JERUSALEM: THE HOLY CITY

ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10W

FALL 2014
University of California, Los Angeles
Tuesdays and Thursdays 2:003:15
Office Hours: TR 1:002:00 (Humanities 390)

Jeremy D. Smoak
smoak@humnet.ucla.edu

Course Website: https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/14F-ANNEA10W-1

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course will survey the cultural history of Jerusalem over three millennia, primarily as
the symbolic focus of three faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The course content
will focus on the transformation of sacred space as reflected by literary and archaeological
evidence by examining the artifacts, architectural monuments, and iconography in
relation to written sources. The creation of mythic Jerusalem through event and
experience will be examined. Course requirements will focus on the development of
advanced writing skills and critical thinking.
This course is an L&S/SOAA/HSSEAS GE and a Writing II GE. (Check with your
counselor/adviser to see which GE courses fill your requirements.)
REQUIRED READINGS AND TEXTBOOKS:
Dan Bahat, The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Carta, 1996).
Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (New York: Ballantine, 1996).
Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane (Orlanda; Hartcourt, 1959).
Diana Hacker, Writers Reference (6th edition; New York: Bedford, 2009).
New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha (NRSV with Apocrypha and New Testament)
Selected readings from the Quran (available on the course website)
Other required readings found on the course website (see course schedule)
TEACHING ASSISTANTS:
Jennifer Metten
Alice Mandell
Heidi Dodgen
Jason Price
Danny Fittante
Evan Carlson
Sahba Shayani
Rosanna Lu
Jody Washburn

(jenmetten@gmail.com)
(Mandell@humnet.ucla.edu)
(hmdodgen@ucla.edu)
(jasonryanprice@ucla.edu)
(drf@g.ucla.edu)
(eacarlsn@ucla.edu)
(sahba@ucla.edu)
(ralu@ucla.edu)
(jodywashburn@gmail.com)

Discussion Sections 1A & 1C

Discussion Section 1F
Discussion Section 1H
Discussion Section 1G
Discussion Section 1B
Discussion Section 1J
Discussion Section 1I
Discussion Section 1E
Discussion Section 1D

*Honors Discussion Section (ANE 89): Thursdays 4:004:50 (Smoak)

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1) Course attendance and participation (10%). Students are expected to attend and
participate in lectures and discussion sections. Participation in this course is worth a
minimum of 5%. However, per the terms outlined below attendance is worth
considerably more; excessive unexcused absences will detrimentally affect your
grade. Determinations regarding excused absences will only be made by the
course instructor. The following terms are non-negotiable.
a. Grading. Please remember that students must maintain a C in order to
fulfill the Writing II requirement.
b. Lecture Attendance. Lectures provide both content regarding the course
themes and writing instruction.
q Power Points of lectures will NOT be posted and your TA is not
responsible for providing you with notes for a missed class. Get
notes from a fellow student.
q Students will be dropped from their sections if they miss the first two section
meetings of the course.
c. Discussion Section Attendance. Since there are a limited number of discussion
sections in which TAs can work with students to improve their writing:
q Attendance will be taken by TAs for each discussion section.
q Each unexcused absence will result in a 5% reduction in final
course grade.
q Two unexcused absences from sections constitute a FAILING
GRADE for the course. Students needing two or more excused
absences from discussion sections will be encouraged to withdraw
from the course. If this is not possible, make-up assignments will be
required.
q Failure to participate in peer review during week 9 will result in a
one-letter grade reduction in the students paper.
q If students are late to discussion section on more than two
occasions, the instructor will reduce the students overall grade.
d. Individual Appointments with TA. It is strongly suggested that students meet
with their TA for individual appointments at least once during the session.
2) Written Assignments (2 papers: 65%).
a. Submissions and Due dates.
q Papers (First Drafts and Revised) turned in at any point after the
beginning of class are considered late.
1. A hard copy must be turned in at the beginning of class on
the date due.
2. Any draft of a paper more than one week late will not be
accepted (will receive a 0 grade).
3. Both drafts and any requested documentation (e.g., cover
sheets) must be submitted to be considered for a full grade.
4. Late papers will be marked down 5% per day (beginning in
class).
q Each hard copy of a draft must be accompanied by the completed
cover sheet provided by your TA.

b.

c.

d.

e.

1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be

reduced 5%.
2. Cover sheet requirements must be met for paper to be
considered for full grade.
q All drafts of papers will be turned in using Turnitin.com. To
access turnitin.com, students should first login into their
myucla.edu account, then click on classes. The turnitin.com link
will appear directly under the class name on myucla.edu.
1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be
reduced 5% for each draft not submitted to Turnitin.com.
2. DO NOT include your cover sheet with the digital version
you submit online.
q Illness must be grave and will require a signed doctors note, while
a family death or tragedy will require a plane ticket or comparable
proof for any consideration of an exception to this rule.
q To log into the turnitin.com site, go to myucla.edu and then click
on the Study List Page and then the link for Jerusalem: The Holy
City and then you will see a link for turnitin.com.
Revisions. Final drafts of papers that do not meet minimum revision
expectations will receive a failing grade.
q Any student who does not pick-up their first draft in class when
they are returned as part of the revision process will receive a
failing grade for the assignment.
q Revisions of second drafts that incorporate only those suggestions
made by the TA will receive a failing grade for the assignment.
Minimum revisions must include:
1. TA suggested revisions.
2. Your own revisions after incorporating the TAs suggestions.
q Tip: Have a fellow student review your paper after incorporating
the TAs revisions. Then incorporate your peers remarks and
suggestions.
Minimum page requirements are for complete pages of text, NOT including
bibliography.
q A 4 to 5 page paper, for example, will include a minimum of four
COMPLETE pages of text, followed by bibliography.
q A 10% deduction will be issued for each page less than the
minimum on both the draft and the revised copy.
Plagiarism. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the use of anothers
words or ideas as if they were ones own; including, but not limited to
representing, either with the intent to deceive or by the omission of the
true source, part of or an entire work produced by someone other than the
student, obtained by purchase or otherwise, as the students original work;
or, representing the identifiable but altered ideas, data or writing of
another person as if those ideas, data or writing were the students original
work.from the UCLA Student Conduct Code (.pdf file), Fall 1998, section
102.01c
Getting help.
3

q
q

See your TAactually meet with them.

Bruin Success with Less Stress
http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess a student-centered,
interactive, online tutorial designed to guide you through
information literacy topics including intellectual property, file
sharing, citing and documenting sources, project management, and
academic dishonesty.
Writing Programs resources:
http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/wp/resources/index.html

3) Exams and Introductory Quiz (25%). Introductory Quiz (5%); Midterm

(10%); Final (10%). There will be an introductory quiz on Tuesday, Oct
14th at the beginning of lecture. The introductory quiz will cover the dates
on page 12. There will be a midterm exam and a final exam. See the
course schedule for dates. The final exam will be cumulative. Students
who do not show up to an exam will receive a zero grade on the exam.
PAPER TOPICS
1. Paper 1 (Analytical Writing, 30%; 710 pages). Jerusalem as Physical and Sacred
Space. The goal of this paper is to explain how certain biblical texts describe the city of
Jerusalem as sacred space. The paper should address how the biblical texts relate the
physical features of the city to the sacred or mythical aspects of Jerusalem. A large part of
the paper should be devoted to explaining how the biblical texts envision the city as an
axis mundi (cf. Eliade 1959). As such, the paper should demonstrate a thorough
interaction with and grasp of the ideas found in the first chapter of The Sacred and the
Profane.
Some of the questions that the paper should address include:
How do the biblical texts use of geographical features illustrate the ideas
presented by Eliade (hierophany, axis mundi, imago mundi)?
What are the important images that the biblical texts use to depict Jerusalem as a
holy city?
A successful paper will demonstrate a strong grasp of the ideas found in Eliade and
explain how they relate to the depictions of Jerusalem in the following texts:
Genesis 23; Genesis 22; 2 Chronicles 3:1-2; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 68; Ezekiel
47; Psalm 46, 48.
A successful paper will also integrate observations about how these texts utilize elements
of the physical geography of the city, such as its mountains, valleys, and water systems, as
part of their attempt to depict the city as sacred space.
q Analytical Paper of 710 pages (not counting bibliography)
q Goals: Thesis writing; Development of analytical writing skills; Critical reading of
texts; Descriptive writing skills; Outlining skills to make writing easier;
Development of a thesis and topic sentences
q Tip: A large part of the evaluation for this paper will depend on how well the paper integrates the
concepts from Eliade with the language and imagery in the selected biblical texts.

2. Paper 2 (Analytical and Research Writing; 35%; 812 pages). The Sacred
Architecture of the Holy City. Write a research paper on either the Church of the
Holy Sepulcher or the Dome of the Rock. The purpose of the paper is twofold: 1)
describe the main religious traditions associated with the building; and 2) describe how
the buildings location and architectural design convey its religious significance in either
Christianity or Islam.
A good paper will address the following questions:
What religious traditions are associated with the building?
Where is the building located in the city and what is important about its location?
How does the architectural design of the building attempt to make a statement
about its sanctity?
When was the building constructed and how does an understanding of its
historical context clarify its religious significance?
How do the religious traditions about the building reflect certain concepts
discussed in The Sacred and the Profane?
Research Paper of 812 pages (not counting bibliography)
At least 6 sources (do NOT cite as sources websites, lectures, or discussion sections)
Goals: Development of research strategy; Use of a variety of sources; Consistent use of
citation method and style
You must have at least eight sources for the paper, not including the textbooks. I do
expect, however, that you will use the textbooks in the paper. The following sources are a
good starting point for writing the paper and I would expect to find them integrated into
your paper (you will find them on the course website):
Robert Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior, Gesta
29/1 (1990) 4453.
Robert Ousterhout, Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy
Sepulchre, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48/1 (1989) 6678.
Robert Ousterhout, Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones
of the Holy Sepulchre, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62 (2003) 423.
Angela Neuwirth, The Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Islam, in City of the Great King:
Jerusalem from David to the Present (Edited by Nitza Rosovsky; Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1996) 113.
Nassar Rabbat, The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, Muqarnas Volume VI:
An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Edited by Oleg Grabar; Leiden: Brill, 1989).
Oleg Grabar, The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Ars Orientalis 3 (1959) 33
62.

Hagi Amitzur, Justinians Solomons Temple, in The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical

Perspectives (Edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai; Kampem: Kok Pharos, 1996) 160
175.
F.E. Peters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from
the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1985).
L.E. Stager, Jerusalem as Eden, Biblical Archaeology Review 26 (2000) 3647.
S. Schein, Between Mount Moriah and the Holy Sepuchre: The Changing Traditions of
the Temple Mount in the Central Middle Ages, Traditio 40 (1984) 175195.
S.D. Goitein, The Historical Background of the Erection of the Dome of the Rock,
Journal of the American Oriental Society 70/2 (1950) 104108.
R.A. Markus, How on Earth Could Places Become Holy? Journal of Early Christian
Studies 2 (1994) 257271.
Important Dates:
All Papers are Due at the beginning of lecture on the following dates:
Introductory Quiz
Paper #1 Draft Due
Paper #1 Draft Returned
Paper #1 Revision
Midterm
Paper #2 Draft Due
Paper #2 Draft Returned
Final Exam
Paper #2 Revision Due

Oct 14
Oct 21
Oct 28
Nov 4
Nov 13
Dec 2
Dec 9
Dec 11
Dec 17

Grading:
Attendance and Participation
Introductory Quiz
Midterm Exam
Final Exam
Paper #1
Paper #2

10%
5%
10%
10%
30%
35%

The Writing Center at UCLA

The Undergraduate Writing Center offers UCLA undergraduates one-on-one sessions on
their writing. The Center is staffed by peer learning facilitators (PLFs), undergraduates
who are trained to help at any stage in the writing process and with writing assignments
from across the curriculum.
Our Services
Scheduled appointments
50-minute appointments in A61 Humanities
30-minute appointments in Reiber 115 (for dorm residents only)
work in person with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF)
Walk-in appointments
walk-in appointments available in A61 Humanities & Reiber 115
first-come, first-served
Online Writing Center (OWC):
50-minute appointments
submit your paper online, using Google Docs
discuss your paper with a Peer Learning Facilitator, using Google Voice Chat
What you should bring to the Writing Center:

A draft if you have one

Preliminary notes or writing if you dont have a draft
A copy of the assignment
Instructor or peer comments on your paper
Copies of readings or research related to the assignment.

LOCATIONS:

A61 Humanities; Mon. Thurs. 10AM 6PM; Fri. 10AM 3PM

Reiber 115; Sun. Thurs., 7 9 PM (for dorm residents only).
APPOINTMENTS: Students can walk-in but appointments are preferred. Visit our
website:
www.wp.ucla.edu. Click on UCLA Writing Center/Make an
Appointment.
CONTACT:
310-206-1320; wcenter@ucla.edu

COURSE SCHEDULE
*Readings are due the day that they are listed in the course schedule.
Week 0
Oct 2

Introduction to the Course

No reading assignment
Discussion sections will not be held during week 0

Week 1
Oct 7

Jerusalem as Physical and Sacred Space

Bahat, 1017
Armstrong, Introduction and 121
Cultural Contexts article (course website)
Familiarize yourself with http://www.wp.ucla.edu/uclaundergraduate-student-writing-center.html

Oct 9

The Biblical Myths of Jerusalems Founding

Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, chapter 1
Armstrong, 2236
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (NOAB)/Genesis chapter 22;
Exodus chapters 1924
Discussion Section: Bring to discussion section a two-page double-spaced essay
that defines the following terms based upon your reading of Eliade, chapter 1:
hierophany, axis mundi, and imago mundi. What are some examples that
Eliade uses to illustrate the meaning of each term? You will submit this to your
TA at the end of section.

Week 2
Oct 14

The Davidic Dynasty and Jerusalem

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Judges, chapters 1921
Hebrew Bible/ The Book of 2 Samuel, chapters 57 and 24
Armstrong, 3747
Bahat, 1826
*Introductory Quiz (this will be taken at the beginning of lecture; you must know all of
the dates listed on pages 12 of the syllabus and the information in the Cultural
Contexts article under Oct 7)

Oct 16

Temple and Ritual: Jerusalem and the Temple

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 1 Kings, chapters 611
Armstrong, 4755
8

Discussion Section: Bring a one-page double-spaced summary of 2 Samuel 7:1

17. How does this text promote the significance of the Davidic dynasty in
Jerusalem? You will discuss strategies for organizing paper #1 in this weeks
section.
Week 3
Oct 21

Hezekiah and Zion Traditions: Jerusalem in the Orbit of Assyria

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 1520
Sennacheribs Campaign to Judah (Course website)
Armstrong, 5671
Bahat, 2633
Paper #1 Draft Due!

Oct 23

Jerusalem between Exile and Return

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 2125
Hebrew Bible/The Book of Lamentations
Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezekiel, chapters 1, 811
Armstrong, 7278
Discussion Section: Jerusalem and Zion Traditions, comparison of Assyrian and
biblical accounts of Sennacheribs campaign

Week 4
Oct 28

Jerusalem and the Temple in the Second Temple Period

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezra, chapters 1, 3, 10
Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezekiel, chapters 4048
Apocrypha/1 Maccabees, chapters 12, 46
Apocrypha/2 Maccabees, chapters 47, 10
Armstrong, 79124
Bahat, 3436
Paper #1 Returned in Lecture!

Oct 30

Herods Jerusalem and the First Jewish Revolt

Flavius Josephus Description of the Temple Mount (CW);
The Layout of the Temple
(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=143)
Mishna, Kelim
(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=94)
Mishna, Middoth
(http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?period_id=1&id=29)
9

Bahat, 4259
Armstrong, 125142

Discussion Section: Strategies for Revising Paper #1 and midterm review

Week 5
Nov 4

Jerusalem in Early Christian Literature

New Testament/Gospel of Luke, chapters 2, 1924
New Testament/Gospel of Matthew, chapters 21, 24, 2628;
New Testament/The Acts of the Apostles, chapters 1, 3, 69
Armstrong, 142152
Paper #1 Revision Due!

Nov 6

The New Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Byzantine Period

Armstrong, 153216
Bahat, 6487
Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of
the Savior (course website)
Discussion Section: Jerusalem in Early Christian Literature

Week 6
Nov 11

Veterans Day (No Class!)

Nov 13

Midterm Exam
Discussion Section: Strategies for Getting Started on Paper #2

Week 7
Nov 18

Jerusalem between Christianity and Islam

Surah 17 (course website)
El-Khatib, Jerusalem in the Quran (course website)
Armstrong, 217244

Nov 20

Islamic Literary Traditions about Jerusalem

Neuwirth, The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem in Islam
(course website)
Armstrong, 245270

10

Discussion Section: Discussion of the articles Amitzur, Justinians Solomons

Temple and El-Khatib, Jerusalem in the Quran (course website)
Week 8
Nov 25

The Umayyad Consecration of Jerusalem

Rabbat, The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock (course website)
Paper #1 Revision Returned in Lecture

Nov 27

Thanksgiving (No Class!)

No Discussion Sections this week due to the Thanksgiving Holiday

Week 9
Dec 2

Armenian Jerusalem
Reading TBA
Paper #2 Draft Due in Lecture!

Dec 4

Late Islamic Jerusalem and the Crusaders

Armstrong, 271294
Bahat, 100-119
Discussion Section: Peer Review (participation in peer review is mandatory, see
pg. 2)

Week 10
Dec 9

Jerusalem as Sacred Space in the Modern Period

Bahat, 156163
Armstrong, 347430
Paper #2 Draft Returned in Lecture!

Dec 11

Final Exam
Discussion Section: TA appointments for Paper #2 (mandatory). Students
will schedule short appointments with their TA this week in lieu of
discussion section.

Dec 17

Paper #2 Revision Due (you will submit the revised copy of the paper as a
PDF to turnitin.com only); due no later than midnight

11

Timeline of Jerusalems History (know these dates for the Introductory

Quiz)
Ancient Israel/Early Judaism
1200
1000
960
930
745612
722
640
597539
597
587
539332
539
515
458
33263
332
16463
164
63
20

Beginning of Iron Age

King David captures Jerusalem
Solomon builds First Temple
Division of the United Monarchy
Assyrian Period
Destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel
Beginning of the reign of King Josiah of Judah
Babylonian Period
First Babylonian deportation
Destruction of the First Temple by Babylonians
Persian Period
Edict of Cyrus
Rebuilding of temple in Jerusalem (Second Temple)
Ezra the priest institutes reforms in Jerusalem
Hellenistic Period
Alexander the Great captures Jerusalem
Maccabean/Hasmonean Period
Rededication of the temple by Maccabees
Roman general Pompey captures Jerusalem
Herod beginning remodeling Second Temple

Early Christianity/Late Roman

4 BCE30 CE
567 CE
66
70
132135
306337
313
325
380
527565

Life of Jesus of Nazareth

Life of Paul the Apostle
Beginning of First Jewish Revolt
Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem
Roman emperor renames Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina
Reign of Constantine I
Edict of Milan
Council of Nicaea
Theodosius declares Nicene Christianity official religion of empire
Reign of emperor Justinian

Early Islam to the Modern Era

570632
638
661750
692
705
1009
1095
1099
1187
1250
15171917

Life of Muhammad
Caliph Umar captures Jerusalem
Umayyad Islamic dynasty controls Jerusalem
Completion of the Dome of the Rock
Completion of Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al-Hakim destroys Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade
Crusaders conquer Jerusalem
Battle of the Horns of Hattin; Saladin captures Jerusalem
Rise of Mamluk Dynasty
Ottoman Period

12

COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, Karen
1997 Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballatine Books.
Astour, Michael C.
1992 Shaveh, Valley of. In ABD, vol. 5, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1168. New York:
Doubleday.
Avigad, Nahman
1983 Discovering Jerusalem. 1st ed. Nashville: Nelson.
Bahat, Dan, and Hayim Rubinstein
1996 The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Festive Jerusalem 3000 ed. Jerusalem: Carta
Jerusalem.
Biger, Gideon
1994 An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in
Palestine, 19171929. New York: St. Martins.
Broshi, Magen
1974 The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. IEJ
24:2128.
Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and D. S. Richards
1987 Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: British School of
Archaeology.
Cahill, Jane M. and David Tarler
1992 David, City of (PLACE). In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 5267. New
York: Doubleday.
Cline, Eric H.
2004 Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan.
Coasnon, Charles
1974 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London: Oxford University
Press.
Davila, James R.
1992 Moriah. In ABD, vol. 4, ed. D. N. Freedman, 905. New York: Doubleday.
Eliade, Mircea
1959 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harper & Row.
Freedman, David Noel et al., eds.
1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 1st ed. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday.
Geva, Hillel, ed.
2000 Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Reprinted and Expanded ed. Jerusalem: Israel
Exploration Society.
2003 Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the
Excavations in the Jewish Quarter. In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The
First Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 183208.
Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Grg, M.
1992 Gihon. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 101819. New York:
Doubleday.
Gray, John

13

1969 A History of Jerusalem. London: Hale.

Hayes, John H.
1963 The Tradition of Zions Inviolability. JBL 82:41926.
Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham
1999 Zion, City of our God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Jeremias, Joachim
1975 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and Social Conditions
during the New Testament Period. Philadelphia: Fortress.
Kenyon, Kathleen M.
1967 Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1974 Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn.
Levenson, Jon D.
1985 Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. San Francisco: Harper.
1992 Zion Traditions. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1098102. New
York: Doubleday.
Levine, Lee I., ed.
1999 Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New
York: Continuum.
2002 Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.70 C.E.).
1st ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
Lutfi, Huda
1985 Al Quds al-Mamlukiyya: A History of Mamluk Jerusalem Based on the Haram
Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: K. Schwarz.
Mazar, Amihai
1994 Jerusalem and its Vicinity in Iron Age I. In From Nomadism to Monarchy:
Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, eds. I. Finkelstein, and N.
Naaman, 7091. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society.
Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds.
1991 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. New
Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford University Press.
Meyers, Eric M., ed.
1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Naaman, Nadav
1992 Canaanite Jerusalem and Its Central Hill Country Neighbors in the
Second Millennium B.C.E. UF 24:27591.
Peters, F. E.
1985 Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets
from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Poorthuis, Marcel, and Ch Safrai
1996 The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives. Kampen: Kok Pharos.
Prawer, Joshua
1988 The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon.
Prawer, Joshua, and Haggai Ben-Shammai, eds.
1996 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period 6381099. New York: New
York University.

14

Reich, Ronny, and Eli Shukron

2003 The Urban Development of Jerusalem in the Late Eighth Century B.C.E.
In Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G.
Vaughn, and A. E. Killebrew, 20918. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature.
Ritmeyer, Leen, and Kathleen Ritmeyer
2004 Jerusalem in the Year 30 A. D. 1 ed. Jerusalem: Carta.
2005 Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah. 1st ed. Jerusalem: Carta.
Roberts, J. J. M.
1987 Yahwehs Foundation in Zion (Isa 28:16). JBL 106:2745.
Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam
1989 The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Sharf. Qedem 28. Jerusalem:
Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Smith, J.Z.
1969 Earth and Gods. The Journal of Religion 49/2: 103127.
1972 The Wobbling Pivot. The Journal of Religion 52/2: 134149.
Smith, Robert W.
1992 Tyropoeon Valley. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 692. New York:
Doubleday.
Stern, Ephraim, ed.
1993 The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. English ed.
4 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Vaughn, Andrew G., and Ann E. Killebrew, eds.
2003 Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of
Biblical Literature.
Watson, Duane F.
1992a Gehenna. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 92628. New York:
Doubleday.
1992b Hinnom Valley. In ABD, vol. 3, ed. D. N. Freedman, 20203. New York:
Doubleday.
Wilkinson, John
1978 Jerusalem as Jesus Knew It: Archaeology as Evidence. London: Thames and
Hudson.
Yadin, Yigal, ed.
1975 Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 19681974. Jerusalem: Israel
Exploration Society.

15

16