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A.
B.
Appendix
1
Vg
i(t)
D1
Vg
i(t)
R
-
Output Circuit
Vg is across L.
iC + iR = 0 iC = iR
Topology:
iR +
iC
vo
R
-
vL dt , no need to
L
For DTs, SW in 2:
iC
Vg
iL
iR
iL
vo
iC
Vg
L
iR
+
v
R
-
We calculate the DC Transfer Function f(D) via VL vs. time and voltsec balance over both DTs and DTs.
VL
VgDTs + VoDTs = 0
Vg
Vo D
D
=
=
= f(D)
Vg
D' 1 D
DTs
D'Ts
Vo
Vo
D
Vo
=
D=
Vg 1 D
Vo Vg
20
D=
= 0.4 and D= 0.6
50
Clearly D would vary with other PWD circuit DC - DC converter
topologies even for the same Vg and Vo.
If we further specified RL as 4 then Iout = 20V/4 = 5A.
Pout = IoutVout = 5*20 = 100 W. for a lossless converter
Pin = 100W and Iin = 100/30. What is iL? Is it Iin or Iout?
Actually IL will be the sum of Io and Iin or 8.33 A as shown below. This
trips up new students!
-Vo/R
IL
DTs
Vo
RD'
and / or
D'Ts
-IL - Vo/R
iC + iL + iR = 0
IL
VgD
(D')2R
IL =
( 20)
= 8.33 A which is Iin + Iout
(4)(0.6)
Plots of the DC voltage transfer function M(D) and I(D) shown below
are not dependent on our choice of the switching frequency explicitly.
Again a jitter in the switching frequency t can cause big changes in
Vout.
Output is
inverted!
V
= M(D)
Vg
As D 1
M(D) -
(Wont occur
in practice)
I
= I(D)
Vg
R
As D 1
I(D) +
Wont occur
in practice
N.B. for HW #2, how valid is the claim that M(D) and I(D) are not
f(fsw)? Be specific and quantitative.
What about M(D) or f(D) being sensitive to the level of the load
current?
For HW #2, also explain how simple power conservation can tell us
that I(in) = M(D) I(out) as we outlined.
iCdt .
C
D'Ts
t
Vout
-(Vo/R)(1/C)
(IL + V/R)(1/C)
V DT
2v C = o s
RC
VoDTs
C
2vR
C required to employ in
order to have specified
Vout ripple
1
= 2fR).
LC
VL dt
2iL
Vg/L
DTs
2iL =
L
D'Ts
VgDTs
L
VgDTs
2iL
Ipeak
iL
D'Ts
t
Irms = Ipeak D
Idc
D
t
iL
Idc
Ipeak
Irms = Idc D 1 +
1 i
3 Idc
DTs
D'Ts
t
Example:
10
8.33A
iD(t)
8.33A
DTs
Ts
DTs
Inductor current
Ts
Diode current
L=
N turns
path in H-1
N2 A
L=
It appears L f(iL)
For a fixed L we can trade the amount of copper wire (N2) for the
amount of iron core (A) to achieve a desired value of L. We can also
trade copper wire vs. core material choice depending on the size,
weight and cost requirements. Core permeability itself varies with
11
frequency and the term Ni=H. Where N is the number of wire turns on
the core and I is the current in the wire.
Eddy currents
~f2
Hysterisis
~f
These losses limit upper fsw to 0.5 - 1 MHz for present cores. Perhaps
with time low loss cores which operate at 10 Mhz can be found.
c. Saturation of flux
Actually the inductance L(iL) at high currents and for i > i(critical) L will
suddenly decrease precipitously. This may cause higher currents
and these kill solid state devices as well that are in series with the
inductance.
12
B
Bsat
slope o
slope ro
H
2. Capacitor is
A
= f (fsw )
d
a. Costs
Dielectric material choice for (fsw) to achieve high C
values.
Low f caps
High f caps
C = f(fsw)
13
Vc
Vacuum caps are best but since = 0 they are large and costly.
Loss vs. f
The top circuit in the figure below shows the circuit model for a
capacitor including:
Rw (wire losses due to skin effects at fsw) >> Rwire
Lw (wire inductance) which is typically 500nH/m or 5nH/cm.
Beware Lw of 5nH/cm with a di/dt = 50A/200ns through a capacitor
with lead lengths of only 8cm we can drop 100 V across Lw even
before we place any voltage across C. Moreover, we could have a
series resonant circuit at
w=
1
if Rleak is large.
Lw C
14
1
w 2 R leak C 2
tan = w C (ESR)
1
wR leak C
If Rw is small then:
1
wC
wC
tan = 2
=
w R leak C 2 R leak
15
1
= 80 kHz
40*100
Choose fsw well below wR, say 20 kHz and find ESR there.
ESR(20 kHz) = tan
/wC = 8 m
Example #2: A 2 F C has an L(total) = 25 nH and tan = 0.01 is
constant from 50 Hz to 200 kHz. Find the resonant frequency.
wR =
1
= 0.7 MHz
25nH * 2F
C.
Appendix 1
16
1 i 2
3 I
i(t)
Ts
17
Ipk
-Ipk
1
I
1+ D
2 pk
Ipk
i(t)
1/2 Ipk
1/2 Ipk
0
0
DTs
Ts
(1+D)Ts
2Ts
18
i(t)
I1
D2Ts
D1Ts
Ts
i(t)
Dk uk
k =1
Triangular
segment
Constant
segment
Trapezoidal
segment
D1Ts
D2Ts
D3Ts
etc.
Ts
19
0
t
1 2
I
3 1
i(t)
I1
0
t
3. Trapezoidal segment:
D3 = (01
. s )(10s ) = 0.01
u3 = ( I12 + I1 I 2 + I 22 ) / 3 = 148 A2
4. Constant segment
D4 = (5s )(10s ) = 0.5
u4 = I22 = ( 2)2 = 4 A2
20
5. Triangular segment
D5 = (0.2s )(10s ) = 0.02
u5 = I 22 / 3 = ( 2)2 / 3 = 13
. A2
6. Zero segment
u6 = 0
Dk uk = 376
. A
k =1
Even though its duration is very short, the current spike has a
significant impact on the rms value of the current without the
current spike, the rms current is approximately 2.0 A.