Problems

other one? (b) What wavelength will each canary measure for the
note from the other one?
16.52 .. The siren of a re engine that is driving northward at
30.0 m/s emits a sound of frequency 2000 Hz. A truck in front of
this re engine is moving northward at 20.0 m/s. (a) What is the
frequency of the sirens sound that the re engines driver hears
reected from the back of the truck? (b) What wavelength would
this driver measure for these reected sound waves?
16.53 .. How fast (as a percentage of light speed) would a star
have to be moving so that the frequency of the light we receive
from it is 10.0% higher than the frequency of the light it is emitting? Would it be moving away from us or toward us? (Assume it
is moving either directly away from us or directly toward us.)
16.54 . Extrasolar Planets. In the not-too-distant future, it
should be possible to detect the presence of planets moving around
other stars by measuring the Doppler shift in the infrared light they
emit. If a planet is going around its star at 50.00 km>s while emitting infrared light of frequency 3.330 * 10 14 Hz, what frequency
light will be received from this planet when it is moving directly
away from us? (Note: Infrared light is light having wavelengths
longer than those of visible light.)

Section 16.9 Shock Waves

16.55 .. A jet plane ies overhead at Mach 1.70 and at a constant

altitude of 950 m. (a) What is the angle a of the shock-wave cone?
(b) How much time after the plane passes directly overhead do you
hear the sonic boom? Neglect the variation of the speed of sound
with altitude.
16.56 . The shock-wave cone created by the space shuttle at one
instant during its reentry into the atmosphere makes an angle of
58.0 with its direction of motion. The speed of sound at this altitude is 331 m>s. (a) What is the Mach number of the shuttle at this
instant, and (b) how fast (in m>s and in mi>h) is it traveling relative to the atmosphere? (c) What would be its Mach number and
the angle of its shock-wave cone if it ew at the same speed but at
low altitude where the speed of sound is 344 m>s?

PROBLEMS
16.57 ... CP Two identical taut strings under the same tension F
produce a note of the same fundamental frequency 0. The tension in
one of them is now increased by a very small amount F. (a) If they
are played together in their fundamental, show that the frequency of
the beat produced is beat = 0 1F>2F2. (b) Two identical violin
strings, when in tune and stretched with the same tension, have a
fundamental frequency of 440.0 Hz. One of the strings is retuned by
increasing its tension. When this is done, 1.5 beats per second are
heard when both strings are plucked simultaneously at their centers.
By what percentage was the string tension changed?
16.58 .. CALC (a) Defend the following statement: In a sinusoidal sound wave, the pressure variation given by Eq. (16.4) is
greatest where the displacement given by Eq. (16.1) is zero. (b)
For a sinusoidal sound wave given by Eq. (16.1) with amplitude
A = 10.0 mm and wavelength l = 0.250 m, graph the displacement y and pressure uctuation p as functions of x at time t = 0.
Show at least two wavelengths of the wave on your graphs. (c) The
displacement y in a nonsinusoidal sound wave is shown in Fig.
P16.58 as a function of x for t = 0. Draw a graph showing the
pressure uctuation p in this wave as a function of x at t = 0. This
sound wave has the same 10.0-mm amplitude as the wave in part
(b). Does it have the same pressure amplitude? Why or why not?
(d) Is the statement in part (a) necessarily true if the sound wave is
not sinusoidal? Explain your reasoning.

547

Figure P16.58
y (mm)
10.0
0.250
0

0.125

0.500

x (m)

0.375

210.0

16.59 .. A soprano and a bass are singing a duet. While the

soprano sings an A-sharp at 932 Hz, the bass sings an A-sharp but
three octaves lower. In this concert hall, the density of air is
1.20 kg>m3 and its bulk modulus is 1.42 * 10 5 Pa. In order for
their notes to have the same sound intensity level, what must be (a)
the ratio of the pressure amplitude of the bass to that of the soprano
and (b) the ratio of the displacement amplitude of the bass to that
of the soprano? (c) What displacement amplitude (in m and in nm)
does the soprano produce to sing her A-sharp at 72.0 dB?
16.60 .. CP The sound from a trumpet radiates uniformly in all
directions in 20C air. At a distance of 5.00 m from the trumpet the
sound intensity level is 52.0 dB. The frequency is 587 Hz. (a)
What is the pressure amplitude at this distance? (b) What is the
displacement amplitude? (c) At what distance is the sound intensity level 30.0 dB?
16.61 ... A Thermometer. Suppose you have a tube of length
L containing a gas whose temperature you want to take, but you
cannot get inside the tube. One end is closed, and the other end is
open but a small speaker producing sound of variable frequency is
at that end. You gradually increase the frequency of the speaker
until the sound from the tube rst becomes very loud. With further
increase of the frequency, the loudness decreases but then gets
very loud again at still higher frequencies. Call 0 the lowest frequency at which the sound is very loud. (a) Show that the absolute
temperature of this gas is given by T = 16ML202>gR, where M is
the molar mass of the gas, g is the ratio of its heat capacities, and R
is the ideal gas constant. (b) At what frequency above 0 will the sound
from the tube next reach a maximum in loudness? (c) How could you
determine the speed of sound in this tube at temperature T ?
16.62 .. CP A uniform 165-N Figure P16.62
bar is supported horizontally by
two identical wires A and B
(Fig. P16.62). A small 185-N
cube of lead is placed three- A
B
Cube
fourths of the way from A to B.
Bar
The wires are each 75.0 cm
long and have a mass of 5.50 g.
If both of them are simultaneously plucked at the center, what is
the frequency of the beats that they will produce when vibrating in
their fundamental?
16.63 . CP A person is playing a small ute 10.75 cm long, open
at one end and closed at the other, near a taut string having a fundamental frequency of 600.0 Hz. If the speed of sound is
344.0 m>s, for which harmonics of the ute will the string resonate? In each case, which harmonic of the string is in resonance?
16.64 ... CP A New Musical Instrument. You have designed
a new musical instrument of very simple construction. Your design
consists of a metal tube with length L and diameter L>10. You
have stretched a string of mass per unit length m across the open
end of the tube. The other end of the tube is closed. To produce the
musical effect youre looking for, you want the frequency of the
third-harmonic standing wave on the string to be the same as the fundamental frequency for sound waves in the air column in the tube.
The speed of sound waves in this air column is vs. (a) What must