mm

IFToMM
ARoTMM

THE NINTH IFToMM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

ON
THEORY OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
BUCHAREST, ROMANIA, SEPTEMBER 1 - 4, 2005
SYROM 2005

AN ORIGINAL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Florian
Ion
PETRESCU
Relly Victoria
PETRESCU

Department of Mechanisms and Robots, University POLITEHNICA

of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 77206 Bucharest, ROMANIA
E-mail: tiberiuionro@yahoo.com
Department of Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics,
University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei,
77206 Bucharest, ROMANIA
E-mail: victoriap@emoka.ro

ABSTRACT: The paper presents a new and original internal-combustion engine. It is presenting a method in
determining the kinematics and the efficiency of a new mechanism, MF1, proposed (designed) to work and
be tested like an internal-combustion engine. One determines the mechanical momentary efficiency, when
the mechanism works like a steam roller and when the mechanism works like a motor. The determined
efficiency is different in the two described situations. One presents an original way to determine the dynamic
efficiency too. The dynamic momentary efficiency is the same in the two situations: when the mechanism
works like a steam roller and when it works like a motor. One determines the efficiency without friction, but
one can anytime add the effect of friction modulus. One presents the dynamic kinematics of this mechanism
too: the dynamic velocity and the dynamic acceleration. When the constructive parameters are normal, the
dynamic velocities take the same values like the classical speeds and the dynamic accelerations take the
same values like the classical accelerations.

Keywords: Motor, connecting-rod, dynamic-velocity, dynamic-acceleration, dynamic-efficiency.

1. INTRODUCTION
The paper shortly presents a new and original internal-combustion engine.
The originality consists in the way of determining the mechanical and dynamic efficiency and in the way of
determining the dynamic velocities and accelerations.
2. PRESENTING THE KINEMATICS OF MF1
In picture number 1, one can see the kinematics outline of the mechanism of the new presented motor
(Motor Florio 1), [2,3].
The first modification of this model, having in view the classical model (Otto engine mechanism), is the
use of two connecting-rod, (2 and 3) and the use of B couple, a dual couple: of rotation and translation.
This motor mechanism is a new mechanism and his functionality will be different from the classical
mechanisms functionality. The great advantage of this mechanism is that it can be regulated to have a
bigger zone with constant acceleration at the piston (the element number five). The efficiency of this
mechanism is the same like the Otto mechanism. The structural group 2-4 (a dyad) can improve the motor
functionality without damage of power. The kinematics relations are the following (1-11):
a 2 = l02 + l12 2 l0 l1 sin 1

l1 cos 1
a
e l1 cos 1 l2 cos 2
cos 3 =
l3
cos 2 =

(1)
(2)
(3)

MOTOR FLORIO1-MF1
2003 Florian PETRESCU
The Copyright-Law
Of March, 01, 1989
U.S. Copyright Office
Library of Congress
Washington, DC 20559-6000
202-707-3000

5
D

l3
0

3
C
e

yD

B
4
0

a
l0
O

l2
l1

Fig. 1. The MF1 kinematics outline

y D = l1 sin 1 + l2 sin 2 + l3 sin 3
l1 cos(1 2 )
1
a
l l cos 1
a& = 0 1 1
a

2 =

3 =

(5)
(6)

l1 1
[l0 cos 1 sin(3 2 ) + b cos(1 2 ) cos(3 2 )]
a l3
y& D = 1 l1 cos 1 + 2 l2 cos 2 + 3 l3 cos 3

(8)

l1 1 (1 2 ) sin(1 2 ) 2 a&
a

(9)

2 =
3 =

(4)

l1 1
[l0 1 sin 1 sin(3 2 ) + l0 (3 2 ) cos 1 cos(3 2 )
a l3

a&
b (1 2 ) sin(1 2 ) cos(3 2 ) b (3 2 ) cos(1 2 ) sin(3 2 )] 3
a
&y&D = 12 l1 sin 1 22 l2 sin 2 + 2 l2 cos 2 32 l3 sin 3 + 3 l3 cos 3

(7)

(10)
(11)

3. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

WHEN THE MECHANISM WORKS LIKE A STEAM ROLLER
One can determine the momentary mechanical efficiency, when the mechanism works like a steam roller,
if one determines the distribution of forces, from the crank to the piston (figure 2); relations (12-19) [2,3]:
Fn = Fm sin( 2 1)
F = F cos( )
A
m
2
1
a
a
F C = F A = Fm cos( 2 1 )
b
b

(12)
(13)

 FnI = Fn cos( 2 3 )

I
F C = F C sin( 2 3 )

(14)

FT = FnI + FIC = Fn cos( 2 3 ) + F C sin( 2 3 ) =

a
= Fm sin( 2 1) cos( 2 3 ) + Fm cos( 2 1) sin( 2 3 ) =
b
a
= Fm [sin( 2 1 ) cos( 2 3 ) + cos( 2 1) sin( 2 3 )]
b
FU = FT sin 3

FR = FT cos 3
a
FU = Fm sin 3 [sin( 2 1 ) cos( 2 3 ) + cos( 2 1 ) sin( 2 3 )]
b
l2 cos 2 cos(1 2 )
vU = vm [cos 1
+
a
l0 cos 1 sin(3 2 ) + b cos(1 2 ) cos(3 2 )
cos 3 ]
a
F v
a
iC = U U = sin 3 [sin( 2 1) cos( 2 3 ) + cos( 2 1) sin( 2 3 )]
Fm vm
b

l2 cos 2 cos(1 2 )
+
a
l cos 1 sin(3 2 ) + b cos(1 2 ) cos(3 2 )
+ 0
cos 3 ]
a

(16)
(17)

(18)

(19)

[cos 1

FU

(15)

FT

2
2-3

Fn

FC
C

B
Fn
2-1
a

Fm
MOTOR FLORIO1-MF1
2003 Florian PETRESCU
The Copyright-Law
Of March, 01, 1989
U.S. Copyright Office
Library of Congress
Washington, DC 20559-6000
202-707-3000

FA
O

2
A
1

FR
0

Fig. 2. The MF1 distribution of forces, when the mechanism works like a steam roller
4. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
WHEN THE MECHANISM WORKS LIKE A MOTOR
One can determine the momentary mechanical efficiency, when the mechanism works like a motor, if one
determines the distribution of forces, from the piston to the crank (figure 3); relations (20-25) [2,3]:

 FN = Fm sin 3

FR = Fm cos 3
Fn = FN cos( 2 3 )
F = F sin( )
C
N
2
3
b
b
F A = F C = Fm sin 3 sin( 2 3 )
a
a
Fu1 = Fn sin(1 2 )
F = F cos( )
u 2
A
1
2
b
Fu = Fu1 + Fu 2 = Fm sin 3 [cos( 2 3 ) sin(1 2 ) sin( 2 3 ) cos(1 2 )]
a
b
sin 3 [cos( 2 3 ) sin(1 2 ) sin( 2 3 ) cos(1 2 )]
a
iM =
l0 cos 1 sin(3 2 ) + b cos(1 2 ) cos(3 2 ) l2 cos 2 cos(1 2 )
cos 1 + cos 3

a
a
MOTOR FLORIO1-MF1
2003 Florian PETRESCU
The Copyright-Law
Of March, 01, 1989
U.S. Copyright Office
Library of Congress
Washington, DC 20559-6000
202-707-3000

FC

FN
3

(22)
(23)
(24)

(25)

FR

Fm

FN
B
A

(21)

D
2-3

(20)

Fn

2
1

Fu2

FA
1-2

Fu1

Fn

1
O

Fig. 3. The MF1 distribution of forces, when the mechanism works like a motor
5. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY
The dynamic efficiency of the mechanism is the same, anytime (when the mechanism works like a steam
roller and when its working like a motor). It can be determined approximately with the relation (26):
D
D
iD = iM
= iC
= sin 2 3 sin 2

with : = 2 2 1 3

(26)

One can determine the exactly momentary dynamic efficiency of the mechanism, if one takes in
calculation the dynamic velocities (in this case the speeds distribution is the same like the forces
distribution), see the relations (27-29):

Fu
b
= sin 3 [sin( 2 1) cos( 2 3 ) + sin( 2 3 ) cos( 2 1)]
Fm
a

(27)

vu
a
= sin 3 [sin( 2 1 ) cos( 2 3 ) + sin( 2 3 ) cos( 2 1 )]
vm
b

(28)

iD = sin 2 3 {sin 2 ( 2 1 ) cos 2 ( 2 3 ) + sin 2 ( 2 3 ) cos 2 ( 2 1) +

+

a 2 + b2
sin[2 ( 2 1)] sin[2 ( 2 3 )]}
4ab

(29)

6. THE DYNAMIC KINEMATICS OF THE MECHANISM

One can determine now the dynamic velocity (30) and the dynamic acceleration of the piston (31):
Din
vD
= l1 1 sin 3 [sin( 2 1 ) cos( 2 3 ) +

a
sin( 2 3 ) cos( 2 1)]
b

(30)

a
cos( 2 1) sin( 2 3 )] +
b
+ sin 3 [cos( 2 1 ) cos( 2 3 ) (2 1) sin( 2 1 ) sin( 2 3 ) (2 3 )
Din
aD
= {3 cos 3 [sin( 2 1) cos( 2 3 ) +

a
a
sin( 2 1) sin( 2 3 ) (2 1) + cos( 2 1) cos( 2 3 ) (2 3 ) +
b
b
a&
a a&
+ cos( 2 1) sin( 2 3 ) + 2 cos( 2 1 ) sin( 2 3 )]} l1 1
b
b

(31)

7. DISCUTION
If the values of the constructive parameters of the mechanism are normal, the dynamic speeds and
the dynamic acceleration of the piston (30-31), are practical the same like the classical kinematics values (811), see the picture number (4, 5 and 6):

D =20.503427825

MOTOR FLORIO 1

a[m/s ];n=5000[rot/min];l1=0.01;l2=0.3;l3=0.5;l0=0.15;e=0
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0

100

200

300

400

-2000
-3000
-4000

Fig. 4. The MF1 piston acceleration, when the constructive parameters are normal

n=5000[rot/min];l1=0.01;l2=0.3;l3=0.5;l0=0.15;e=0

n=5000[rot/min];l1=0.01;l2=0.3;l3=0.5;l0=0.15;e=0

1.5

3000
V(Din)/(l1.w)
V(Cin)/(l1.w)

1
0.5

2000
0

0
-0.5

aD(D)
aD(Cin)

1000

100

200

300

400

-1000 0

100

200

300

400

-2000

-1

-3000

-1.5

-4000

Fig. 5. The kinematical and dynamic velocities

Fig. 6. The kinematical and dynamic accelerations

When the values of the constructive parameters are different from the normal, the dynamic speeds and
the dynamic acceleration of the piston (30-31), are not the same like the classical kinematics values (8-11),
see the picture number (7 and 8):

n=5000[rot/min];l1=0.08;l2=0.3;l3=0.5;l0=0.15;e=0

50000

n=5000[rot/min];l1=0.08;l2=0.3;l3=0.5;l0=0.15;e=0

1.5

V(Din)/(l1.w)
V(Cin)/(l1.w)

-50000

0.5
0
-1

-100000
400
-150000

-1.5

-200000

-0.5 0

100

200

300

100

200

300

400

aD(D)
aD(Cin)

-2

Fig. 7. The kinematical and dynamic velocities

Fig. 8. The kinematical and dynamic accelerations

8. CONCLUSION
Some mechanisms have the same parameters for the classical and for the dynamic kinematics (gears,
cams with plate followers, the planar tetra-later mechanism, etc). Others dont. At the presented
mechanism, the dynamic-kinematics is different from the classical-kinematics, but, if the constructive
parameters are normal, the dynamic velocities practically take the same values like the classical speeds and
the dynamic accelerations take the same values like the classical accelerations. Structurally, the mechanism
has two dyad, when it works like steam roller and it generates a triad, when works like motor.
REFERENCES
1. Pelecudi, Chr., .a., Mecanisme. E.D.P., Bucureti, 1985.
2. Petrescu, V., Petrescu, I., Randamentul cuplei superioare de la angrenajele cu roi dinate cu axe
fixe, In: The Proceedings of 7th National Symposium PRASIC, Braov, vol. I, pp. 333-338, 2002.
3. Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Cteva elemente privind mbuntirea designului mecanismului
motor, In: The Proceedings of 8th National Symposium on GTD, Braov, vol. I, pp. 353-358, 2003.