Significance of - Reduction of area in a tensile test.

Ductility
An important behaviour observed during a tension test is ductility
-

The extent of plastic deformation that the material undergoes before fracture.

1. Elongation
2. Reduction of area
The second measure of ductility - the reduction of area.= r

Where AO and Af are, respectively, the original and final (fracture) cross-sectional
areas of the test specimen.
Reduction of area and elongation are generally interrelated , as shown in Fig. 2.4 for some
typical metals.

Tensile reduction of area has been shown - to predict the bend-ability (sec 16.5) and
spinnability (sec 16.11) of metals.
The bend-ability
Sec 16.5 .There is an inverse relationship between bend ability and the tensile reduction
of the area of the material (Fig. 16.18). The minimum bend radius, R, is, approximately,

Where r is the tensile reduction of area of the sheet metal.

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Thus, for r = 50, the minimum bend radius is zero; that is, the sheet can be folded over
itself (see hemming, Fig. 16.23) in much the same way as a piece of paper is folded.
To increase the bend ability of metals, we may increase their tensile reduction of area
either by heating or by bending in a high-pressure environment (which improves the
ductility of the material; see hydrostatic stress, Section 2.2.8).
Bend ability also depends on the edge condition of the sheet. Since rough edges are points
of stress concentration, bend ability decreases as edge roughness increases.

Spinnability
Sec 16.11
The spinnability of a metal in this process generally is defined as the maximum
reduction in thickness to which a part can be subjected by spinning without fracture.
Spinnability is found to be related to the tensile reduction of area of the material, just as is
bend-ability (see Fig. 16.18). Thus, if a metal has a tensile reduction of area of 50% or
higher, its thickness can be reduced by as much as 80% in just one spinning pass.
For metals with low ductility, the operation is carried out at elevated temperatures by
heating the blank in a furnace and transferring it rapidly to the mandrel.
Reference:
1. Prof. Serope Kalpakjian and Dr. Steven .R Schmid., Manufacturing Engineering and
technology 4th Edition,
2.Datsko J., Yang C. T. Correlation of Bendability of Materials With Their Tensile Properties J. Manuf.
Sci. Eng. 82(4), 309-313 (1960) (5 pages); doi:10.1115/1.3664236
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Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

November, 1960 | Volume 82 | Issue 4
Correlation of Bendability of Materials With Their Tensile Properties
J. Datsko and C. T. Yang
Datsko J., Yang C. T. Correlation of Bendability of Materials With Their Tensile Properties J. Manuf. Sci.
Eng. 82(4), 309-313 (1960) (5 pages); doi:10.1115/1.3664236
With the advent of high-temperature-resistant materials in the sheet-metal industry, it is
becoming increasingly important to treat the subject of minimum or critical bend radius
analytically. A simple equation is presented that correlates the minimum bend radius with
the percentage reduction of area of the material. The theoretical derivation as well as
experimental data are given, with very good agreement between the two. Consequently, it
is possible to predict the minimum bend radius for a specific material, provided that the
percentage reduction of area, as determined by a standard tensile test, is known. The
relationship applies equally well to metals and nonmetals.

D:\Tensile
testings
bab4480.0001.001.pdf

basics

Kalpakjian\heir

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Tensile

Properties

datsko

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