ..... ,s< ~.Ug< und
"knn<" ...."",' Imy ;.. I~ ,I. Ind=!, Ih" ,. who"l>< mly ""''''' of F.pIph...'u. ;n ""-'.
olIO
d",1y .,.,,~ S olIO M't)on<" 100' .
~ Fox' ....... ' .S oIlO"' ..... _Sym ' ....7.
" AWl< dlim. ,.... lu.mw ond hi>..,..,Y"""" "'""" "",""I ,i>< mlr """,,,","
proph<t fl<, Lu< ....'. "';'" on "" proo;>h<t A~un<l<, of AOOnut<~hao (d. Au",
JI J). 1""'""'"", (1001. 111_ IlJ) poIn" '0 ,'" , u '1""~ng """ .... 'n ,I>< pr<C"",un
tI" ....... 'M_,"" po/<m." of "'r <uIt~ .b<,,"'om, '"'r ."",1.1 M"" ... "", oot
b<c ... " Il><y b<1.",", rt to b< 'l""""'~~ . bu, b<c,u" 10 lh<,. ...... . Ior-m of Chri>,._
,n"r ""plml by on ",OI
;nt<nt 0" I'' ''''''''ng ,i>< <h=h.
Mot,,,,
".'_J
'''J.
,,,rit
" AWl< ''''. ' ' '.
" s<, K,'" "", " '. lISJ.
".
TUk 1l> ~Hl.<.N
S"'M
This Ii.'ing ,,..di.ion of prophecy in Asi. Minor i. by ",me king

funh .. (onn",',"" to the pr.5<n in the .. me fOgion of Johann;n.
, ... di,ion . Thu. Alist.ir >.ewan-Syke. cI.im.that -the roots of A,i.n
Christi.n Prop"""y lie in the tr.Ji,ion of the Fourth Gospel: and ,h.t
"Mon'ani,m . imply was a branch of t he ... me tree a. Melito of S.rdi.
and the Ep,"u)" apo"oIo,"",: Hence Monton;,m had, . t Ie"" at an
early "age in Phrygi much in common with other Asian prophecy,
and its appeal to earlier A,i.n prophecy, including the af'O"tle John,
nol without ,."",n." AI.., D.vid E. Au"", find. that an the major
f.a,ur.,. of early Montan;'m. including the b<h.vior u>oci ... d with
~on ' rance, are d.ri ...d from .arly aHi,,;'n;')", not Ie ... from
Johann;n. ,,..dition., "Mont.ni.m i. particularly do .. ly a...,.i...d
with , "" Go.p<l of John and th~ AJ'OC"lyp .. of John, their empha,i, on the Paradete wa. drawn fTOm the former. and their preoccupation with tl>< New Jeru>alem., _wa. gleanM from tl>< lattn" lhe
New Prophecy attach! it .. lf to J<sWI' promi.. for the future in the
GO.p<1 of John that the SpiritlParadete would -teach .. _all t hing'" and
"guide ... into all trut h" (John 14,26; 16,13)." It i. thi. Paradel< they
referred to a, the One who .peak. t hrough the new prophet . Hence
th e Montoni .. , h.d legitimate >ource for t heir claim in the Go'pel
of John and aut l><ntication both for the prophetic mode .. the w'r in
which the Spirit .pe.k> and th e newne .. of its content a. an advancement in t ruth, The .. major points in their view "fthe Spirit were both
critically countered b ut not n .... rilr lab<leJ a. heretical br their
opponenu-eyen if that h.ppeneJ increasingly, "
M.nr comment.tors have mad. similar s"'""ping ... temen" about
the Johannine dependence and rh<torical pre .. nc~ in Mont.ni.m
from its wry beginning, a.. uming that 'he Montoni ... spoke in the
name of the Parad<te and t hus dependeJ on John', Rewl.tion for
their <><:hatology and th~ particular term inology of the Paradete pa..ag.. in John's Go.pel for accrMitation of t l><ir proph<tic activitr. The
w.,
,. " ...ut_~
j "',' _
" Au"" ' '''', ' ' '_
"'>fit""i"" ..
Am ( ' '''', '"") d.urn, , ... , 'U>c<

~I.b<l<d . ""''''y, f""I'h" , . Dd ,...,;, ,<Vdatioo, .,,'" <1><",";" , .... IWIy ,,,,,,rotW . Dd ...,Id in low .>lm
0' ...,n "'om'" .. """"y_H, d.-.w""" rund",.,., <I", ;n ...-Iy 0.,-;";,,,,;,)', .. in

jooWm, ,..., g.-.d ..1.xclin, of prophK KIi,-;,y ;..
'''''oIog;c.! 10<10.-._
",Obu...,., '0 .od'! ",,"".-tho.
)OHANSINf . CHO< IS "H lY
"ON T A~ IS ..
o ,..,raU im.ge has therefore been that the New Prophecy movement
wa. " .. ped in Johannine language and id ."
One pos;! ibl. m arker of. Johannine ho i, the u>< of the fint per>on q.;, <i~ 1 in Klme of the e.rly and mo" likely origin. 1 prophetic
oracle . Do they have a n)' affinity to .imilar .aying. in the Gospel o f
Joh nl Thi' form of .peeeh .hould not be mi".ken ... many no doubt
enjoyed doing at the time. to imply that the propheto daiml to be t be
penon who .pole in or through them nor that aU the three di,in. peroon. were heard to .peak in a n und iff"eren tillted war. The .'" form i.
in f.et common in P"""..ed 'I"""h. and conform. to th e typ< Do" id
E. Aune ha. de.ignated orad .. of .. If-commend.tion" wh".., function it is. a preface to a lo ng.. prophetic .peh. to legit im.te t he
prophetic .poke.pe....,n a. a reliab le source of divi"" r",..,I.tion. hen
if it i. unu.u.1 that t he in'piled .p<:h i ttributed to God. it i, not
unknown (d. Rev 108; 21 ;~-8), "
M.E. Boring h in a seri of articl .. punued ",'idenee of the im pact
prophetic orad .. a nd act ivity have had on t he portraral of Je"" in t he
gO.p<l and his artide on the Goopel of John ha. in~uencl "ud ie. o n
Montani,m. even if he h im",lf doe. not make the conntion" Boring
find. that the portrayal 00 ..", .nd the Paradele in the Grupel oOoh n
be... witne .. to prophetic acti" it y in the Johannine community. prooably being regarded a m.nifestation of the pr...,nce of the Par. d ete
in their midst, Thi. pr...,nce wa. identified . . . 'I"""h chari.m. with
" Sa. i ~" Kurt AJ.nd. " ho ;" ha ;ntl u<nlw t..,;o . rt"" . in !o;rly ll'"",01 ...n n.
,wm ,
I),."
"n", Z" "m""nlwn8 <1<,
m" 00 Mo"'"m ....d.rn I'.t>d<,.
"""."S '" j< ... ojf,n>icl>lli<h. A". ih, ".m""n 8'n, drutlich d., , ;nuinr" ...ho
I~"",n """,d l"ngrn ... ""'.,;, ... " n. ""'" ",bnn! ~nd. U., "".,hu"S ,urn
Ioh"""""ngrlium ... '" 01,,;" ",Oon donn .......... do .. Moo' .......h 01.
",,,.,",,,, . \\'0 "' """ Qu<Drn d., Auf..... J"i "u.oklrt. g<Kh;ldrrt " i,d, ,.;nl "d.
do. joh.n"''''''ngd,um
und . uf""",,"';Khr, . ",mdn ,.,"'kgrgntl,n- Ipp.
Ilt_m),
't""''' j ml >'A. 'rir ~ -"", Mon'anam" ,
;oo.n nriK hrn
_ " " 00 ll<gnl"'- Aland find, fu rth<, "'rport ;n IlIudou (1''') ..-hu odd" . ... ' hr
.ok ... in <",ty ""'t<" .oo.. , hr GoopI= """"huns dr. """6' Iiu "" ,u ,tlli"" oondrm, .u. ;oo.nn.><v'"Soii"", i ~ .. '" >!..un M ..", von kt",,;,,",n 1I<w'8ung<n ;n A"'Pro"" Il'nornmr"
""nlrn, d.t. .. " <l<m Abrndl.oo =w<hliS ~ ..__ l n .... ' M,.",n;.m, ~' hrn ; , ~~. d",
,hoi ,Or apoc.t,1"K <v<"" """,," l.,.- thr ""1 proph. d;a not ' m piK<, <><1\.0.
loiogy Ore'ITO< I". ;mport<n' ""'" ;f w" col.>lroph<. "" to ,,,ho' oiog.,oJ ",",oJ.
IA~nd ,....." ' t3l.
" Aunr t ... " '''. AI", K..I\ ("") poin" to , ho "f"'Col)1"" '0'''''' f", 'hi> f",m
of P"'!'hoti' '")'mg.
M ""'"'I! ""'. A ill>< (1""', ,40-,") )", cr".,oJ ...,,,.... n' of ""'mg', ",.1"",
Ih< Sy""!"" Gooprl.
"",okk,
",.I "'
,".,rt
"I<, .""
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N
S"'M
which "an identi~.ble group" wa. endowed. Thereby a chain of revelation i, e"ablished in >ome . imilarit)" ' 0 that in R""el.,ion U-3 but
with one link I"" ,ince there i. no mediating angel. The Spirit and
prophet together are conhed of as one functioning entity.
AIi"air Stewart-Sykes ad,.. nc Boring'. propo ..1 ,,'en further to
.ay that the portra)..1 of Iu. u an enthu,iastic prophet in the Fourth
GOipel, may perhaps iIIu"'a" the prophetic proctice of the author
of the go'reL" He also mentio", that the . pocalyp .. certai nly i, the
product of a vi,ion.ry prophet who>< u<e of the "I" form. OO"'",,,r,
i. restricted to yings of Christ in the vi,ion . With some caution h
uggest< th .t the "I" form in the>< co ... marx' .peech.. of a Chri"ian
prophet 'reaking under t he in'piration of the Paradete--much in the
.. m. wa)" a. it hapren. in the introductory formula employed by the
New Prophet>. He conclud .., "Th u. th e Johannine community, it<elf
familiar with t he actlviti .. of prophet> (and fal.., prophets according to
, lohn 4,,) would r<cogni.., the depiction of an enth""ia .. ic prophet
in the Fourth Gool"" re.dily enough,"lL Thi' is unfortuna .. ly building
a conclusion by laying on. hyp"thesi. on top of another. Gh'en the
scarcity of Iurce m.teri.1. .uch a ri.1oy procedure i. under"andable
but the rult i. ,ubject to a high degr of uncerta inty.
AII Christine Tre",ett find. Boring', propow "lUgse"i",e" and
exploi.. it in more general and caut iou, term" "If the New Prophecy
>om a re",h-.l of propheti.m which had been known in A,ia Minor
Christianity and which had it",1f coloured the p"rtrayal of the
Johannine Parad<te. t hen we do not ha,.., to look far for explanation
of why the work of the Thr.., and the activity of the Paradete .hould
have become linked." She then add. that "in Rome . uch an ao>ocia tion rna)" well h..'e be.n Ie .. 00"';0"" and debate ensued,"" The addition is part of her ongoing argumentation with Ronald E_ Heine and
his alternative interpretation of early Phrygian Montani , m relative to
Montani.m in Rome, Heine', po.ition i. that "the Paraclete passages
were not ....,d b)" the Montanis" in the .arli ., known debate betw""n
'''','_6.
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W"NV.LNOw A1"n NI '-'OH~J .N'SNVHOI
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N
S"'M
known, Since. m.n of ",me st.nding in the church .. in Rome >ow.

po"ibleline of .Hack in refuting not jmt the way in wh ich Mont.nist
useJ cen.in Johan nine t ..d ition> but indeed the two loh.nni"" "'ritingo themselve.. their authority doe. not .. em to h.w bt>en be)'Ond
challenge in Rome toward. the end of the ...:onJ century-own if hi
Hock in th e enJ cwt him Jearly.
Gaiu. "" 0' ch.llenged by lren""u. (Ad,. Ha<r, 3,1 1.9,12), .n advoc.te for the Go.",,1 of John, who in this ca .. ""rformed the balancing
.ct of condemning both those who remo,''''' one of the four go.pel
nd those who added to t hem, After a critic.1 comment on M.. cion,
Iren .. u. continue"
Othm fo, .Ur<, in ord" to nwhfy tbe gift of the ,!"rit which h.. t>een
roor<J out on th< hum.n nee in ",cord.m " ",ith the F>the", good
ph.we in the nlO<t ""ent time>, 00 oot r<'(eiv< thot form ",hich i.
tbe Go.",,1 ..<ordrng to John, in wh"h the Lord promi><d to .. OO the
r ..ocl<te, lhe", r<jec< ot the same time both tbe Go"",1 . 00 the p,ophetic Spirit, lh<y.r< mi.... ble ioo<t>J .in tbey wtoinly do oot wi,h
that there be f.l .. propbet .. but they .. ,nove the prophetic gift from the
church (AJ>. /W", J,' L9),n
who in 204/~ wrote h i. [Hfm of th.
Go,!",1 of 101m ami R.",,/atjon, which Epiphaniwt UsM (p"~, ~ U,I-2)
to construct ~tari.n group (ineluding Gaiu.) whom he label""
the Alogi, Ther. i howe",r, no re.oon to connect Gaius with . uch
group-both the n.me .nd the SKt it",'f may never h.w exist""'"
Gaiu, .ttempt .t diK .. Jiting the Go.pel of lohn and the Book o f
Rewl.,ion indie .... that to "",ond cen tury followe .. of Mont.nu.
in Rome represent"" by Proelu., Joh.nnine traditiono/writingo
probably were u>l to .uppon . nd defend their New Proph"'l" "
Gaiu Iso pro,'o",""
Hippol)~u.
H T_m 1>007, 16) hold> ,,,,,,- 1",,,,,,,, .. oolp"''''.t.rlr 'p.. ~; n _ ...

~ "",Y ""; n t ~n '''l! ,'" p."kn,.oo O<1hOOo..
of,,,,
Golbc , ...
Oft
g';;'.oJ ,'"
of p"'plury 'v'.~ tho.< who """,Id
of ,,,, N<w PropI><cy but
,,1. proph<''''
<1m). prophy
ohog<t"'r,
."u"
poo""'"
-...g;n"""":
l"obb<m (1007, 60_60) 0.1. ,Im "tigmml' of 'f"pn.n'u' I<rtiI<

.m m n ;f '" d Od ... '<'mpk"~ '"""n! them, "'''Y " kg! ,Onk '0 G.... '" ,. , "'"
.... ;,~ton' ....ni;, '1"" ..... :
H , " ' . . " ' " "f"I'b" ,. ,'" 'okr row" h-<,nt",y ,of", ......... .,..,..0001 by """"' ..
h;. >1-"'""' xu ad "",,,;ito ... ""'",h "Y' u..." 1oIow.. of ~ton , ... ", ><TI' ,. M..., 11o
,oIJ<Ctoo of "". from , '" _~ h Goopt' to ...... "'"" tht promi"" p.,- k" .. ..
~
1""'" 'n ,'" ..-.nj" """"m<nI, """''''r ioorth-"n'u'l' ""'''' of ugn ,no.n<, ..
tl IMtu" or 'M""" "',"""" _ ";" """ .. 0..''''''''"'...I" ,'" do.logut
form ;, u>td '" <It""""" tt.< <non of Moc<.on'.m, t" ,h;. 'n' ,'" .',"'"un'" "1<,, '"
domi .... ' ..yOnS' from tht ""'pt' oftohn .",h .. )OOn tC>JO ond
,a_ t t . ,'" 'Mk'"
)OHANS'Nf .CHO<
's
"HlY
"ON T A~' IS ..
Howewr, beyond this we know only vaguely how they were interpreted and used al.o in t l\< ca.., of Prociu,. A comment in P",udoTertulli.n distinguishes between the followers of Produ, and tho
followe .. of Ae.chinu. -both belon ging to the New Prophe'Y'
/loth group' are ,oid to .gree that, while the .posll'" h ad t he Holy
Spirit, the New Prophets h>d the Por.dete who rewaled more in
MontanUi th an Christ revealed in the go.pel. Since thi., together
with a men tion in HippoIytu' Reful~lio, i, the first explicit "atelIIent that the Monta n"ts referred to t he ><lure< of their prophedeo
a, the Paraclete, Ron.ld E. Heine draws the concl u,ion that thi, i,
how, where and ,,'hen t he Montani" d.im to the Paroele", h.d it>
begin ning. He t herefore lIIaintain, that t he app<al to the Par.d"'e
p ....g<> in John', Go.pel belo ng. to a di>tinctively Roman do ... 'opment with in the Montani .. lIIoWlllent which in turn inA uenced
the North-Afric.n br.nch, in casu Tertullian. Hence the earliest and
mo<>t abund.nt 'pp<.,..",e of refe rence. to the Parade .. i. in the
Mont.ni" writing> of Tertullian where .. the .,..rliest ..,urc.. about
the Phrygian prophets do not mentio n .ny Montani .. 'pp<.1 to the
Pa,..dete. and tho .. p .....ges tha t do. Heine dm. to be .uspect or
I.te. In Rome the q ue>tio n of contest.tion was wheth er there cou ld
be prophet. after the time of the apostl ... The Ne,,- Prophe<:y in
Rome t herefore had to justify its - n ewne ..: t hat i,. t he validity of
post -a postolic proph ecy. They fou nd t he . u ppon they n",ded in the
p ....g . . . bo ut the P.radete in fohn', GO.p<l. In the Phrygian context. ho"-,,,-er. the church.t large h. d not and d id not deny the po>.ibility of proph etic gift nd activity. There the arg ument concerned
the e<:"atic or m.n tic nature of the New Prophecy and also whether
the Montanist proph ecy was fal><.
Ron.ld E. Heine'. interpretat ion i. a p .. i..,wort hy attempt at a
contextual interpret.tion of the New Prophe<:y, branchin g it out into
two d h -",,,, "'pre"ion" Ph rygia/A.i. Minor and ROllle t<>sether
wit h Carth.gelNonh Africa. Hi, ob .. rv.t ion th.t there i, none or
o n ly >carce men tion of the Pondete in the early Phrygian materi.1
i. u nden iable and h e i. not alone in commenting on thi,. Thi" how",-er, al", applies to the early Rom.n m.terial. Hi. argulllentation
therefore depend, on hi, re-construction of an ... umed Montani ..
.t.o... "'" .. ,i>< Ioorth "'"'"'Y r to"",>'1,"" Mo'''......"d ,i>< Go.p ~Hl.<.N
S"'M
coun,er-m"egy '0 a certain line of cri'ique in Rome and on an

exdush-e a.sociation of bo,h l renaeu, and T enullian wi,h Romedenouncing their conn"'tions with A.i. Minor and knowledge .bout
the .ituation 'here,
One migh' in f.ct equally well assume that the Mon'.n i". in Rome
came under this kind of allack from G.iu. pr"'i",ly b<-<:au .. they
t .. dition.Jly u.. d the Go.pd of Joh n and the Book of Revelation or
Johannine tradition, to .upport 'heir prophetic acti" ity. There _m.
to be hardly .ny doubt that the founding New Propheu in Ph rygi.
h.d eschatological expectation<, however imminent, an d th.t they
en tenained idea. about Jerusalem attached to the Phrygian town.
<>f Pepouz> and Tymion, Whether leru>alem w .. the n.me alre.dy
giwn to Pepouz.a," or whether they expected t he he.venly Jerusalem
to deocend on the mountain betw""n Pepouz.a .nd Tymion, d"".
rep .... nt a .ignificant difference, Both option" however, might
im ply the Book of Revelation a fr.me of .. ferenee even if the
latter i. a monger ",ho than the former. In one of the authentic
orad", .>signed t<> Maximilla, .he declar""" A~er me ,here will n<>
lon ger be a prophet( ... ), bu, the end," Thi. may .imply indicate
th.t the .. first prophets Ii,-ed in. context where expectations of an
im minen' end were alive .nd perhaps common without any particular influence of the Book of R",-el.tion, How",'er, in a famous
orade attributed to Priscilla, an echo of Re,'eiation i. e.. ily heard,
when <he "y" "H"'ing .... umM the form of a woman, Christ ca me
to me in a bright robe .nd put wisdom in me, and rewaled to me
that this place i. holy, and that it i. here that Jeru .... lem will descend
from hea,-en,"" Furthermore, the ",,;:ent a rcheological dis<o,-ery
of the .i,es of Pepouza and (tentati,-ely) T)-mion, a ppears to have
strengthenM 'he eschatological connota,ions to R",' 11, "Believing
t hat (acco rding to literalistic interpretation of Rev 21, 1-2,9-10) the
New Jerusalem would be able to be .. en descending out o f hea,-en
(d, Rev 3,8) from (nor on) '. gre .. high mountain' (Re>' 2UO),
Montanus found ,uch a mountain in hi. own native region, "" It
M 1ha;, t ,,", P"";o" '" T", .. "
,I.< mom"" '" " , " .. km;n ,I.<

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W"NV.LNOW A1"n N' '-'OH~J .NISNVHOI
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N
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and proph"'i.m ",a, token for gran,ed. and the Mian debat< <entered
in" .. d on form. function and criteria for testing the proph.d~, or
the .pirits. so a. to discredit ,hem. Trev"'t conclud.. that Montonus,
Priscilla and Maxirnilla were proph.t> and funct ioned as Paracl",ic
figure . How",er. wh.n ,he proc.,ro. to de><ribe t""ir teaching. reference. to the Go.pel of John or other Johannin. writing. are .ignificantly abs<nt."
Trevett tri .. to (ompen .. te for thi ilence with a nother drcum,-ention or generalization, The New Prophets a ppealed to source,
which en">aged a new order , uch a, the on. th.), them",I,-.. e"ablished-including a public, ministeri.1 and ",metim pri."ly activity
of women. Tr"""'t mention. four ,uch source" John', Gospel which
looked to the P.raclet< a, the source of "all truth"; apocalyptic writing.
,,-hich were radically critical of th";r own . ge of compromise; Galatia n.
3,28 (only in lat<r >ource.); a nd Joel 228-29 (.. also quotM in Acts
2,16-21 ). " This Ii" i. intere"ing in that it may h.lp demonstrate how
,-.riom p"'.geslsourc<> contribut< in , .. riOWI way . How.v.r, Trevett
i. not abk to conereti" the w< of John', Goopel much beyond h.r
conj<ctur. that "the 'truth' into which the promised Paraclete would
lead (a. the proph et. saw it) was .urely not constnined so a. to fit
into c. tholic mod .. of male prie>!ly activity and lay (and female) inac tivity"-whkh of cour", hermeneutically is nothing but 'p""ulation
e""n if it rellect. t he actual panidpation of women in som. Montani ..
min;'t ri . It i. only the Joel dtation which may be .. id plidtl)' to
, uprort women', prophecy .. part of the e",hatological Kenario. A.
far .. ! can see, the Paraclete pa ... ge nd the promi .. of funher
advancem.nt in truth .impl)' warr.nted no,-elt),-without going into
concmization. or detoil . A. a reption of the Go.pel of John th is i.
compelling but also remarkably limited, and it doe, not .uppon tho
image of a mo""ment imm<rsed in loha nnine tradition>.
Since the SOUT<<O Ie"", so much in darkne .. , it is difficult to conclude anything definit ively. How.""r, whereas Christ ine Tr",,,," tend,
to ove"tat< he, ca.., into conj<ctures. Ronald E. Heine tum, . ilence
into denial. A middle ground _m. to be th .. incident> and rolemic
pre><,ved in antogoni.tic source. both in Rome and A.ia Minor ma)be taken to indica .. that writing. or rat her tradition. a"ign.d to tho
T", .. " , .... .,_....
T""",, , .... to..
M T", .. " , .... ''''- I %.
)OHANS'Nf . CHO<
's
"HlY "ONTA~ IS ..
'ro< tl~
John we", important to t he ~arly New ProphKy mov<m~n'

not only in Rom ~ but al ... in A.i. Minor, In Rome Gaiu. confronteJ
the Montani .. Produs by challenging the .uthority mo.t likely of
both John', Go.pel and hi. Revelation. that i lohannine writing' and
tradition, mor~ broadly. In the East it appear> th .t lohn', prophetic
Re,'elation wa. important and that ",hat is now Joh n', Fim Let'er may
h,,'e played a role a. t he .piri .. "'''''' te .. ed.
One .hould const.ntly bear in mind t hat for the followers of
Mont.nLl> all ,,ritings/tradition ttributed to John .. rved a. a coherent compkx!' Tenullian. in hi, Ad....
Mardoneln. dearly identi~",
Joh n the prophetl,."" of re,.. lation wi,h the apost le lohn "'ho also
"'Tote the go'p<land i. identical with the elder of ,h. <pistl ... , Henc~
th.y mm'ed fr"" ly het"''''''' the various writings/tradition, ... igned to
the apostle John and interpreted them illuminat ing one another,
Re,'elation wa. _n a, hearing witn~" to the fac' that lohn him .. lf
had heen a prophet "'ho in ecsta.y had communicated new rev"aled
in,ights, " Most likely there ha. been a fluctuation between oral tradition. mem"ri,ed tnt and written documents. Echo<, and 'ingle ..ying> leave open the q ""stion a. to whether th ey ",fle<:' Xno"'iedge of
particular written texts or .imply are due to a living or.1 traditionor perhaps both. The existence of written documents did not mea"
that 0,,1 traditio", c~..ed. and tex .. ",.. re orally performed .0 that
mo>t pIple in the Christ"n comm uniti... ",'ated to texts by hearing t hem read or .imply memorized and. in the ca .. of the go.pel>.
o~en also harmonized" Thu. they might refer to the apostle John. his
Go>p<l. Letter or Revelat"m. without ",'er h"'ing >e<n a copy of any of
the", writings.
In a . hort but critical examination some yea" back. F.E. Vokes contested the gene .. l dc.im that the New Prophe<:y had a strong Johannine
fl,,'our." I find hi. observation. acu te, He points to the fact that in
[u",biu' report there i. "" reference to th e Paradete and none to t he
Founh Go.pel aport from the introd uction provided by ["",biu. him-
"u.
Cf. Culp"W" t ....... " . . . oo tl>< Ep;" '" onJ Apocolyp>< ... ..pi"! .long
,,;th ,I>< ..."" Go>p<I., ,I>< ~"" . of, .. 'f'<"'~. mmoc<l of ,I><
<nJ tl>< ,w
""" m'noJ<,j ,nd'o<';mj",,,? ,,"h ,,{"'<=<.,o th< 'f'<"tk.- 'h" ..... ",hn
,I>< I'oorth GOIpd_<l<.pl< ,.. ti'lo of,h, roIum<.
,.,1><, '"'"
" S<,G,,,,,," ''''.
" "ok. , .....
,l.k,
TUk1l>
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..,If, Epiphaniu. ha. ampk r~f~r~nc~. 10 'he Old T"'''m~n' prophets

.nd quolation. from many pan. of 'h~ NT bu, no pankul.r Johannine
empha.i" while Hippolytuo (R,J. 8.19) .oJ" that the Montani", though,
'hat 'he Paradete came in Pri .. ilIa and Maximilla and that Montanu.
w,", proph et alx",e t h~m who learned mor< from ,hem th.n from
'he law. the prophet. and the go.pel. Ther~ i how,,'''' no funher
reference '0 .. rip'me in th~ pa ... ge. Finally. P.. udo- T ertullian writes
'hat 'he Montani." as far as he Imew. held that wher~a. the Holy
Spirit was in t he .post k t he Paradete >aid more and greater t hing. '0
Montanu. ,han Christ set forth in th~ go.pel (Ha", 7.2). The poin' at
'his stage i. not '0 re>'iewone more 'im~ t he di.m"ion ahou, the role
referenc .. '0 'he Pandete may h ..'e plared in the Montani" mo\'<men' bu, '0 no'~ how liu'e ~I .. there is whkh "",m. to be informed
by Joh n'. Go.pel. ,. ,hi. any dill"erent in the one somce Imown to u.
which mak~, gr. .. u'" of 'he tam Paradete. namely Tertullian'
lhe New Prophy arr"..,d in Nonh Africa a' l.test by the turn of
'he "",,ond '0 'he 'hird ce"'UI)" prob.bly b y way of Rome but also from
direc' contact wi,h A. ia MinorY T~nullian most probably be<ame
engaged wi,h t he New Prophy in 207/8." J~rome l.ter "ates th .t
Tertullian "lapsed into ' he doctrin~ of Montanu' (Vi., ill. H), .imply
assuming 'hat in",l\..,me,,' wi,h 'he New Prophy me.nt breaking off
from 'he church at large. How,",'er, recent . cholarship ,.,,'" to agr<'<
,h., at thi, ~arly "age and perhaps particularly in earthage upporters
of the New Prophecy h>d no' left or ""-'n mad~ '0 l~",'e 'he church bu,
fomled a chari.matic group or cirde wi'hin it."
In hi. lal~r ",riling. Terlulli.n appea .. a. a "rong 'heological voice
of the New Prophy. II m ay be unu.ual and extreme, bUI il i. no'
"herelkaJ." Whereas >ome daim ,h .. Ih. influence of Montani.m
profoundly aff ted Tertullian'. understanding of .pirit and church,
o'h~rs hold that i, brought lilt'e change to hi. theological outlook bUI
,hal hi. tor>< and ")ie became more "riden'. The influence of Ihe New
Prophecy primarily confirmed Ihe a","'ic vie"" whkh he already held
on martyrdom, marriage, fas t ing and forgiv~ne .. of .ins,"
0"_ , .... Tr",,".-. (1_ 61) ""'in in, ..", ;n T",uD;an " i ., d i"""" ~. h<t .... h"
v<mor. of,,,, PropI=y bor< much ",lnoo '" ,"" "' .... " hI;"",__
En h;, I.. ' postK np " hKh;. indo>&d ", ,'" ~"d
of),i. , ., I """" on
T,~"EIWo ... ,"'. pulb o.d from M, p" ..... """hon, "hK), "'" , n ,arl." doo,_
~
"'1"'"
., l:.bb<,,,,,, '''7, """'", T_1n >00,. 6'--66, "utk, '006,

~
O"_,i''',o.born '''''.
,,..16_
)OHANSINf .CHO< IS "HlY
"ON T A~' IS ..
Tmulli.n 'reak. frequently of the Paracl.... nd h. also ",f.rs to

Montanm, Maximill nd PriKiIl., or the lh...,.,. Th. . . .1.... reference to the New Prophecy i. found in ,o,d ....
Mardonem. Some
Montani .. ""hoi." reod .uch reference. primarily with a yiew to
est.bli.hing earlier source. a nd citation. of pur." Mont. nist material
.uch a. orad".-thm applying an inmlar approach . nd .upponing
that mOKh of Tmullian', writing. expre .. h i. individual, idio>yncratic
profile with limited representat iYe , .. lue for the mo,..,ment . . . uch,
Kurt Aland examine. whether Tertulilan ch.nged h i. mind when he
hec.me a Mont.ni .. but mo", import. ntly he cl. ""hy ea rlier vie_
""hich Tertulli.n conlinued 10 uphold, mould not he counted ..
Mont. ni ..."
Despite their earlr t hird-cent ury origin. I ha,.., coo.en to tak< ,ount
of some ra'" of the e. rlie .. writing. from Tenullian '. Mon tani .. reriod,
among them one wh...-e a prophetic orad. i. included. My approach
i., following AI.nd. to ",. d T.rtullian', tex" not only a. conlaining
some Montani .. reference. Of orad ... but to rega rd T <nuilian a represent.ti,. of the N.w Prophecy a nd t he one "",,0 ha. left u. with t he
moot comprehen.ive sources st ill extant. However idio.yncratic, they
are not hostil . Th. q uestion may well he I.... bout how Montoni.m
infl uenced Tertullian and more about how Tmull i.n', o,,'n rer""n.lity i. reflected in h is ... riting. and c.me to ""re wh.t i. remembered
a. Montani.m." A cayeat i. therefore also called for when it comes to
how reli.bl. T<rtullian i. a source to .ny form of Mont.nism other
th.n hi. own. How",'''', -making due allowance, fOf the nature of
Tertullian', 'Mont.nist' works, it is .. ill po>Sible to ",. how at I.a" one
adherent of the New Prophy in the pre-Constantinian era a n.wered
the ch. rge, of pseudo-prophecy, nO"elty and heresy: "
The examples from Tenullia n make pos.ible longer lines of
argumentation. Thu. ech oe. from "'ripture are sometimes heard
"u.
" AI..oo I..... 1>0. !k;og ronc",,..j ",.n "'g<1 of d<",lopm<nl, I>< po;nll 10 T,,
lull,.". d<todun<nI from II>< QI";g;n'" " rl",~
proph<cy ;n lhat P<pou.za and
<>pUlm' of Ih<
)" u""m on timplr no< mmI"-'i ,-'''''. 'I"""'"""
(100'. no. 1"-_56) d ", "'" ;n AdYtmuot .11=-_.. ' .2'" {probobir from _ CE)
1,,, .. 1,," ",1m'" II>< -dlr ~-h"'" Ih< ,!,old, """" hod " ..: and oloo lhot II>< only
' .... , f' 'I!m<n1 from ),;, '" ",>to'; ""r ;ndK"" lhat .. ">=rd ,''' nlliHly of ~_ .
....... prophy <onm;"!l , l>< ""p<nd;n ~ judgm". - (T. bb",,,,, """. 1"1 .
111 Ct,
D"nn (100<) hok.. ,hot .. of 'I, ,," Uw i , ~,""ton;~ .....lu m
"'" lhol, <>pI Ut ll>< <. " of .... ""polo ... Ibn< ;, no ........ rit"n oft" lO6 1hat 00..
not ""ploy ,"""I<riol'" Monl ... ;" ;ndK",,,,,.
~ T.bbn"" 1007. "'.
"'w
""'WOn
do,," __
TUk 1l> ~Hl.<.N
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more d istinctly, or i! becom .. dear ,h a' the orade has a fu nc1ion

in relation to an exegetical or hermeneutical reAection, In D< fuga
in I""ew1;o". 9, probably from the l'ear 109, Tenullian cite, two
oracle. within the same context. The .. i. nothing in the orad
th omsel .... thot indicate. a lohannine re..,nance. They are concerned
with martyrdom and are olien read a. evidence that followers of the
New Prophecy were enco uraged not just to .uffer but to ... k martyrdom." Tert ulli. n doe< not n ame the prophet ,,'ho uttered them, b ut
mallY interprete .. attribute them to Montanll> him ..lf," It ha. al""
b<-en claimed t hat t he content at Ie .. , of one of t hem indicat", th at
they wore uttered by women an d probably aJ.., primarily addre...ed
to women." However, Tert ullian mal' equally well ",fer to th em
a. aut hen tic th()lJgh contemporary ",,'elation. of t he Paradele bl'
one of the 1o<al prophet( .... ). active in Carthage, . . . ugge>ted bl'
William Tabbem..,." He .1.., .how. how Tertu lli.n a year later, in
D< anima n.~, again quote. part of one of the tW<l orad.., th is time
probably from memory. In D< anima the oracle i. ott ributed to the
Poe,dete, not the Spirit" .. before, wh ich may .imply mean ,h.t
th ere to hi. mind i. no d istinction between the t ",o term" they mal'
be used interch ange.bly." Thi. i. all th e more likely .ince, in D, fuga
in p",uurion. 9, t he t wo oracle. conclude a h ermeneutical exerci""
concerning the .tat u, of "the comm.nd to nee from city to city"implicitly refer ring to Matt lo,B .. put of the Galilean commiMion
of th. Twelve. Tertulli.n .rgue. that in th e t eaching of the .po011e.
th em""I,'" th i. comm.nd was not rene"ed, . nd it also g"'" ap inst
th eir example a. they n ..'er ned. Thi. i. explicitly applied t o Pau l . n d
al.., to loh n, who h.. already b<-en implied the o n e who wrote
hi. letters to the ch urches in confinement on an i.l.nd bec. u,,", he
confe ..,d and did not ny. He taught t hat we must lay down our live.
for one'. breth ren (loh n 1~,J3), In his R..'elation he ha. h eard t he
doom of th e f.. rful, and in hi. lette" t he exhortation i. accordingly
th at "t h." i. no fear in lov., but perfect love ca'" out fe." for feor
eo< 'hi> di""""", > T.b..""... 1007, 101_'60. """,nlr, .... roo'"'' "'" >1<.
/<n"," 1..0, t"'.
'lui" 's
.... Moo,,"',"
,nooo'wd ""Un"'r ..... )'OOm.
T.bbr""" 100', LOJn " .
" 1iobbornr<>OO7, ltJ_1l4.
~ 1_"",,>OO1, ltJ_1,..
)OHANSINf . CHO< IS "HlY "ONTA~ IS ..
'"
h", to do with puni,hment "-the fire of the lake, no doubt-"and

whoever fear> h a. not ached perfection in love" (I John 4,1 8-19) .
Thi. pas,age .ho,,~ how the a"umption that t he arost le lohn "Tote
the Go'pel. the Letter and the R..'eiation, allows a fr"" Ilow of reference and thought betw""n these writing>. Also .... king the council
of the Spirit bring. appro,'" of what tho Spirit h Iready u ttered
.oout not being fearfu l and letting down one'. life. Hence in this c",""
the .pecificity of the onde. which ha. no apparent aliu.ion to any
Johan ni ... pa.sage, i. yet .uppotted by t he ... ference. to lohn, proving that the Spirit doe. not do more than approve the word of the
.. me Spirit exh ortin g not flight but ",artyri~",. The Parade .. calls to
martyrdom and denounce. t hos< who 11"" (D< f~ga i" p"uc~tiO"'
9.4; 1 1.3).
In De m""og~mia 2.1-4. no oracle i. cited but it is.n i nteresting
example of the hermeneutical func t ion which the Johannine 00...
Tenulli.n stot .. that tho ~ who reproach the (Mont.nist) pr.ctice of monog.my with here.y .1", how to deny the P.... d ete "for no
other re.oon th.n that they con.ider him to be t he in"igator of. new
di.cipline, and one that is too ha"h indeed for them." Tenullian 's fir"
point i. therefore to di<cu .. whether the p. ",dete has taught thing>
thot may be con.id er.a new a,I ...."u, carftolicam traJirjoncm and al<o
bordenKlme. Now. he "y"
""e.
lbe Lord hl",,,,lf h", aJd ..... d ea<h "",e. For when he "Y""I ha"e
" m m.ny things which I ,,'QUId .. y to YOIl, but)'ou c.nnot!>Nr th<m
yet, ""hen the Holy Spirit has Will<, he wiU Ie. d you tnto .. , truth " (ef
John 16,12-13), he .. ",rt ufficiently ind<eo.l that the Spir~ "i ll inform
fully of thlllS' ,,-hl<h can both be wn,idereo:l to be new, in that th<y have
never bn m><l< known befol< oJ "'metirn.. burden",rne, in that
th<y had not bn n,.d. known for that ,~ry ... son (Mon. 2.2).
He then .dd. that th is is not. carte blanche for .nyth ing new .nd burden""n,. to be "",r iM to the Pa",dete, .nd Ii ... the criteria by which
an ad .... ,.."i..., 'pi,i'u ho uld l>ecomo .pparent. The I'aradete, having h.d many things to teach fully conferred uron him by the lord,
ro.itively pro,'", him .. lf by be.ring ""imony to Christ himself, that
he i uch a. we believe. together with tbe ",hole order of God t be
crealor. He will glorify Christ (ef. lohn 16, 14) and caus< thing. to be
remembered .oout him. and when he has .. ught tho .. things .bout
the primit ,,~ rule of f.ith, he will re\'",,1 many thing. b<longing to t he
di<cipline. Finally TenulJian, returning to John 16,12-13, repe'" that
TUk1l>
~Hl.<.N
S"tM
th"", revelat ions 'come from no other Chri:" than him who uid t hat
he had also many other thing. which the Paradete would teach fully,
and t hat when the", wtchings (.uch as monogamy) are burdensome,
they 'are no I." burdensome to the p ... ",nt (recipients) than they were
to t hose who at that time could not ret endure them: " La1er in Mon,
14.7, he add. that "anyone can bear them now, .inee he who &i"eo
power to bear them i. pre",nt." Howe,..r, when it com .. to the conduct actWllly prescribed by the Pa,.. lete, he d .... w Im"'t exdwi,-ely
on oth<f apo>tolk writing uch a. Paul'. 1 Corinthian>.
The hermeneutical p.. tern i. "tremely dear and it con>1antly
repea,. it",lf the pa ... ge. about the Paradete in lohn 16 and al..,
John 14 are of crucial importance in that they repre..,nt a .pringboard
for I.unching. new .nd burdensome discipline for mature Chri<tians.
The concretization of t hi. di.dpline d oe. not challenge the fundamental ruk of faith. It is somet imes .uppon eJ by a host of other textual
"f<renc but-not .urpri.ingly given the i>sues involvi-hardly
ewr from the GOIlpel of John. Ind""d, the content of the oracles show.
that the P.... d ete .poke on d i.puted issues of conduct, he i. the "determiner of di>cipline." Theologically, this .upports the idea that the New
Prophecy provideJ an extension of Tenulli.n '. in i.iol theme of dhine
economy_ Beyond the rule of f.ith "'hkh i. perfect and complete . nd
which decl.re. t he onene .. of GOO and the saving work of Christ, there
i. >cope for novelty bKause t he grace of GOO continue< to .dvance
until t he , .."yend."
Tertullian'. u'" of Joh.nn ine writings thus . upporu the pro~le
we h.w ><'<n throughout_ He m.y be theologically more elabo",te
and a,h-.nceJ, the eschatology i. I... in focus but references to the
Paradete are abundant_ H is interest in John i. prim.rily rel.teJ to
the crucial and . Imo>! repetitiow .01< the p .,d",e plaY' both in hi.
hemleneutk nd hi. under>tanding of d ivine economy and progres.i", ... ,-.I.,ion. In order to . upport Tenull i.n'. mo .. 1 strictne .. , the
Paradet. wa. imponant as the d"'<fminer of discipline through prophetic oracles. but for fu nh <f defen~ of th e strict moral conduct the
orade. sought to impo><, other New Testament writing. were in .ctual
f.ct more imponant and .uitable,
In condu.ion, the Johannine .aying. by Jesu. about Holy Spiritj
Paradele were important to the .. If-und<f". nding of the New
o.horn t'fl7, " '_
)OHANS'Nf . CHO<
's
"H lY
"ON T A~ IS ..
Proph.cy-m ... , probably al ready in in early Phrygian beginning .... n

if'he Joh.nnin. 'erm P.... d"'. i. no' u~ in "iIl'''an' ..,ure"," un, il a
g.neration or ''''0 later, Chr;,,', promi .. acco rd ing '0 ,he apos" e lohn
of . Holy Spiri'/P. radete 'hat , h ould lead further into ,he tru,h wa.
regarded a. being fulfilled in a prophetk act;vi' y ""hich """" challenged
first .. to i1S source and later also as '0 its post- apoOlolk no,,,,'ty. The
dominical ..ying. abou, ,he Parade .. helped coun'er bo,h line. of
oppo>;'ion. a . d id 'he fac' that ,he .. me 'pos,le h.d him .. lf been a
prophet havi ng ,i.ion nd h""ring he""'nly ,-oice., Th. Mon'ani,,,'
r"'eption of ,he Go.p<l of John therefore canno' be """n in i..,la,ion from 'heir u.. of ' he o,her ,radition. they al so . tt rib u,ed to , he
apo>tle lohn pedally 'he Re,'elation. The ,im. a nd , radition. of , he
apo>tle{.) were rendered d"" honor at 'he .. me ,ime .. 'heir a u,hori'y
also aUowed the Mon .. ni... ' 0 honor 'he New Prophecy .. being in
con'inuity wi,h this norm., i,,, ,ime precisely be<:au .. 'he newne .. of
'heir oracl w a wi'ne .. '0 'he promi><d advancem.n , in ,ruth. Yet.
beyond the pie .. ' 0 'he Par.dete. howe ... r . ignifican'. 'pedfic .. ference. '0 'he Go.p<1 of loh n are .. m ...... bly ",a n' anJ al most absen' in
""hat i. l.ft of Mon'. ni" ..,urce .
,"m."on,..i",," , ..d '"' fnihchri" l~ hcn "",o.'o!og"':

,.,...."" AI" K'ne",. """'''''',.,., .nJ "",10.",",", ,...,,,'"",
""" "nv.I"~nf. GOl",Ioh, Mohn '960, '''''_, ....
A u .... , ,'-"., Prot..." i. ""rly C/'ri""'.iI,.".j '"' A",,"n' "'... i""" ...... world,
u ......... p;d>. M",h.' "",cl... n~ ' ''''.
AI",d. K.. ... """' ... g<n

Kir"".,..,a."h'I~"'
', ....
"""'~
T.ll., 'I'",.I);.n, A 1f,,,_. 1 .".j lit" ., "..'y, o.[",d, Cl""ndon
1IIud, A ., 1M
",u.
""t:""""
JoMm"",h'ift'.,
M ' iK'"
P",,~
"oo"'n ", f"'ibu~
" ",k" ,,"_os. M ......,,,, ;nfl",nc, of Cl",~"" pmphc'T on , '" I""'n"'"" port ..pd of , ,,,
Pn"kI,.,,,) I''''': ,\',,. TN/o .. ,.' "..din 1. (" '"'), II1_'lj,
Hr<nt, A .. H'pf'O/rl",.nJ '"' R"",.n ell"",. i. ,10< 1hiol Cro'"?" Com"". i",,
i. T",;"" &fon '"' """W"" of 0 .0o"",," "imap, >-u ppl<",,"" '0 V;pI;",
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SUP PLEMENTS TO NOVUM TESTAMENTUM

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Second-Century Reception of The Fourth Gospel (Supplements To Novum Testamentum) 2009 PDF

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The Legacy of John

THO;\!, STELL ENBOSCH - P. TREBILCO. DUNEDIN

The Legacy ofJohn

... 1'>" 0'

!"e<Z 'I''' 1 ~I<,

tt~~" '" g;~ '1

2, The GO'f'i of the Act. of fohn, Its R<l.tion to the Founh

3. Whom Did Ju. I-,,"e ~tost! B-elo,,,,d Disciples in lohn

The Trimorphic Protenno;a (NHC XlII.l) and the

The lohannine Legacy' The Go.pel and Apoan,hon of lohn

6, F'tolemaeu. and the Valentini.n Exege.i. of lohn', Prologue

9, "The Onhodox Go'rel", lhe Re<eption of john in the Gr.. t

11, John .nd h i. Go>pei in the Mirror oflrenae", of L)"on"

Johannin. Ech"". in Early Montan ism

COO. Bruc Vn,i,I,,1

In, Apocryphon of 'o'm

Ep. I' kl.

Die grihi"'hen ch,;'tlichon Schrifi"eUer der .,"en

The Go'p" of 'h, Egyp'ia", _ The Holy Book of 'h,

Nag Homm.di Codex

D< 'p<<ialibu, i-Sibu,

The >bon 'Kension (ef tho ApocrWHon of John)

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'Jh<ob.ld , .... 1"'_"', L>und"bo' g lOO6, tWnli. 1h< .. mu' m..J< ~.

" ' UOl>VCTJOI<

"'Tote the gO'rel. i. a modern on ." It i. ba .. d.among o'herthing on

'"''''''''g''' 100-1. 'n I l.

~ A,,, 2<t."ff. nd Eph." ,wn'

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S, '_g., Sond<n '''''. WL

'.1J.1_1. 0. tt.< "' .. '",...~ ;p bnwn ,'"l""''''' . nd

i. divid.,J. how,,er. when it com .. to interpreting the", !"",lIe1o.

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" ' UOl>VCTJOI<

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' '''_'OM; T""", ,....

p<<>', Oi' n! """ , .........

- s.., ..... ,...-. p'\;"I! foo<not,~

in a ';Illation ""here new understanding. about various form."f early

G""cl ""POI., M..h.' >~nl ="" t ..,.

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