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TENSION
AND
COMPRESSION
=
N
N
z
x
F
Mx
+
M
My
F = ( N, Mx, My )
deformation of a beam element: all points move axially, see uniform strains (centric
tension / compression) or assumptions of Bernoulli and Navier (classical beam theory)
2/20
Mx
z
???
STATICAL equations
Fiz:
z (x,y,z) dA = N (z)
GEOMETRIC equations
C
dw
A(z)
simple bending
dx
A(z)
+
C
dy
(Mx, My)
4/20
N (+)
Mx = M 1
x1
My = M 2
+
+
N
My
N Mx
z=
y
x
A
Ix
Iy
y2
N Mx
My
signs rather from
z=
y
x
A
Ix
Iy
inspection again:
5/20
1,7
8
89
F = 80 kN()
My = 1,0733 kNm
3,1
30
3,1
30
N = 80 kN()
0
3 cm
6 cm
it is already known...
0
x1
A = 24 cm2
I = 136 cm
4
I = 64 cm
C = 48 cm 4
y2
I x = I 1 = 160 cm 4
I y = I 2 = 40 cm 4
o
0 = 26,57 =arctg 0,5
33
2,6
8
4 ,4
721
cm
6/20
My = 1,0733 kNm
A
6,000
M = 2,4 kNm
x1
Mx = 2,1466 kNm
y2
8,400
[ ]
kN
2
cm
8,400
7,200
7/20
3,333
My = 1,0733 kNm
6,000
36,870
N = 80 kN()
S
M = 2,4 kNm
x1
Mx = 2,1466 kNm
y2
8,400
[ ]
kN
2
cm
8,400
7,200
8/20
F N ()
N () F ()
e
e = 0
C
y2
x1
z
F centric (e = 0) F N:
uniform stress distribution,
(as if u was at infinity)
F ()
e
M
u
M
u
F at isnfinity (e ):
stress distribution
if M = Fe is given, N = F 0
distribution, u passes through C
9/20
M
y2
x1
e = ? (point of appl. of F ?)
Definition:
CULMANN'S KERNEL:
Locii of points of application of F (axial) in the cross section, for which the neutral axis u
is tangent to (not intersecting) the boundary of the cross section.
10/20
11/20
F = N ()
e = 0
y2 C
(u)
F ()
F ()
y2
x1
y2
u
y2
y2
F ()
y2
F ()
F ()
F ()
e
y2
12/20
b
u
x1
Mx
My
z=0=
y
x
A Ix
Iy
N
Mx
My
N
=
y
x
A
Ix
Iy
Fe
M xy
Fe
M xy
F
N
=
y
A
Ix
Iy
A ey
Ae x
1=
y
x
Ix
Iy
2
Ix
ix
e y =
= ;
Ab
b
a
F
Mx = Fey
y2
ey = ?
ex = ?
1=
2
Iy
iy
e x =
=
Aa
a
1
1
y x
b
a
Ix
Iy
ix=
; i y=
: radius of gyration
A
A
13/20
z=0=
F
N
A
Fe
Neyx
Ix
x1
m
F
ey = ?
3
Ix
sm 2
m
ey =
=
=
Am/ 2
12 sm m
6
y2
m/6
breakpoint line,
curve curve,
line breakpoint
14/20
a/3
a/4
16/20
GEOMETRIAI equations
F = (N, Mx)
Ad
F
u
c: known
x'
y'
Ad
0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 z
y'
yF F M x
dx
dw(y') = y'dx
dx(z)
zx = 0, zy = 0
y'
dz
= y =0
z(y',z) = x(z)y' + rig. c.s.: x
=0
z(y',z) =
MATERIAL equations
xy
0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 z
17/20
GEOMETRIC equations
dx(z)
y'
dz
z(y',z) = x(z)y' + etc.
z(y',z) =
Ad
MATERIAL equations
z y ' , z y ' d A
y F z =
Ad
z y ' , z d A
Ad
MAT + GEOM
x E y ' d A
I x' z
yF z =
=
S x' z
x E y ' d A
Ad
?
?
Ad
Fiz
Fz
F
x z =
ES x ' z
, max
ny
z =
z
FF z
Sx' z
y ' max z
18/20
yF = ?
s
F
c
yF = ?
I x' s y F c 3
2
y F=
=
2
Sx'
3
s y F c
2
y F = y F c y F =2 c
3
I x' s y F c 3
6
y F=
=
2
Sx'
12
s y F c
1
y F = y F c y F =c
2
19/20
Criteria
30.Bending and tension or compression. Eccentric tension or compression.
31.Bending and tension or compression for bars of tension-compression materials.
Culmans (internal) kernel. Definition of neutral axis.
32.Stresses in cross section with eccentric compressive load in axis of symmetry
with no-tension material.