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Liver Panel Plus

For In Vitro Diagnostic Use and For Professional Use Only


Customer and Technical Service: 800-822-2947
CLIA Waived: Use lithium heparin whole blood, only
October 2006
PN: 400-7060 Rev.: K
1998, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA 94587

Moderate Complexity: Use lithium heparin whole blood,


lithium heparin plasma, or serum

1. Intended Use
The Piccolo Liver Panel Plus, used with the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer, utilizes dry and liquid reagents to provide in
vitro quantitative determinations of alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate
aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, and total protein in heparinized whole blood, heparinized plasma,
or serum.
The tests on this panel are waived under CLIA 88 regulations. If a laboratory modifies the test system instructions, then the
tests are considered high complexity and subject to all CLIA requirements. For CLIA waived labs, only lithium heparin whole
blood may be tested. For use in moderate complexity labs, lithium heparinized whole blood, lithium heparinized plasma, or
serum may be used.
A CLIA Certificate of Waiver is needed to perform CLIA waived testing. A Certificate of Waiver can be obtained from the
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Please contact the Commission on Laboratory Accreditation (COLA) at 1800-981-9883 for assistance in obtaining one.

2. Summary and Explanation of Tests


The Piccolo Liver Panel Plus and the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer comprise an in vitro diagnostic system that aids the
physician in diagnosing the following disorders.
Alanine aminotransferase:
Albumin:
Alkaline phosphatase:
Amylase:
Aspartate aminotransferase:
Gamma glutamyltransferase:
Total bilirubin:
Total protein:

Liver diseases, including viral hepatitis and cirrhosis; heart


diseases.
Liver and kidney diseases.
Liver, bone, parathyroid, and intestinal diseases.
Pancreatitis.
Liver disease including hepatitis and viral jaundice, shock.
Liver diseases, including alcoholic cirrhosis and primary and
secondary liver tumors.
Liver disorders, including hepatitis and gall bladder obstruction;
jaundice.
Liver, kidney, bone marrow diseases; metabolic and nutritional
disorders.

3. Test Principles
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been measured by three methods. Two of these methodsthe colorimetric
dinitrophenylhydrazine coupling technique1,2 and the fluorescent enzymatic assayare rarely used.3 An enzymatic method
based on the work of Wrblewski and LaDue4 is the most common technique for determining ALT concentrations in serum. A
modified Wrblewski and LaDue procedure has been proposed as the recommended procedure of the International Federation
of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC).5
The method developed for use on the Piccolo Analyzer is the same as that recommended by the IFCC but run at a higher
temperature. In this reaction, ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to -ketoglutarate to form Lglutamate and pyruvate. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Concomitantly, NADH is
oxidized to NAD+, as illustrated in the following reaction scheme.
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ALT
L-Alanine + -Ketoglutarate

L-Glutamate + Pyruvate
LDH

Pyruvate + NADH + H+

Lactate + NAD+

The rate of change of the absorbance difference between 340 nm and 405 nm is due to the conversion of NADH to NAD+ and
is directly proportional to the amount of ALT present in the sample.
Albumin (ALB)
Early methods used to measure albumin include fractionation techniques6,7,8 and tryptophan content of globulins.9,10 These
methods are unwieldy to perform and do not have a high specificity. Two immunochemical techniques are considered as
reference methods, but are expensive and time consuming.11 Dye binding techniques are the most frequently used methods for
measuring albumin. Bromcresol green (BCG) is the most commonly used of the dye binding methods but may over-estimate
albumin concentration, especially at the low end of the normal range.12 Bromcresol purple (BCP) is the most specific of the
dyes in use.13,14
Bromcresol purple, when bound with albumin, changes from a yellow to blue color. The absorbance maximum changes with
the color shift.
Surfactants
BCP + Albumin

BCP-Albumin Complex
Acid pH

Bound albumin is proportional to the concentration of albumin in the sample. This is an endpoint reaction that is measured as
the difference in absorbance between 600 nm and 550 nm.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Techniques to measure alkaline phosphatase were first developed over 60 years ago. Several of these end-point or two-point
spectrophotometric methods15,16 are now considered obsolete or too cumbersome. The use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP)
increased the speed of the reaction.17,18 The reliability of this technique was greatly increased by the use of a metal-ion buffer to
maintain the concentration of magnesium and zinc ions in the reaction.19 The American Association for Clinical Chemistry
(AACC) reference method20 uses p-NPP as a substrate and a metal-ion buffer.
The Piccolo procedure is modified from the AACC20 and IFCC21 methods. Alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzes p-NPP in a metalion buffer and forms p-nitrophenol and phosphate.
ALP
p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate

Zn2+, Mg2+

p-Nitrophenol +
Phosphate

The amount of ALP in the sample is proportional to the rate of increase in absorbance difference between 405 nm and 500 nm.
Amylase (AMY)
About 200 different tests have been developed to measure amylase. Most procedures use a buffered polysaccharide solution but
employ different detection techniques. Viscosimetric methods are lacking in precision and accuracy22, while turbidimetric and
iodometric methods are difficult to standardize.23,24 Commonly used are saccharogenic and chromolytic methods. The classic
amylase measurement technique is a saccharogenic method25, but is difficult and time-consuming.26 Chromolytic methods
using p-nitrophenylglycosides as substrates have been recently developed.27 These assays have a higher specificity for
pancreatic amylase than for salivary amylase and are easily monitored.27
In the Piccolo method, the substrate, 2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl--D-maltotrioside (CNPG3), reacts with -amylase in the patient
sample, releasing 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol (CNP). The release of CNP creates a change in color.
-Amylase
CNPG3

CNP + D-Maltotrioside

The reaction is measured bichromatically at 405 nm and 500 nm. The change in absorbance due to the formation of CNP is
directly proportional to
-amylase activity in the sample.
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Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)


The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test is based on the Karmen rate method28 as modified by Bergmeyer.29 The current
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) reference method utilizes the Karmen/Bergmeyer technique of coupling
malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) in the detection of AST in serum.29,30 Lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) is added to the reaction to decrease interference caused by endogenous pyruvate.
AST catalyzes the reaction of L-aspartate and -ketoglutarate into oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. Oxaloacetate is converted to
malate and NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by the catalyst MDH.
AST
L-aspartate + -ketoglutarate

Oxaloacetate + L-glutamate
MDH

Oxaloacetate + NADH

Malate + NAD+

The rate of absorbance change at 340 nm/405 nm caused by the conversion of NADH to NAD+ is directly proportional to the
amount of AST present in the sample.
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
The first quantitative methods developed to measure gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) involved a second reaction to form an
azo dye that combined with a chromophore.39,40 The change to L--glutamyl-p-nitroanilide as the substrate in the reaction
eliminated the dye-formation step.41 Due to the poor solubility and stability of L--glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, this procedure was
modified to use the substrate L--glutamyl-3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide.42 The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry
(IFCC) recommended GGT method is based on the latter substrate, with glycylglycine as the other substrate.43
Abaxis has modified the IFCC method to react at 37C. The addition of sample containing gamma glutamyltranferase to the
substrates L--glutamyl-3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide and glycylglycine (gly-gly) causes the formation of L--glutamylglycylglycine (glu-gly-gly) and 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline.
GGT
L--glutamyl- + Gly-gly-3-carboxy 4-nitroanilide

Glu-gly-gly + 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline

The absorbance of this rate reaction is measured at 405 nm. The production of 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline is directly proportional
to the GGT activity in the sample.
Total Bilirubin (TBIL)
Total bilirubin levels have been typically measured by tests that employ diazotized sulfanilic acid.32,44 A newer, more specific
method has been developed using the enzyme bilirubin oxidase.34,35,36 In addition to using the more specific total bilirubin test
method, photodegradation of the analyte is minimized in the Piccolo System because the sample can be tested immediately
after collection.
In the enzyme procedure, bilirubin is oxidized by bilirubin oxidase into biliverdin. The final reaction is the conversion of
biliverdin into various purple compounds.
Bilirubin Oxidase
Bilirubin + O2

Biliverdin + H2O

Bilirubin is quantitated as the difference in absorbance between 467 nm and 550 nm. The initial absorbance of this endpoint
reaction is determined from the bilirubin blank cuvette and the final absorbance is obtained from the bilirubin test cuvette. The
amount of bilirubin in the sample is proportional to the difference between the initial and final absorbance measurements.
Total Protein (TP)
The total protein method is a modification of the biuret reaction, noted for its precision, accuracy, and specificity.45 Originally
developed by Riegler46 and modified by Weichselbaum47, Doumas, et al48 proposed a biuret reaction as a candidate total
protein reference method.
In the biuret reaction, the protein solution is treated with cupric [Cu(II)] ions in a strong alkaline medium. Sodium potassium
tartrate and potassium iodide are added to prevent the precipitation of copper hydroxide and the autoreduction of copper,
Page 3 of 89

respectively.47 The Cu(II) ions react with peptide bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and amide nitrogen atoms to form a
colored Cu-Protein complex.
OHTotal Protein + Cu(II)

Cu-Protein Complex

The amount of total protein present in the sample is directly proportional to the absorbance of the Cu-protein complex. The
total protein test is an endpoint reaction and the absorbance is measured as the difference in absorbance between 550 nm and
850 nm.

4. Principles of Procedure
See the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual, for the principles of procedure.

5. Description of Reagents
Reagents
Each Piccolo Liver Panel Plus reagent disc contains dry test-specific reagent beads (described below). A dry sample blank
reagent (comprised of buffer, surfactants, excipients, and preservatives) is included in each disc for use in calculating
concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase (AMY), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). Dedicated sample blanks are included in the disc for total
bilirubin, and total protein. Each reagent disc also contains a liquid diluent consisting of surfactants, excipients, and
preservatives.
Table 1: Reagents

Component

Quantity/Disc

Alanine Aminotransferase Reagent


L-alanine
-ketoglutaric acid
-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Buffers, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives

874 g
54 g
7 g
0.09 U

Albumin Reagent
Bromcresol purple, sodium salt
Buffer, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives

2 g

Alkaline Phosphatase Reagent


Magnesium chloride
Zinc sulfate
p-NPP, disodium salt
Buffers, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives

3 g
3 g
56 g

Amylase Reagent
CNPG3
Buffer, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives

40 g

Aspartate Aminotransferase Reagent


L-aspartic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH)
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (porcine heart)
-ketoglutaric acid
Buffers, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives
Page 4 of 89

426 g
0.04 U
5 g
0.01 U
28 g

Table 1 continued: Reagents

Component

Quantity/Disc

Gamma Glutamyltransferase Reagent


Glycylglycine
L-glutamic acid -(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide
Buffer, surfactant, excipients, and preservatives

317 g
30 g

Total Bilirubin Reagent


Beckman Bilirubin Enzyme Reagent
Buffer, excipients, and preservatives

0.1 U

Total Bilirubin Blank


Buffer, excipients, and preservatives
Total Protein Reagent
Sodium potassium tartrate
Cupric sulfate
Potassium iodide
Excipients and preservatives

343 g
134 g
28 g

Total Protein Blank


Sodium potassium tartrate
Potassium iodide
Excipients and preservatives

343 g
28 g

Warnings and Precautions


The diluent container in the reagent disc is automatically opened when the analyzer drawer closes. A disc with an opened
diluent container can not be re-used. Ensure that the sample or control has been placed into the disc before closing the
drawer.

Used reagent discs contain human body fluids. Follow good infection control practices when handling and disposing used
discs.49 See the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer Operators Manual for instructions on cleaning biohazardous spills.

The reagent discs are plastic and may crack or chip if dropped. Never use a dropped disc as it may spray bio-hazards
throughout the interior of the analyzer.

Reagent beads may contain acids or caustic substances. The operator does not come into contact with the reagent beads
when following the recommended procedures. In the event that the beads are handled (e.g., cleaning up after dropping and
cracking a reagent disc), avoid ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation of the reagent beads.

Reagent beads and diluent contain sodium azide which may react with lead and copper plumbing to form highly explosive
metal azides. Reagents will not come into contact with lead and copper plumbing when following recommended
procedures. However, if the reagents do come into contact with such plumbing, flush with a large volume of water to
prevent azide buildup.

Storage
Store reagent discs in their sealed pouches at 2-8C (36-46F). To use reagent discs, remove the discs in their sealed foil
pouches from the refrigerator. Discs in sealed pouches can be left at room temperature and then placed back in the refrigerator
several times. Ensure that the total time discs are at room temperature does not exceed 48 hours. Open the pouch and remove
the disc just prior to running the test.
Do not expose discs, in or out of the foil pouches, to direct sunlight or to temperatures above 32C (90F). A disc must be used
within 20 minutes of opening the pouch; a disc in an opened pouch can not be placed back in the refrigerator for use at a later
time.
Page 5 of 89

Indications of Reagent Disc Instability/Deterioration


Do not use a disc:
after the expiration date. An error message will appear on the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer display if you use an
expired disc;
from a torn or otherwise damaged pouch; or
if the desiccant is pink as observed through the strip of the packet enclosed in the disc pouch.

6. Instrument
See the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual for complete information on using the analyzer.

7. Sample Collection and Preparation


Sample collection techniques are described in the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer Operators Manual.

The minimum required sample size is ~90 L of heparinized whole blood, heparinized plasma, serum, or serum control.
The reagent disc sample chamber can contain up to 120 L of sample.

Finger puncture samples should be dispensed into the reagent disc immediately following sample collection.

Whole blood samples obtained by venipuncture must be homogeneous before transferring a sample to the reagent disc.
Gently invert the collection tube several times just prior to sample transfer. Do not shake the collection tube; shaking can
caused hemolysis.

Whole blood venipuncture samples should be run within 60 minutes of collection.50 Refrigerating whole blood samples
can cause significant changes in concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase.51 The sample may be separated into
plasma or serum and stored in capped sample tubes at 2-8C (36-46F) if the sample can not be run within 60 minutes.

Total Bilirubin results may be adversely affected by photodegradation. Whole blood samples not run immediately should
be stored in the dark for no longer than 60 minutes. If the sample can not be analyzed within that period, it should be
separated into plasma or serum and stored in a capped sample tube in the dark at low temperatures.52

Known Interfering Substances


The only anticoagulant recommended for use in the Piccolo test protocol is lithium heparin. Abaxis has performed studies
demonstrating that EDTA, fluoride, oxalate, and any anticoagulant containing ammonium ions will interfere with at least
one chemistry contained in the Piccolo Liver Panel Plus.

Amylase is secreted by several glands as well as by the pancreas. Only pancreatic amylase is of clinical interest.53
Contamination of a sample with nonpancreatic amylase will cause artificially elevated results. Finger puncture samples are
more prone to contamination than are venipuncture samples. If amylase results from a finger puncture sample are not
consistent with the patients clinical symptoms, repeat the test using a venipuncture sample.

Interference may be seen in the total protein test when analyzing samples with a triglyceride concentration >400 mg/dL
may show an increased total protein level. The Piccolo Analyzer suppresses any results that are affected by >10%
interference from lipemia. LIP is printed on the result card in place of the result.

8. Procedure
Materials Required
Refer to the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual, for information on ordering the materials needed to operate the Piccolo
Blood Chemistry Analyzer according to the recommended procedure.

One Piccolo Liver Panel Plus Reagent Disc PN: 400-1003 (a box of discs PN: 400-0003)

Materials Required but not Provided

Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer


Sample transfer pipettes (fixed volume approximately 100 L) and tips are provided with each Piccolo Blood Chemistry
Analyzer and may be reordered from Abaxis.
Page 6 of 89

Commercially available control reagents recommended by Abaxis (contact Abaxis Technical Service for approved control
materials and expected values).
Timer

Test Parameters
The Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer operates at ambient temperatures between 15C and 32C (59-90F). The analysis time
for each Piccolo Liver Panel Plus is <14 minutes. The analyzer maintains the reagent disc at a temperature of 37C (98.6F)
over the measurement interval.
Test Procedure
The complete sample collection and step-by-step operating procedures are detailed in the Piccolo Blood Analyzer Operators
Manual.
Quality Control
Quality measurements are ensured by many built-in quality control methods (see Piccolo Operators Manual). Abaxis also
ensures the accuracy of the calibration factors contained in the bar code printed on each reagent disc. However, users desiring
to verify the calibration factors can run additional quality control, using pseudospecimens such as serum-based quality control
materials.
Performance of the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer can be verified by running controls. For a list of approved quality
control materials with acceptance ranges, please contact Abaxis Technical Service.
See the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual, for a detailed discussion on running, recording, interpreting, and plotting control
results.
Calibration
The Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer is calibrated by the manufacturer before shipment. The bar code printed on the bar
code ring provides the analyzer with reagent disc-specific calibration data. See the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual.

9. Results
The Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer automatically calculates and prints the analyte concentrations in the sample. Details of
the endpoint and rate reaction calculations are found in the Piccolo Blood Analyzer Operators Manual. Interpretation of results
is detailed in the Operators Manual. Results are printed onto results cards supplied by Abaxis. The result cards have an
adhesive backing for easy placement in the patients files.
The reaction for each analyte occurs at 37C (98.6F).

10. Limitations of Procedure


General procedural limitations are discussed in the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual.

The only anticoagulant recommended for use with the Piccolo Blood Chemistry System is lithium heparin. Do not use
sodium heparin.

It is recommended that albumin tests be run using venous whole blood or serum rather than finger puncture whole blood.
Finger puncture sampling techniques may cause more cellular trauma than venipuncture techniques.

Samples with hematocrits in excess of 62-65% packed red cell volume (a volume fraction of 0.62-0.65) may give
inaccurate results. Samples with high hematocrits may be reported as hemolyzed. These samples may be spun down to get
plasma and then re-run in a new reagent disc.

Amylase is secreted by several glands as well as by the pancreas. Only pancreatic amylase is of clinical interest.53
Contamination of a sample with nonpancreatic amylase will cause artificially elevated results. Finger puncture samples are
more prone to contamination than are venipuncture samples. If amylase results from a finger puncture sample are not
consistent with the patients clinical symptoms, repeat the test using a venipuncture sample.

Any result for a particular test that exceeds the assay range should be analyzed by another approved test method or
sent to a referral laboratory. Do not dilute the sample and run it again on the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer.
Page 7 of 89

Warning:

Extensive testing of the Piccolo Blood Chemistry System has shown that, in very rare instances, sample
dispensed into the reagent disc may not flow smoothly into the sample chamber. Due to the uneven flow, an
inadequate quantity of sample may be analyzed and several results may fall outside the expected ranges. The
sample may be re-run using a new reagent disc.

Interference
Substances were tested as interferents with the analytes. Human serum pools were prepared. The concentration at which each
potential interferent was tested was based on the testing levels in NCCLS EP7-A.15
Effects of Endogenous Substances
Physiological interferents (hemolysis, icterus and lipemia) cause changes in the reported concentrations of some analytes.
The sample indices are printed on the bottom of each result card to inform the operator about the levels of interferents
present in each sample.

The Piccolo Blood Chemistry System suppresses any results that are affected by >10% interference from hemolysis,
lipemia or icterus. HEM, LIP, or ICT respectively, is printed on the result card in place of the result.

For maximum levels of endogenous substances contact Abaxis Technical Service.

Additionally, lactate at 230 mg/dL and lactate dehydrogenase at 10,000 U/L were found to have no effect on any of the
assays on this disc.

Effects of Therapeutic Substances


The following compounds do not significantly interfere with the chemistries in the Piccolo Reagent Disc. Significant
interference is defined as >10% shift in the result for a normal range specimen. Human serum pools were supplemented
with known concentrations of the drugs or chemicals and then analyzed.
Therapeutic or Exogenous
Substances
Acetaminophen
Acetylsalicylic acid
Chloramphenicol
Cimetidine
Dextran
Erythromycin
Hydrochlorothiazide
Isoniazide
Ketoprofen
Lidocaine
Methicillin
Methotrexate
Metronidazole
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Salicylic acid

Concentration with No
Significant Interference
(mg/dL)

Physiologic or
Therapeutic Range54-57
(mg/dL)

100
50
100
16
300
10
7.5
4
50
1
100
0.5
5
1
1
3
0.5
25

1-2
2-10
1-2.5
0.1-1
600-1800
0.2-2.0

0.1-0.7

0.15-0.6

0.1
0.1

1-2
0.4-3
15-30

Page 8 of 89

The following substances showed greater than 10% interference. Significant interference is defined as >10% shift in the result
for a normal range specimen. Human serum pools were supplemented with known concentrations of the drugs or chemicals
and then analyzed.
Concentration with Physiologic or
No Significant
Therapeutic
Interference (mg/dL) Range54-57 (mg/dL)

Interference

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)


Ascorbic acid
Oxaloacetate

20
132

0.8-1.2

11% inc*
843% inc

Albumin (ALB)
Acetoacetate
Ampicillin
Caffeine
Calcium chloride
Cephalothin (Keflin)
Ibuprofen
-Ketoglutarate
Nitrofurantoin
Proline
Sulfalazine
Sulfanilamide
Theophylline

102
30
10
20
400
50
5
20
4
10
50
20

0.05-3.60
0.5
0.3-1.5

10
0.5-4.2

0.2

2-4
10-15
1-2

18% dec*
12% dec
14% dec
17% dec
13% inc
28% inc
11% dec
13% dec
12% inc
14% dec
12% dec
11% dec

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)


Theophylline

20

1-2

42% dec

Total Bilirubin9 (TBIL)


Dopamine
L-dopa

19
5

55% dec
17% dec

*inc=increase; dec=decrease
For additional information on potential chemical interferents, see the Bibliography.

11. Expected Values


Samples from a total of 193 adult males and females, analyzed on the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer, were used to
determine the reference ranges for alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, total bilirubin, and total
protein. Samples from a total of 186 adult males and females, analyzed on the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer, were used to
determine the reference ranges for aspartate aminotransferase. Samples from a total of 131 adult males and females, analyzed
on the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer, were used to determine the reference ranges for gamma glutamyltransferase.
These ranges are provided as a guideline only. It is recommended that your office or institution establish normal ranges for the
geographic area in which you are located.

Page 9 of 89

Table 2: Piccolo References Ranges

Analyte
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin (ALB)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Male
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Female
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Total Bilirubin (TBIL)
Total Protein (TP)

Reference Range
Common Units
SI Units
10-47 U/L
3.3-5.5 g/dL
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
0.2-1.6 mg/dL
6.4-8.1 g/dL

10-47 U/L
33-55 g/L
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
3.4-27.4 mol/L
64-81 g/L

Amylase is secreted by several glands as well as by the pancreas. Only pancreatic amylase is of clinical interest.53
Contamination of a sample with nonpancreatic amylase will cause artificially elevated results. Finger puncture samples are
more prone to contamination than are venipuncture samples. If amylase results from a finger puncture sample are not
consistent with the patients clinical symptoms, repeat the test using a venipuncture sample.

12. Performance Characteristics


Linearity
The chemistry for each analyte is linear over the dynamic range listed below when the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer is
operated according to the recommended procedure (see the Piccolo Analyzer Operators Manual).

Table 3: Piccolo Dynamic Ranges

Analyte
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin (ALB)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Total Bilirubin(TBIL)
Total Protein (TP)

Dynamic Range
Common Units
SI Units
5-2000 U/L
1-6.5 g/dL
5-2400 U/L
5-4000 U/L
5-2000 U/L
5-3000 U/L
0.1-30 mg/dL
2-14 g/dL

5-2000 U/L
10-65 g/L
5-2400 U/L
5-4000 U/L
5-2000 U/L
5-3000 U/L
1.7-513 mol/L
20-140 g/L

If the analyte concentration is above the measuring range (dynamic range), but less than the system range, the print card will
indicate a > sign at the upper limit and an asterisk after the number, e.g. ALT >2000* U/L. If lower than the dynamic range,
a < will be printed with an asterisk, e.g. ALT <5* U/L. For values that are grossly beyond the measurement range (system
range), ~~~ will be printed instead of a result. Any time ~~~ appears on a print card, collect a new sample and rerun the
test. If results for the second sample are suppressed again, please call Abaxis Customer Service.
Specificity
The lower limit of detection for each analyte is: alanine aminotransferase 10 U/L; albumin 1 g/dL (10 g/L); alkaline
phosphatase 5 U/L; amylase 5 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase 5 U/L; gamma glutamyltransferase 5 U/L; total bilirubin 0.1
mg/dL (1.7 mol/L); and total protein 2 g/dL (20 g/L).

Page 10 of 89

Precision
Precision studies were conducted using NCCLS EP5-T2 guidelines.60 Results for within-run and total precision were
determined by testing two levels of control material.
Table 4: Precision (N=80)

Analyte
Alanine Aminotranferase (U/L)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Albumin (g/dL)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Amylase (U/L)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV

Within-Run

Total

21
2.76
13.4

21
2.79
13.5

52
2.70
5.2

52
3.25
6.2

5.6
0.09
1.7

5.6
0.11
2.1

3.7
0.07
2.0

3.7
0.11
2.9

39
1.81
4.6

39
2.29
5.8

281
4.08
1. 5

281
8.75
3.1

46
2.40
5.2

46
2.63
5.7

300
11.15
3.7

300
11.50
3.8

47
0.98
2.07

49
0.92
1.88

145
1.83
1.26

147
1.70
1.16

Page 11 of 89

Table 4 continued: Precision (N=80)

Analyte
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (U/L)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV
Total Protein (g/dL)
Control Level 1
Mean
SD
%CV
Control Level 2
Mean
SD
%CV

Within-Run

Total

25
0.59
2.34

25
0.74
2.94

106
1.52
1.43

106
2.29
2.15

0.8
0.06
8.0

0.8
0.07
9.3

5.2
0.09
1.7

5.2
0.15
2.8

6.8
0.05
0.8

6.8
0.08
1.2

4.7
0.09
2.0

4.7
0.09
2.0

Correlation
Heparinized whole blood and serum samples were collected from patients at two sites. The whole blood samples were analyzed
by the Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer at the field sites and the serum samples were analyzed by the Piccolo Analyzer and
by comparative methods. In some cases, high and low supplemented samples were used to cover the dynamic range. All
samples were run in singlicate on the same day. Representative correlation statistics are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Correlation of Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer with Comparative Method

Whole Blood
Lab 1
Lab 2
Alanine Aminotransferase (U/L)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method

0.98
0.91
1.3
3.21
86
10-174
Paramax

Page 12 of 89

0.99
0.94
2.5
2.84
67
10-174
Technicon

Table 5 continued: Correlation of Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer with Comparative Method

Whole Blood
Lab 1
Lab 2
Albumin (g/dL)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method
Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method
Amylase (U/L)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method
Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (U/L)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method

0.85
1.0
0.3
0.22
261
1.1-5.3
Paramax

0.90
0.88
0.1
0.21
100
1.5-5.0
Beckman

0.99
0.97
5.9
3.97
99
27-368
Paramax

0.93
1.14
17.6
4.79
80
26-150
Technicon

0.98
0.69
4.7
3.11
99
11-92
Paramax
0.93
0.87
5.3
2.76
159
13-111
Paramax

0.96
1.07
4.1
3.47
80
19-118
Technicon
1.0
0.97
3.0
1.90
46
13-252
DAX

1.0
0.98
0.4
3.29
135
5-312
Paramax

1.0*
1.60*
3.1*
18.57*
49
27-1848
Beckman

0.97
0.90
0.0
0.07
250
0.2-3.7
Paramax

0.98
1.11
0.4
0.09
91
0.1-6.4
Beckman

Page 13 of 89

Table 5 continued: Correlation of Piccolo Blood Chemistry Analyzer with Comparative Method

Whole Blood
Lab 1
Lab 2
Total Protein (g/dL)
Correlation
Slope
Intercept
SEE
N
Sample range
Comparative method

0.85
0.93
0.6
0.19
251
5.7-9.2
Paramax

0.87
0.94
0.3
0.16
92
6.5-9.2
Beckman

*Laboratory 2 ran only serum on the Piccolo analyzer for the gamma glutamyltransferase test correlation.
Results of Untrained User Study
An untrained user study was conducted in which participants were given only the test instructions and asked to perform
testing of 3 discs with blinded randomized samples. The samples consisted of serum pools prepared at three levels for each of
the eight analytes, ALT, albumin, ALP, AMY, AST, GGT, total bilirubin, and total protein. The participants were not given
any training on the use of the test. A total of approximately 60 participants were enrolled from 3 sites, representing a diverse
demographic (educational, age, gender, etc) population.
Tables below present the summary of the performance for each analyte.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Level 1
N
62
Mean
45.4 U/L
%CV
3.7%
Observed Range
42 53
Percent of Results
98.4%
in the Range
61/62
15.0%*
95%CI: 91.3% to 100%

Level 2
62
98.9 U/L
1.7%
96 103
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
184.3 U/L
1.5%
175 191
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

This percent is based on the premise that one cannot distinguish properly between normal and abnormal values when errors
are greater than one-quarter of the normal range. The range of (10 U/L - 47 U/L) was considered.
Albumin
N
Mean
%CV
Observed Range
Percent of Results
in the Range
12.5%

Level 1
62
3.0 g/dL
2.7%
2.9 3.2
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
3.5 g/dL
2.5%
3.3 3.7
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
4.2 g/dL
1.8%
4.0 4.4
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
171.5 U/L
3.2%
160-184
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
337.5 U/L
2.4%
287 388
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)


N
Mean
%CV
Observed Range
Percent of Results
in the Range
15.0%

Level 1
62
94.5 U/L
5.2%
85 106
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Page 14 of 89

Amylase (AMY)
Level 1
62
72.1 U/L
2.4%
67 75
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
126.9 U/L
2.1%
120 133
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
260.0 U/L
1.9%
248 273
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Asparate Aminotransferase (AST)


Level 1
N
62
Mean
56.0
%CV
2.4%
Observed Range
54 60
Percent of Results
100%
in the Range
62/62
15.0%
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
120.4
1.1%
117 124
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
276.3
1.0%
266 285
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT)


Level 1
N
62
Mean
35.0 U/L
%CV
2.8%
Observed Range
33 38
Percent of Results
100%
in the Range
62/62
15.0%
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
86.2 U/L
1.5%
83 90
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
131.3 U/L
1.5%
123 135
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 1
62
0.86 mg/dL
6.1%
0.8 1.0
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 2
62
2.5 mg/dL
2.6%
2.3 2.6
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
5.7 mg/dL
1.8%
5.4 5.9
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 1
62
4.8 g/dL
2.0%
4.6 5.3
98.4%
61/62
95%CI: 91.3% to 100%

Level 2
62
5.7 g/dL
1.5%
5.3 5.9
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

Level 3
62
7.1 g/dL
1.5%
6.7 7.5
100%
62/62
95%CI: 94.2% to 100%

N
Mean
%CV
Observed Range
Percent of Results
in the Range
15.0%

Total Bilirubin (TBIL)


N
Mean
%CV
Observed Range
Percent of Results
in the Range
15.0%
Total Protein (TP)
N
Mean
%CV
Observed Range
Percent of Results
in the Range
5.9%

13. Bibliography
1.
2.

Tonhazy, NE, NG White, and WW Umbreit. 1950. A rapid method for the estimation of the glutamic-aspartic
transaminase in tissues and its application to radiation sickness. Arch Biochem 28: 36-42.
Reitman, S and S Frankel. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic
pyruvic transminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28: 56-63.
Page 15 of 89

13. Bibliography (continued)


3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Murray, RL. 1989. Alanine aminotransferase. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, eds., Clinical chemistry: theory, analysis, and
correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 895-898.
Wrblewski, F and JS LaDue. 1956. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transminase in cardiac and hepatic disease. Proc Soc Exp
Biol Med 91: 569-571.
Bergmeyer, HU and M Hrder. 1980. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 3.
IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 18: 521-534.
Howe, PE. 1921. The use of sodium sulfate as the globulin precipitant in the determination of proteins in blood. J Biol
Chem 49: 93-107.
Howe, PE. 1921. The determination of proteins in blooda micro method. J Biol Chem 49: 109-113.
Wolfson, WQ, C Cohn, E Calvary, and F Ichiba. 1948. A rapid procedure for the estimation of total protein, true albumin,
total globulin, alpha globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin in 10 ml of serum. Am J Clin Pathol 18: 723-730.
Saifer, A, S Gerstenfeld, and F Vacsler. 1961. Photometric microdetermination of total serum globulins by means of a
tryptophan reaction. Clin Chem 7: 626-636.
Saifer, A and T Marven. 1966. The photometric microdetermination of serum total globulins with a tryptophan reaction: a
modified procedure. Clin Chem 12: 414-417.
Gendler, SM. 1989. Albumin. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, eds., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and Correlation.
St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 1029-1033.
Webster, D, AHC Bignell, and EC Attwood. 1974. An assessment of the suitability of bromocresol green for the
determination of serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta 53: 101-108.
Louderback, A, EH Mealey, and NA Taylor. 1968. A new dye-binding technic using bromcresol purple for determination
of albumin in serum. Clin Chem 14: 793-794. (Abstract)
Pinnell, AE and BE Northam. 1978. New automated dyebinding method for serum albumin determination with bromcresol purple. Clin Chem 24: 80-86.
King, EJ and AR Armstrong. 1934. A convenient method for determining serum and bile phosphatase activity. Can Med
Assoc J 31: 376-381.
Kind, PRN and EJ King. 1954. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with aminoantipyrine. J Clin Pathol 7: 322-326.
Ohmori, Y. 1937. Uber die Phosphomonoesterase. Enzymologia 4: 217-231.
Fujita, H. 1939. Uber die Mikrobestimmung der Blutphosphatase. J Biochem, Japan 30: 69-87.
Petitclerc, C, M Delisle, M Martel, C Fecteau, and N Brire. 1975. Mechanism of action of Mg2+ and Zn2+ on rat placental
alkaline phosphatase. I. Studies on the soluble Zn2+ and Mg2+ alkaline phosphatase. Can J Biochem 53: 1089-1100.
Tietz, NW, CA Burtis, P Duncan, K Ervin, CJ Petitclerc, AD Rinker, D Shuey, and ER Zygowicz. 1983. A reference
method for measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum. Clin Chem 29: 751-761.
Bowers, GN, Jr, HU Bergmeyer, M Hrder, and DW Moss. 1979. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part I. General considerations concerning the determination of the catalytic concentration of an
enzyme in the blood serum or plasma of man. Clin Chim Acta 98: 163F-174F.
McNeely, MDD. 1989. Amylase. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, eds., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and
Correlation, 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 906-909.
Zinterhofer, L, L Wardlaw, P Jatlow, and D Seligson. 1973. Nephelometric determination of pancreatic enzymes. I.
Amylase. Clin Chim Acta 43: 5-12.
Centers for Disease Control. 1975. Alpha-amylase methodology survey I. Atlanta: US Public Health Service; Nov, 1975.
Somogyi, M. 1960. Modifications of two methods for the assay of amylase. Clin Chem 6: 23-35.
Gillard, BK, HC Markman, and SA Feig. 1977. Direct spectrophotometric determination of a-amylase activity in saliva,
with p-nitrophenyl -maltoside as substrate. Clin Chem 23: 2279-2282.
Wallenfels, K, P Fldi, H Niermann, H Bender, and K Linder. 1978. The enzymic synthesis, by transglucosylation of a
homologous series of glycosidically substituted malto-oligosaccharides, and their use as amylase substrates. Carbohydrate
Res 61: 359-368.
Karmen, A. 1955. A note on the spectrophotometric assay of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in human blood serum. J
Clin Invest 34: 131-133.
Bergmeyer, HU, GN Bowers Jr, M Hrder, and DW Moss. 1977. Provisional recommendations on IFCC methods for the
measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes. Part 2. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase. Clin Chem 23:
887-899.
Ball, EG, JP Revel, and O Cooper. 1956. The quantitative measurement of -glutamyl transpeptidase activity. J Biol Chem
221: 895-908.
Goldbarg, JA, OM Friedman, EP Pineda, EE Smith, R Chatterji, EH Stein, and AM Rutenburg. 1960. The colorimetric
determination of -glutamyl transpeptidase with a synthetic substrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 91: 61-70.
Orlowski M and A Meister. 1963. -Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide: a new convenient substrate for determination and study of Land D--glutamyltranspeptidase activities. Biochim Biophys Acta 73: 679-681.
Page 16 of 89

13. Bibliography (continued)


33. Persijn, JP and W van der Slik. 1976. A new method for the determination of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase in serum. J Clin
Chem Clin Biochem 14: 421-427.
34. Shaw, LM, JH Stromme, JL London, and L Theodorsen. 1983. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part 4. IFCC method for Gamma-Glutamyltransferase. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 21: 633-646.
35. Meites, S. 1982. Bilirubin, direct reacting and total, modified Malloy-Evelyn method. In: WR Faulkner and S Meites, eds.,
Selected Methods of Clinical Chemistry, vol. 9. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; pp. 119124.
36. Koller, A and LA Kaplan. 1989. Total serum protein. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, eds., Clinical Chemistry: Theory,
Analysis, and Correlation, 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company;
pp. 1057-1060.
37. Reigler, E. 1914. Eine kolorimetrische Bestimmungsmethode des Eiweisses. Z Anal Chem 53: 242-245.
38. Weichselbaum, TE. 1946. An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood
serum and plasma. Am J Clin Path 16: 40-49.
39. Doumas, BT, DD Bayse, RJ Carter, T Peters Jr, and R Schaffer. 1981. A candidate reference method for determination of
total protein in serum. I. Development and validation. Clin Chem 27: 1642-1650.
40. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
41. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
42. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: Effect of temperature on the measured concentration of
analytes in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
43. Balistreri, WF and R Rej. 1994. Liver function. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 1466.
44. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
45. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
46. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
47. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
48. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
49. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
50. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
51. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: effect of temperature on the measured concentration of analytes
in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
52. Henry, RJ, DC Cannon, and JW Winkelman. 1974. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics, 2nd ed. New York:
Harper and Row; pp. 417-421; 1058-1059
53. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
54. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
55. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
56. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
57. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
58. Young, DS. 1990. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press.
59. Young, DS. 1991. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. 1991 supplement to the third edition. Washington, DC:
60. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Evaluation of Precision Performance of Clinical
Chemistry Devices, 2nd ed.; Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document EP5-T2. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.
Page 17 of 89

Leberprofil Plus
Fr die In-vitro-Diagnostik und nur fr die professionelle Anwendung
Technischer Kundendienst: +1 800-822-2947

Oktober 2006
PN: 400-7060 Rev.: K
1998, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA 94587

Kein CLIA-Zertifikat erforderlich: Ausschlielich


Lithiumheparin-Vollbut verwenden
Mige Komplexitt: Lithiumheparin-Vollbut,
Lithiumheparin-Plasma oder Serum verwenden

1. Verwendungszweck
Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem liefert bei Verwendung einer Piccolo-Leberprofil-Plus-Reagenzdisk mit Hilfe von
Trocken- und Flssigreagenzien in vitro quantitative Bestimmungen von Alaninaminotransferase, Albumin, alkalischer
Phosphatase, Amylase, Aspartataminotransferase, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Gesamtbilirubin und Gesamtprotein in
Heparin-Vollblut, Heparin-Plasma oder Serum.
Die Analysen dieses Panels erfordern gem den CLIA-Vorschriften aus dem Jahr 1988 keine CLIA-Zertifizierung.
Modifiziert ein Labor die Anweisungen fr das Analysesystem, gelten die Analysen als Tests hoher Komplexitt und
unterliegen allen CLIA-Vorschriften. In nicht von CLIA zugelassenen Labors darf ausschlielich Lithiumheparin-Vollblut
analysiert werden. In gem CLIA fr Analysen mit miger Komplexitt zugelassenen Labors drfen ausschlielich
Lithiumheparin-Vollblut, Lithiumheparin-Plasma oder Serum verwendet werden.
Mit dem Zertifikat zur Befreiung von den CLIA-Vorschriften knnen Analysen, fr die kein CLIA-Zertifikat bentigt wird,
durchgefhrt werden. Der Bescheid ber die Freistellung von der CLIA-Zertifizierung ist bei den Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services (CMS, USA) erhltlich. Die Commission on Laboratory Accreditation (COLA) ist unter 1-800-981-9883
bei der Beantragung behilflich.

2. Zusammenfassung und Erklrung der Tests


Die Piccolo-Leberprofil-Plus-Reagenzdisk und das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem umfassen ein InVitroDiagnostiksystem fr die Diagnose folgender Erkrankungen durch den Arzt:
Alaninaminotransferase:
Albumin:
Alkalische Phosphatase:
Amylase:
Aspartataminotransferase:
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase:
Gesamtbilirubin:
Gesamtprotein:

Erkrankungen der Leber, einschlielich Virushepatitis und Zirrhose;


Herzerkrankungen
Leber- und Nierenerkrankungen
Leber-, Knochen-, Nebenschilddrsen- und Darmerkrankungen
Pankreatitis
Erkrankungen der Leber sowie Hepatitis und Virusgelbsucht, Schock
Erkrankungen der Leber, Alkoholzirrhose, primre und sekundre
Lebertumore
Erkrankungen der Leber; Hepatitis und Verschluss der Gallenblase;
Gelbsucht
Erkrankungen der Leber, der Niere, des Knochenmarks; Stoffwechselund Ernhrungsstrungen

3. Testprinzipien
Alaninaminotransferase (ALT)
Zur Bestimmung von Alaninaminotransferase (ALT) existieren drei unterschiedliche Methoden. Zwei der Methoden die
kolorimetrische Dinitro-phenylhydrazin-Kopplungstechnik1,2 und der Fluoreszenzenzym-Assay werden nur selten
verwendet.3 Die gebruchlichste Methode zur Bestimmung der ALT-Konzentration im Serum basiert auf der Arbeit von
Wrblewski und LaDue4. Ein modifiziertes Verfahren nach Wrblewski und LaDue wird von der International Federation of
Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) empfohlen.5

Page 18 of 89

Die zum Gebrauch mit dem Piccolo-Analysesystem entwickelte Methode ist eine Modifizierung des von der IFCC
empfohlenen Verfahrens mit einer Reaktion bei hherer Temperatur. In dieser Reaktion katalysiert ALT die Umwandlung
einer Aminogruppe von L-Alanin zu -Ketoglutarat zur Bildung von L-Glutamat und Pyruvat. Laktatdehydrogenase katalysiert
die Umwandlung von Pyruvat zu Laktat. Begleitend wird NADH zu NAD+ oxidiert, wie im folgenden Reaktionsschema
dargestellt.
ALT
L-Glutamat + Pyruvat
L-Alanin + -Ketoglutarat
Pyruvat + NADH + H+

LDH

Laktat + NAD+

Die Extinktionsnderungsgeschwindigkeit zwischen 340 nm und 405 nm hngt mit der Umwandlung von NADH zu NAD+
zusammen und ist direkt proportional zur Menge des in der Probe vorhandenen ALT.
Albumin (ALB)
Frhe Methoden zur Messung von Albumin basieren auf Fraktionierungstechniken6, 7, 8 und dem Tryptophangehalt der
Globuline.9, 10 Diese Methoden sind schwer zu handhaben und nicht spezifisch. Zwei immunchemische Techniken werden als
Referenzmethoden betrachtet, sind jedoch teuer und zeitaufwendig11. Farbstoffbindungstechniken sind die am hufigsten
gebrauchten Methoden zur Bestimmung von Albumin. Bromcresolgrn (BCG) ist die am hufigsten verwendete
Farbstoffbindungstechnik, kann jedoch zu einer berschtzung der Albuminkonzentration fhren, insbesondere am unteren
Ende des Normalbereichs.12 Bromcresolpurpur (BCP) hat unter den verwendeten Farbstoffen die hchste Spezifitt.13, 14
An Albumin gebundenes Bromcresolpurpur (BCP) ndert die Farbe von gelb in blau. Der Extinktionswert ndert sich mit der
Farbe.
Tenside
BCP + Albumin

BCP-Albumin-Komplex
Sure-pH

Gebundenes Albumin ist zur Konzentration von Albumin in der Probe proportional. Dies ist eine Endpunktreaktion, die als
Extinktionsdifferenz zwischen 600 nm und 550 nm gemessen ist.
Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP)
Messtechniken fr alkalische Phosphatase wurden erstmals vor ber 60 Jahren entwickelt. Mehrere dieser Endpunkt- oder
Zweipunkt-Spektrophotometrieverfahren15, 16 werden heute als veraltet oder zu umstndlich betrachtet. Die Verwendung von pNitrophenylphosphat (p-NPP) beschleunigt die Reaktion.17, 18 Die Zuverlssigkeit dieser Technik wurde durch die Verwendung
eines Metallionenpuffers deutlich verbessert, da die Konzentration von Magnesium- und Zinkionen in der Reaktion19 nicht
verndert wird. Die Referenzmethode20 der American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) verwendet p-NPP als
Substrat und Metallionenpuffer.
Die Piccolo-Methode ist eine modifizierte AACC-20 und IFCC-21Methode. Alkalische Phosphatase hydrolysiert p-NPP in einen
Metallionenpuffer und bildet p-Nitrophenol und Phosphat.
ALP
p-Nitrophenylphosphat

Zn2+, Mg2+

p-Nitrophenol +
Phosphat

Die ALP-Konzentration in der Probe verhlt sich proportional zur Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Extinktion zwischen 405 nm
und 500 nm.
Amylase (AMY)
Etwa 200 verschiedene Tests zur Bestimmung von Amylase wurden entwickelt. Bei den meisten Verfahren wird eine
gepufferte Polysaccharidlsung eingesetzt, doch bedient man sich unterschiedlicher Detektionstechniken. Viskosimetrischen
Methoden mangelt es an Przision und Genauigkeit22, whrend turbidimetrische und iodometrische Methoden schwer zu
standardisieren sind.23,24 Hufig angewendete Methoden sind saccharogene und chromolytische Verfahren. Klassisch ist das
saccharogene Verfahren25, jedoch schwierig und zeitaufwendig.26 Chromolytische Verfahren mit p-Nitrophenylglycosiden als
Substrat wurden entwickelt.27 Diese Verfahren weisen eine hhere Spezifitt fr Pankreas-Amylase als fr Speichel-Amylase
auf und sind leicht zu berwachen.27

Page 19 of 89

In der Piccolo-Methode reagiert das Substrat 2-Chloro-4-Nitrophenyl--Maltotriosid (CNPG3) mit der -Amylase der
Patientenprobe unter Freisetzung von 2-Chloro-p-Nitrophenol (CNP). Dies fhrt zu einer Farbnderung.
-Amylase
CNPG3

CNP + D-Maltotriosid

Die Reaktion wird bi-chromatisch bei 405 nm und 500 nm gemessen. Die durch die Bildung von CNP verursachte nderung
der Extinktionsrate ist direkt proportional zur -Amylase-Aktivitt in der Probe.
Aspartataminotransferase (AST)
Die Bestimmung von Aspartataminotransferase (AST) basiert auf der durch Bergmeyer29 modifizierten Karmen-RateMethode28. Die gegenwrtige Referenzmethode der International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) setzt die Methode
der Karmen-Bergmeyer-Technik ein, bei der Malatdehydrogenase (MDH) und reduziertes Nicotinamiddinucleotid (NADH)
gekoppelt werden, um AST im Serum29, 30 zu bestimmen. Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) wird der Reaktion zugefgt, um
Interferenzen durch endogenes Pyruvat zu vermindern.
AST katalysiert die Reaktion von L-Aspartat und -Ketoglutarat in Oxaloacetat und L-Glutamat. Oxaloacetat wird umgesetzt
zu Malat und NADH wird durch den Katalysator MDH zu NAD+ oxydiert.
AST
L-Aspartat + -Ketoglutarat

Oxaloacetat + L-Glutamat
MDH

Oxaloacetat + NADH

Malat + NAD+

Die nderung der Extinktionsrate bei 340 nm/405 nm, hervorgerufen durch die Umwandlung von NADH in NAD+, ist direkt
proportional zur Menge an AST in der Probe.
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Erste quantitative Methoden zur Bestimmung von Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) nutzten eine zweite Reaktion zur
Farbbildung.39,40 Die Verwendung von L--Glutamyl-p-Nitroanilid als Substrat machte den Farbbildungsschritt berflssig.41
Wegen schlechter Lsbarkeit und geringer Stabilitt von L--Glutamyl-p-Nitroanilid wurde das Verfahren mittels Verwendung
des Substrats L--Glutamyl-3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilid verndert.42 Die von der International Federation of Clinical Chemistry
(IFCC) empfohlene Methode zur Bestimmung von GGT basiert auf dem genderten Verfahren mit Glycylglyczin als
Substrat.43
Abaxis hat die IFCC-Methode fr eine Reaktion bei 37 C modifiziert. Wird Probenmaterial, das
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase enthlt, den Substraten L--Glutamyl-3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilid und Glycylglyzin (gly-gly)
zugefgt, werden L--Glutamyl-Glycylglyzin (glu-gly-gly) und 3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilin gebildet.
GGT
L--glutamyl- + Gly-gly-3-Carboxy 4-Nitroanilid

Glu-gly-gly + 3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilin

Die Extinktionsrate wird bei 405 nm gemessen. Die Produktion von 3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilin ist direkt proportional zur GGTAktivitt in der Probe.
Gesamtbilirubin (TBIL)
Zur Messung von Gesamtbilirubin werden Tests mit diazotierter Sulfanilsure verwendet.32, 44 Neuere, spezifischere Methoden
wurden entwickelt, die das Enzym Bilirubinoxidase nutzen.34, 35, 36 Neben dem Vorteil einer spezifischeren GesamtbilirubinTestmethode wird am Analysesystem auch der fotochemische Abbau des Analyten minimiert, da die Probe sofort nach der
Entnahme getestet werden kann.
In der enzymatischen Reaktion wird Bilirubin durch Bilirubinoxidase zu Biliverdin oxidiert. In der abschlieenden Reaktion
verwandelt sich Biliverdin in verschiedene sog. Purpurverbindungen.
Bilirubinoxidase
Bilirubin + O2

Biliverdin + H2O

Page 20 of 89

Bilirubin wird quantifiziert als die Differenz der Extinktionsraten zwischen 467 nm und 550 nm. Die erste Messung wird in der
Bilirubin-Blindkvette, die zweite Messung in der Bilirubin-Testkvette durchgefhrt. Die Menge an Bilirubin in der Probe ist
proportional zur Differenz zwischen Anfangs- und Endabsorptionsmessung.
Gesamtprotein (TP)
Die Gesamtprotein-Methode ist eine Modifikation der Biuret-Reaktion, bekannt fr ihre Genauigkeit, Richtigkeit und
Spezifitt.45 Entwickelt von Riegler46 und modifiziert von Weichselbaum47, Doumas, et al.48 ist die Biuret-Reaktion als
Gesamtprotein-Referenzmethode empfohlen.
In der Biuret-Reaktion wird die Proteinlsung im stark alkalischen Medium mit Kupfer 2-Ionen [Cu(II)] behandelt.
Natriumkaliumtartrat und Kaliumiodid werden zugesetzt, um die Przipitation von Kupferhydroxid bzw. die Eigenreduktion
von Kupfer zu verhindern.47 Die Cu(II)-Ionen reagieren mit Peptidbrcken zwischen dem Carbonylsauerstoff- und
Amidstickstoffatomen und bilden einen farbigen Kupferproteinkomplex.
OHGesamtprotein + Cu(II)

Kupferproteinkomplex

Gesamtprotein in der Probe ist direkt proportional zur Extinktionsrate des Kupferproteinkomplexes. Der Gesamtproteintest ist
eine Endpunktreaktion bei der die Differenz aus den Extinktionsraten der Messungen bei 550 nm und 850 nm bestimmt wird.

4. Prinzipien des Verfahrens


Siehe Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems.

5. Beschreibung der Reagenzien


Reagenzien
Eine Piccolo-Leberprofil-Plus-Reagenzdisk enthlt lyophilisierte test-spezifische Reagenz-Beads (Beschreibung siehe unten).
Ein lyophilisiertes Blindprobenreagenz (bestehend aus Puffer, Tensiden, Hilfsstoffen und Konservierungsmittel) dient zur
Berechnung der Konzentration von Alaninaminotransferase (ALT), Albumin (ALB), alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP), Amylase
(AMY), Aspartataminotransferase (AST) und Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT). Besondere Blindproben befinden sich in
der Disk fr Gesamtbilirubin (TBIL) und Gesamtprotein (TP). Jede Reagenzdisk enthlt einen Verdnnungspuffer, der aus
Tensiden, Hilfsstoffen und Konservierungsmitteln besteht.
Tabelle 1: Reagenzien

Komponenten

Menge/Disk

Alaninaminotransferase-Reagenz
L-Alanin
-Ketoglutarsure
-Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinucleotid, reduziert (NADH)
Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

874 g
54 g
7 g
0,09 U

Albumin-Reagenz
Bromcresolpurpur, Natriumsalz
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

2 g

Reagenz Alkalische Phosphatase


Magnesiumchlorid
Zinksulfat
p-NPP, Dinatriumsalz
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

3 g
3 g
56 g

Page 21 of 89

Tabelle 1 Fortsetzung: Reagenzien

Komponenten
Amylase-Reagenz
CNPG3
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel
Aspartataminotransferase-Reagenz
L-Asparaginsure
Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
-Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinucleotid, reduziert (NADH)
Malatdehydrogenase (MDH) (Schweineherz)
-Ketoglutarsure
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

Menge/Disk

40 g

426 g
0,04 U
5 g
0,01 U
28 g

Gamma-Glutamyltransferase-Reagenz
Glycylglycin
L-Glutaminsure -(3-Carboxy-4-Nitroanilid)
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

317 g
30 g

Gesamtbilirubin-Reagenz
Beckman-Bilirubinenzym-Reagenz
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

0,1 U

Gesamtbilirubin-Blindprobe
Puffer, Tensid, Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel
Gesamtprotein-Reagenz
Natriumkaliumtartrat
Kupfer(II)-sulfat
Kaliumiodid
Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

343 g
134 g
28 g

Gesamtprotein Blank
Natriumkaliumtartrat
Kaliumiodid
Hilfsstoffe und Konservierungsmittel

343 g
28 g

Warnungen & Vorsichtsmanahmen


Der Verdnnungsbehlter im Reagenzdisk wird automatisch geffnet, wenn die Lade des Gertesystems schliet. Eine
Disk mit einem einmal geffneten Verdnnungsbehlter kann nicht wieder verwendet werden. Vor dem Schlieen der
Lade sicherstellen, dass die Probe richtig und in vorgegebener Menge in die Disk gefllt worden ist.

Benutzte Reagenzdisks enthalten Krperflssigkeiten, die als potenziell infektis anzusehen sind. Handhabung und
Entsorgung mssen den Bestimmungen entsprechen.49 Siehe auch die Anweisungen im Handbuch des PiccoloBlutchemie-Analysesystems zur Beseitigung von potenziell infektisen Verunreinigungen.

Reagenzdisks bestehen aus Plastikmaterial. Keine beschdigten oder heruntergefallenen Reagenzdisks einsetzen, da die
Mglichkeit besteht, dass potenziell infektises Material austritt und das Gertesystem verunreinigt.

Reagenz-Beads knnen Suren oder tzende Substanzen enthalten. Bei vorschriftsmigem Gebrauch entsteht kein
Kontakt mit dem Bediener. Kommt es dennoch zum direkten Kontakt (z. B. bei Reinigung und Beseitigung einer
zerstrten Reagenzdisk), sind Hautkontakt mit bzw. Inhalieren oder Verschlucken der Reagenz-Beads unbedingt zu
vermeiden.

Reagenz-Beads und Verdnnungspuffer enthalten Natriumazid, das mit Abflussleitungen aus Blei und Kupfer reagieren
und hochexplosive Metallazide bilden kann. Bei vorschriftsmigem Gebrauch entsteht kein Kontakt mit diesen
Page 22 of 89

Materialien. Im Fall eines Kontaktes mit Abflussleitungen mit groen Mengen Wasser (H2O) splen, um eine mgliche
Reaktion zu unterbinden.
Lagerung
Reagenzdisks in ihren versiegelten Beuteln bei 2-8 C lagern. Zur Verwendung einer Reagenzdisk die Disk in ihrem
versiegelten Folienbeuteln aus dem Khlschrank entnehmen. Disks in versiegelten Beuteln knnen beschrnkte Zeit bei
Raumtemperatur aufbewahrt und dann mehrmals zurck in den Khlschrank verbracht werden. Sicherstellen, dass die
Gesamtzeit, in der Disks bei Raumtemperatur gelagert werden, 48 Stunden nicht bersteigt. Den Beutel unmittelbar vor
Durchfhrung des Tests ffnen und die Disk entnehmen.
Disks nicht direktem Sonnenlicht oder Temperaturen ber 32 C aussetzen. Dies gilt auch fr im Beutel verpackte Disks. Eine
Disk muss innerhalb von 20 Minuten nach ffnung des Beutels verwendet werden; eine Disk in einem geffneten Beutel kann
nicht fr sptere Verwendung zurck in den Khlschrank gelegt werden.
Hinweise auf Reagenzienstabilitt/Alterung
Disks nicht verwenden:
Nach Ablauf des Verfallsdatums (Achtung: Verfallsdatum wird im amerikanischen Datumsformat angegeben: MM/TT/JJ).
Eine Fehlermeldung des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems weist zustzlich darauf hin.
Wenn der Verpackungsbeutel beschdigt ist.
Wenn ein Farbniederschlag auf dem Kissen im Beutel zu erkennen ist (Feuchtigkeit).

6. Gert
Siehe Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems.

7. Probengewinnung und Aufbereitung


Techniken zur Probengewinnung sind im Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems beschrieben.

Erforderliche Probenmenge ist Minimum ~90 L an Heparin-Vollblut, Heparin-Plasma, Serum oder Serumkontrolle. Die
Probenkammer in der Reagenzdisk kann bis zu 120 L Probe aufnehmen.

Kapillarproben mssen sofort nach Gewinnung eingefllt werden.

Vollblutproben aus venser Abnahme mssen vor dem Einfllen homogen sein. Das Probengef vor dem Einfllen
vorsichtig schwenken. Starkes Schwenken oder Schtteln kann zu Hmolyse fhren.

Vollblutproben mssen innerhalb von 60 Minuten analysiert werden.50 Khlung einer Vollblutprobe kann zu einer
signifikanten Vernderung der Konzentrationen von Aspartataminotransferase fhren.51 Falls keine Mglichkeit besteht,
die Probe innerhalb 60 Minuten zu analysieren, sollte diese in Serum oder Plasma separiert und in geschlossenen
Probengefen bei 2-8 C aufbewahrt werden.

Gesamtbilirubin wird photochemisch abgebaut. Vollblutproben, die nicht sofort abgebaut werden, sollten fr maximal 60
Minuten dunkel gelagert werden. Proben, die nicht in dieser Zeit analysiert werden knnen, sollten in Plasma oder Serum
separiert werden und dunkel bei niedrigen Temperaturen aufbewahrt werden.52

Bekannte Strsubstanzen
Das einzige fr das Piccolo-Testprotokoll empfohlene Antikoagulans ist Lithiumheparin. Abaxis hat Studien durchgefhrt,
die belegen, dass EDTA, Fluorid, Oxalat oder ein anderer beliebiger Gerinnungshemmer mit Ammonium-Ionen zu
Strungen bei mindestens einer Substanz in der Reagenzdisk fhrt.

Amylase wird von unterschiedlichen Drsen und dem Pankreas ausgeschieden. Lediglich Pankreas-Amylase ist von
klinischer Bedeutung.53 Verunreinigung einer Probe mit Amylase anderer Herkunft verursacht knstlich erhhte
Ergebnisse. Kapillarproben sind fr Verunreinigung anflliger als vense Proben. Wenn Amylase-Ergebnisse von einer
Kapillarprobe nicht mit dem klinischen Bild des Patienten bereinstimmen, den Test mit Hilfe einer vensen Probe
wiederholen.

Page 23 of 89

Strungen von Gesamtprotein werden beobachtet bei Proben mit Triglyzeridkonzentration >400 mg/dL. Diese knnen
erhhte Gesamtproteinspiegel aufweisen. Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem gibt keine Ergebnisse aus, die
Strungen >10 % durch Lipmie aufweisen. LIP wird an Stelle eines Wertes ausgedruckt.

8. Vorgehensweise
Bentigte Materialien
Siehe Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems fr zustzliche fr die Durchfhrung empfohlene Materialien.

Eine Piccolo Leberprofil Plus Reagenzdisk Art.-Nr.: 400-1003 (ein Karton mit Disks, Art.-Nr.: 400-0003)

Bentigte Materialien, die nicht zum Lieferumfang gehren

Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem
Probentransferpipetten (Fixvolumen ca. 100 L) und Spitzen werden mit jedem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem
geliefert und knnen bei Abaxis nachbestellt werden.
Von Abaxis empfohlene, im Handel erhltliche Kontrollreagenzien (zugelassene Kontrollmaterialien und Erwartungswerte
erfragen Sie bitte beim technischen Kundendienst von Abaxis)
Zeitgeber

Testparameter
Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem arbeitet bei Umgebungstemperaturen zwischen 15 C und 32 C . Die Analysezeit fr
jede Piccolo Reagenzdisk betrgt weniger als 13 Minuten. Die Temperatur innerhalb des Gertesystems betrgt whrend der
gesamten Messung 37 C.
Testverfahren
Probengewinnung sowie die einzelnen Schritte zur Durchfhrung einer Bestimmung sind im Handbuch des PiccoloBlutchemie-Analysesystems genau beschrieben.
Qualittskontrolle
Eine Vielzahl von Qualittskontrollparametern (siehe Handbuch) wird whrend jeden Laufs automatisch berprft. Abaxis
versichert die Richtigkeit der im Barcode beinhaltenden Kalibrationsfaktoren. Die Kalibrationsfaktoren knnen jedoch vom
Benutzer ber zustzliche Qualittskontrollen berprft werden, z. B. mit Kontrollproben wie Qualittskontrollmaterialien auf
Serumbasis.
Die Leistung des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems kann durch die Analyse von Kontrollen berprft werden. Fr eine Liste
zugelassener Qualittskontrollmaterialien und der zulssigen Bereiche wenden Sie sich bitte an den technischen Kundendienst
von Abaxis.
Siehe Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems zur weiteren Betrachtung zur Durchfhrung von Kontrollen und
Interpretation.
Kalibrierung
Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem wurde bei der Herstellung kalibriert und mit allen Faktoren programmiert. Mittels
Barcode auf dem Barcodering der Reagenzdisk werden dem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem die diskspezifischen
Kalibrationsdaten mitgeteilt. Siehe auch Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems.

9. Ergebnisse
Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem berechnet und druckt die verschiedenen Parameterkonzentrationen in der Probe
automatisch. Weitere Informationen zur Endpunkt und Ratenreaktionsberechnung finden sich im Handbuch des PiccoloBlutchemie-Analysesystems. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist im Handbuch beschrieben. Ergebnisse werden auf
Ergebniskarten ausgedruckt, die Abaxis mit den Reagenzdisks liefert. Die Ergebniskarten sind zum Einkleben in die
Patientenakte auf der Rckseite mit Klebstoff beschichtet. Zustzliche Karten sind auf Anfrage verfgbar.
Alle Reaktion werden bei 37 C gemessen.

10. Grenzen des Verfahrens


Allgemeine Grenzen des Verfahren werden im Handbuch des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems beschrieben.
Page 24 of 89

Das einzige zur Verwendung mit dem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem empfohlene Antikoagulans ist
Lithiumheparin. Kein Natriumheparin verwenden.

Bei Albuminbestimmung ist eine Vollblut- oder Serumprobe der kapillaren Abnahme vorzuziehen. Im Gegensatz zu
venser Abnahme kann kapillare Abnahme zu erhhter Zellschdigung fhren.

Proben mit einem Hmatokritwert von mehr als 62-65 % Erythrozytenvolumen knnen zu ungenauen Ergebnissen fhren.
Proben mit hohem Hmatokrit knnen als hmolysiert im Ausdruck erscheinen. Diese Proben knnen zum Erhalt von
Plasma zentrifugiert und dann in einer neuen Reagenzdisk erneut getestet werden.

Amylase wird von unterschiedlichen Drsen und dem Pankreas ausgeschieden. Lediglich Pankreas-Amylase ist von
klinischer Bedeutung.53 Verunreinigung einer Probe mit Amylase anderer Herkunft verursacht knstlich erhhte
Ergebnisse. Kapillarproben sind fr Verunreinigung anflliger als vense Proben. Wenn Amylase-Ergebnisse von einer
Kapillarprobe nicht mit dem klinischen Bild des Patienten bereinstimmen, den Test mit einer vensen Probe wiederholen.

Alle den Assaybereich berschreitenden Analyseergebnisse sollten mit einem anderen zugelassenen Testverfahren
analysiert oder an ein Referenzlabor geschickt werden. Die Probe nicht verdnnen und erneut im PiccoloBlutchemie-Analysesystem testen.
Achtung:

Umfassende Prfungen des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems haben ergeben, dass in sehr seltenen Fllen
eine in die Reagenzdisk gegebene Probe nicht problemlos in die Probenkammer rinnt. Daher wird
mglicherweise nur eine unzureichende Probenmenge analysiert und einige Ergebnisse knnen auerhalb des
Referenzbereichs liegen. Die Probe kann mit einer neuen Reagenzdisk nochmals getestet werden.

Strsubstanzen
Es wurden Substanzen als mgliche Strsubstanzen mit den Analyten getestet. Humanserum-Pools wurden hergestellt. Die
Konzentration, bei der die mglichen Strsubstanzen jeweils getestet wurden, basiert auf den Testkonzentrationen nach
NCCLS EP7-A.15
Auswirkungen endogener Substanzen
Physiologische Strsubstanzen (Hmolyse, Ikterus und Lipmie) verursachen Vernderungen in den ausgegebenen
Konzentrationen mancher Analyten. Die Probenindizes werden unten auf jeder Ergebniskarte ausgedruckt, damit der
Bediener wei, in welcher Konzentration die Strsubstanzen in den einzelnen Proben auftreten.

Das Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem unterdrckt alle Ergebnisse, die auf Grund von Hmolyse, Lipmie oder Ikterus
Strungen von mehr als 10 % aufweisen. In solchen Fllen wird auf der Ergebniskarte an Stelle des Ergebnisses HEM
(Hmolyse), LIP (Lipmie) oder ICT (Ikterus) ausgedruckt.

Angaben zu den maximalen Konzentrationen endogener Substanzen erhalten Sie beim technischen Kundendienst von
Abaxis.

Des Weiteren haben Laktat bei 230 mg/dL und Laktatdehydrogenase bei 10.000 U/L nachgewiesenermaen keine
Auswirkungen auf die mit dieser Disk durchgefhrten Analysen.

Auswirkungen therapeutischer Substanzen

Die im Folgenden aufgefhrten Substanzen zeigen keine signifikante Strung der Chemie in der Piccolo-Reagenzdisk.
Signifikante Strung ist definiert als >10% Vernderung der Ergebnisse bei einer Probe im Normalbereich. HumanserumPools wurden mit bekannten Konzentrationen der Substanzen versetzt und anschlieend gemessen.

Page 25 of 89

Therapeutische oder exogene


Substanzen
Acetaminophen
Acetylsalicylsure
Chloramphenicol
Cimetidin
Dextran
Erythromycin
Hydrochlorothiazid
Isoniazid
Ketoprofen
Lidokain
Methicillin
Methotrexat
Metronidazol
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Salicylsure

Konzentration ohne
signifikante Interferenzen
(mg/dL)

Physiologische oder
therapeutische Werte54-57
(mg/dL)

100
50
100
16
300
10
7,5
4
50
1
100
0,5
5
1
1
3
0,5
25

12
210
12,5
0,11
6001800
0,22,0

0,10,7

0,150,6

0,1
0,1

12
0,43
1530

Die folgenden Substanzen zeigten Interferenzen grer als 10 %. Signifikante Interferenz ist definiert als >10 % Vernderung
im Ergebnis bei Normalwerten. Humanserum-Pools wurden mit bekannten Konzentrationen der Medikamente oder
Chemikalien ergnzt und dann analysiert.
Konzentration ohne
Physiologische oder
signifikante Interferenzen therapeutische Werte54-57
(mg/dL)
(mg/dL)
Interferenz
Alaninaminotransferase (ALT)
Ascorbinsure
Oxaloacetat

20
132

0,81,2

11 % inc*
843 % inc

Albumin (ALB)
Acetoacetat
Ampicillin
Koffein
Kalziumchlorid
Cephalothin (Keflin)
Ibuprofen
-Ketoglutarat
Nitrofurantoin
Prolin
Sulfalazin
Sulfanilamid
Theophyllin

102
30
10
20
400
50
5
20
4
10
50
20

0,053,60
0,5
0,31,5

10
0,54,2

0,2

24
1015
12

18 % dec*
12 % dec
14 % dec
17 % dec
13 % inc
28 % inc
11 % dec
13 % dec
12 % inc
14 % dec
12 % dec
11 % dec

Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP)


Theophyllin

20

12

42 % dec

Gesamtbilirubin9 (TBIL)
Dopamin
L-dopa

19
5

55 % dec
17 % dec

* inc = Erhhung; dec = Erniedrigung.


Zustzliche Information ber potentielle chemische Interferenzen, siehe Literaturverzeichnis.
Page 26 of 89

11. Erwartete Werte


Zur Bestimmung der Referenzwerte von Alaninaminotransferase, Albumin, alkalischer Phosphatase, Amylase, Gesamtbilirubin
und Gesamtprotein wurden 193 Proben von mnnlichen und weiblichen Erwachsenen mit dem Piccolo-BlutchemieAnalysesystem analysiert. 186 Proben von mnnlichen und weiblichen Erwachsenen wurden zur Bestimmung der
Referenzwerte von Aspartataminotransferase mit dem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem analysiert. 131 Proben von
mnnlichen und weiblichen Erwachsenen wurden zur Bestimmung der Referenzwerte von Gamma-Glutamyltransferase mit
dem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem analysiert.
Diese Bereiche werden nur als eine Richtlinie genannt. Wir empfehlen, dass Ihr Labor oder Ihre Institution eigene
Normalwerte fr Ihre besondere Population ermittelt.
Tabelle 2: Piccolo-Referenzwerte

Analyte
Alaninaminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin (ALB)
Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP), Mann
Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP), Frau
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartataminotransferase (AST)
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Gesamtbilirubin (TBIL)
Gesamtprotein (TP)

Referenzwerte
Konv. Einheiten SI Einheiten
1047 U/L
3,35,5 g/dL
53128 U/L
42141 U/L
1497 U/L
1138 U/L
565 U/L
0,21,6 mg/dL
6,48,1 g/dL

1047 U/L
3355 g/L
53128 U/L
42141 U/L
1497 U/L
1138 U/L
565 U/L
3,427,4 mol/L
6481 g/L

Amylase wird von unterschiedlichen Drsen und dem Pankreas ausgeschieden. Lediglich Pankreas-Amylase ist von klinischer
Bedeutung.53 Verunreinigung einer Probe mit Amylase anderer Herkunft verursacht knstlich erhhte Ergebnisse.
Kapillarproben sind fr Verunreinigung anflliger als vense Proben. Wenn Amylase-Ergebnisse von einer Kapillarprobe nicht
mit dem klinischen Bild des Patienten bereinstimmen, den Test mit einer vensen Probe wiederholen.

12. Leistungsmerkmale
Linearitt
Bei richtiger Benutzung des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems ist der Reaktionsverlauf folgender Analyte linear ber den
genannten dynamischen Bereich
Tabelle 3: Piccolo dynamische Bereiche

Analyte
Alaninaminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin (ALB)
Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP)
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartataminotransferase (AST)
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Gesamtbilirubin(TBIL)
Gesamtprotein (TP)

Dynamische Bereiche
Konv. Einheiten SI Einheiten
52000 U/L
16,5 g/dL
52400 U/L
54000 U/L
52000 U/L
53000 U/L
0,130 mg/dL
214 g/dL

52000 U/L
1065 g/L
52400 U/L
54000 U/L
52000 U/L
53000 U/L
1,7513 mol/L
20140 g/L

Wenn die Analytkonzentration ber dem Messbereich (dynamischen Bereich) aber unter dem Systembereich liegt, wird auf der
Ergebniskarte an der oberen Grenze das Zeichen > und nach dem Zahlenwert ein Stern eingesetzt. Beispiel: ALT >2000*
U/L. Liegt das Ergebnis unterhalb des dynamischen Bereichs, wird das Zeichen < mit einem Stern ausgegeben. Beispiel:
ALT <5* U/L. Bei Werten, die sehr weit auerhalb des Messbereichs (Systembereichs) liegen, wird anstelle eines Ergebnisses
~~~ gedruckt. Immer wenn ~~~ auf einer Ergebniskarte erscheint, muss eine neue Probe genommen und die Analyse
Page 27 of 89

wiederholt werden. Wenn auch fr die zweite Probe kein Ergebnis gedruckt wird, bitte den technischen Kundendienst von
Abaxis kontaktieren.
Spezifitt
Die unteren Grenzen bei der Bestimmung der Analyte sind: Alaninaminotransferase 10 U/L; Albumin 1 g/dL (10 g/L);
Alkalische Phosphatase 5 U/L; Amylase 5 U/L; Aspartataminotransferase 5 U/L; Gamma-Glutamyltransferase 5 U/L;
Gesamtbilirubin 0,1 mg/dL (1,7 mol/L); Gesamtprotein 2 g/dL (20 g/L).
Przision
Przisionsstudien wurden gem den Bestimmungen NCCLS EP5-T2 durchgefhrt.60 Przision whrend der Analyse und
Gesamtprzision wurden mittels Kontrollmaterial Level 1 und Level 2 bestimmt.
Tabelle 4: Przision (N=80)

Analyte
Alaninaminotranferase (U/L)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Albumin (g/dL)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Alkalische Phosphatase (U/L)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Amylase (U/L)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV

Whrend Analyse Gesamt


21
2,76
13,4

21
2,79
13,5

52
2,70
5,2

52
3,25
6,2

5,6
0,09
1,7

5,6
0,11
2,1

3,7
0,07
2,0

3,7
0,11
2,9

39
1,81
4,6

39
2,29
5,8

281
4,08
1,5

281
8,75
3,1

46
2,40
5,2

46
2,63
5,7

300
11,15
3,7

300
11,50
3,8

Page 28 of 89

Tabelle 4 Fortsetzung: Przision (N=80)

Analyte
Aspartataminotransferase (U/L)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Gamma- Glutamyltransferase (U/L)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Gesamtbilirubin (mg/dL)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Gesamtprotein (g/dL)
Kontrolle Level 1
Mittelwert
SD
%CV
Kontrolle Level 2
Mittelwert
SD
%CV

Whrend Analyse Gesamt

47
0,98
2,07

49
0,92
1,88

145
1,83
1,26

147
1,70
1,16

25
0,59
2,34

25
0,74
2,94

106
1,52
1,43

106
2,29
2,15

0,8
0,06
8,0

0,8
0,07
9,3

5,2
0,09
1,7

5,2
0,15
2,8

6,8
0,05
0,8

6,8
0,08
1,2

4,7
0,09
2,0

4,7
0,09
2,0

Korrelation
Heparin-Vollblut- und Serumproben wurden an zwei unterschiedlichen Stellen gewonnen. Die Vollblutproben wurden vor Ort
mit dem Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem gemessen und die Serumproben wurden mit einem Piccolo-BlutchemieAnalysesystem sowie der Vergleichsmethode analysiert. Um den gesamten dynamischen Bereich abzudecken, wurden in
einigen Fllen Proben mit hohen und niedrigen Konzentrationen ergnzt. Alle Proben wurden am selben Tag in
Einzelbestimmung bestimmt. Reprsentative Korrelationsstatistiken in Tabelle 5.

Page 29 of 89

Tabelle 5: Korrelation des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems mit Vergleichsmethoden

Alaninaminotransferase (U/L)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Albumin (g/dL)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Alkalische Phosphatase (U/L)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Amylase (U/L)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Aspartataminotransferase (U/L)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (U/L)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode

Labor 1

Vollblut
Labor 2

0,98
0,91
1,3
3,21
86
10174
Paramax

0,99
0,94
-2,5
2,84
67
10174
Technicon

0,85
1,0
-0,3
0,22
261
1,15,3
Paramax

0,90
0,88
-0,1
0,21
100
1,55,0
Beckman

0,99
0,97
-5,9
3,97
99
27368
Paramax

0,93
1,14
-17,6
4,79
80
26150
Technicon

0,98
0,69
-4,7
3,11
99
1192
Paramax
0,93
0,87
5,3
2,76
159
13111
Paramax

0,96
1,07
-4,1
3,47
80
19118
Technicon
1,0
0,97
3,0
1,90
46
13252
DAX

1,0
0,98
-0,4
3,29
135
5312
Paramax

1,0*
1,60*
3,1*
18,57*
49
271848
Beckman

Page 30 of 89

Tabelle 5 Fortsetzung: Korrelation des Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystems mit Vergleichsmethoden

Gesamtbilirubin (mg/dL)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode
Gesamtprotein (g/dL)
Korrelation
Steigung
Schnittpunkt
SEE
N
Probenbereich
Vergleichsmethode

Labor 1

Vollblut
Labor 2

0,97
0,90
0,0
0,07
250
0,23,7
Paramax

0,98
1,11
-0,4
0,09
91
0,16,4
Beckman

0,85
0,93
0,6
0,19
251
5,79,2
Paramax

0,87
0,94
0,3
0,16
92
6,59,2
Beckman

*Labor 2: nur Serumproben am Piccolo-Blutchemie-Analysesystem bei Korrelation GGT.


Ergebnisse der Studie mit ungeschulten Benutzern
Bei einer Studie mit ungeschulten Benutzern wurde den Teilnehmern nur die Gebrauchsanweisung zur Verfgung gestellt
und ihnen die Aufgabe gestellt, 3 Disks mit randomisierten Blindproben zu analysieren. Die Proben bestanden aus Serumpools,
die mit jeweils drei Konzentrationen von jedem der acht Analyten (ALT, Albumin, ALP, AMY, AST, GGT, Gesambilirubin
und Gesamtprotein) prpariert waren. Die Teilnehmer erhielten keinerlei Schulung fr die Durchfhrung der Analyse.
Insgesamt nahmen ca. 60 Teilnehmer von 3 verschiedenen Orten und mit unterschiedlichem Hintergrund (Ausbildung, Alter,
Geschlecht etc.) an der Studie teil.
Die unten stehenden Tabellen zeigen eine Zusammenfassung der Leistung fr jedes Analyt.
Alaninaminotransferase (ALT)
Konzentration 1
N
62
Mittelwert
45,4 U/L
% VK
3,7 %
Ermittelter Bereich
4253
Prozentsatz der
98,4 %
Ergebnisse
61/62
innerhalb des
95 %-VI: 91,3 % bis
Bereichs
100 %
15,0 %*

Konzentration 2
62
98,9 U/L
1,7 %
96103
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
184,3 U/L
1,5 %
175191
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Dieser Prozentsatz basiert auf der Annahme, dass bei Fehlerausmaen von mehr als einem Viertel des Normalbereichs nicht
korrekt zwischen normalen und abnormalen Werten unterschieden werden kann. Der bercksichtigte Messbereich war 10 U/L
47 U/L.

Page 31 of 89

Albumin
Konzentration 1
62
3,0 g/dL
2,7 %
2,93,2
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 2
62
3,5 g/dL
2,5 %
3,33,7
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
4,2 g/dL
1,8 %
4,04,4
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Alkalische Phosphatase (ALP)


Konzentration 1
N
62
Mittelwert
94,5 U/L
% VK
5,2 %
Ermittelter Bereich
85106
Prozentsatz der
100 %
Ergebnisse
62/62
innerhalb des
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
Bereichs
100 %
15,0 %

Konzentration 2
62
171,5 U/L
3,2 %
160184
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
337,5 U/L
2,4 %
287388
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 1
62
72,1 U/L
2,4 %
6775
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 2
62
126,9 U/L
2,1 %
120133
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
260,0 U/L
1,9 %
248273
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Aspartataminotransferase (AST)
Konzentration 1
N
62
Mittelwert
56,0
% VK
2,4 %
Ermittelter Bereich
5460
Prozentsatz der
100 %
Ergebnisse
62/62
innerhalb des
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
Bereichs
100 %
15;0 %

Konzentration 2
62
120,4
1,1 %
117124
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
276,3
1,0 %
266285
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

N
Mittelwert
% VK
Ermittelter Bereich
Prozentsatz der
Ergebnisse
innerhalb des
Bereichs
12,5 %

Amylase (AMY)
N
Mittelwert
% VK
Ermittelter Bereich
Prozentsatz der
Ergebnisse
innerhalb des
Bereichs
15,0 %

Page 32 of 89

Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Konzentration 1
N
62
Mittelwert
35,0 U/L
% VK
2,8 %
Ermittelter Bereich
3338
Prozentsatz der
100 %
Ergebnisse
62/62
innerhalb des
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
Bereichs
100 %
15,0 %

Konzentration 2
62
86,2 U/L
1,5 %
8390
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
131,3 U/L
1,5 %
123135
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 1
62
0,86 mg/dL
6,1 %
0,81,0
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 2
62
2,5 mg/dL
2,6 %
2,32,6
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
5,7 mg/dL
1,8 %
5,45,9
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 1
62
4,8 g/dL
2,0 %
4,65,3
98,4 %
61/62
95 %-VI: 91,3 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 2
62
5,7 g/dL
1,5 %
5,35,9
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Konzentration 3
62
7,1 g/dL
1,5 %
6,77,5
100 %
62/62
95 %-VI: 94,2 % bis
100 %

Gesamtbilirubin (TBIL)
N
Mittelwert
% VK
Ermittelter Bereich
Prozentsatz der
Ergebnisse
innerhalb des
Bereichs
15,0 %
Gesamtprotein (TP)
N
Mittelwert
% VK
Ermittelter Bereich
Prozentsatz der
Ergebnisse
innerhalb des
Bereichs
5,9 %

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total protein in serum. I. Development and validation. Clin Chem 27: 1642-1650.
40. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
41. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
42. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: Effect of temperature on the measured concentration of
analytes in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
43. Balistreri, WF and R Rej. 1994. Liver function. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 1466.
44. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
45. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
46. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
47. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
49. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
49. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
50. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
51. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: effect of temperature on the measured concentration of analytes
in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
52. Henry, RJ, DC Cannon, and JW Winkelman. 1974. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics, 2nd ed. New York:
Harper and Row; pp. 417-421; 1058-1059
53. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
54. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
55. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
56. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
57. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
58. Young, DS. 1990. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press.
59. Young, DS. 1991. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. 1991 supplement to the third edition. Washington, DC:
60. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Evaluation of Precision Performance of Clinical
Chemistry Devices, 2nd ed.; Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document EP5-T2. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.

Page 35 of 89

Bilan hpatique Plus


Conu uniquement pour les diagnostics in vitro et pour tre utilis par des professionnels
Service la clientle et service technique : 800-822-2947
Drogation CLIA : Utilisation de sang entier

hparine de lithium, uniquement


Complexit modre : Utilisation de sang entier hparine de lithium,
de plasma hparine de lithium ou de srum

Octobre 2006
PN : 400-7060 Rv. : K
1998, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA 94587

1. Emploi prvu
Le bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo, utilis avec lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo, utilise des ractifs secs et liquides pour
ses dterminations quantitatives in vitro dalanine aminotransfrase, dalbumine, de phosphatase alcaline, damylase,
daspartate aminotransfrase, de gamma glutamyltransfrase, de bilirubine totale et de protine totale dans le sang hparin, le
plasma hparin ou le srum.
Les tests effectus ici font l'objet d'une drogation dans le cadre des rglementations CLIA 88. Si un laboratoire modifie les
instructions du systme de test, alors les tests sont considrs comme hautement complexes et soumis toutes les
rglementations CLIA. Pour les laboratoires faisant l'objet d'une drogation CLIA, seul le sang entier l'hparine de lithium
peut tre test. utiliser dans les laboratoires complexit modre, le sang entier hparin lithium, le srum ou le plasma
hparin lithium peuvent tre utiliss.
Un certificat de renonciation CLIA est ncessaire pour effectuer les tests faisant l'objet d'une drogation CLIA. Il est possible
de se procurer un certificat de renonciation auprs des centres de service Medicare et Medicaid (Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services) (CMS). Contacter la Commission on Laboratory Accreditation (COLA) au 1-800-981-9883 pour savoir
comment sen procurer un.

2. Rsum et explication des tests


Le bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo et lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo constituent un systme de diagnostic in vitro, qui
aide les mdecins diagnostiquer les troubles suivants :
Alanine aminotransfrase :
Albumine :
Phosphatase alcaline :
Amylase :
Aspartate aminotransfrase :
Gamma glutamyltransfrase :
Bilirubine totale :
Protine totale :

Maladies du foie, y compris lhpatite virale et la cirrhose ;


cardiopathies.
Maladies du foie et des reins.
Maladies du foie, des os, de la parathyrode et des intestines.
Pancratite.
Maladie du foie y compris lhpatite et la jaunisse virale, tat de
choc.
Maladies du foie, y compris la cirrhose alcoolique et les tumeurs
du foie primitives et secondaires.
Maladies du foie, y compris lhpatite et lobstruction de la
vsicule biliaire ; jaunisse.
Maladies du foie, des reins et de la moelle osseuse ; troubles
mtaboliques et nutritionnels.

3. Principes des tests


Alanine aminotransfrase (ALT)
Lalanine aminotransfrase (ALT) a t mesure laide de trois mthodes. Deux de ces mthodes, la technique de couplage
dinitrophnylhydrazine colorimtrique1, 2 et le dosage enzymatique fluorescent, sont rarement utilises.3 Une mthode
enzymatique base sur luvre de Wrblewski et LaDue4 est la technique utilise le plus souvent pour dterminer les
concentrations dALT dans le srum. Une procdure modifie de Wrblewski et LaDue a t propose comme procdure
recommande par la Fdration internationale de chimie clinique (FICC).5

Page 36 of 89

La mthode dveloppe pour utilisation sur lanalyseur Piccolo est la mme que celle recommande par la FICC, mais utilise
une temprature plus leve. Dans cette raction, lALT catalyse le transfert dun groupe amino de L-alanine en
-ctoglutarate afin de former du L-glutamate et du pyruvate. Le lactate dshydrognase (LDH) catalyse la conversion du
pyruvate en lactate. En mme temps, la NADH est oxyde en NAD+, tel quillustr dans le plan de raction suivant.
ALT
L-Alanine + -ctoglutarate
Pyruvate + NADH + H+

L-glutamate + pyruvate
LDH

Lactate + NAD+

Le taux de variation de la diffrence dabsorbance entre 340 nm et 405 nm est caus par la conversion de NADH en NAD+ et
est directement proportionnel la quantit dALT prsent dans lchantillon.
Albumine (ALB)
Les premires mthodes utilises pour mesurer lalbumine comprennent les techniques de fractionnement6, 7, 8 et la teneur en
tryptophane des globulines.9, 10 Ces mthodes sont trs compliques effectuer et nont pas une haute spcificit. Deux
techniques immunochimiques sont considres comme des mthodes de rfrence mais elles sont coteuses et longues.11 Les
techniques de fixation de colorant sont les mthodes les plus utilises pour mesurer lalbumine. Le vert de bromocrsol (BCG)
est la mthode de fixation de colorant la plus utilise mais elle risque de surestimer la concentration dalbumine, surtout
lextrmit infrieure de la gamme normale.12 Le violet de bromocrsol (BCP) est le plus spcifique des colorants utiliss.13, 14
Le pourpre de bromocrsol, lorsque li lalbumine, vire du jaune au bleu. Labsorbance maximale varie en fonction du
changement de couleur.
Surfactants
BCP + Albumine

Complexe BCP-Albumine
pH acide

Lalbumine lie est proportionnelle la concentration dalbumine dans lchantillon. Il sagit dune raction en point final
mesure comme tant la diffrence dabsorbance entre 600 nm et 5 nm.
Phosphatase alcaline (ALP)
Les premires techniques utilises pour mesurer la phosphatase alcaline ont t dveloppes il y a plus de 60 ans. Plusieurs de
ces mthodes spectrophotomtriques point final ou deux points15, 16 sont dsormais considres comme dpasses ou trop
encombrantes. Lutilisation de phosphate p-nitrophnyl (p-NPP) a augment la vitesse de la raction.17, 18 La fiabilit de cette
technique a t amliore de faon considrable par lutilisation dun tampon ions mtalliques afin de maintenir la
concentration des ions de magnsium et de zinc dans la raction.19 La mthode de rfrence utilise par lAmerican Association
for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)20 utilise la p-NPP en tant que substrat et tampon ions mtalliques.
La procdure Piccolo est une modification des mthodes AACC20 et IFCC21. La phosphatase alcaline hydrolyse la p-NPP dans
un tampon ions mtalliques et forme le p-nitrophnol et le phosphate.
ALP
p-nitrophnyl phosphate

Zn2+, Mg2+

.p-nitrophnol

+ Phosphate

La quantit dALP dans lchantillon est proportionnelle au taux daugmentation de la diffrence dabsorbance entre 405 nm et
500 nm.
Amylase (AMY)
Environ 200 tests diffrents ont t dvelopps pour mesurer lamylase. La plupart des procdures utilisent une solution
tampon de polysaccharide mais leurs techniques de dtection diffrent. Les mthodes viscosimtriques manquent de prcision
et de justesse22, alors que les mthodes turbidimtriques et iodomtriques sont difficiles standardiser.23,24 Les mthodes
saccharogniques et chromolytiques sont les plus utilises. La technique traditionnelle de mesure de lamylase est une
mthode saccharognique25, mais elle est difficile et longue.26 Des mthodes chromolytiques qui utilisent les
p-nitrophnylglycosides comme substrats ont rcemment t developpes.27 Ces dosages ont une meilleure spcificit pour
lamylase pancratique que pour lamylase salivaire et sont faciles contrler.27

Page 37 of 89

Dans la mthode Piccolo, le substrat, 2-chloro-p-nitrophnyl--D-maltotrioside (CNPG3), ragit avec l-amylase dans
lchantillon du patient, librant du 2-chloro-p-nitrophnol (CNP). La libration de CNP cre une variation de couleur.
-amylase
CNPG3

CNP + D-maltotrioside

La raction est mesure bichromatiquement 405 nm et 500 nm. La diffrence dabsorbance rsultant de la formation de CNP
est directement proportionnelle lactivit de l.-amylase dans lchantillon.
Aspartate aminotransfrase (AST)
Le test de laspartate aminotransfrase (AST) se base sur la mthode de dosage de Karmen28, telle que modifie par
Bergmeyer.29 La mthode de rfrence de la Fdration internationale de chimie clinique (FICC) utilise la technique
Karmen/Bergmeyer de couplage de malate dsydrognase (MDH) et de nicotinamide dinuclotide rduite (NADH) dans la
dtection dAST dans le srum.29, 30 La lactate dshydrognase (LDH) est ajoute la raction dans le but de rduire
linterfrence cause par le pyruvate endogne.
LAST catalyse la raction de L-aspartate et -ctoglutarate en oxaloacate et L-glutamate. Loxaloactate est converti en
malate et la NADH est oxyde en NAD+ par le catalyste MDH.
AST
L-aspartate + -ctoglutarate

.Oxaloactate

MDH
Oxaloactate + NADH

+ L-glutamate

Malate + NAD+

Le taux de variation dabsorbance 340 nm/405 nm caus par la conversion de NADH en NAD+ est directement proportionnel
la quantit dAST prsent dans lchantillon.
Gamma Glutamyltransfrase (GGT)
Les premires mthodes quantitatives dveloppes pour mesurer la gamma glutamyltransfrase (GGT) utilisaient une
deuxime raction dans le but de former un colorant azoque qui se combinait avec un chromophore.39, 40 Le fait dutiliser le
substrat L--glutamyl-p-nitroanilide dans la raction liminait ltape de formation du colorant.41 Vu la faible solubilit et
stabilit du L--glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, cette procdure a t modifie afin dutiliser le substrat L--glutamyl-3-carboxy-4nitroanilide.42 La mthode GGT, recommande par la Fdration internationale de chimie clinique (FICC), se base sur ce
dernier substrat, lautre substrat tant la glycylglycine.43
Abaxis a modifi la mthode de la FICC pour quelle ragisse 37 C. Lajout dun chantillon comprenant de la gamma
glutamyltransfrase aux substrats L--glutamyl-3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide et glycylglycine (gly-gly) entrane la formation de L-glutamyl-glycylglycine (glu-gly-gly) et de 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline.
GGT
L--glutamyl- + gly-gly-3-carboxy 4-nitroanilide

Glu-gly-gly + 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline

Labsorbance de ce taux de raction est mesure 405 nm. La production de 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline est directement
proportionnelle lactivit de la GGT dans lchantillon.
Bilirubine totale (TBIL)
Typiquement, les niveaux de bilirubine totale ont t mesurs par des tests utilisant lacide sulfanilique diazot.32, 44 Une
nouvelle mthode plus spcifique qui utilise lenzyme bilirubine oxydase a t dveloppe.34, 35, 36 En plus de lutilisation du
test plus spcifique de la bilirubine totale, la photodgradation du mlange analyser est minimise dans le systme Piccolo
parce que lchantillon peut tre test immdiatement aprs avoir t prlev.
Dans la procdure enzymatique, la bilirubine est oxyde par loxydase de bilirubine en biliverdine. La raction finale est la
conversion de la biliverdine en divers composs violets.
Oxydase de bilirubine
Bilirubine + O2

Biliverdine + H2O

Page 38 of 89

La bilirubine est quantifie comme tant la diffrence dabsorbance entre 467 nm et 550 nm. Labsorbance initiale de cette
raction en point final est dtermine partir de la cuvette de blanc de bilirubine et labsorbance finale est obtenue partir de la
cuvette dessai de bilirubine. La quantit de bilirubine dans lchantillon est propertionnelle la diffrence entre les mesures de
labsorbance initiale et finale.
Protine totale (TP)
La mthode de protine totale est une modification de la raction du biuret connue pour sa prcision, son exactitude et sa
spcificit.45 Dveloppe au dpart par Riegler46 et modifie par Weichselbaum47, Doumas et al48 ont propos une raction du
biuret comme choix de mthode de rfrence de protine totale.
Dans la raction du biuret, la solution protique est traite laide dions de cuivre [Cu(II)] dans un milieu trs alcalin. Du
tartrate de sodium et de potassium et de liodure de potassium sont ajouts afin dempcher la prcipitation de lhyroxide de
cuivre et lautorduction du cuivre respectivement.47 Les ions Cu(II) ragissent crant des liens peptides entre les atomes
doxygne carbonyle et dazote amid afin de former un complexe color Cu-protine.
OHProtine totale + Cu(II)

Complexe Cu-protine

La quantit de protine totale prsente dans lchantillon est directement proportionnelle labsorbance du complexe
Cu-protine. Le test de protine totale est une raction en point final, et labsorbance est mesure comme tant la diffrence
entre 550 nm et 850 nm.

4. Principes de la procdure
Se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo pour les principes de la procdure.

5. Description des ractifs


Ractifs
Chaque disque de ractif du bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo contient des billes de ractif sches spcifiques au test (dcrites cidessous). Un ractif blanc dchantillon sec (compos de tampon, surfactants, excipients et agents de conservation) est inclus
dans chaque disque pour le calcul des concentrations dalanine aminotransfrase (ALT), dalbumine (ALB), de phosphatase
alcaline (ALP), damylase (AMY), daspartate aminotransfrase (AST) et de gamma glutamyltransfrase (GGT). Des
chantillons blanc ddis sont inclus dans le disque pour la bilirubine totale et la protine totale. Chaque disque de ractif
comprend galement un diluant liquide compos de surfactants, dexcipients et dagents de conservation.
Tableau 1 : Ractifs

Composant

Quantit/Disque

Ractif lalanine aminotransfrase


L-alanine
Acide -ctoglutarique
-nicotinamide adnine dinuclotide rduite (NADH)
Lactate dshydrognase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Tampons, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs

874 g
54 g
7 g
0,09 U

Ractif lalbumine
Pourpre de bromocrsol, sel de sodium
Tampon, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs

2 g

Ractif la phosphatase alcaline


Chlorure de magnsium
Sulfate de zinc
p-NPP, sel disodique
Tampons, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs

3 g
3 g
56 g

Page 39 of 89

Tableau 1 suite : Ractifs

Composant

Quantit/Disque

Ractif lamylase
CNPG3
Tampon, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs
Ractif laspartate aminotransfrase
Acide L-aspartique
Lactate dshydrognase (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
-nicotinamide adnine dinuclotide, rduite (NADH)
Malate dshydrognase (MDH) (cur de porc)
Acide -ctoglutarique
Tampons, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs

40 g

426 g
0,04 U
5 g
0,01 U
28 g

Ractif gamma-glutamyltransfrase
Glycylglycine
Acide L-glutamique -(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide
Tampon, surfactant, excipients et agents conservateurs

317 g
30 g

Ractif total la bilirubine


Ractif lenzyme bilirubine de Beckman
Tampon, excipients et agents conservateurs

0,1 U

Blanc de bilirubine total


Tampon, excipients et agents conservateurs
Ractif la protine totale
Tartrate de sodium et de potassium
Sulfate de cuivre
Iodide de potassium
Excipients et agents conservateurs

343 g
134 g
28 g

Blanc de protine total


Tartrate de sodium et de potassium
Iodide de potassium
Excipients et agents conservateurs

343 g
28 g

Avertissements et prcautions
Le rcipient de diluant dans le disque de ractif souvre automatiquement lorsque le tiroir de lanalyseur se ferme. Un
disque dont le rcipient de diluant est ouvert ne peut tre rutilis. Vrifier que lchantillon ou le tmoin a bien t plac
sur le disque avant de fermer le tiroir.

Les disques de ractif ayant dj t utiliss contiennent des liquides organiques. Suivre de bonne pratiques de prvention
des infections lors de la manutention ou de llimination des disques usags.49 Se rapporter au manuel de lutilisateur de
lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo pour les instructions sur le nettoyage des dversements prsentant un danger
biologique.

Les disques de ractif sont en plastique et peuvent se casser ou se fendre en cas de chute. Ne jamais utiliser un disque qui
est tomb, car il risque de projeter une matire prsentant un danger biologique lintrieur de lanalyseur.

Les billes de ractif peuvent contenir des acides ou des substances caustiques. Lutilisateur nentre pas en contact avec les
billes de ractif lorsquil suit les procdures recommandes. Au cas o les billes seraient manipules (par exemple, lors du
nettoyage, aprs avoir laiss tomber un disque de ractif qui sest cass), viter lingestion, tout contact avec la peau ou
linhalation des billes de ractif.

Page 40 of 89

Les billes et les diluants de ractif contiennent de lazoture de sodium qui pourrait ragir avec les tuyaux en cuivre et en
plomb et former des azides extrmement explosifs. Les ractifs nentreront pas en contact avec les tuyaux en cuivre et en
plomb si les procdures recommandes sont suivies. Toutefois, si les ractifs entrent en contact avec de tels tuyaux, rincer
grande eau afin dviter une accumulation dazide.

Conservation
Conserver les disques de ractif dans leur sachet scell une temprature entre 2 C et 8 C (36 F et 46 F). Pour utiliser les
disques de ractif, les retirer du rfrigrateur dans leur sachet en aluminium scell. Les disques scells dans le sachet en
aluminium peuvent tre laisss temprature ambiante et tre replacs ensuite au rfrigrateur plusieurs reprises. Vrifier que
les disques ne passent pas plus de 48 heures temprature ambiante. Ouvrir le sachet et retirer le disque juste avant deffectuer
le test.
Ne pas exposer les disques, quils soient ou non dans leur sachet en aluminium la lumire directe du soleil ou des
tempratures suprieures 32 C (90 F). Les disques doivent tre utiliss dans les 20 minutes aprs avoir ouvert le sachet ; un
disque dont le sachet est ouvert ne peut tre replac au rfrigrateur pour une utilisation ultrieure.
Indications dinstabilit/dtrioration du disque de ractif
Ne pas utiliser un disque :
aprs la date de premption. Un message derreur saffichera sur lcran de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo si vous
utilisez un disque prim ;
si le sachet est dchir ou dtrior ; ou
si le produit dshydratant que vous observez travers la bande de lemballage dans le sachet du disque est rose.

6. Instrument
Se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo pour des dtails complets sur lutilisation de
lanalyseur.

7. Prlvement et prparation des chantillons


Des techniques de prlvement dchantillons sont dcrites dans le manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang
Piccolo.

La quantit minimale requise pour un chantillon est de ~90 L de sang entier hparin, de plasma hparin, de srum ou
de srum tmoin. La chambre chantillons pour le disque de ractif peut contenir jusqu 120 L dchantillon.

Les chantillons prlevs par une piqre au doigt doivent tre verss dans le disque de ractif immdiatement aprs avoir
t prlevs.

Les chantillons de sang entier obtenus par ponction veineuse doivent tre homognes avant de transfrer un chantillon
au disque de ractif. Retourner doucement le tube de prlvement plusieurs reprises juste avant de transfrer les
chantillons. Ne pas secouer le tube de prlvement pour viter tout risque dhmolyse.

Les chantillons de sang entier prlevs par ponction veineuse devraient tre traits dans les 60 minutes suivant le
prlvement50. Toute rfrigration peut tre la cause dimportants changements des concentrations daspartate
aminotransfrase.51 Lchantillon peut tre spar en plasma ou srum et conserv dans des tubes de prlvement munis
dun bouchon une temprature entre 2 C et 8 C (36 F et 46 F) si lchantillon ne peut tre trait dans les 60 minutes.

La photodgradation peut avoir un effet ngatif sur les rsultats de bilirubine totale. Tout chantillon de sang entier qui
nest pas trait immdiatement devrait tre conserv dans lobscurit pendant 60 minutes au maximum. Si lchantillon ne
peut tre analys dans ce dlai, il devrait tre spar en plasma ou srum et conserv dans un tube de prlvement muni
dun bouchon dans lobscurit des tempratures peu leves.52

Substances dinterfrence connues


Lunique anticoagulant recommand dans le protocole dessai Piccolo est lhparine de lithium. Abaxis a men des tudes
dmontrant que lEDTA, le fluorure, loxalate et tout anticoagulant contenant des ions ammonium interfreront avec au
moins une solution chimique contenue dans le bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo.

Page 41 of 89

Lamylase est secrte par plusieurs glandes ainsi que par le pancras. Seule lamylase pancratique est dun intrt
clinique.53 La contamination dun chantillon lamylase non pancratique donnera lieu des rsultats levs
artificiellement. Les chantillons prlevs par une piqre au doigt sont plus sujets la contamination que les chantillons
prlevs par ponction veineuse. Si les rsultats damylase dun chantillon prlev par une piqre au doigt ne
correspondent pas aux symptmes cliniques du patient, rpter le test en utilisant un chantillon prlev par ponction
veineuse.

Linterfrence peut tre vue dans le test de la protine totale lorsque lanalyse des chantillons ayant une concentration en
triglycrides de >400 mg/dL prsentent un niveau accru de protine totale. Lanalyseur Piccolo supprime tous les rsultats
influencs par une interfrence de >10 % cause de la lipmie. LIP sera imprim sur la carte rsultats au lieu du
rsultat mme.

8. Procdure
Matriel ncessaire
Se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo pour des informations sur la commande du
matriel ncessaire au fonctionnement de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo selon la procdure recommande.

Une rfrence de disque de ractif du bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo : 400-1003 (rf. d'une bote de disques : 400-0003)

Matriel ncessaire mais non fourni

Analyseur chimique sanguin Piccolo


Des pipettes de transfert d'chantillons (volume fixe d'environ 100 L) et des embouts sont fournis avec chaque analyseur
chimique Piccolo et peuvent tre commands auprs d'Abaxis.
Des ractifs tmoins disponibles sur le march sont recommands par Abaxis (prendre contact avec le service technique
d'Abaxis pour obtenir les valeurs attendues et les matriaux de contrle approuvs).
Une minuterie

Paramtres dessai
Lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo fonctionne des tempratures ambiantes entre 15 C et 32 C (59 F 90 F). Le
temps danalyse pour chaque bilan hpatique Plus Piccolo est < 14 minutes. Lanalyseur maintient le disque de ractif une
temprature de 37 C (98,6 F) pendant lintervalle de mesure.
Procdure de test
Les procdures compltes et dtailles de prlvement dchantillons et dexploitation sont fournies dans le manuel de
lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo.
Contrle de la qualit
Les mesures de qualit sont garanties par de nombreuses mthodes de contrle de la qualit incorpores au systme (se reporter
au manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo). Abaxis garantit galement lexactitude des facteurs
dtalonnage contenus dans le code-barre imprim sur chaque disque de ractif. Toutefois, les utilisateurs qui souhaitent
vrifier les facteurs dtalonnage peuvent effectuer un contrle supplmentaire en utilisant des pseudo-spcimens, tels les
matires de contrle de la qualit base de srum.
Les performances de l'analyseur chimique sanguin Piccolo peuvent tre vrifies en procdant des contrles. Pour une liste
des matriaux de contrle de la qualit approuvs et leurs plages d'admissibilit, prendre contact avec le service technique
d'Abaxis.
Se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo pour une explication dtaille de lexcution,
lenregistrement, linterprtation et le trac des rsultats des tmoins.
talonnage
Lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo est talonn par le fabricant avant son envoi. Le code-barre imprim sur lanneau du
code-barre fournit lanalyseur des donnes dtalonage spcifiques au disque de ractif. Se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur
de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo.

Page 42 of 89

9. Rsultats
Lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo calcule et imprime automatiquement les concentrations des mlanges analyser dans
lchantillon. Les calculs en point final et de taux de raction figurent dans le manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la
chimie du sang Piccolo. Linterprtation des rsultats est galement explique en dtail dans le manuel de lutilisateur. Les
rsultats sont imprims sur des cartes rsultats fournies par Abaxis. Le dos des cartes rsultats est adhsif pour permettre de
mieux les placer dans les dossiers du patient.
La raction pour chaque mlange analyser a lieu 37 C (98,6 F).

10. Limitations de la procdure


Les limitations gnrales de la procdure sont indiques dans le manuel de lutilisateur de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang
Piccolo.

L'hparine de lithium est l'unique anticoagulant dont l'utilisation est recommande avec l'analyseur chimique sanguin
Piccolo. Ne pas utiliser l'hparine de sodium.

Il est recommand deffectuer les tests dalbumine en utilisant du sang entier prlev par ponction veineuse ou du srum
plutt que du sang prlev par une piqre au doigt. Les techniques de prlvement dchantillon par piqre au doigt
risquent de causer plus de trauma cellulaire que les techniques par ponction veineuse.

Les chantillons dont les hmatocrites ont un volume globulaire total de plus de 62 65 % (une fraction de volume de 0,62
0,65) risquent de donner des rsultats errons. Les chantillons dont les hmatocrites sont levs peuvent tre dcrits
comme tant hmoliss. La rotation de ces chantillons peut tre dclre afin d'obtenir du plasma et ensuite relance
dans un nouveau disque de ractif.

Lamylase est secrte par plusieurs glandes ainsi que par le pancras. Seule lamylase pancratique prsente un intrt
clinique.53 La contamination dun chantillon lamylase non pancratique donnera lieu des rsultats artificiellement
levs. Les chantillons prvels par une piqre au doigt sont plus sujets la contamination que les chantillons prlevs
par ponction veineuse. Si les rsultats damylase dun chantillon prlev par une piqre au doigt ne correspondent pas aux
symptmes cliniques du patient, rpter le test en utilisant un chantillon prlev par ponction veineuse.

Tout rsultat d'un test spcifique qui dpasse la plage de dosage doit tre analys en utilisant une autre mthode de
test approuve, ou envoy un laboratoire de rfrence. Ne pas diluer l'chantillon et le ranalyser dans l'analyseur
chimique sanguin Piccolo.
Attention : Des tests pousss du systme chimique sanguin Piccolo ont montr quen certains cas trs rares, lchantillon
distribu dans le rotor de ractif ne scoule pas facilement dans la chambre dchantillon. Suite cet
coulement irrgulier, il se peut qu'une quantit inadquate d'chantillon soit analyse, et plusieurs rsultats
risquent de se trouver hors des gammes de rfrence. Lchantillon peut tre rexamin en utilisant un
nouveau disque de ractif.

Interfrence
Diverses substances ont t testes pour les interfrences avec les analytes. Des pools de srum humain ont t prpars. La
concentration laquelle chaque interfrent potentiel a t test tait base sur les niveaux d'essai utiliss dans NCCLS EP7-A.15
Effets des substances endognes
Les substances physiologiques interfrentes (hmolyse, ictre et lipmie) entranent des modifications des concentrations
rapportes pour certains analytes. Les indices des chantillons sont imprims au bas de chaque fiche de rsultats afin
d'informer l'utilisateur des taux des substances interfrentes prsentes dans chaque chantillon.

Le systme chimique sanguin Piccolo supprime tout rsultat affect par une interfrence >10 % due une hmolyse, une
lipmie ou un ictre. Le symbole HEM , LIP ou ICT respectivement sera imprim sur la carte rsultat la
place du rsultat.

Pour obtenir les niveaux maximaux de substances endognes, prendre contact avec le service technique d'Abaxis.

Page 43 of 89

De plus, leffet du lactate 230 mg/dL et de la lacticodshydrognase 10 000 U/l s'est avr nul lors de tous les dosages
sur ce disque.

Effets des substances thrapeutiques

Les composs suivants ninterfrent pas de faon considrable avec les solutions chimiques dans le disque de ractif
Piccolo. Une interfrence importante est dfinie comme une variation de rsultat de >10 % pour un spcimen appartenant
la gamme normale. Des pools de srum humain ont t remplacs par une concentration connue de produits
pharmaceutiques ou chimiques et ont ensuite t analyss.
Thrapeutique ou exogne
Substances

Concentration sans
interfrence importante
(mg/dL)

Gamme thrapeutique
ou physiologique54-57
(mg/dL)

Paractamol
Acide actylsalicylique
Chloramphnicol
Cimtidine
Dextrane
rythromycine
Hydrochlorothiazide
Isoniazide
Ktoprofne
Lidocane
Mthicilline
Mthotrexate
Mtronidazole
Nafcilline
Oxacilline
Phnytone
Rifampine
Acide salicylique

100
50
100
16
300
10
7,5
4
50
1
100
0,5
5
1
1
3
0,5
25

12
2 10
1 2,5
0,1 1
600 1800
0,2 2,0

0,1 0,7

0,15 0,6

0,1
0,1

12
0,4 3
15 30

Les substances suivantes ont donn lieu une interfrence de plus de 10 %. Une interfrence importante est dfinie comme une
variation de rsultat de >10 % pour un spcimen appartenant la gamme normale. Des pools de srum humain ont t
remplacs par une concentration connue de produits pharmaceutiques ou chimiques et ont ensuite t analyss.
Concentration
sans interfrence
importante
(mg/dL)

Gamme
physiologique ou
thrapeutique54-57
(mg/dL)

Interfrence

Alanine aminotransfrase (ALT)


Acide ascorbique
Oxaloactate

20
132

0,8 1,2

Aug. de 11 % *
Aug. de 843 %

Albumine (ALB)
Actoactate
Ampicilline
Caffine
Chlorure de calcium
Cfalotine (Kflin)
Ibuprofne
-ctoglutarate
Nitrofurantone
Proline
Sulfalazine
Sulfanilamide
Thophylline

102
30
10
20
400
50
5
20
4
10
50
20

0,05 3,60
0,5
0,3 1,5

10
0,5 4,2

0,2

24
10 15
12

Rd. de 18 % *
Rd. de 12 %
Rd. de 14 %
Rd. de 17 %
Aug. de 13 %
Aug. de 28 %
Rd. de 11 %
Rd. de 13 %
Aug. de 12 %
Rd. de 14 %
Rd. de 12 %
Rd. de 11 %

Page 44 of 89

Phosphatase alcaline (ALP)


Thophylline

20

12

Rd. de 42 %

Bilirubine totale9 (TBIL)


Dopamine
L-dopa

19
5

Rd. de 55 %
Rd. de 17 %

*aug = augmentation ; rd. = rduction


Pour de plus amples informations sur dventuelles substances interfrentes chimiques, se reporter la bibliographie.

11. Valeurs anticipes


Des chantillons prlevs chez 193 hommes et femmes adultes et analyss sur lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo ont t
utiliss afin de dterminer les gammes de rfrence pour lalanine aminotransfrase, lalbumine, la phosphatase alcaline,
lamylase, la bilirubine totale et la protine totale. Des chantillons prlevs chez 186 hommes et femmes adultes et analyss
sur lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo ont t utiliss pour dterminer les gammes de rfrence pour laspartate
aminotransfrase. Des chantillons prlevs chez 131 hommes et femmes adultes et analyss sur lanalyseur de la chimie du
sang Piccolo ont t utiliss pour dterminer les gammes de rfrence pour la gamma glutamyltransfrase.
Ces gammes sont donnes uniquement titre indicatif. Il est recommand que votre bureau ou votre organisme tablisse des
gammes normales pour sa rgion gographique.
Tableau 2 : Gammes de rfrence Piccolo

Mlange analyser
Alanine aminotransfrase (ALT)
Albumine (ALB)
Phosphatase alcaline (ALP), Homme
Phosphatase alcaline (ALP), Femme
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartate aminotransfrase (AST)
Gamma glutamyltransfrase (GGT)
Bilirubine totale (TBIL)
Protine totale (TP)

Gamme de rfrence
Units communes
Units SI
10 47 U/L
3,3 5,5 g/dL
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14 97 U/L
11 38 U/L
5 65 U/L
0,2 1,6 mg/dL
6,4 8,1 g/dL

10 47 U/L
33 55 g/L
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14 97 U/L
11 38 U/L
5 65 U/L
3,4 27,4 mol/L
64 81 g/L

Lamylase est secrte par plusieurs glandes ainsi que par le pancras. Seule lamylase pancratique prsente un intrt
clinique.53 La contamination dun chantillon lamylase non pancratique donnera lieu des rsultats artificiellement levs.
Les chantillons prlevs par une piqre au doigt sont plus sujets la contamination que les chantillons prlevs par ponction
veineuse. Si les rsultats damylase dun chantillon prlev par une piqre au doigt ne correspondent pas aux symptmes
cliniques du patient, rpter le test en utilisant un chantillon prlev par ponction veineuse.

12. Caractristiques de performance


Linarit
Les solutions chimiques pour chaque mlange analyser sont linaires sur la gamme dynamique fournie ci-dessous quand
lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo est utilis conformment la procdure (se reporter au manuel de lutilisateur de
lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo).

Page 45 of 89

Tableau 3 : Gammes dynamiques Piccolo

Mlange analyser
Alanine aminotransfrase (ALT)
Albumine (ALB)
Phosphatase alcaline (ALP)
Amylase (AMY)
Aspartate aminotransfrase (AST)
Gamma glutamyltransfrase (GGT)
Bilirubine totale (TBIL)
Protine totale (TP)

Gamme dynamique
Units communes Units SI
5 2 000 U/L
1 6,5 g/dL
5 2 400 U/L
5 4 000 U/L
5 2 000 U/L
5 3 000 U/L
0,1 30 mg/dL
2 14 g/dL

5 2 000 U/L
10 65 g/L
5 2 400 U/L
5 4 000 U/L
5 2 000 U/L
5 3 000 U/L
1,7 603 mol/L
20 140 g/L

Si la concentration de lanalyte est suprieure la plage de mesures (plage dynamique), mais infrieure la plage du systme,
la carte imprime indiquera un > au niveau de la limite suprieure et un astrisque aprs le nombre, par ex. ALT >2000*
U/L. Si elle est infrieure la plage dynamique, un < saffichera avec un astrisque, par ex. ALT <5* U/L. Pour des valeurs
qui sont largement au-del de la plage de mesures (plage systme), ~~~ saffichera la place dun rsultat. chaque fois
qu'un ~~~ apparat sur une carte imprime, il sera ncessaire de recueillir un nouvel chantillon et de refaire le test. Si les
rsultats du deuxime chantillon sont nouveau supprims, appeler le service la clientle d'Abaxis.
Spcificit
La limite de dtection infrieure pour chaque mlange analyser est de : alanine aminotransfrase 10 U/L ; albumine 1 g/dL
(10 g/L) ; phosphatase alcaline 5 U/L ; amylase 5 U/L ; aspartate aminotransfrase 5 U/L ; gamma glutamyltransfrase 5 U/L ;
bilirubine totale 0,1 mg/dL (1,7 mol/L) ; et protine totale 2 g/dL (20 g/L).
Prcision
Des tudes de prcision ont t menes en utilisant les directives NCCLS EP5-T2.60 Les rsultats intra-essais et de prcision
totale ont t dtermins en testant deux niveaux de matire tmoin.
Tableau 4 : Prcision (N=80)

Mlange analyser
Alanine aminotransfrase (U/L)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Albumine (g/dL)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV

Intra-essai

Total

21
2,76
13,4

21
2,79
13,5

52
2,70
5,2

52
3,25
6,2

5,6
0,09
1,7

5,6
0,11
2,1

3,7
0,07
2,0

3,7
0,11
2,9

Page 46 of 89

Tableau 4 : Prcision (N=80) (suite)

Mlange analyser
Phosphatase alcaline (U/L)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Amylase (U/L)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Aspartate aminotransfrase (U/L)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Gamma Glutamyltransfrase (U/L)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Bilirubine totale (mg/dL)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV

Intra-essai

Total

39
1,81
4,6

39
2,29
5,8

281
4,08
1,5

281
8,75
3,1

46
2,40
5,2

46
2,63
5,7

300
11,15
3,7

300
11,50
3,8

47
0,98
2,07

0,92
1,88

145
1,83
1,26

147
1,70
1,16

25
0,59
2,34

25
0,74
2,94

106
1,52
1,43

106
2,29
2,15

0,8
0,06
8,0

0,8
0,07
9,3

5,2
0,09
1,7

5,2
0,15
2,8

Page 47 of 89

Tableau 4 : Prcision (N=80) (suite)

Mlange analyser
Protine totale (g/dL)
Niveau de tmoin n 1
Moyenne
SD
% CV
Niveau de tmoin n 2
Moyenne
SD
% CV

Intra-essai

Total

6,8
0,05
0,8

6,8
0,08
1,2

4,7
0,09
2,0

4,7
0,09
2,0

Corrlation
Des chantillons de srum et de sang complet hparin ont t prlevs chez des patients sur deux sites. Les chantillons de
sang entier ont t analyss sur place par lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo, et les chantillons de srum ont t analyss
par lanalyseur Piccolo et par des mthodes comparatives. Dans certains cas, des chantillons complts bas et levs ont t
utiliss afin de couvrir toute la gamme dynamique. Tous les chantillons ont t tests le mme jour. Des statistiques de
corrlation typiques sont illustres dans le tableau 5.
Tableau 5 : Corrlation de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo avec une mthode comparative

Sang complet
Lab 1
Alanine aminotransfrase (U/L)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Albumine (g/dL)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Phosphatase alcaline (U/L)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative

Lab 2

0,98
0,91
1,3
3,21
86
10 174
Paramax

0,99
0,94
2,5
2,84
67
10 174
Technicon

0,85
1,0
0,3
0,22
261
1,1 5,3
Paramax

0,90
0,88
0,1
0,21
100
1,5 5,0
Beckman

0,99
0,97
5,9
3,97
99
27 368
Paramax

0,93
1,14
17,6
4,79
80
26 150
Technicon

Page 48 of 89

Tableau 5 : Corrlation de lanalyseur de la chimie du sang Piccolo avec une mthode comparative

Sang complet
Lab 1
Amylase (U/L)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Aspartate aminotransfrase (U/L)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Gamma Glutamyltransfrase (U/L)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Bilirubine totale (mg/dL)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative
Protine totale (g/dL)
Corrlation
Pente
Intercepte
ETE
N
tendue de lchantillon
Mthode comparative

Lab 2

0,98
0,69
4,7
3,11
99
11 92
Paramax
0,93
0,87
5,3
2,76
159
13 111
Paramax

0,96
1,07
4,1
3,47
80
19 118
Technicon
1,0
0,97
3,0
1,90
46
13 252
DAX

1,0
0,98
0,4
3,29
135
5 312
Paramax

1,0*
1,60*
3,1*
18,57*
49
27 1848
Beckman

0,97
0,90
0,0
0,07
250
0,2 3,7
Paramax

0,98
1,11
0,4
0,09
91
0,1 6,4
Beckman

0,85
0,93
0,6
0,19
260
5,7 9,2
Paramax

0,87
0,94
0,3
0,16
92
6,5 9,2
Beckman

*Le laboratoire 2 na test que le srum sur lanalyseur Piccolo pour la corrlation dessai gamma-glutamyltransfrase.
Rsultats d'une tude utilisateur inexpriment
Au cours d'une tude utilisateur inexpriment ralise, les participants ne recevaient que les instructions de test et il leur
tait demand d'effectuer des tests sur 3 disques avec des chantillons alatoires effectus en aveugle. Ces chantillons se
composaient de pools de srum prpars trois niveaux pour chacun des huit analytes, lALT, lalbumine, lALP, lAMY,
lAST, la GGT, la bilirubine totale et la protine totale. Les participants n'avaient fait l'objet d'aucune formation quant
l'utilisation de ce test. Un total de prs de 60 participants a t inclus, depuis 3 sites, reprsentant une population
dmographique diverse (niveau d'tudes, ge, sexe, etc.).
Page 49 of 89

Les tableaux ci-dessous prsentent le rsum de la performance de chaque analyte.


Aminotransfrase alanine (ALT)
Niveau 1
N
62
Moyenne
45,4 U/L
CV (%)
3,7 %
Plage observe
42 53
Pourcentage de
98,4 %
rsultats dans la
61/62
plage
95 % CI : 91,3 % 100 %
15,0 %*

Niveau 2
62
98,9 U/L
1,7 %
96 103
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
184,3 U/L
1,5 %
175 191
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Ce pourcentage part du principe qu'un individu ne peut pas correctement faire la distinction entre des valeurs normales et
anormales lorsque les erreurs sont suprieures un quart de la plage normale. La plage de (10 U/L - 47 U/L) a t tudie.

Albumine
N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
12,5 %

Niveau 1
62
3,0 g/dL
2.7 %
2,9 3,2
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
3,5 g/dL
2.5 %
3,3 3,7
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
4,2 g/dL
1.8 %
4,0 4,4
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 1
62
94,5 U/L
5,2 %
85 106
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
171,5 U/L
3,2 %
160-184
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
337,5 U/L
2,4 %
287 388
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 1
62
72,1 U/L
2,4 %
67 75
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
126,9 U/L
2,1 %
120 133
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
260,0 U/L
1,9 %
248 273
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Phosphatase alcaline (ALP)


N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
15,0 %

Amylase (AMY)
N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
15,0 %

Page 50 of 89

Aspartate aminotransfrase (AST)


Niveau 1
62
56,0
2,4 %
54 60
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
120,4
1,1 %
117 124
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
276,3
1,0 %
266 285
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Gamma glutamyltransfrase (GGT)


Niveau 1
N
62
Moyenne
35,0 U/L
CV (%)
2,8 %
Plage observe
33 38
Pourcentage de
100 %
rsultats dans la
62/62
plage
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %
15,0 %

Niveau 2
62
86,2 U/L
1,5 %
83 90
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
131,3 U/L
1,5 %
123 135
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 1
62
0,86 mg/dL
6,1 %
0,8 1,0
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
2,5 mg/dL
2,6 %
2,3 2,6
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
5,7 mg/dL
1,8 %
5,4 5,9
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 1
62
4,8 g/dL
2,0 %
4,6 5,3
98,4 %
61/62
95 % CI : 91,3 % 100 %

Niveau 2
62
5,7 g/dL
1,5 %
5,3 5,9
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

Niveau 3
62
7,1 g/dL
1,5 %
6,7 7,5
100 %
62/62
95 % CI : 94,2 % 100 %

N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
15,0 %

Bilirubine totale (TBIL)


N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
15,0 %
Protine totale (TP)
N
Moyenne
CV (%)
Plage observe
Pourcentage de
rsultats dans la
plage
5,9 %

13. Bibliographie
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tonhazy, NE, NG White and WW Umbreit. 1950. A rapid method for the estimation of the glutamic-aspartic transaminase
in tissues and its application to radiation sickness. Arch Biochem 28: 36-42.
Reitman, S and S Frankel. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic
pyruvic transminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28: 56-63.
Murray, RL. 1989. Alanine aminotransferase. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical chemistry: theory, analysis,
and correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 895-898.
Wrblewski, F and JS LaDue. 1956. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transminase in cardiac and hepatic disease. Proc Soc Exp
Biol Med 91: 569-571.
Bergmeyer, HU and M Hrder. 1980. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 3.
IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 18: 521-534.
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6.
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28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

Howe, PE. 1921. The use of sodium sulfate as the globulin precipitant in the determination of proteins in blood. J Biol
Chem 49: 93-107.
Howe, PE. 1921. The determination of proteins in blooda micro method. J Biol Chem 49: 109-113.
Wolfson, WQ, C Cohn, E Calvary and F Ichiba. 1948. A rapid procedure for the estimation of total protein, true albumin,
total globulin, alpha globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin in 10 ml of serum. Am J Clin Pathol 18: 723-730.
Saifer, A, S Gerstenfeld and F Vacsler. 1961. Photometric microdetermination of total serum globulins by means of a
tryptophan reaction. Clin Chem 7: 626-636.
Saifer, A and T Marven. 1966. The photometric microdetermination of serum total globulins with a tryptophan reaction: a
modified procedure. Clin Chem 12: 414-417.
Gendler, SM. 1989. Albumin. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and
Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp.1029-1033.
Webster, D, AHC Bignell and EC Attwood. 1974. An assessment of the suitability of bromocresol green for the
determination of serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta 53: 101-108.
Louderback, A, EH Mealey and NA Taylor. 1968. A new dye-binding technic using bromcresol purple for determination
of albumin in serum. Clin Chem 14: 793-794. (Abstract)
Pinnell, AE and BE Northam. 1978. New automated dye-binding method for serum albumin determination with
bromcresol purple. Clin Chem 24: 80-86.
King, EJ and AR Armstrong. 1934. A convenient method for determining serum and bile phosphatase activity. Can Med
Assoc J 31: 376-381.
Kind, PRN and EJ King. 1954. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with aminoantipyrine. J Clin Pathol 7: 322-326.
Ohmori, Y. 1937. Uber die Phosphomonoesterase. Enzymologia 4: 217-231.
Fujita, H. 1939. Uber die Mikrobestimmung der Blutphosphatase. J Biochem, Japan 30: 69-87.
Petitclerc, C, M Delisle, M Martel, C Fecteau and N Brire. 1975. Mechanism of action of Mg2+ and Zn2+ on rat placental
alkaline phosphatase. I. Studies on the soluble Zn2+ and Mg2+ alkaline phosphatase. Can J Biochem 53: 1089-1100.
Tietz, NW, CA Burtis, P Duncan, K Ervin, CJ Petitclerc, AD Rinker, D Shuey and ER Zygowicz. 1983. A reference
method for measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum. Clin Chem 29: 751-761.
Bowers, GN, Jr, HU Bergmeyer, M Hrder and DW Moss. 1979. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part I. General considerations concerning the determination of the catalytic concentration of an
enzyme in the blood serum or plasma of man. Clin Chim Acta 98: 163F-174F.
McNeely, MDD. 1989. Amylase. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and
Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 906-909.
Zinterhofer, L, L Wardlaw, P Jatlow and D Seligson. 1973. Nephelometric determination of pancreatic enzymes. I.
Amylase. Clin Chim Acta 43: 5-12.
Centros para el control de enfermedades. 1975. Alpha-amylase methodology survey I. Atlanta: US Public Health Service;
nov, 1975.
Somogyi, M. 1960. Modifications of two methods for the assay of amylase. Clin Chem 6: 23-35.
Gillard, BK, HC Markman and SA Feig. 1977. Direct spectrophotometric determination of a-amylase activity in saliva,
with p-nitrophenyl -maltoside as substrate. Clin Chem 23: 2279-2282.
Wallenfels, K, P Fldi, H Niermann, H Bender and K Linder. 1978. The enzymic synthesis, by transglucosylation of a
homologous series of glycosidically substituted malto-oligosaccharides, and their use as amylase substrates. Carbohydrate
Res 61: 359-368.
Karmen, A. 1955. A note on the spectrophotometric assay of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in human blood serum. J
Clin Invest 34: 131-133.
Bergmeyer, HU, GN Bowers Jr, M Hrder and DW Moss. 1977. Provisional recommendations on IFCC methods for the
measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes. Part 2. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase. Clin Chem 23:
887-899.
Ball, EG, JP Revel and O Cooper. 1956. The quantitative measurement of -glutamyl transpeptidase activity. J Biol Chem
221: 895-908.
Goldbarg, JA, OM Friedman, EP Pineda, EE Smith, R Chatterji, EH Stein and AM Rutenburg. 1960. The colorimetric
determination of -glutamyl transpeptidase with a synthetic substrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 91: 61-70.
Orlowski M and A Meister. 1963. -Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide: a new convenient substrate for determination and study of Land D--glutamyltranspeptidase activities. Biochim Biophys Acta 73: 679-681.
Persijn, JP and W van der Slik. 1976. A new method for the determination of -glutamyltransferase in serum. J Clin Chem
Clin Biochem 18: 421-427.
Shaw, LM, JH Stromme, JL London and L Theodorsen. 1983. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part 4. IFCC method for -glutamyltransferase J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 18: 633-646.
Page 52 of 89

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35. Meites, S. 1982. Bilirubin, direct reacting and total, modified Malloy-Evelyn method. In: WR Faulkner and S Meites,
comps., Selected Methods of Clinical Chemistry, vol. 9. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry;
pp. 119-124.
36. Koller, A and LA Kaplan. 1989. Total serum protein. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory,
Analysis, and Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 1057-1060.
37. Reigler, E. 1914. Eine kolorimetrische Bestimmungsmethode des Eiweisses. Z Anal Chem 53: 242-245.
38. Weichselbaum, TE. 1946. An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood
serum and plasma. Am J Clin Path 16: 40-49.
39. Doumas, BT, DD Bayse, RJ Carter, T Peters Jr and R Schaffer. 1981. A candidate reference method for determination of
total protein in serum. I. Development and validation. Clin Chem 27: 1642-1650.
40. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2 ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
41. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 219.
42. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: Effect of temperature on the measured concentration of
analytes in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
43. Balistreri, WF and R Rej. 1994. Liver function. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 1466.
44. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
45. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies and P Taylor, comps., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
46. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
47. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
48. Painter, PC, JY Cope and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
49. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physician's Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
50. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
51. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: effect of temperature on the measured concentration of analytes
in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
52. Henry, RJ, DC Cannon, and JW Winkelman. 1974. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics, 2nd ed. New York:
Harper and Row; pp. 417-421; 1058-1059
53. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
54. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
55. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
56. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
57. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
58. Young, DS. 1990. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press.
59. Young, DS. 1991. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. 1991 supplement to the third edition. Washington, DC:
AACC Press.
60. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Evaluation of Precision Performance of Clinical
Chemistry Devices, 2nd ed.; Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document EP5-T2. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.

Page 53 of 89

Panel heptico Plus


Para uso diagnstico in vitro y uso profesional exclusivamente
Servicio tcnico y al cliente: 800-822-2947
Exoneracin de la CLIA: Usar nicamente sangre entera

tratada con heparina-litio


Complejidad moderada: Usar sangre entera tratada con heparina-litio,
plasma tratado con heparina litio, o suero

Octubre 2006
PN: 400-7060 Rev.: K
1998, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA 94587

1. Indicaciones
El panel heptico Plus de Piccolo, usado con el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo, utiliza reactivos secos y lquidos
para proporcionar determinaciones cuantitativas in vitro de alanina aminotransferasa, albmina, fosfatasa alcalina, amilasa,
aspartato aminotransferasa, gamma-glutamiltransferasa, bilirrubina total y protenas totales en sangre entera heparinizada,
plasma heparinizado o suero.
Los anlisis de este panel estn exonerados segn los requisitos de CLIA 88. Si un laboratorio modificara las instrucciones
del sistema de anlisis, los anlisis se consideraran de alta complejidad y quedaran sujetos a todos los requisitos de la CLIA.
En los laboratorios exonerados segn la CLIA, slo puede analizarse sangre entera tratada con heparina-litio. En laboratorios
de complejidad moderada, pueden utilizarse sangre entera tratada con heparina-litio, plasma tratado con heparina-litio o suero.
Se necesita un certificado de exoneracin de la CLIA para realizar anlisis exonerados por la CLIA. Un certificado de
exoneracin puede obtenerse de CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services). Si necesita ayuda para obtener este
certificado, dirjase a la comisin de acreditacin de laboratorios (COLA), en el telfono 1-800-981-9883.

2. Resumen y explicacin de las pruebas


El panel heptico de Piccolo y el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo son un sistema diagnstico in vitro que ayuda al
mdico en el diagnstico de las siguientes enfermedades:
Alanina aminotransferasa:
Albmina:
Fosfatasa alcalina:
Amilasa:
Aspartato aminotransferasa:
Gamma-glutamiltransferasa:
Bilirrubina total:
Protenas totales:

Enfermedades hepticas, incluidas la hepatitis viral y la cirrosis;


cardiopatas
Patologas del hgado y del rin
Enfermedades del hgado, seas, paratiroideas e intestinales
Pancreatitis
Hepatopatas, incluidas la hepatitis e ictericia viral, shock
Hepatopatas, incluidas la cirrosis heptica y tumores hepticos
primarios y secundarios
Hepatopatas, incluida la hepatitis y obstruccin de la vescula
biliar; ictericia
Hepatopatas, enfermedades del rin o de la mdula sea;
alteraciones metablicas y de la nutricin

3. Principios de la prueba
Alanina aminotransferasa (ALT)
La alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) fue medida por tres mtodos. Dos de estos mtodos; la tcnica de acoplamiento
colorimtrico con dinitrofenilhidrazina1,2 y el anlisis enzimtico fluorescente, rara vez son utilizados.3 Un mtodo enzimtico
basado en el trabajo de Wrblewski y LaDue4 es la tcnica ms comn para la determinacin de las concentraciones de ALT en
suero. La Federacin Internacional de Qumica Clnica (IFCC) ha propuesto como mtodo recomendado un procedimiento
Wrblewski y LaDue modificado.5
El mtodo desarrollado para usar en el analizador de Piccolo es el mismo que el recomendado por el IFCC, pero ejecutado a
una temperatura mayor. En esta reaccin, la ALT cataliza la transferencia de un grupo amino de la L-alanina al -cetoglutarato
para formar L-glutamato y piruvato. La lactato deshidrogenasa cataliza la conversin de piruvato a lactato. Al mismo tiempo,
NADH se oxida a NAD+, como se muestra en el esquema siguiente de la reaccin.
Page 54 of 89

ALT
L-Alanina + -cetoglutarato

L-Glutamato + Piruvato
LDH

Piruvato + NADH + H+

Lactato + NAD+

El ndice de cambio de la diferencia de absorbancia entre 340 nm y 405 nm se debe a la conversin de NADH a NAD+ y es
directamente proporcional a la cantidad de ALT en la muestra.
Albmina (ALB)
Los primeros mtodos usados para medir la albmina incluyen tcnicas de fraccionamiento 6,7,8 y el contenido en tritofano de
las globulinas.9,10 Estos mtodos son difciles de utilizar y no tienen una especificidad elevada. Dos tcnicas inmunoqumicas
se consideran como mtodos de referencia, pero son caras y requieren mucho tiempo.11 Las tcnicas de tincin son los mtodos
usados con mayor frecuencia para el anlisis de la albmina. El verde de bromcresol (BCG) es el mtodo de tincin usado con
mayor frecuencia, pero puede sobrestimar la concentracin de albmina, especialmente en los lmites inferiores de los rangos
normales.12 La prpura de bromcresol (BCP) es la ms especfica de las tinturas en uso.13, 14
La prpura de bromcresol, al unirse a la albmina, cambia su color de amarillo a azul. La absorbancia mxima cambia con el
cambio de color.
Surfactantes
BCP + Albmina

Complejo BCP-Albmina
pH cido

La albmina unida es proporcional a la concentracin de albmina en la muestra. Se trata de una reaccin de punto final que se
mide como la diferencia en la absorbancia entre 600 nm y 5 nm.
Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP)
Las tcnicas para medir la fosfatasa alcalina fueron creadas hace ms de 60 aos. En estos momentos, a algunos de estos
mtodos espectrofotomtricos de criterio de valoracin o de dos puntos15, 16 se los considera obsoletos o demasiado
complicados. El uso de p-nitrofenil fosfato (p-NPP) aument la velocidad de la reaccin.17, 18 La fiabilidad de esta tcnica
aument de manera considerable con el uso de un amortiguador de in metlico para mantener la concentracin de iones de
magnesio y zinc en la reaccin.19 El mtodo de referencia de la Asociacin Norteamericana de Qumica Clnica (AACC)20 usa
el p-NPP como sustrato y un amortiguador con in metlico.
El procedimiento de Piccolo es modificado por los mtodos AACC20 e IFCC.21 La fosfatasa alcalina hidroliza el p-NPP en un
amortiguador con in metlico y forma p-nitrofenol y fosfato.
ALP
p-Nitrofenil fosfato

Zn2+, Mg2+

.p-Nitrofenol

+ fosfato

La cantidad de ALP en la muestra es proporcional al ndice de aumento de la diferencia de absorbancia entre 405 nm y 500 nm.
Amilasa (AMY)
Se desarrollaron 200 pruebas distintas para medir la amilasa. La mayora de los procedimientos usan una solucin polisacrida,
pero emplean tcnicas de deteccin distintas. Los mtodos viscosimtricos carecen de precisin y exactitud,22 mientras que los
mtodos turbidimtricos y iodomtricos son difciles de estandarizar.23,24 Los mtodos usados con mayor frecuencia son
sacarognicos y cromolticos. La tcnica clsica de medicin de la amilasa es un mtodo sacarognico25, pero es difcil y
exige demasiado tiempo.26 Los mtodos cromolticos que utilizan p-nitrofenilglucsidos como sustratos fueron desarrollados
recientemente.27 Estos anlisis tienen mayor especificidad por la amilasa pancretica que por la salival y se controlan con
facilidad.27
En el mtodo de Piccolo, el sustrato 2-cloro-p-nitrofenil--D-maltotriosida (CNPG3), reacciona con la -amilasa en la muestra
del paciente liberando 2-cloro-p-nitrofenol (CNP). La liberacin del CNP crea un cambio en el color.
-Amilasa
CNPG3

CNP + D-Maltotriosida
Page 55 of 89

La reaccin se mide bicromticamente a 405 nm y 500 nm. El cambio en la absorbancia debido a la formacin de CNP es
directamente proporcional a la actividad de la -amilasa en la muestra.
Aspartato aminotransferasa (AST)
La prueba de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) se basa en el mtodo de velocidad de Karmen28 modificado por Bergmeyer.29
El mtodo de referencia actual de la Federacin Internacional de Qumica Clnica (IFCC) utiliza la tcnica de
Karmen/Bergmeyer de acoplar malato deshidrogenasa (MDH) y nicotinamida dinucletido reducida (NADH) en la deteccin
de AST en suero.29,30 Se agrega lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) a la reaccin para reducir la interferencia causada por piruvato
endgeno.
El AST cataliza la reaccin del L-aspartato y -cetoglutarato en oxaloacetato y L-glutamato. El oxaloacetato es convertido en
malato y el NADH es oxidado a NAD+ por el catalizador MDH.
AST
L-aspartato + -cetoglutarato

Oxaloacetato + L-glutamato
MDH

Oxaloacetato + NADH

Malato + NAD+

El cambio en el ndice de absorbancia a 340 nm/405 nm debido a la conversin de NADH a NAD+ es directamente
proporcional a la cantidad de AST en la muestra.
Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa (GGT)
Los primeros mtodos cuantitativos desarrollados para medir la gamma-glutamiltransferasa (GGT) precisaban una segunda
reaccin para formar un colorante azoico que se combinaba con un cromforo.39,40 El cambio a L--glutamil-p-nitroanilida
como el sustrato en la reaccin elimin el paso de formacin del colorante.41 Debido a la pobre solubilidad y estabilidad de L-glutamil-p-nitroanilida, este procedimiento fue modificado para usar el sustrato L--glutamil-3-carboxi-4-nitroanilida.42 El
mtodo GGT recomendado por la Federacin Internacional de Qumica Clnica (IFCC) se basaba en el ltimo sustrato, con
gliciclicina como el otro sustrato.43
Abaxis modific el mtodo IFCC para que reaccione a 37C. El agregado de una muestra con gamma-glutamiltransferasa a los
sustratos L--glutamil-3-carboxi-4-nitroanilida and glicilglicina (gli-gli) causa la formacin de L--glutamil-glicilglicina (glugli-gli) y 3-carboxi-4-nitroanilina.
GGT
L--glutamil- + Gli-gli-3-carboxi 4-nitroanilida

Glu-gli-gli + 3-carboxi-4-nitroanilina

La absorbancia de este ndice de reaccin se mide a 405 nm. La produccin de 3-carboxi-4-nitroanilina es directamente
proporcional a la actividad de GGT en la muestra.
Bilirrubina total (TBIL)
Tpicamente, los niveles de bilirrubina total fueron medidos por pruebas que emplean cido sulfanlico diazoico.32,44 Se
desarroll un mtodo ms moderno y ms especfico que utiliza la enzima bilirrubina oxidasa.34,35,36 Adems de utilizar el
mtodo de prueba de la bilirrubina total, ms especfico, en el sistema de Piccolo se minimiza la fotodegradacin del electrolito
porque la muestra puede evaluarse inmediatamente despus de la recoleccin.
En el procedimiento enzimtico, la bilirrubina es oxidada por la bilirrubina oxidasa en biliverdina. La reaccin final es la
conversin de la biliverdina en varios componentes prpura.
Bilirrubina oxidasa
Bilirrubina + O2

Biliverdina + H2O

La bilirrubina se mide como la diferencia en la absorbancia entre 467 nm y 550 nm. La absorbancia inicial de esta reaccin de
punto final se determina por la cubeta de referencia con bilirrubina y la absorbancia final se obtiene de la cubeta de prueba con
bilirrubina. La cantidad de bilirrubina en la muestra es proporcional a la diferencia entre las mediciones inicial y final de la
absorbancia.

Page 56 of 89

Protena total (TP)


El mtodo de protenas totales es una modificacin de la reaccin de biuret, remarcable por su precisin, exactitud y
especificidad.45 Desarrollada originariamente por Riegler46 y modificada por Weichselbaum47, Doumas y otros48 propusieron
una reaccin de biuret como posible mtodo de referencia para las protenas totales.
En la reaccin de biuret, la solucin de protenas es tratada con iones cpricos [Cu(II)] en un medio fuertemente alcalino. Se
agregan tartrato sdico de potasio y yoduro de potasio para impedir la precitacin de hidrxido de cobre y la autorreduccin del
cobre, respectivamente.47 Los iones Cu(II) reaccionan con uniones peptdicas entre los tomos de oxgeno carbonilo y
nitrgeno amida para formar un complejo Cu-protena coloreado.
OHProtena total + Cu(II)

Complejo Cu-Protena

La cantidad de protenas totales en la muestra es directamente proporcional a la absorbancia del complejo Cu-protena. La
prueba de protena total es una reaccin de valoracin final y la absorbancia se mide como la diferencia en la absorbancia entre
550 nm y 850 nm.

4. Principios del procedimiento


Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo para obtener informacin sobre los principios del
procedimiento.

5. Descripcin de los reactivos


Reactivos
Cada disco reactivo del panel heptico Plus de Piccolo contiene soportes slidos especficos para pruebas secas (descritos a
continuacin). Se incluye un reactivo de referencia de muestra seco (que consta de amortiguador, surfactante, excipientes y
estabilizadores) en cada disco para usar en el clculo de las concentraciones de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), albmina
(ALB), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), amilasa (AMY), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y gamma-glutamiltransferasa (GGT). Se
incluyen en el disco referencias de muestra dedicadas para la bilirrubina total y protenas totales. Cada disco reactivo contiene
tambin un diluyente lquido que consta de surfactantes, excipientes y estabilizadores.
Tabla 1: Reactivos

Componente

Cantidad/disco

Alanina aminotransferasa reactiva


L-alanina
-cido cetoglutrico
-nicotinamida adenina dinucletido reducida (NADH)
Lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes

874 g
54 g
7 g
0,09 U

Albmina reactiva
Prpura de bromcresol, sal sdica
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes

2 g

Fosfatasa alcalina reactiva


Cloruro de magnesio
Sulfato de zinc
p-NPP, sal disdica
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes

3 g
3 g
56 g

Page 57 of 89

Tabla 1: Reactivos (continuacin)

Componente
Amilasa reactiva
CNPG3
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes
Aspartato aminotransferasa reactiva
L-cido asprtico
Lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
-nicotinamida adenina dinucletido, reducida (NADH)
Malato deshidrogenasa (MDH) (corazn porcino)
-cido cetoglutrico
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes

Cantidad/disco

40 g

426 g
0,04 U
5 g
0,01 U
28 g

Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa reactiva
Glicilglicina
cido L-glutmico -(3-carboxi-4-nitroanilida
Amortiguadores, surfactante, excipientes y estabilizantes

317 g
30 g

Bilirrubina total reactiva


Reactivo para enzima de bilirrubina de Beckman
Amortiguador, excipientes y estabilizantes

0,1 U

Bilirrubina total testigo


Amortiguador, excipientes y estabilizantes
Reactivo para protenas totales
Potasio sdico tartrato
Sulfato cprico
Yoduro de potasio
Excipientes y estabilizantes

343 g
134 g
28 g

Protena total de referencia


Potasio sdico tartrato
Yoduro de potasio
Excipientes y estabilizantes

343 g
28 g

Advertencias y precauciones
El envase del diluyente en el disco reactivo se abre automticamente cuando se cierra el cajn del analizador. No puede
reutilizarse un disco con un envase de diluyente abierto. Compruebe que la muestra o la prueba fue colocada en el disco
antes de cerrar el cajn.

Los discos de reactivo usados contienen lquidos del cuerpo humano. Siga las buenas prcticas de control de la infeccin
cuando manipule y deseche los discos usados. Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo
para obtener instrucciones sobre la limpieza de derrames biopeligrosos.

Los discos reactivos son de plstico y pueden romperse o estallarse si se caen. No use nunca un disco que se haya cado ya
que puede derramar substancias biopeligrosas en el interior del analizador.

El reactivo en soporte slido puede contener sustancias cidas o custicas. El usuario no entra en contacto con el reactivo
en soporte slido si sigue los procedimientos recomendados. En el caso en que se manipule el reactivo en soporte slido
(por ejemplo, limpieza tras dejar caer y romper un disco de reactivo) se debe evitar la ingestin, el contacto con la piel y la
inhalacin del mismo.

El reactivo en soporte slido y el diluyente contienen compuestos nitrogenados sdicos que pueden reaccionar con plomo
y cobre para formar compuestos nitrogenados metlicos muy explosivos. Los reactivos no entrarn en contacto con el
Page 58 of 89

plomo y cobre si se siguen los procedimientos recomendados. Sin embargo, si los reactivos entran en contacto con los
metales, se debe lavar abundantemente con agua para prevenir la acumulacin de azida.
Almacenamiento
Almacene los discos de reactivo en sus bolsas selladas a 2-8C (36-46F). Para usar los discos de reactivos, retrelos del
refrigerador en su envase de papel aluminio sellado. Los discos en su envase sellado pueden mantenerse a temperatura
ambiente y de nuevo en el refrigerador varias veces. Asegrese que el tiempo total en el que los discos se encuentren a
temperatura ambiente no exceda de 48 horas. Abra el envoltorio y retire el disco inmediatemente antes de realizar la prueba.
No exponga los discos, dentro o fuera del envoltorio de papel aluminio, a la luz solar directa o a temperaturas por encima de
los 32C (90F). Se debe usar el disco despus de 20 minutos de abierto el envase; un disco en un envase abierto no puede ser
colocado de nuevo en el refrigerador para ser utilizado ms tarde.
Indicaciones de inestabilidad/deterioro del disco reactivo.
No use un disco:
despus de la fecha de caducidad. Aparecer un mensaje de error en la pantalla del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo
si usa un disco caducado;
de un envase roto o daado; o
si el desecante est rosa, segn se observa a travs de la tira del paquete dentro del envoltorio del disco.

6. Instrumento
Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo para recibir informacin completa sobre el uso del
analizador.

7. Recoleccin y preparacin de las muestras


Las tcnicas de recoleccin de muestras se describen en el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo.

El tamao mnimo requerido para la sangre es de ~90 L de sangre entera heparinizada, plasma heparinizado, suero o
suero de control. La cmara de muestra del disco reactivo puede contener hasta 120 L de muestra.

Las muestras obtenidas por digitopuncin deben ser colocadas en el disco reactivo inmediatamente despus de obtenerse
la muestra.

Las muestras de sangre entera obtenidas por venopuncin deben ser homogeneizadas antes de transferir una muestra al
disco reactivo. Invierta el tubo de recoleccin con suavidad varias veces antes de transferir la muestra. No sacuda el tubo
de recoleccin; esto puede provocar hemlisis.

Las muestras de sangre entera obtenidas por venopuncin deben ser analizadas dentro de los 60 minutos posteriores a la
recoleccin. Las muestras de sangre entera refrigerada pueden causar cambios significativos en las concentraciones de
aspartato aminotransferasa.51 La muestra puede ser separada en plasma o suero y almacenada en tubos de muestra con
tapa a 2-8C (36-46F) si la muestra no puede ser analizada dentro de los 60 minutos.

Los resultados de bilirrubina total pueden verse afectados de manera negativa por la fotodegradacin. Las muestras de
sangre entera que no se analicen de inmediato debern ser almacenadas en la oscuridad por un mximo de 60 minutos. Si
la muestra no puede ser analizada dentro de dicho perodo, se la puede separar en plasma o suero, y almacenar en un tubo
de muestra con tapa en la oscuridad a baja temperatura.52

Sustancias conocidas como interferencias


El nico anticoagulante recomendado para usar con el protocolo de prueba del Piccolo es la heparina de litio. Abaxis
realiz estudios que demuestran que EDTA, fluoruro, oxalato y cualquier anticoagulante con iones amonaco interferirn
con, por lo menos, un qumico contenido en el Planel heptico Plus de Piccolo.

La amilasa es secretada por varias glndulas, as como por el pncreas. Slo la amilasa pancretica reviste inters
clnico.53 La contaminacin de una muestra con amilasa no pancretica provocar resultados artificialmente elevados. Las
muestras obtenidas por digitopuncin son ms propensas a sufrir contaminacin que las obtenidas por venopuncin. Si los
resultados de la amilasa de una muestra obtenida por digitopuncin no son acordes a los sntomas clnicos del paciente,
repita la prueba con una muestra obtenida por venopuncin.
Page 59 of 89

Puede verse interferencia en la prueba de protenas totales cuando se analizan muestras con una concentracin de
triglicridos superiores a 400 mg/dL; pueden mostrar un aumento en el nivel de protenas totales. El analizador qumico de
sangre de Piccolo elimina todos los resultados que sufren una interferencia por parte de la lipidemia superior al 10%. En
lugar del resultado, en la tarjeta de resultados se imprime LIP.

8. Procedimiento
Materiales necesarios
Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador de Piccolo para obtener informacin sobre cmo ordenar los materiales
necesarios para utilizar el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo de acuerdo con el procedimiento recomendado.

Un disco reactivo con panel heptico Plus de Piccolo, PN: 400-1003 (una caja de discos, PN: 400-0003)

Materiales necesarios pero no suministrados

Analizador qumico de sangre Piccolo


Con cada analizador qumico de sangre Piccolo se suministran pipetas de transferencia de muestras (volumen fijo de
aproximadamente 100 L) y puntas, y pueden solicitarse repuestos a Abaxis.
Reactivos de control disponibles comercialmente recomendados por Abaxis (pngase en contacto con el Servicio Tcnico
de Abaxis para solicitar materiales de control homologados y valores de referencia).
Cronmetro

Parmetros de prueba
El analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo funciona a temperaturas ambiente entre 15C y 32C (59-90F). El tiempo de
anlisis para cada Panel heptico Plus de Piccolo es inferior a 14 minutos. El analizador mantiene el disco reactivo a la
temperatura de 37C (98,6F) a lo largo del intervalo de medicin.
Procedimiento de prueba
La recoleccin completa de la muestra y los procedimientos paso por paso se detallan en el manual del usuario del analizador
qumico de sangre de Piccolo.
Control de calidad
Las mediciones de calidad se aseguran por muchos mtodos de control de calidad incorporados (ver el manual del usuario de
Piccolo). Abaxis tambin asegura la precisin de los factores de calibracin contenidos en el cdigo de barras en cada disco
reactivo. Sin embargo, los usuarios que deseen verificar los factores de calibracin pueden realizar controles de calidad
adicionales mediante muestras falsas como materiales de control de calidad basados en suero.
El rendimiento del analizador qumico de sangre Piccolo puede verificarse por medio de controles. Pngase en contacto con el
Servicio Tcnico de Abaxis para solicitar un listado de los materiales de control de calidad homologados con los lmites de
aceptacin.
Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo para obtener informacin ms detallada sobre la
realizacin, registro, interpretacin y extrapolacin de los resultados de control.
Calibrado
El analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo est calibrado por el fabricante antes de su envo al cliente. El cdigo de barras
impreso sobre el anillo de cdigo de barras proporciona al analizador datos de calibracin especficos para el disco reactivo.
Consulte el manual del usuario del analizador de Piccolo.

9. Resultados
El analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo calcula automticamente e imprime las concentraciones de electrolitos en la
muestra. Los detalles de los clculos del criterio de valoracin y velocidad de la reaccin se encuentran en el manual del
usuario del analizador de sangre de Piccolo. En el manual del usuario analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo se detalla
tambin la interpretacin de los resultados. Los resultados se imprimen en las tarjetas de resultados proporcionadas por Abaxis.
La parte posterior de las tarjetas de resultados es adhesiva para facilitar su colocacin en los archivos del paciente.
La reaccin para cada sustrato se produce a 37C (98,6F).
Page 60 of 89

10. Limitaciones del procedimiento


Las limitaciones generales del procedimiento se explican en el manual del usuario del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo.

El nico anticoagulante recomendado para uso con el sistema qumico de sangre Piccolo es heparina-litio. No utilice
heparina sdica.

Se recomienda que las pruebas de albmina se evalen mediante sangre entera o venosa en vez de sangre entera obtenida
por venopuncin. Las tcnicas de obtencin de muestras por digitopuncin pueden causar ms trauma celular que las de
venopuncin.

Las muestras con hematocritos que superan el 62-65% del volumen concentrado de eritrocitos (una fraccin de volumen
de 0,62 - 0,65) pueden dar resultados falsos. Las muestras con un hematocrito elevado pueden ser analizadas como
hemolizadas. Estas muestras pueden centrifugarse para obtener plasma y a continuacin analizarse de nuevo en un disco
reactivo nuevo.

La amilasa es secretada por varias glndulas, as como por el pncreas. Slo lo amilasa pancretica reviste inters
clnico.53 La contaminacin de una muestra con amilasa no pancretica provocar resultados artificialmente elevados. Las
muestras obtenidas por digitopuncin son ms propensas a sufrir contaminacin que las obtenidas por venopuncin. Si los
resultados de la amilasa de una muestra obtenida por digitopuncin no son acordes a los sntomas clnicos del paciente,
repita la prueba con una muestra obtenida por venopuncin.

Todo resultado para una prueba particular que supere los valores del anlisis deber analizarse por otro mtodo de
prueba homologada o ser enviado a un laboratorio de referencia. No diluya la muestra ni vuelva a analizarla en el
analizador qumico sanguneo Piccolo.
Advertencia:
Pruebas exhaustivas del sistema qumico sanguneo Piccolo han demostrado que, en casos muy
raros, la muestra aplicada al disco reactivo podra no fluir con facilidad a la cmara de la muestra. Debido al
flujo no uniforme, puede analizarse una cantidad inadecuada de muestra y varios de los resultados pueden
caer fuera de los valores esperados. La muestra puede volverse a analizar con un nuevo disco reactivo.

Interferencia
Se probaron sustancias como factores de interferencia con los analitos. Se prepararon mezclas de suero humano. La
concentracin a la cual se prob cada obstculo potencial se bas en los niveles de prueba en NCCLS EP7-A15.
Efectos de las sustancias endgenas
Los factores de interferencia fisiolgicos (hemlisis, ictericia y lipidemia) provocan cambios en las concentraciones
analizadas de algunos analitos. Los ndices de la muestra son impresos en la base de cada tarjeta de resultados para
informar al usuario sobre los niveles de factores de interferencia presentes en cada muestra.

El sistema qumico sanguneo Piccolo suprime cualquier resultado que sea afectado por ms del 10% de interferencia por
hemlisis, lipidemia o ictericia. En lugar del resultado, la tarjeta tendr impreso HEM, LIP o ICT, respectivamente.

Pngase en contacto con el Servicio Tcnico de Abaxis para obtener informacin acerca de los niveles mximos de
sustancias endgenas.

Asimismo, se ha descubierto que concentraciones de 230 mg/dL de lactato y de 10.000 U/L de lactatodeshidrogenasa no
tenan ningn efecto en los anlisis realizados en los discos.

Efectos de las sustancias teraputicas


Los siguientes compuestos no interfieren de manera significativa con la qumica del disco reactivo de Piccolo. Se define a
la interferencia significativa como un desvo superior al 10% en el resultado para una muestra en lmites normales. Las
mezclas de suero humano fueron enriquecidas con concentraciones conocidas de los frmacos o qumicos, y luego
analizadas.

Page 61 of 89

Sustancias teraputicas
o exgenas

Concentracin con
no significativa Interferencia
(mg/dL)

Rango fisiolgico o
teraputico54-57
(mg/dL)

Acetaminofeno
cido acetilsaliclico
Cloranfenicol
Cimetidina
Dextrano
Eritromicina
Hidroclorotiazida
Isoniacida
Cetoprofen
Lidocana
Meticilina
Metotrexato
Metronidazol
Nafcilina
Oxacilina
Fenitona
Rifampina
cido saliclico

100
50
100
16
300
10
7,5
4
50
1
100
0,5
5
1
1
3
0,5
25

1-2
2-10
1-2,5
0,1-1
600-1800
0,2-2,0

0,1-0,7

0,15-0,6

0,1
0,1

1-2
0,4-3
15-30

Las siguientes sustancias mostraron una interferencia superior al 10%. Se define a la interferencia significativa como un desvo
superior al 10% en el resultado para una muestra en lmites normales. Las mezclas de suero humano fueron enriquecidas con
concentraciones conocidas de los frmacos o qumicos, y luego analizadas.
Concentracin con Rango Fisiolgico o
no significativa
Teraputico54-57
Interferencia (mg/dL) (mg/dL)

Interferencia

Alanina aminotransferasa (ALT)


cido ascrbico
Oxaloacetato

20
132

0,8-1,2

11% aum.*
843% aum.

Albmina (ALB)
Acetoacetato
Ampicilina
Cafena
Cloruro de calcio
Cefalotina (Keflin)
Ibuprofeno
-cetoglutarato
Nitrofurantona
Prolina
Sulfalazina
Sulfanilamida
Teofilina

102
30
10
20
400
50
5
20
4
10
50
20

0,05-3,60
0,5
0,3-1,5

10
0,5-4,2

0,2

2-4
10-15
1-2

18% dism.*
12% dism.
14% dism.
17% dism.
13% aum.
28% aum.
11% dism.
13% dism.
12% aum.
14% dism.
12% dism.
11% dism.

Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP)


Teofilina

20

1-2

42% dism.

Bilirrubina total9 (TBIL)


Dopamina
L-dopa

19
5

55% dism.
17% dism.

*aum.=aumento; dism.=disminucin
Consulte la bibliografa para obtener informacin adicional sobre posibles interferencias qumicas.
Page 62 of 89

11. Valores esperados


Se analizaron muestras de un total de 193 varones y mujeres adultos en el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo, para
determinar los rangos de referencia para la alanina aminotransferasa, albmina, fosfatasa alcalina, amilasa, bilirrubina total y
protenas totales. Se analizaron las muestras de un total de 186 varones y mujeres adultos en el analizador qumico de sangre de
Piccolo para determinar los rangos de referencia para aspartato aminotransferasa. Se analizaron las muestras de un total de 131
varones y mujeres adultos en el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo para determinar los rangos de referencia para gamma
glutamil transferasa.
Estos rangos slo se ofrecen como gua. Se recomienda que su consultorio o institucin establezca rangos normales para el rea
geogrfica en la cual usted se encuentra ubicado.

Tabla 2: Rangos de referencia de Piccolo

Electrolito
Alanina Aminotransferasa (ALT)
Albmina (ALB)
Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), Varn
Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), Mujer
Amilasa (AMY)
Aspartato Aminotransferasa (AST)
Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa (GGT)
Bilirrubina total (TBIL)
Protena total (TP)

Rango de referencia
Unidades comunes
Unidades SI
10-47 U/L
3,3-5,5 g/dL
53 -128 U/L
42 -141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
0,2-1,6 mg/dL
6,4-8,1 g/dL

10-47 U/L
33-55 g/L
53 -128 U/L
42 -141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
3,4-27,4 mol/L
64-81 g/L

La amilasa es secretada por varias glndulas, as como por el pncreas. Slo lo amilasa pancretica reviste inters clnico.53 La
contaminacin de una muestra con amilasa no pancretica provocar resultados artificialmente elevados. Las muestras
obtenidas por digitopuncin son ms propensas a sufrir contaminacin que las obtenidas por venopuncin. Si los resultados de
la amilasa de una muestra obtenida por digitopuncin no son acordes a los sntomas clnicos del paciente, repita la prueba con
una muestra obtenida por venopuncin.

12. Caractersticas de eficacia


Linealidad
La qumica de cada electrolito es lineal a lo largo del rango dinmico enumerado abajo cuando se opera el analizador qumico
de sangre de Piccolo de acuerdo con los procedimientos recomendados (consulte el manual del usuario del analizador qumico
de sangre de Piccolo).
Tabla 3: Rangos dinmicos de Piccolo

Electrolito
Alanina Aminotransferasa (ALT)
Albmina (ALB)
Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP)
Amilasa (AMY)
Aspartato Aminotransferasa (AST)
Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa (GGT)
Bilirrubina total (TBIL)
Protena total (TP)

Rango dinmico
Unidades comunes Unidades SI
5-2000 U/L
1-6,5 g/dL
5-2.400 U/L
5-4.000 U/L
5-2.000 U/L
5-3.000 U/L
0,1-30 mg/dL
2-14 g/dL

5-2000 U/L
10-65 g/L
5-2.400 U/L
5-4.000 U/L
5-2.000 U/L
5-3.000 U/L
1,7-603 mol/L
20-140 g/L

Si la concentracin del analito es superior al intervalo de medicin (intervalo dinmico), pero inferior al intervalo del sistema,
en la tarjeta impresa se indicarn un signo > en el lmite superior y un asterisco detrs del nmero, por ejemplo, ALT >2000*
U/L. Si es inferior al intervalo dinmico, se imprimir < con un asterisco, por ejemplo, ALT <5* U/L. Para valores que
Page 63 of 89

tengan un valor enormemente ms alto que el intervalo de medicin (intervalo del sistema), se imprimir ~~~ en lugar del
resultado. Cada vez que aparezca ~~~ en la tarjeta impresa, recoja una muestra nueva y realice de nuevo la prueba. Si los
resultados de la segunda muestra se vuelven a suprimir, pngase en contacto con el servicio de atencin al cliente de Abaxis.
Especificidad
El lmite inferior de deteccin de cada electrolito es: Alanina amino-transferasa 10 U/L; albmina 1 g/dL (10 g/L); fosfatasa
alcalina 5 U/L; amilasa 5 U/L; aspartato aminotransferasa 5 U/L; gamma-glutamiltransferasa 5 U/L; bilirrubina total 0,1 mg/dL
(1,7 mol/L); y protena total 2 g/dL (20 g/L).
Precisin
Se realizaron estudios de precisin con las recomendaciones NCCLS EP5-T2.60 Los resultados intraseriales y de precisin total
se determinan evaluando dos niveles de material testigo.
Tabla 4: Precisin (N = 80)

Electrolitos
Alanina aminotranferasa (U/L)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Albmina (g/dL)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Fosfatasa alcalina (U/L)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Amilasa (U/L)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR

Intraserial

Total

21
2,76
13,4

21
2,79
13,5

52
2,70
5,2

52
3,25
6,2

5,6
0,09
1,7

5,6
0,11
2,1

3,7
0,07
2,0

3,7
0,11
2,9

39
1,81
4,6

39
2,29
5,8

281
4,08
1,5

281
8,75
3,1

46
2,40
5,2

46
2,63
5,7

300
11,15
3,7

300
11,50
3,8

Page 64 of 89

Tabla 4: Precisin (N = 80) (continuacin)

Electrolitos
Aspartato aminotransferasa (U/L)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa (U/L)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Bilirrubina total (mg/dL)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR
Protenas totales (g/dL)
Nivel de referencia 1
Media
DE
% VR
Nivel de referencia 2
Media
DE
% VR

Intraserial

Total

47
0,98
2,07

0,92
1,88

145
1,83
1,26

147
1,70
1,16

25
0,59
2,34

25
0,74
2,94

106
1,52
1,43

106
2,29
2,15

0,8
0,06
8,0

0,8
0,07
9,3

5,2
0,09
1,7

5,2
0,15
2,8

6,8
0,05
0,8

6,8
0,08
1,2

4,7
0,09
2,0

4,7
0,09
2,0

Correlacin
Las muestras de suero y de sangre entera heparinizadas de los pacientes se extrajeron de dos sitios. Las muestras de sangre
entera fueron analizadas por el analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo en los sitios de campo y las muestras de suero fueron
analizadas por el analizador de Piccolo y por mtodos de comparacin. En algunos casos, se usaron muestras muy y poco
enriquecidas para cubrir el rango dinmico. Todas las muestras fueron probadas en singlicato el mismo da. En la tabla 5 se
muestran las estadsticas de correlacin representativas.

Page 65 of 89

Tabla 5: Correlacin del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo con el mtodo de comparacin

Sangre entera
Lab 1
Lab 2
Alalina aminotransferasa (U/L)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Albmina (g/dL)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Fosfatasa alcalina (U/L)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Amilasa (U/L)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Aspartato aminotransferasa (U/L)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Gamma-Glutamiltransferasa (U/L)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin

0,98
0,91
1,3
3,21
86
10-174
Paramax

0,99
0,94
2,5
2,84
67
10-174
Technicon

0,85
1,0
0,3
0,22
261
1,1-5,3
Paramax

0,90
0,88
0,1
0,21
100
1,5-5,0
Beckman

0,99
0,97
5,9
3,97
99
27-368
Paramax

0,93
1,14
17,6
4,79
80
26-150
Technicon

0,98
0,69
4,7
3,11
99
11-92
Paramax
0,93
0,87
5,3
2,76
159
13-111
Paramax

0,96
1,07
4,1
3,47
80
19-118
Technicon
1,0
0,97
3,0
1,90
46
13-252
DAX

1,0
0,98
0,4
3,29
135
5-312
Paramax

1,0*
1,60*
3,1*
18,57*
49
27-1848
Beckman

Page 66 of 89

Tabla 5 continuacin: Correlacin del analizador qumico de sangre de Piccolo con mtodos correlativos

Sangre entera
Lab 1
Bilirrubina total (mg/dL)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin
Protenas totales (g/dL)
Correlacin
Pendiente
Intercepta
VER
N
Rangos de la muestra
Mtodo de comparacin

Lab 2

0,97
0,90
0,0
0,07
250
0,2-3,7
Paramax

0,98
1,11
0,4
0,09
91
0,1-6,4
Beckman

0,85
0,93
0,6
0,19
260
5,7-9,2
Paramax

0,87
0,94
0,3
0,16
92
6,5-9,2
Beckman

*El laboratorio 2 slo evalu suero en el analizador de Piccolo para la correlacin de la prueba de la gammaglutamiltransferasa.
Resultados de un estudio con usuarios sin preparacin
Se llev a cabo un estudio con usuarios sin preparacin, en el que los participantes, nicamente con las instrucciones del
anlisis que se les proporcionaban, deban analizar tres discos con muestras aleatorizadas a ciegas. Las muestras se prepararon
a base de suero con tres niveles de cada uno de los ocho analitos, ALT, albmina, ALP, AMY, AST, GGT, bilirrubina total y
protena total. Los participantes no tenan ninguna formacin en la realizacin del anlisis. Se reclutaron en total
aproximadamente 60 participantes de 3 centros, que constituan una poblacin suficientemente diversa (estudios, edad, sexo,
etc.) a efectos demogrficos.
En las tablas siguientes se muestra un resumen del rendimiento de cada analito.
Alanina aminotransferasa (ALT)
Nivel 1
N
62
Media
45,4 U/L
% VR
3,7%
Intervalo
42 53
observado
Porcentaje de
98,4%
resultados en el
61/62
intervalo
95% IC: 91,3% a 100%
15,0%*

Nivel 2
62
98,9 U/L
1,7%
96 103

Nivel 3
62
184,3 U/L
1,5%
175 191

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Este porcentaje est basado en el supuesto de que es imposible distinguir correctamente entre valores normales y anormales
cuando el error es mayor de una cuarta parte de intervalo normal. Se utiliz el intervalo (10 U/L - 47 U/L).

Page 67 of 89

Albmina
N
Media
% VR
Intervalo
observado
Porcentaje de
resultados en el
intervalo
12,5%

Nivel 1
62
3,0 g/dL
2,7%
2,9 3,2

Nivel 2
62
3,5 g/dL
2,5%
3,3 3,7

Nivel 3
62
4,2 g/dL
1,8%
4,0 4,4

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Nivel 1
62
94,5 U/L
5,2%
85 106

Nivel 2
62
171,5 U/L
3,2%
160-184

Nivel 3
62
337,5 U/L
2,4%
287 388

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Nivel 1
62
72,1 U/L
2,4%
67 75

Nivel 2
62
126,9 U/L
2,1%
120 133

Nivel 3
62
260,0 U/L
1,9%
248 273

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Nivel 2
62
120,4
1,1%
117 124

Nivel 3
62
276,3
1,0%
266 285

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Fosfatasa alcalina (ALP)


N
Media
% VR
Intervalo
observado
Porcentaje de
resultados en el
intervalo
15,0%
Amilasa (AMY)
N
Media
% VR
Intervalo
observado
Porcentaje de
resultados en el
intervalo
15,0%

Aspartato aminotransferasa (AST)


Nivel 1
N
62
Media
56,0
% VR
2,4%
Intervalo
54 60
observado
Porcentaje de
100%
resultados en el
62/62
intervalo
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%
15,0%

Page 68 of 89

Gamma glutamiltransferasa (GGT)


Nivel 1
N
62
Media
35,0 U/L
% VR
2,8%
Intervalo
33 38
observado
Porcentaje de
100%
resultados en el
62/62
intervalo
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%
15,0%

Nivel 2
62
86,2 U/L
1,5%
83 90

Nivel 3
62
131,3 U/L
1,5%
123 135

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Nivel 1
62
0,86 mg/dL
6,1%
0,8 1,0

Nivel 2
62
2,5 mg/dL
2,6%
2,3 2,6

Nivel 3
62
5,7 mg/dL
1,8%
5,4 5,9

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Nivel 1
62
4,8 g/dL
2,0%
4,6 5,3

Nivel 2
62
5,7 g/dL
1,5%
5,3 5,9

Nivel 3
62
7,1 g/dL
1,5%
6,7 7,5

98,4%
61/62
95% IC: 91,3% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

100%
62/62
95% IC: 94,2% a 100%

Bilirrubina total (TBIL)


N
Media
% VR
Intervalo
observado
Porcentaje de
resultados en el
intervalo
15,0%
Protena total (TP)
N
Media
% VR
Intervalo
observado
Porcentaje de
resultados en el
intervalo
5,9%

13. Bibliografa
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Reitman, S and S Frankel. 1957. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic
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10. Saifer, A and T Marven. 1966. The photometric microdetermination of serum total globulins with a tryptophan reaction: a
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11. Gendler, SM. 1989. Albumin. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and
Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp.1029-1033.
12. Webster, D, AHC Bignell and EC Attwood. 1974. An assessment of the suitability of bromocresol green for the
determination of serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta 53: 101-108.
13. Louderback, A, EH Mealey and NA Taylor. 1968. A new dye-binding technic using bromcresol purple for determination
of albumin in serum. Clin Chem 14: 793-794. (Abstract)
14. Pinnell, AE and BE Northam. 1978. New automated dye-binding method for serum albumin determination with
bromcresol purple. Clin Chem 24: 80-86.
15. King, EJ and AR Armstrong. 1934. A convenient method for determining serum and bile phosphatase activity. Can Med
Assoc J 31: 376-381.
16. Kind, PRN and EJ King. 1954. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with aminoantipyrine. J Clin Pathol 7: 322-326.
17. Ohmori, Y. 1937. Uber die Phosphomonoesterase. Enzymologia 4: 217-231.
18. Fujita, H. 1939. Uber die Mikrobestimmung der Blutphosphatase. J Biochem, Japan 30: 69-87.
19. Petitclerc, C, M Delisle, M Martel, C Fecteau and N Brire. 1975. Mechanism of action of Mg2+ and Zn2+ on rat placental
alkaline phosphatase. I. Studies on the soluble Zn2+ and Mg2+ alkaline phosphatase. Can J Biochem 53: 1089-1100.
20. Tietz, NW, CA Burtis, P Duncan, K Ervin, CJ Petitclerc, AD Rinker, D Shuey and ER Zygowicz. 1983. A reference
method for measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum. Clin Chem 29: 751-761.
21. Bowers, GN, Jr, HU Bergmeyer, M Hrder and DW Moss. 1979. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part I. General considerations concerning the determination of the catalytic concentration of an
enzyme in the blood serum or plasma of man. Clin Chim Acta 98: 163F-174F.
22. McNeely, MDD. 1989. Amylase. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and
Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 906-909.
23. Zinterhofer, L, L Wardlaw, P Jatlow and D Seligson. 1973. Nephelometric determination of pancreatic enzymes. I.
Amylase. Clin Chim Acta 43: 5-12.
24. Centros para el control de enfermedades. 1975. Alpha-amylase methodology survey I. Atlanta: US Public Health Service;
nov, 1975.
25. Somogyi, M. 1960. Modifications of two methods for the assay of amylase. Clin Chem 6: 23-35.
26. Gillard, BK, HC Markman and SA Feig. 1977. Direct spectrophotometric determination of a-amylase activity in saliva,
with p-nitrophenyl -maltoside as substrate. Clin Chem 23: 2279-2282.
27. Wallenfels, K, P Fldi, H Niermann, H Bender and K Linder. 1978. The enzymic synthesis, by transglucosylation of a
homologous series of glycosidically substituted malto-oligosaccharides, and their use as amylase substrates. Carbohydrate
Res 61: 359-368.
28. Karmen, A. 1955. A note on the spectrophotometric assay of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in human blood serum. J
Clin Invest 34: 131-133.
29. Bergmeyer, HU, GN Bowers Jr, M Hrder and DW Moss. 1977. Provisional recommendations on IFCC methods for the
measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes. Part 2. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase. Clin Chem 23:
887-899.
30. Ball, EG, JP Revel and O Cooper. 1956. The quantitative measurement of -glutamyl transpeptidase activity. J Biol Chem
221: 895-908.
31. Goldbarg, JA, OM Friedman, EP Pineda, EE Smith, R Chatterji, EH Stein and AM Rutenburg. 1960. The colorimetric
determination of -glutamyl transpeptidase with a synthetic substrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 91: 61-70.
32. Orlowski M and A Meister. 1963. -Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide: a new convenient substrate for determination and study of Land D--glutamyltranspeptidase activities. Biochim Biophys Acta 73: 679-681.
33. Persijn, JP and W van der Slik. 1976. A new method for the determination of -glutamyltransferase in serum. J Clin Chem
Clin Biochem 18: 421-427.
34. Shaw, LM, JH Stromme, JL London and L Theodorsen. 1983. IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic
concentration of enzymes. Part 4. IFCC method for -glutamyltransferase J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 18: 633-646.
35. Meites, S. 1982. Bilirubin, direct reacting and total, modified Malloy-Evelyn method. In: WR Faulkner and S Meites,
comps., Selected Methods of Clinical Chemistry, vol. 9. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry;
pp. 119-124.
36. Koller, A and LA Kaplan. 1989. Total serum protein. In: LA Kaplan and AJ Pesce, comps., Clinical Chemistry: Theory,
Analysis, and Correlation. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company; pp. 1057-1060.
37. Reigler, E. 1914. Eine kolorimetrische Bestimmungsmethode des Eiweisses. Z Anal Chem 53: 242-245.
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38. Weichselbaum, TE. 1946. An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood
serum and plasma. Am J Clin Path 16: 40-49.
39. Doumas, BT, DD Bayse, RJ Carter, T Peters Jr and R Schaffer. 1981. A candidate reference method for determination of
total protein in serum. I. Development and validation. Clin Chem 27: 1642-1650.
40. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physicians Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2 ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
41. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 219.
42. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: Effect of temperature on the measured concentration of
analytes in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
43. Balistreri, WF and R Rej. 1994. Liver function. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; p. 1466.
44. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
45. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies and P Taylor, comps., Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
46. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
47. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
48. Painter, PC, JY Cope and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, comps., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
49. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1992. Physician's Office Laboratory Guidelines, 2nd ed;
Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document POL1-T2 (ISBN 1-56238-159-8). Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. A24-A28, A34.
50. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1984. Procedures for the Handling and Processing of
Blood Specimens; Tentative Standard. NCCLS document H18-T. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; p. 219.
51. Rehak, NN and BT Chiang. 1988. Storage of whole blood: effect of temperature on the measured concentration of analytes
in serum. Clin Chem 34: 2111-2114.
52. Henry, RJ, DC Cannon, and JW Winkelman. 1974. Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics, 2nd ed. New York:
Harper and Row; pp. 417-421; 1058-1059
53. Jacobs, DS, WR DeMott, PR Finley, RT Horvat, BL Kasten, Jr, and LL Tilzer. 1994. Laboratory Test Handbook, 3rd ed.
Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc.; pp. 127-128.
54. Benet, LZ and RL Williams. 1990. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: AG Gilman,
TW Rall, AS Nies, and P Taylor, eds., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; pp. 1650-1735.
55. Moss, DW and AR Henderson. 1994. Enzymes. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 735-896.
56. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1986. Interference Testing in Clinical Chemistry;
Proposed Guideline. NCCLS Publication EP7-P. Villanova, PA: NCCLS; pp. 315-330.
57. Painter, PC, JY Cope, and JL Smith. 1994. Appendix. In: CA Burtis and ER Ashwood, eds., Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; pp. 2161-2217.
58. Young, DS. 1990. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press.
59. Young, DS. 1991. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests. 1991 supplement to the third edition. Washington, DC:
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Chemistry Devices, 2nd ed.; Tentative Guideline. NCCLS document EP5-T2. Villanova, PA: NCCLS.

Page 71 of 89

Pannello epatico Plus


Esclusivamente per uso diagnostico in vitro e per uso professionale
Servizio clienti e assistenza tecnica: 1 800-822-2947

Esenzione da norme CLIA: Usare solo sangue


Intero in litio eparina
Complessit moderata: Usare sangue intero in litio eparina,
plasma in litio eparina o siero

Ottobre 2006
PN: 400-7060 Rev.: K
1998, Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA 94587

1. Destinazione duso
Il pannello epatico Plus Piccolo, da utilizzarsi con lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo consente di rilevare in vitro le
quantit di alanina transaminasi, albumina, fosfatasi alcalina, amilasi, aspartato transaminasi, gamma glutammil transferasi,
bilirubina totale e proteine totali presenti nel sangue intero e nel plasma eparinizzati o nel siero, mediante reagenti secchi o
liquidi.
I test di questo pannello sono esenti dalle norme CLIA 88. Se un laboratorio modifica le istruzioni per il sistema di test, i test
sono considerati di complessit elevata e soggetti a tutti i requisiti CLIA. In laboratori esenti dalle norme CLIA, possibile
testare solo sangue intero in litio eparina In caso di impiego in laboratori a complessit moderata, possibile usare sangue
intero litio-eparinato, plasma litio-eparinato o siero.
Per eseguire test in esenzione dalle norme CLIA, necessario un Certificato di esenzione CLIA. Il Certificato di esenzione
pu essere ottenuto dai Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Per assistenza ai fini dellottenimento del
certificato, contattare la Commission on Laboratory Accreditation (COLA) al numero verde (negli Stati Uniti) 1-800-981-9883.

2. Sintesi e spiegazione degli esami clinici


Il pannello epatico Plus Piccolo e lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo costituiscono un sistema diagnostico in vitro che
coadiuva il medico nella diagnosi delle seguenti patologie:
Alanina transaminasi:
Albumina:
Fosfatasi alcalina:
Amilasi:
Aspartato transaminasi:
Gamma glutammil
transferasi:
Bilirubina totale:
Proteina totale:

Malattie epatiche, compresa epatite virale e cirrosi; malattie


cardiache
Malattie epatiche e renali
Malattie epatiche, ossee, paratiroidee e intestinali
Pancreatite
Malattie epatiche, compresa epatite e itterizia virale, shock
Malattie epatiche, compresa cirrosi alcolica e tumori del fegato
primari e secondari
Affezioni epatiche, compresa epatite e ostruzione della
cistifellea; itterizia
Malattie epatiche, renali e del midollo osseo; disturbi metabolici
e alimentari

3. Principi del test


Alanina transaminasi (ALT)
Lalanina transaminasi (ALT) stata misurata con tre metodologie. Due di queste la tecnica colorimetrica di accoppiamento
alla dinitrofenilidrazina1,2 e lanalisi enzimatica fluorescente sono usate raramente.3 La tecnica pi diffusa per rilevare le
concentrazioni di ALT nel siero il metodo enzimatico basato sulle ricerche di Wrblewski e LaDue.4 Una variante della
procedura Wrblewski e LaDue stata proposta come procedura raccomandata dallInternational Federation of Clinical
Chemistry (IFCC).5
Il metodo messo a punto per lanalizzatore Piccolo lo stesso di quello raccomandato dallIFCC, eseguito per a temperatura
superiore. In questa reazione, lALT catalizza il trasferimento di un gruppo amminico da L-alanina a -chetoglutarato
formando L-glutammato e piruvato. La lattato deidrogenasi catalizza la trasformazione del piruvato in lattato. Allo stesso
tempo, lNADH viene ossidata in NAD+, come illustrato nel seguente schema di reazione.
Page 72 of 89

ALT
L-Alanina + -chetoglutarato
Piruvato + NADH + H+

L-Glutammato + Piruvato
LDH

Lattato + NAD+

La velocit di variazione della differenza di assorbanza tra 340 nm e 405 nm causata dalla trasformazione di NADH in NAD+
ed direttamente proporzionale alla quantit di ALT presente nel campione.
Albumina (ALB)
Tra i primi metodi usati per misurare lalbumina ricordiamo le tecniche di frazionamento6,7,8 e il contenuto di triptofano delle
globuline.9,10 Tali metodi sono poco pratici nellesecuzione e non presentano un elevato grado di specificit. Due tecniche
immunochimiche sono considerate metodi di riferimento, ma sono costose e richiedono molto tempo.11 Le tecniche basate sul
legame con coloranti sono le pi usate per la misurazione dellalbumina. Il verde di bromocresolo (BCG) il pi diffuso fra i
metodi basati su legame con colorante, ma pu dare una concentrazione di albumina superiore a quella effettiva, soprattutto in
prossimit dei valori normali pi bassi.12 Il violetto di bromocresolo (BCP) il pi specifico dei coloranti in uso.13,14
Il violetto di bromocresolo, legato con lalbumina, cambia colore da giallo a blu. Lassorbanza massima si modifica con il
cambiamento di colore.
Tensioattivi
BCP + albumina

Complesso BCP-albumina
pH acido

Lalbumina legata proporzionale alla concentrazione di albumina nel campione. Si tratta di una reazione di punto finale,
misurata come differenza di assorbanza tra 600 nm e 550 nm.
Fosfatasi alcalina (ALP)
Le prime tecniche per la misurazione della fosfatasi alcalina sono state messe a punto oltre 60 anni fa. Diversi di questi metodi
spettrofotometrici di punto finale o a due punti15,16 sono oggi considerati antiquati o troppo complessi. Luso di p-nitrofenil
fosfato (p-NPP) aumenta la velocit della reazione.17,18 Laffidabilit di questa tecnica stata molto rafforzata mediante luso di
una sostanza tampone con ioni metallo per mantenere la concentrazione di ioni magnesio e zinco nella reazione.19 Il metodo di
riferimento dellAmerican Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)20 basato sulluso di p-NPP come substrato e una
sostanza tampone con ioni metallo.
La procedura Piccolo una variante dei metodi AACC20 e IFCC.21 La fosfatasi alcalina idrolizza p-NPP in una sostanza
tampone con ioni metallo formando p-nitrofenolo e fosfato.
ALP
p-Nitrofenil fosfato

Zn2+, Mg2+

p-Nitrofenolo + Fosfato

La quantit di ALP nel campione proporzionale alla velocit di aumento di differenza dellassorbanza tra 405 nm e 500 nm.
Amilasi (AMY)
Sono stati messi a punto circa 200 diversi test per misurare lamilasi. La maggior parte delle procedure si basa su una soluzione
tamponata di polisaccaridi, ma le tecniche di rilevazione utilizzate sono diverse. I metodi viscosimetrici difettano in precisione
ed esattezza,22 mentre i metodi turbidimetrici e iodometrici sono difficili da standardizzare.23,24 Piuttosto diffusi sono i metodi
saccarogenici e cromolitici. La tecnica classica di rilevamento dellamilasi consiste in un metodo saccarogenico,25 che per
complesso e lungo da eseguire.26 Sono stati recentemente messi a punto metodi basati sulle p-nitrofenilglicosidi utilizzate come
substrati.27 Tali analisi hanno una maggiore specificit per lamilasi pancreatica che per lamilasi salivare, e possono essere
monitorate facilmente. 27
Nel metodo Piccolo il substrato, 2-cloro-p-nitrofenil--D-maltotrioside (CNPG3), reagisce con -amilasi nel campione
prelevato dal paziente, rilasciando 2-cloro-p-nitrofenolo (CNP). Il rilascio di CNP d luogo a un cambiamento di colore.

Page 73 of 89

-amilasi
CNPG3

CNP + D-Maltotrioside

La reazione viene misurata bicromaticamente a 405 nm e 500 nm. La variazione di assorbanza causata dalla formazione di
CNP direttamente proporzionale allattivit dell-amilasi nel campione.
Aspartato transaminasi (AST)
Il test per laspartato transaminasi (AST) si basa sul metodo di Karmen28 con le modifiche introdotte da Bergmeyer.29 Lattuale
metodo di riferimento dellInternational Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) si basa sulla tecnica Karmen/Bergmeyer di
associazione della malato deidrogenasi (MDH) e della nicotinammide dinucleotide ridotta (NADH) per il rilevamento di AST
nel siero.29,30 Alla reazione si aggiunge lattato deidrogenasi (LDH) per ridurre linterferenza causata dal piruvato endogeno.
LAST catalizza la reazione dellL-aspartato e dell-chetoglutarato in ossaloacetato e L-glutammato. Lossalacetato viene
trasformato in malato e lNADH viene ossidata in NAD+ dal catalizzatore MDH.
AST
L-aspartato + -chetoglutarato

Ossalacetato + L-glutammato

MDH
Ossalacetato + NADH

Malato + NAD+

La velocit del cambiamento di assorbanza a 340 nm/405 nm causata dalla trasformazione dellNADH in NAD+ direttamente
proporzionale alla quantit di AST presente nel campione.
Gamma glutammil transferasi (GGT)
I primi metodi quantitativi messi a punto per misurare la gamma glutammil transferasi (GGT) prevedevano una seconda
reazione per formare un colorante azo che si associava a un cromoforo.39,40 Passando alla L--glutammil-p-nitroanilide come
substrato della reazione, si eliminata la fase della formazione di colorante.41 Data la scarsa solubilit e stabilit della L-glutammil-p-nitroanilide, la procedura stata modificata con luso del substrato L--glutammil-3-carbossi-4-nitroanilide.42 Il
metodo per la GGT raccomandato dallIFCC si basa su questultimo substrato, mentre laltro substrato indicato la
glicilglicina.43
Abaxis ha modificato il metodo IFCC in modo che la reazione avvenga a 37C. Laggiunta di campione contenente gamma
glutammil tranferasi ai substrati L--glutammil-3-carbossi-4-nitroanilide e glicilglicina (gly-gly) d luogo alla formazione di L-glutammil-glicilglicina (glu-gly-gly) e 3-carbossi-4-nitroanilina.
GGT
L--glutammil- + Gli-gli-3-carbossi 4-nitroanilide

Glu-gli-gli + 3-carbossi-4-nitroanilina

Lassorbanza di questa reazione nel tempo misurata a 405 nm. La produzione di 3-carbossi-4-nitroanilina direttamente
proporzionale allattivit della GGT presente nel campione.
Bilirubina totale (TBIL)
I livelli di bilirubina totale sono stati finora rilevati, in genere, mediante test basati sullacido solfanilico diazotato.32,44 stato
messo a punto un metodo nuovo e pi specifico basato sullenzima bilirubina ossidasi.34,35,36 Oltre a utilizzare il metodo di
rilevazione della bilirubina totale pi specifico, lanalizzatore Piccolo consente di ridurre al minimo il deterioramento da luce
dellanalita in quanto il campione si pu analizzare subito dopo il prelievo.
Nella procedura enzimatica, la bilirubina viene ossidata in biliverdina dalla bilirubina ossidasi. La reazione finale la
trasformazione della biliverdina in vari composti purpurei.
Bilirubina ossidasi
Bilirubina + O2

Biliverdina + H2O

La bilirubina viene misurata come differenza di assorbanza tra 467 nm e 550 nm. Lassorbanza iniziale di questa reazione di
punto finale viene ricavata in base alla provetta di campione bianco per la bilirubina e lassorbanza finale si ottiene dalla
provetta di campione test per la bilirubina. La quantit di bilirubina presente nel campione proporzionale alla differenza tra le
misure dellassorbanza iniziale e finale.
Page 74 of 89

Proteina totale (TP)


Il metodo per le proteine totali una variante della reazione con biureto, di cui nota la precisione, accuratezza e specificit.45
La procedura fu inizialmente messa a punto da Riegler46 e successivamente modificata da Weichselbaum,47 Doumas, et al48
hanno proposto la reazione con biureto come possibile metodo di riferimento per le proteine totali.
Nella reazione con biureto, la soluzione proteinica viene trattata con ioni rame [Cu(II)] in un mezzo fortemente alcalino.
Vengono aggiunti tartrato di sodio potassio e ioduro di potassio per prevenire rispettivamente la precipitazione dellidrossido di
rame e lautoriduzione del rame.47 Gli ioni Cu(II) reagiscono con i legami peptidici tra lossigeno carbonile e gli atomi di azoto
ammide formando un complesso rame-proteine colorato.
OH
Proteina totale + Cu(II)

Complesso rame-proteine

La quantit di proteina totale presente nel campione direttamente proporzionale allassorbanza del complesso rame-proteine.
Il test per le proteine totali una reazione di punto finale e lassorbanza si misura come differenza dellassorbanza tra 550 nm e
850 nm.

4. Principi della procedura


Consultare il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo per i principi della procedura.

5. Descrizione dei reagenti


Reagenti
Ogni disco reagente per pannello epatico Plus Piccolo contiene granuli secchi di reagente specifico per il test (come da
descrizione che segue). In ogni disco compreso un reagente secco per campione bianco (costituito da sostanza tampone,
tensioattivi, eccipienti e conservanti) utilizzato per calcolare le concentrazioni di alanina transaminasi (ALT), albumina (ALB),
fosfatasi alcalina (ALP), amilasi (AMY), aspartato transaminasi (AST), e gamma glutammil transferasi (GGT). Sono inoltre
compresi nel disco campioni bianco dedicati per bilirubina totale e proteine totali. Ogni disco contiene anche un diluente
composto da tensioattivi, eccipienti e conservanti.
Tabella 1: Reagenti

Componente

Quantit/Disco

Reagente per lalanina transaminasi


L-alanina
Acido -chetoglutarico
-nicotinammide adenin dinucleotide ridotta (NADH)
Lattato deidrogenasi (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti

874 g
54 g
7 g
0,09 U

Reagente per lalbumina


Viola di bromocresolo, sale sodico
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti

2 g

Reagente fosfatasi alcalina


Cloruro di magnesio
Solfato di zinco
p-NPP, sale disodico
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti

3 g
3 g
56 g

Page 75 of 89

Tabella 1 (segue): Reagenti

Componente

Quantit/Disco

Reagente per lamilasi


CNPG3
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti
Reagente per laspartato transaminasi
Acido L-aspartico
Lattato deidrogenasi (LDH)
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
-nicotinammide adenin dinucleotide, ridotta (NADH)
Malicodeidrogenasi (MDH) (cuore di maiale)
Acido -chetoglutarico
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti

40 g

426 g
0,04 U
5 g
0,01 U
28 g

Reagente per la gamma glutammil transferasi


Glicilglicina
Acido L-glutammico -(3-carbossi-4-nitroanilide
Sostanze tampone, tensioattivo, eccipienti e conservanti

317 g
30 g

Reagente per la bilirubina totale


Reagente Enzimatico per Bilirubina Beckman
Sostanza tampone, eccipienti e conservanti

0,1 U

Bianco per la bilirubina totale


Sostanza tampone, eccipienti e conservanti
Reagente per proteine totali
Tartrato di sodio potassio
Solfato di rame
Ioduro di potassio
Eccipienti e conservanti

343 g
134 g
28 g

Bianco per le proteine totali


Tartrato di sodio potassio
Ioduro di potassio
Eccipienti e conservanti

343 g
28 g

Avvertenze e precauzioni
Il contenitore del diluente nel disco reagente viene aperto automaticamente al momento della chiusura del cassetto
dellanalizzatore. Non si pu riutilizzare un disco con contenitore del diluente aperto. Accertarsi che il campione o
controllo sia stato inserito nel disco prima di chiudere il cassetto.

I dischi reagente usati contengono fluidi corporei umani. Si dovranno adottare le corrette prassi di prevenzione delle
infezioni nel maneggiare e smaltire i dischi usati.49 Si consulti il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del
sangue Piccolo per le istruzioni sulle modalit di eliminazione di eventuali fuoriuscite di materiale a rischio biologico.

I dischi reagente sono in plastica e possono spaccarsi o scheggiarsi in caso di caduta. Non utilizzare in alcun caso un disco
che abbia subito cadute in quanto pu rilasciare materiale a rischio biologico allinterno dellanalizzatore.

I granuli di reagente possono contenere acidi o sostanze caustiche. Loperatore non viene a contatto con i granuli di
reagente se vengono seguite le procedure raccomandate. Qualora si debbano maneggiare i granuli (p. es., per pulire dopo
aver fatto cadere e infranto un disco reagente), evitare lingestione, il contatto cutaneo e linalazione.

I granuli di reagente e il diluente contengono azotidrato di sodio che pu fare reazione con le tubature di piombo e rame
formando azotidrati metallici altamente esplosivi. I reagenti non vengono a contatto con le tubature di piombo e rame se si
Page 76 of 89

seguono le procedure raccomandate. Tuttavia, qualora i reagenti dovessero venire a contatto con questo tipo di tubature,
versare abbondanti quantit di acqua nei tubi stessi per impedire la formazione di azotidrati.
Conservazione
Conservare i dischi reagente negli astucci sigillati a 2-8C (36-46F). Per utilizzare i dischi reagente, estrarre dal frigorifero i
dischi negli astucci di foglio dalluminio sigillati. I dischi negli astucci sigillati possono restare a temperatura ambiente e poi
rimessi in frigorifero varie volte. Accertarsi che il tempo totale di permanenza dei dischi a temperatura ambiente non superi le
48 ore. Aprire lastuccio ed estrarre il disco subito prima di effettuare il test.
Non esporre i dischi, allinterno dellastuccio o meno, alla luce solare diretta o a temperature superiori a 32C (90F). Il disco
deve essere utilizzato entro 20 minuti dopo lapertura dellastuccio; una volta aperto lastuccio non si deve rimettere il disco in
frigorifero per utilizzo successivo.
Segni di instabilit o deterioramento del disco reagente
Non utilizzare un disco:
dopo la data di scadenza. Se viene utilizzato un disco scaduto, sul visualizzatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo
apparir un messaggio di errore;
estratto da un astuccio strappato o comunque danneggiato; oppure
se il dessiccante di colore rosa, guardandolo dalla striscia sulla confezione contenuta nellastuccio del disco.

6. Strumento
Consultare il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo per avere informazioni dettagliate sulluso
dellanalizzatore.

7. Prelievo e preparazione dei campioni


Le tecniche di prelievo dei campioni sono descritte nel manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo.

La quantit minima di campione occorrente di ~90 L di sangue intero eparinizzato, plasma eparinizzato, siero o siero di
controllo. Il ricettacolo del campione sul disco reagente pu contenere fino a 120 L.

I campioni prelevati mediante puntura del dito si devono inserire nel disco reagente subito dopo il prelievo del campione.

I campioni di sangue intero prelevati per puntura di una vena devono essere omogenei prima che il campione venga
trasferito nel disco reagente. Invertire delicatamente la provetta di prelievo varie volte subito prima di trasferire il
campione. Non agitare la provetta di prelievo; tale manovra pu causare emolisi.

I campioni di sangue intero prelevati per puntura di una vena si devono sottoporre a test entro 60 minuti dal prelievo.50 Nei
campioni di sangue intero refrigerati le concentrazioni di aspartato transaminasi possono subire variazioni
significative.51 Il campione pu essere diviso in plasma o siero e conservato in provette con tappo a 2-8C (36-46F)
qualora non fosse possibile sottoporlo a test entro 60 minuti.

I risultati relativi alla bilirubina totale possono subire deterioramento da luce. I campioni di sangue intero non analizzati
immediatamente si devono conservare al buio per non oltre 60 minuti. Qualora il campione non possa essere analizzato
entro tale arco di tempo, si dovr suddividere in plasma o siero e conservare al buio a bassa temperatura in una provetta
con tappo.52

Sostanze interferenti conosciute


Lunico anticoagulante raccomandato per luso con il protocollo di analisi Piccolo leparina di litio. Abaxis ha condotto
studi che dimostrano come lEDTA, il fluoruro, lossalato e qualsiasi anticoagulante contenente ioni ammonio interferisce
con almeno uno dei complessi chimici contenuti nel Pannello Epatico Plus Piccolo.

Lamilasi viene secreta da varie ghiandole oltre che dal pancreas. Solo lamilasi pancreatica di interesse clinico.53 La
contaminazione di un campione con amilasi non pancreatica d luogo a risultati artificialmente elevati. I campioni
prelevati mediante puntura del dito sono pi soggetti a contaminazione di quelli prelevati da una vena. Se i risultati relativi
allamilasi su un campione prelevato con puntura del dito non sono coerenti con i sintomi clinici del paziente, ripetere il
test utilizzando un campione prelevato da una vena.
Page 77 of 89

Su campioni con concentrazione di trigliceridi >400 mg/dL, il test per le proteine totali pu risultare alterato da
interferenze con conseguente livello delle proteine totali superiore al reale. Lanalizzatore Piccolo elimina i risultati
soggetti a uninterferenza da lipemia superiore al 10%. Sulla scheda dei risultati viene stampata la dicitura LIP al posto
del risultato.

8. Procedura
Materiale occorrente
Consultare il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore Piccolo per informazioni sulle modalit di ordinazione dei materiali
occorrenti per il funzionamento dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo conformemente alla procedura consigliata.

Un disco reagente Pannello epatico Piccolo Plus, numero parte: 400-1003 (una confezione di dischi, numero parte: 4000003)

Materiali necessari ma non forniti

Analizzatore chimico di analiti nel sangue Piccolo


Ogni analizzatore chimico di analiti nel sangue Piccolo corredato di pipette di trasferimento del campione (volume fisso
di circa 100 L) e puntali, riordinabili direttamente ad Abaxis.
Reagenti di controllo reperibili in commercio raccomandati da Abaxis (per i valori attesi e i materiali di controllo
approvati, rivolgersi allassistenza tecnica Abaxis).
Cronometro

Parametri del test


Lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo funziona a temperatura ambiente compresa tra 15C e 32C (59-90F). Il tempo di
analisi per ogni pannello epatico Plus Piccolo meno di 14 minuti. Lanalizzatore mantiene il disco reagente a una temperatura
di 37C (98,6F) durante il periodo di rilevamento.
Procedura del test
Le procedure dettagliate per il prelievo e il modo di operare sono descritte nel manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico
del sangue Piccolo.
Controllo qualitativo
Si possono effettuare rilevamenti qualitativi mediante molti metodi di controllo qualitativo inseriti nel sistema (si veda a tale
proposito il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo). Abaxis verifica inoltre laccuratezza dei
parametri di taratura contenuti nel codice a barre stampato su ogni disco reagente. In ogni caso, gli utenti che volessero
verificare i parametri di taratura possono effettuare ulteriori controlli di qualit, utilizzando degli pseudo-campioni come i
materiali di controllo qualitativo a base di siero.
Le prestazioni dellanalizzatore chimico di analiti nel sangue Piccolo possono essere verificate mediante analisi dei controlli.
Per un elenco di materiali di controllo di qualit approvati con i relativi range di accettazione, rivolgersi allassistenza tecnica
Abaxis.
Consultare il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo per una trattazione dettagliata sulle modalit
di esecuzione, registrazione, interpretazione e rappresentazione grafica dei risultati dei controlli.
Taratura
Lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo tarato dal produttore prima della spedizione. Il codice a barre stampato sul relativo
anello fornisce i dati di taratura specifici dei dischi. Si veda il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue
Piccolo.

9. Risultati
Lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo calcola e stampa automaticamente le concentrazioni degli analiti nel campione. I
dettagli relativi al calcolo della reazione al punto finale e nel tempo sono indicati nel manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore
chimico del sangue Piccolo. Linterpretazione dei risultati descritta in dettaglio nel manuale delloperatore. I risultati vengono
stampati su apposite schede fornite da Abaxis. Le schede risultati sono adesive sul retro per poterle facilmente applicare sulle
cartelle dei pazienti.
La reazione di ciascun analita si verifica a 37C (98,6F).
Page 78 of 89

10. Limiti duso della procedura


I limiti generici della procedura sono trattati nel manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo.

Lunico anticoagulante raccomandato per luso con lanalizzatore chimico di analiti nel sangue Piccolo la litio
eparina. Non utilizzare sodio eparina.

Si consiglia vivamente di utilizzare sangue intero venoso o siero, anzich sangue intero prelevato per puntura del dito, per i
test dellalbumina. Le tecniche di prelievo mediante puntura del dito possono causare pi trauma cellulare rispetto alle
tecniche di prelievo da vena.

I campioni con ematocriti superiori al 62-65% del volume di globuli rossi concentrati (una frazione di volume di 0,620,65) possono dare luogo a risultati imprecisi. I campioni con ematocriti elevati possono essere dati come emolizzati.
Questi campioni possono essere centrifugati per ottenere plasma e quindi rianalizzati in un nuovo disco reagente.

Lamilasi viene secreta da varie ghiandole oltre che dal pancreas. Solo lamilasi pancreatica di interesse clinico.53 La
contaminazione di un campione con amilasi non pancreatica d luogo a risultati artificialmente elevati. I campioni
prelevati mediante puntura del dito sono pi soggetti a contaminazione di quelli prelevati da una vena. Se i risultati relativi
allamilasi su un campione prelevato con puntura del dito non sono coerenti con i sintomi clinici del paziente, ripetere il
test utilizzando un campione prelevato da una vena.

I campioni che per un particolare test fornissero risultati superiori al range di analisi, devono essere analizzati con
un altro metodo di test approvato oppure inviati a un laboratorio di riferimento. Non diluire il campione e
rianalizzarlo con lanalizzatore chimico di analiti del sangue Piccolo.
Avvertenza: Test su larga scala del sistema chimico di analiti del sangue Piccolo hanno dimostrato che in rarissimi casi il
campione dispensato nel disco reagente non riesce a fluire omogeneamente nellapposita camera. A causa
del flusso irregolare, possibile che venga analizzata una quantit di campione inadeguata e che vari risultati
non rientrino nei range attesi. Il campione pu essere rianalizzato usando un nuovo disco reagente.

Interferenza
Diverse sostanze sono state testate come agenti interferenti con gli analiti. Sono stati preparati pool di siero umano e ciascun
potenziale agente interferente stato testato a una concentrazione basata sui livelli di test riportati in NCCLS EP7-A.15
Effetti di sostanze endogene
Gli agenti interferenti fisiologici (emolisi, ittero e lipemia) causano variazioni nelle concentrazioni refertate di alcuni
analiti. Gli indici del campione sono stampati nella parte inferiore di ogni scheda dei risultati per informare loperatore dei
livelli di agenti interferenti presenti in ciascun campione.

Lanalizzatore chimico di analiti del sangue Piccolo elimina gli eventuali risultati falsati da uninterferenza > 10% dovuta
a emolisi, lipemia e ittero. In tal caso, sulla scheda dei risultati anzich i risultati verr rispettivamente stampata la dicitura
HEM (emolisi), LIP (lipemia) o ICT (ittero).

Per i livelli massimi di sostanze endogene, rivolgersi allassistenza tecnica Abaxis.

stato inoltre riscontrato che lattato a 230 mg/dL e lattato deidrogenasi a 10.000 U/L non hanno alcun effetto sulle analisi
su questo disco.

Effetti di sostanze terapeutiche


I seguenti composti non interferiscono in modo significativo con le reazioni chimiche del disco reagente Piccolo.
Uninterferenza significativa definita come spostamento >10% nel risultato di un campione con valori normali. Ai gruppi
di siero umano sono state aggiunte concentrazioni note di farmaci o sostanze chimiche; si poi proceduto alla relativa
analisi.

Page 79 of 89

Sostanze terapeutiche od esogene

Acetamminofene
Acido acetilsalicilico
Cloramfenicolo
Cimetidina
Destrano
Eritromicina
Idroclorotiazide
Isoniazide
Chetoprofene
Lidocaina
Meticillina
Metotrexate
Metronidazolo
Nafcillina
Oxacillina
Fenitoina
Rifampina
Acido salicilico

Concentrazione senza
interferenza significativa
(mg/dL)

Valori fisiologici o
terapeutici54-57
(mg/dL)

100
50
100
16
300
10
7,5
4
50
1
100
0,5
5
1
1
3
0,5
25

1-2
2-10
1-2,5
0,1-1
600-1.800
0,2-2,0

0,1-0,7

0,15-0,6

0,1
0,1

1-2
0,4-3
15-30

Le sostanze elencate di seguito sono risultate avere interferenza superiore al 10%. Uninterferenza significativa definita come
spostamento >10% nel risultato di un campione con valori normali. Ai gruppi di siero umano sono state aggiunte
concentrazioni note di farmaci o sostanze chimiche; si poi proceduto alla relativa analisi.
Concentrazione
Valori fisiologici o
senza interferenza
terapeutici54-57
significativa (mg/dL) (mg/dL)
Alanina transaminasi (ALT)
Acido ascorbico
Ossalacetato
Albumina (ALB)
Acetoacetato
Ampicillina
Caffeina
Cloruro di calcio
Cefalotina (Keflin)
Ibuprofene
-chetoglutarato
Nitrofurantoina
Prolina
Sulfalazina
Sulfanilamide
Teofillina
Fosfatasi alcalina(ALP)
Teofillina
Bilirubina totale9 (TBIL)
Dopamina
L-dopa
*aum=aumentato; dim=diminuito

Interferenza

20
132

0,8-1,2

aum 11%*
aum 843%

102
30
10
20
400
50
5
20
4
10
50
20

0,05-3,60
0,5
0,3-1,5

10
0,5-4,2

0,2

2-4
10-15
1-2

dim 18%*
dim 12%
dim 14%
dim 17%
aum 13%
aum 28%
dim 11%
dim 13%
aum 12%
dim 14%
dim 12%
dim 11%

20

1-2

dim 42%

19
5

dim 55%
dim 17%

Per ulteriori informazioni sui possibili interferenti chimici, si consulti la Bibliografia.

Page 80 of 89

11. Valori previsti


Per il rilevamento dei valori di riferimento relativi ad alanina transaminasi, albumina, fosfatasi alcalina, amilasi, bilirubina
totale e proteine totali sono stati analizzati sullanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo campioni prelevati da un totale di 193
adulti maschi e femmine. Per il rilevamento dei valori di riferimento relativi allaspartato transaminasi sono stati analizzati
sullanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo campioni prelevati da un totale di 186 adulti maschi e femmine. Per il rilevamento
dei valori di riferimento relativi alla gamma glutammil transferasi sono stati analizzati sullanalizzatore chimico del sangue
Piccolo campioni prelevati da un totale di 131 adulti maschi e femmine.
Questi valori devono intendersi esclusivamente come orientativi. Si consiglia agli studi o strutture mediche di definire valori
minimi e massimi normali per larea geografica in cui sono situati.

Tabella 2: Valori di riferimento Piccolo

Analita
Alanina trans-aminasi (ALT)
Albumina (ALB)
Fosfatasi alcalina (ALP), sesso maschile
Fosfatasi alcalina (ALP), sesso femminile
Amilasi (AMY)
Aspartato transaminasi (AST)
Gamma glutammil transferasi (GGT)
Bilirubina totale (TBIL)
Proteina totale (TP)

Valori di riferimento
Unit comuni
Unit SI
10-47 U/L
3,3-5,5 g/dL
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
0,2-1,6 mg/dL
6,4-8,1 g/dL

10-47 U/L
33-55 g/L
53-128 U/L
42-141 U/L
14-97 U/L
11-38 U/L
5-65 U/L
3,4-27,4 mol/L
64-81 g/L

Lamilasi viene secreta da varie ghiandole oltre che dal pancreas. Solo lamilasi pancreatica di interesse clinico.53 La
contaminazione di un campione con amilasi non pancreatica d luogo a risultati artificialmente elevati. I campioni prelevati
mediante puntura del dito sono pi soggetti a contaminazione di quelli prelevati da una vena. Se i risultati relativi allamilasi su
un campione prelevato con puntura del dito non sono coerenti con i sintomi clinici del paziente, ripetere il test utilizzando un
campione prelevato da una vena.

12. Caratteristiche prestazionali


Linearit
La chimica per ciascun analita lineare nellarco nei valori dinamici elencati di seguito se lanalizzatore chimico del sangue
Piccolo viene utilizzato seguendo la procedura raccomandata (si veda il manuale delloperatore dellanalizzatore chimico del
sangue Piccolo).
Tabella 3: Valori dinamici Piccolo

Analita
Alanina trans-aminasi (ALT)
Albumina (ALB)
Fosfatasi alcalina (ALP)
Amilasi (AMY)
Aspartato transaminasi (AST)
Gamma glutammil transferasi (GGT)
Bilirubina totale (TBIL)
Proteine totali (TP)

Valori dinamici
Unit comuni
Unit SI
5-2.000 U/L
1-6,5 g/dL
5-2.400 U/L
5-4.000 U/L
5-2.000 U/L
5-3.000 U/L
0,1-30 mg/dL
2-14 g/dL

5-2.000 U/L
10-65 g/L
5-2.400 U/L
5-4.000 U/L
5-2.000 U/L
5-3.000 U/L
1,7-513 mol/L
20-140 g/L

Se la concentrazione di analita superiore al range di misurazione (range dinamico), ma inferiore al range del sistema, sulla
scheda viene stampato un segno > in corrispondenza del limite superiore e un asterisco dopo il numero, es. ALT
>2000* U/L. Se la concentrazione inferiore al range dinamico, viene stampato il segno < con un asterisco, es. ALT
Page 81 of 89

<5* U/L. Per valori macroscopicamente superiori al range di misurazione (range del sistema), viene stampato il segno ~~~
anzich il risultato. Raccogliere un nuovo campione e rieseguire il test ogni volta che su una scheda viene stampato il segno
~~~. Se i risultati relativi al secondo campione vengono nuovamente soppressi, rivolgersi allassistenza tecnica Abaxis.
Specificit
I limiti inferiori rilevabili per ogni analita sono i seguenti: alanina transaminasi 10 U/L; albumina 1 g/dL (10 g/L); fosfatasi
alcalina 5 U/L; amilasi 5 U/L; aspartato transaminasi 5 U/L; gamma glutammil transferasi 5 U/L; bilirubina totale 0,1 mg/dL
(1,7 mol/L); proteine totali 2 g/dL (20 g/L).
Precisione
Sono stati effettuati studi di precisione seguendo le linee guida NCCLS EP5-T2.60 I risultati relativi alla precisione in
esecuzione e totale sono stati ottenuti mediante test su due livelli di materiale di controllo.
Tabella 4: Precisione (N=80)

Analita
Alanina transaminasi (U/L)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Albumina (g/dL)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Fosfatasi alcalina (U/L)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Amilasi (U/L)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV

In esecuzione

Totale

21
2,76
13,4

21
2,79
13,5

52
2,70
5,2

52
3,25
6,2

5,6
0,09
1,7

5,6
0,11
2,1

3,7
0,07
2,0

3,7
0,11
2,9

39
1,81
4,6

39
2,29
5,8

281
4,08
1,5

281
8,75
3,1

46
2,40
5,2

46
2,63
5,7

300
11,15
3,7

300
11,50
3,8

Page 82 of 89

Tabella 4 (segue): Precisione (N=80)

Analita
Aspartato transaminasi (U/L)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Gamma glutammil transferasi (U/L)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Bilirubina totale (mg/dL)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV
Proteine totali (g/dL)
Livello di controllo 1
Media
DV
%CV
Livello di controllo 2
Media
DV
%CV

In esecuzione

Totale

47
0,98
2,07

49
0,92
1,88

145
1,83
1,26

147
1,70
1,16

25
0,59
2,34

25
0,74
2,94

106
1,52
1,43

106
2,29
2,15

0,8
0,06
8,0

0,8
0,07
9,3

5,2
0,09
1,7

5,2
0,15
2,8

6,8
0,05
0,8

6,8
0,08
1,2

4,7
0,09
2,0

4,7
0,09
2,0

Correlazione
I campioni di sangue intero e siero eparinizzati sono stati prelevati da pazienti presso due strutture. I campioni di sangue intero
sono stati analizzati con lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo sul posto presso i siti, mentre i campioni di siero sono stati
analizzati con lanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo e con metodi comparativi. In alcuni casi sono stati usati campioni a
integrazione elevata e bassa per coprire la gamma dei valori dinamici. Tutti i campioni sono stati sottoposti ad analisi in
singolo nello stesso giorno. Nella tabella 5 sono riportate statistiche di correlazione rappresentative.

Page 83 of 89

Tabella 5: Correlazione dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo con il metodo di comparazione

Sangue intero
Lab 1
Lab 2
Alanina transaminasi (U/L)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Albumina (g/dL)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Fosfatasi alcalina (U/L)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Amilasi (U/L)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Aspartato transaminasi (U/L)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Gamma glutammil transferasi (U/L)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione

0,98
0,91
1,3
3,21
86
10-174
Paramax

0,99
0,94
2,5
2,84
67
10-174
Technicon

0,85
1,0
0,3
0,22
261
1,1-5,3
Paramax

0,90
0,88
0,1
0,21
100
1,5-5,0
Beckman

0,99
0,97
5,9
3,97
99
27-368
Paramax

0,93
1,14
17,6
4,79
80
26-150
Technicon

0,98
0,69
4,7
3,11
99
11-92
Paramax
0,93
0,87
5,3
2,76
159
13-111
Paramax

0,96
1,07
4,1
3,47
80
19-118
Technicon
1,0
0,97
3,0
1,90
46
13-252
DAX

1,0
0,98
0,4
3,29
135
5-312
Paramax

1,0*
1,60*
3,1*
18,57*
49
27-1848
Beckman

Page 84 of 89

Tabella 5: Correlazione dellanalizzatore chimico del sangue Piccolo con il metodo di comparazione

Lab 1
Bilirubina totale (mg/dL)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione
Proteina totale (g/dL)
Correlazione
Pendenza
Intercetta
SEE
N
Valori di riferimento del campione
Metodo di comparazione

Sangue intero
Lab 2

0,97
0,90
0,0
0,07
250
0,2-3,7
Paramax

0,98
1,11
0,4
0,09
91
0,1-6,4
Beckman

0,85
0,93
0,6
0,19
251
5,7-9,2
Paramax

0,87
0,94
0,3
0,16
92
6,5-9,2
Beckman

*Il laboratorio 2 ha effettuato test solo sul siero nellanalizzatore Piccolo per la correlazione del test della gamma glutammil
transferasi.
Risultati di uno studio condotto con operatori inesperti
stato condotto uno studio con operatori inesperti ai cui partecipanti sono state fornite unicamente le istruzioni per i test,
chiedendo loro di eseguire test di 3 dischi con campioni randomizzati in cieco. I campioni erano costituiti da pool di siero
preparati a tre livelli per ciascuno degli otto analiti: ALT, albumina, ALP, AMY, AST, GGT, bilirubina totale e proteine totali.
I partecipanti non erano stati in alcun modo addestrati allesecuzione del test. Sono stati complessivamente arruolati circa 60
partecipanti da 3 centri, in rappresentanza di una popolazione demografica diversificata (livello di istruzione, et, sesso, ecc.)..
Le tabelle seguenti presentano la sintesi delle prestazioni per ciascun analita.
Alanino aminotransferasi (ALT)
Livello 1
N
62
Media
45,4 U/L
%CV
3,7%
Range osservato
42 53
Percentuale di
98,4%
risultati nel range
61/62
15,0%*
IC 95%: da 91,3% a
100%

Livello 2
62
98,9 U/L
1,7%
96 103
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
184,3 U/L
1,5%
175 191
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Questa percentuale si basa sullipotesi dellimpossibilit di effettuare una distinzione appropriata tra valori normali e
anormali nel caso in cui gli errori siano maggiori di un quarto del range normale. stato considerato il range di (10 U/L - 47
U/L).

Page 85 of 89

Albumina
Livello 1
62
3,0 g/dL
2,7%
2,9 3,2
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
3,5 g/dL
2,5%
3,3 3,7
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
4,2 g/dL
1,8%
4,0 4,4
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 1
62
94,5 U/L
5,2%
85 106
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
171,5 U/L
3,2%
160-184
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
337,5 U/L
2,4%
287 388
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 1
62
72,1 U/L
2,4%
67 75
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
126,9 U/L
2,1%
120 133
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
260,0 U/L
1,9%
248 273
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Aspartato aminotransferasi (AST)


Livello 1
N
62
Media
56,0
%CV
2,4%
Range osservato
54 60
Percentuale di
100%
risultati nel range
62/62
15,0%
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
120,4
1,1%
117 124
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
276,3
1,0%
266 285
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Gamma glutamil transferasi (GGT)


Livello 1
N
62
Media
35,0 U/L
%CV
2,8%
Range osservato
33 38
Percentuale di
100%
risultati nel range
62/62
15,0%
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
86,2 U/L
1,5%
83 90
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
131,3 U/L
1,5%
123 135
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

N
Media
%CV
Range osservato
Percentuale di
risultati nel range
12,5%

Fosfatasi alcalina (ALP)


N
Media
%CV
Range osservato
Percentuale di
risultati nel range
15,0%

Amilasi (AMY)
N
Media
%CV
Range osservato
Percentuale di
risultati nel range
15,0%

Page 86 of 89

Bilirubina totale (TBIL)


N
Media
%CV
Range osservato
Percentuale di
risultati nel range
15,0%

Livello 1
62
0,86 mg/dL
6,1%
0,8 1,0
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 2
62
2,5 mg/dL
2,6%
2,3 2,6
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
5,7 mg/dL
1,8%
5,4 5,9
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 1
62
4,8 g/dL
2,0%
4,6 5,3
98.4%
61/62
IC 95%: da 91,3% a
100%

Livello 2
62
5,7 g/dL
1,5%
5,3 5,9
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Livello 3
62
7,1 g/dL
1,5%
6,7 7,5
100%
62/62
IC 95%: da 94,2% a
100%

Proteine totali (TP)


N
Media
%CV
Range osservato
Percentuale di
risultati nel range
5,9%

13. Bibliografia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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13.
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