Aircraft Name:

Version No:
v 1.0
Date Modified:
Designed by:
Contact:

USAGE
Yellow is for user input
Blue is for output (formulae)

Aircraft Parameters:
A/C Gross Weight:
Desired stall speed:
Desired stall speed:
Min Wing Area =
Flat plate area:
Total wing area:
Wingspan:
Lower wingspan:
Wing gap:
estimated k1 =
Rectangular wing:
max fus width:
fus max height:
est airplane 'e'=
Propeller Diameter:
Est Prop efficiency=
Prop efficiency:

5
20
15
2.6
0.50
6.0
6.0
0
0
1.00
1
0.4
0.4
0.83
9
0.45
0.78

lbs
Flaps up Clmax:
1.4
knots, flaps up Flaps down Clmax:
1.8
knots, flaps down
sq ft, flaps up Min Wing Area =
3.6
sq ft
Max horsepower:
0.1
sq ft
Max prop RPM:
20700
ft (upper wingspan for a biplane or wingspan for a monoplane)
ft (lower wingspan for a biplane. Enter 0 for a monoplane)
ft (distance between upper and lower wing if the a/c is a biplane. Enter 0
biplane span factor
engine bsfc:
0.5
1, yes, 0 no
Max fuel (gal):
0.01
feet
Reserve fuel:
2
feet
Prop W.R.:
0.066
mu =
0.1
inches
Vto/Vstall
1.15

** iterate until equals estimated prop efficiency (then subtract .03 if

Estimated Sea Level Standard Day Performance:

Vmax =
V best ROC =
Vmax L/D =
V min pwr =
Vstall, clean =
Vstall, flaps =
Max range =
Wing loading=
Power loading =

27
17
17
13
15
13
47
0.83
50.00

mph =
mph =
mph =
mph =
mph =
mph =
statute miles=
lbs/sq ft
lbs/horsepower

Suggested Peak Efficiency 2 Blade Propeller Diameter =

Estimated Takeoff and Landing Performance:
T.O. distance =

55 ft, fixed pitch prop

24
15
15
11
13
12
41

knots
knots
knots
knots
knots
knots
nautical miles

8 inches

T.O. over 50' =

T.O. distance =
T.O. over 50' =
T.O. Speed=

326
39
268
18

ft, fixed pitch prop

ft, constant speed prop
ft, constant speed prop
mph =

Landing dist. =
Land over 50'=
15 kts

Weight and Balance Estimate:

Ultimate Load Factor:
Horizontal Tail Area:
Vertical Tail Area:
Max fuel capacity:
Wing root t/c:
Fuselage Length:
# front passengers:
# rear passengers:
Fuselage construction:
Wing construction:
Tail construction:
Propeller type:
Landing gear type:

6
1.50
0.75
1
18
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
1

g's
start of flap/semispan:
sq ft
end of flap/semispan:
sq ft
airfoil alphaCL0:
gallons
Sug. wing incidence =
% chord (for cantilever
Wing incidence:
wing)
ft (from firewall aft)
Wing taper ratio:

0.08
0.49
-2.0
3.7
1.0
1

1 - tube & fabric, 2 - metal, 3 - composite

1 - fabric external brace, 2 - metal external brace, 3 - metal cantilever, 4
1 - fabric external brace, 2 - metal cantilever, 3 - composite cantilever
1 - wooden fixed pitch, 2 - metal fixed pitch
1 - taildragger, 2 - tricycle gear

Fuselage structure
Weight Estimate (lbs)
Welded steel tube & fabric covered fuselage
0.4
Metal fuselage
0.4
Composite fuselage
0.4
Cockpit controls
0.0
Control system
0.0
Seat (per passenger)
0.0
Interior
0.0
Paint (complete airplane)
0.0
Tail structure
Fabric covered external braced hor. tail
Metal horizontal tail
Composite horizontal tail
Fabric covered external braced vert. tail
Metal vertical tail
Composite vertical tail

1.2
1.3
1.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

Electrical and instrumentation group

Instruments/Avionics
Battery
Electrical system

0.5
0.0
0.1

Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) =

Fuselage station of MAC 1/4 chord:
Empty Aircraft Weight and Balance

Wing structure
Fabric covered external braced wi
Metal covered external braced win
Metal cantilever wing
Composite cantilever wing
Propulsion group
Cowling
Engine mount
Fuel system components
Fuel tanks
Wooden fixed pitch propeller
Metal fixed pitch propeller
Landing gear
Main wheels
Nose wheel
Tail wheel
Main gear legs
Nose gear leg
Tail wheel leg

12.00 inches (for a monoplane wing)

12.00 inches

Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Estimated Weight (lbs)Weight (lbs)

Wing
5.9
5.9
Fuselage
0.4
0.4
Hor. tail
1.2
1.2
Vert. tail
0.6
0.6
Main gear wheels
0.0
0.0
Main gear wheel pants
8.0
Main gear legs
0.1
0.1
Nose gear wheel
0.0
0.0
Nose gear wheel pants
0.0
Nose gear leg
0.0
0.0
Tail wheel
0.0
0.0
Tail wheel leg
0.0
0.0
Cockpit controls
0.0
0.0
Control system
0.0
0.0
Engine (including accessories)
0.5
Spinner
3.0
Propeller
1.5
1.5
Engine mount
0.0
0.0
Cowling
0.0
0.0
Battery
0.0
0.0
Fuel tanks
0.7
0.7
Fuel system
0.0
0.0
Inst/Avionics
0.5
0.5
Electrical system
0.1
0.1
Interior
0.0
0.0
Front seats
0.0
0.0
Back seats
0.0
0.0
Paint
0.0
0.0
Totals
22.4
Payload
Empty weight
Front passenger
Rear passenger
Baggage
Fuel
(6 lbs/gallon for gasoline)
Oil
(7.5 lbs/gallon)
Payload
Gross Weight =
Gross Weight from cell C15 =

22
0
0
0
1
0.1
1
24
5

Forward CG Condition
Item
Weight (lbs)
1
Empty weight
22
2
Front passenger
0
3
Rear passenger
0
4
Baggage
0
5
Fuel
(6 lbs/gallon for gasoline)
1

F.S.
15.00
15.00
28.00
28.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
28.00
28.00
15.00
18.00
8.00
0.00
0.00
9.00
8.00
95.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.0

lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs

F.S.
12.0
0
0
0
12

Oil

(7.5 lbs/gallon)
0.1
12
Total
24
12.0
Total payload =
1 lbs
Gross weight =
24 lbs (for the given payload)
Hor C.G. position =
12.0 in =
25.0% MAC
Ver C.G. position =
5.9 in =
-67.8% MAC (negative below wing)
Horizontal angle between wheel and aft fuselage (or tailwheel) =
14.1 degrees (min. angle req'd to keep
Vertical angle between CG and main gear axle (taildragger) =
25.0 degrees ( 13 deg minimum at forw
Aft CG Condition
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6

Weight (lbs)
Empty weight
22
Front passenger
0
Rear passenger
0
Baggage
0
Fuel
(6 lbs/gallon for gasoline)
1
Oil
(7.5 lbs/gallon)
0.1
Total
24
Total payload =
1 lbs
Gross weight =
24 lbs (for the given payload)
Hor C.G. position =
12.0 in =
25.0%
Ver C.G. position =
5.9 in =
-67.8%
Horizontal angle between wheel and aft fuselage (or tailwheel) =
14.1
Vertical angle between CG and main gear axle (taildragger) =
25.0
Vertical angle between CG and main gear axle (tricycle gear) =
N/A
Min. vertical angle between CG and main gear axle (tricycle gear) = N/A

Aircraft Preliminary Performance Estimate and Sizing Spreadsheet

Modified for use on R/C aircraft.
Based on methods and information presented in:
Sport Aviation Magazine, May, 2000, by Neal Willford
"Technical Aerodynamics" by K.D. Wood
"Aircraft Design" by K.D. Wood
"Engineering Aerodynamics" by W.S. Diehl
"Airplane Performance, Stability and Control" by Perkins and Hage
"Preliminary Design Processes" by Herb Rawdon

F.S.
12.0
0
0
0
12
12
12.0

MAC
MAC (negative below wing)
degrees (min. angle req'd to keep
degrees ( 13 deg minimum at forw
degrees (must be greater than the
degrees (minimum req'd angle to k

approximately 1.3 to 1.4

if no flaps enter same value as flaps up
approximately 1.8 for plain flaps, 2.0 for slotted
sq ft, flaps down
bhp
74.6 Watts

pan for a monoplane)

for a monoplane)
ng if the a/c is a biplane. Enter 0 for a monoplane)
get from engine manufacturer's information
gallons
minutes
chord/Diameter @ 75% prop radius
.03 concrete, .05 short grass, 0.1 long grass
ratio of takeoff speed to stall speed (1.15 to 1.2)

Background calculations
Cdo =
Lp =
Lt =
Ls =
lambda =
Wing AR =
Lt cnsspd =
lamda cnsspd=
Cs 3bl =
L/Dmax =
Prop/body int=

0.083
10.00
64.10
0.17
20.02
6.00
56.19
16.79
0.52
6.83
0.96

efficiency (then subtract .03 if using a wooden propeller)

Fixed Pitch Propeller Performance

max ROC =
222 fpm
Abs. Ceiling =
12906 feet
Service Ceiling=
7092 feet
Constant Speed Propeller Performance
max ROC =
284 fpm
Abs. Ceiling =
14828 feet
Service Ceiling=
9607 feet
Cl at Vmax =
0.44
Estimated Propeller
Pitch =
0.4 inches

Propeller advance ratio, J =

T (fixed pitch)=
Tc (fixed pitch)=
T (constant speed)=
Tc (constant speed)=
R =
Dc =
Xt fixed pitch=
Ht fixed pitch=
Xt constant speed=
Ht constant speed=

0.15
2
1
2
2
1
0
9
1
10
1

37 feet, flaps down (1.15xVstall)

455 feet, flaps down (1.15xVstall)

0 if no flaps
0 if no flaps
airfoil zero lift angle (typically -2 to -4 deg)
degrees (suggested wing incidence at the MAC)
degrees (wing incidence at the MAC)
(tip chord/root chord)

al brace, 3 - metal cantilever, 4 - composite cantilever

ever, 3 - composite cantilever

ng structure
Weight Estimate (lbs)
bric covered external braced wing
5.9
etal covered external braced wing
6.5
etal cantilever wing
1.1
mposite cantilever wing
1.3

opulsion group

el system components

ooden fixed pitch propeller

etal fixed pitch propeller

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.5
4.6

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0

Wing root chord=

Wing tip chord=
aw =
delta alfa0 =
approx delta Clflap=
flaps up stall angle =
flaps down stall angle =

12.00
12.00
0.077
-4.00
0.78
13.4
14.1

W.L.
14.00
12.00
12.00
14.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
13.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
11.00
12.00
11.00
11.00
13.00
10.8

HZ mom.
88
5
33
16
0
104
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
7
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
270

83
4
14
8
0
64
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
33
16
0
0
0
7
0
6
1
0
0
0
0
244

W.L.

HZ mom.
269
0
0
0
12

VT mom.
135
0
0
0
3

6.0
0
0
0
3

VT mom.

3
5.9

1
283

0
138

AC (negative below wing)

grees (min. angle req'd to keep tail from hitting ground on landing)
grees ( 13 deg minimum at forward CG location, about 25 deg at aft)

W.L.
6.0
0
0
0
3
3
5.9

HZ mom.
269
0
0
0
12
1
283

VT mom.
135
0
0
0
3
0
138

AC (negative below wing)

grees (min. angle req'd to keep tail from hitting ground on landing)
grees ( 13 deg minimum at forward CG location, about 25 deg at aft)
grees (must be greater than the angle below for a tricycle gear)
grees (minimum req'd angle to keep from tipping on tail at landing)

lbs at .7Vto
lbs at Vto
lbs at .7Vto
lbs at Vto
lbs at .7Vto
lbs at Vto
ft
ft
ft
ft

inches
inches
(CL/deg) wing lift slope
degrees, delta for zero alpha due to flaps
approx increase in Cl of 2-d wing section due to flap deflection
degrees
degrees

SD7062
1
0.99646
0.98593
0.96864
0.94491
0.91518
0.87998
0.8399
0.79557
0.74768
0.69692
0.64403
0.58975
0.53477
0.47979
0.42547
0.37238
0.32105
0.27199
0.2257
0.18265
0.14328
0.10798
0.0771
0.05099
0.02991
0.01414
0.00425
0.00027
0.00103
0.00562
0.0141
0.0265
0.04272
0.06269
0.08637
0.11363
0.14432
0.17825
0.21521
0.25496
0.2972
0.34159
0.38779
0.4354
0.48402
0.53322

GOE 386 AIRFOIL

0
0.00027
0.00092
0.00163
0.00216
0.0023
0.00189
0.00087
-0.00079
-0.00307
-0.00593
-0.00927
-0.01295
-0.0168
-0.02064
-0.02426
-0.02747
-0.0301
-0.03206
-0.03327
-0.03367
-0.03319
-0.03179
-0.02948
-0.02623
-0.02205
-0.01701
-0.01115
-0.00327
0.00711
0.01871
0.03081
0.043
0.05491
0.06616
0.07647
0.08562
0.0934
0.09965
0.10428
0.10722
0.10846
0.10801
0.10592
0.10229
0.09723
0.09089

1
0.95034
0.90057
0.80102
0.70148
0.60194
0.5024
0.40286
0.30331
0.20369
0.15379
0.10366
0.07841
0.05316
0.0276
0.01447
0.00001
0.01007
0.0214
0.04479
0.06855
0.09262
0.14122
0.19032
0.28963
0.38971
0.49062
0.592
0.69356
0.79543
0.8976
0.94872
1

-0.0016
-0.00497
-0.00834
-0.01509
-0.02184
-0.02859
-0.03534
-0.04209
-0.04884
-0.05429
-0.05577
-0.05387
-0.05018
-0.0466
-0.03823
-0.02892
0
0.03588
0.05315
0.07694
0.09525
0.10888
0.12957
0.1428
0.15304
0.15182
0.13836
0.11804
0.09502
0.06743
0.03546
0.01892
0.0016

EPPLER E1212
1
0.99621
0.98512
0.96735
0.9434
0.91355
0.8782
0.83789
0.79324
0.74489
0.69355
0.63994
0.5848
0.52889
0.47299
0.41785
0.36422
0.31285
0.26443
0.21963
0.1791
0.14296
0.11083
0.0825
0.058
0.03738
0.02081
0.00858
0.00152
0
0.0001
0.00342
0.01072
0.02185
0.03668
0.05506
0.07682
0.10175
0.12989
0.16137
0.19609
0.23389
0.27463
0.31804
0.36383
0.41164
0.46109

0
0.00008
0.00006
-0.00038
-0.00118
-0.00231
-0.00392
-0.00611
-0.00892
-0.01234
-0.01635
-0.02089
-0.02587
-0.0312
-0.03672
-0.04229
-0.0477
-0.05273
-0.05712
-0.06055
-0.06247
-0.06215
-0.05933
-0.05429
-0.04733
-0.03884
-0.02927
-0.01911
-0.00892
0
0.00239
0.01552
0.02949
0.04371
0.05773
0.07116
0.0836
0.09455
0.10351
0.11031
0.11495
0.11735
0.11756
0.1157
0.11193
0.10643
0.09947

AIRFOIL

0.58254
0.63154
0.67973
0.72662
0.77166
0.81427
0.85381
0.88967
0.92127
0.94818
0.97004
0.98634
0.99652
1

0.08347
0.07517
0.06626
0.05702
0.04778
0.03885
0.03049
0.02289
0.01615
0.01036
0.00571
0.00242
0.00057
0

0.51172
0.563
0.61437
0.6652
0.7148
0.76246
0.80747
0.8491
0.88664
0.91947
0.94698
0.96898
0.98556
0.99625
1

0.09133
0.08233
0.07282
0.06312
0.05357
0.04443
0.03595
0.02829
0.02155
0.01575
0.01076
0.00634
0.00275
0.00062
0

SD7062 Airfoil
0.15
Y-Axis

0.1
0.05
0
-0.05

0.2

0.4

0.6
X-Axis

0.8

0.8

0.8

GOE 386 Airfoil

Y-Axis

0.2
0.1
0

0.2

0.4

-0.1

0.6
X-Axis

Eppler E1212 Airfoil

0.15
Y-Axis

0.1
0.05
0

-0.05 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

-0.05 0

0.2

0.4

-0.1

0.6

0.8

0.8

X-Axis

SD 7032
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02 0
-0.04

0.2

0.4

0.6
X

SD7032
1
0.9967
0.98684
0.97054
0.94797
0.91942
0.88534
0.84635
0.80313
0.75634
0.70664
0.65469
0.60112
0.54659
0.49176
0.43724
0.38364
0.33154
0.28153
0.2342
0.1901
0.14974
0.11351
0.0818
0.05491
0.03308
0.01649
0.00532
0.00038
0.00115
0.00606
0.01502
0.02812
0.04524
0.06627
0.09105
0.11948
0.15146
0.18671
0.22499
0.26604
0.30953
0.35506
0.40222
0.45058
0.49967
0.54902

0
0.0003
0.00113
0.00226
0.0035
0.00458
0.00526
0.00535
0.00485
0.00379
0.00224
0.0003
-0.0019
-0.0043
-0.00678
-0.00922
-0.01152
-0.01363
-0.01547
-0.01699
-0.0181
-0.01867
-0.01862
-0.01787
-0.01635
-0.01403
-0.01088
-0.00701
-0.00223
0.00448
0.01293
0.02206
0.03145
0.04078
0.04976
0.05809
0.06548
0.07182
0.07703
0.08096
0.08359
0.08493
0.085
0.08385
0.08154
0.07816
0.07381

0.59812
0.64646
0.69356
0.73892
0.78208
0.82264
0.86021
0.89436
0.92464
0.95054
0.97155
0.98712
0.99674
1

1.2

1.2

1.2

0.06861
0.0627
0.0562
0.04925
0.04199
0.0346
0.02731
0.02041
0.0142
0.00894
0.00485
0.00204
0.00048
0

1.2

1.2

GOE 386
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.1261
-0.106 0.01679
-2
0.3416
-0.104
0.0158
0
0.5625
-0.103
0.016
2
0.7709
-0.098 0.01471
4
1.0046
-0.101 0.01528
6
1.1362
-0.064 0.01688
8
1.2801
-0.073 0.02051
10
1.4267
-0.066 0.02524
12
1.5611
-0.059 0.03114

-5

CL
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

CM
-0.1071
0.1133
0.3331
0.5504
0.7794
0.9797
1.1709
1.3431
0.6936

CD
0.01567
0.01548
0.0143
0.01416
0.01406
0.01651
0.01996
0.02316
0.03033

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
15

0
-0.2 0

-5

5
Alpha

10

15

CL vs. CD

Cl vs CD
1.8

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.2
1

0.8

CL

1.2
CL

-0.063
-0.06
-0.056
-0.055
-0.054
-0.05
-0.045
-0.038
-0.025

Cl vs. Alpfa Eppler1212

1.6

CL

CL

CL vs. Alpfa GOE386

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
-0.2 0
Alpfa

Eppler
Alpha

0.8
0.6

0.6
0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2
0
0

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

0.04

0
-0.2 0

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

0.04

SD7062
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.0192
-0.091 0.01735
-2
0.2331
-0.087 0.01115
0
0.4405
-0.082 0.01029
2
0.6703
-0.081 0.01069
4
0.884
-0.079 0.01198
6
1.089
-0.076 0.01402
8
1.2754
-0.071 0.01703
10
1.4319
-0.063 0.02059
12
1.5274
-0.049 0.02681

-5

Cl vs. Alpha SD7062

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
15

0
-0.2 0

-5

5
Alpha

10

15

CL vs. CD

CL vs. CD

1.6

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

1.4
1.2
1
CL

CL

0.8

CL

CL

Cl vs. Alpha SD7062

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
-0.2 0
Alpha

SD7032
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.0128
-0.102
0.0193
-2
0.2376
-0.1 0.01026
0
0.4478
-0.093 0.00815
2
0.6652
-0.091 0.00877
4
0.8749
-0.088 0.01035
6
1.076
-0.085 0.01268
8
1.2475
-0.079 0.01669
10
1.388
-0.069 0.02232
12
1.418
-0.051 0.03535

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0.01

CD

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

0.04

GOE 386
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.122
-0.104 0.01414
-2
0.3369
-0.102 0.01263
0
0.5609
-0.101 0.01212
2
0.7738
-0.099 0.01147
4
0.8595
-0.093 0.01075
6
1.1291
-0.063 0.01396
8
1.2816
-0.074 0.01745
10
1.4226
-0.066 0.02222
12
1.5441
-0.059 0.02879

-5

CL
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

-0.062
-0.06
-0.056
-0.056
-0.053
-0.052
-0.048
-0.043
-0.031

CD
0.01164
0.01103
0.01106
0.01101
0.01099
0.01216
0.01384
0.01647
0.02039

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
15

0
-0.2 0

-5

Cl vs CD

5
Alpha

10

15

CL vs. CD

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.2
1

0.8

CL

1.2
CL

CM
-0.1118
0.1117
0.3381
0.5602
0.7718
0.9969
1.1994
1.3838
1.5151

Cl vs. Alpfa Eppler1212

1.6

CL

CL

CL vs. Alpfa GOE386

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
-0.2 0
Alpfa

Eppler
Alpha

0.8
0.6

0.6
0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2
0
0

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

0.04

0
-0.2 0

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

SD7062
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.1747
-0.062 0.14676
-2
0.1217
-0.003 0.08059
0
0.458
-0.085 0.00622
2
0.663
-0.079 0.00605
4
0.8938
-0.081 0.00924
6
1.1049
-0.079 0.01089
8
1.2986
-0.075 0.01328
10
1.4668
-0.068 0.01621
12
1.5805
-0.055
0.0212

SD7032
CL
CM
CD
Alpha
-4
0.0201
-0.099
0.0125
-2
0.2379
-0.096 0.00641
0
0.4433
-0.091 0.00604
2
0.6676
-0.091 0.00674
4
0.8812
-0.09 0.00827
6
1.0858
-0.088 0.01045
8
1.2549
-0.082 0.01565
10
1.398
-0.072 0.02109
12
1.479
-0.056 0.02936
Cl vs. Alpha SD7062
1.6

Cl vs. Alpha SD7062

CL

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0

-5

1.4
1.2
1
CL

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0

-5
5
Alpha

10

5
Alpha

15

10

15

CL vs. CD
1.6
1.4

CL

CL vs. CD
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

1.2
CL

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0

0.05

0.1
CD

0.15

0.2

0.01

0.02
CD

0.03

0.04