United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

The United Nations Stabilisation Mission In Haiti control of the area and end the anarchy.[12]
(UNSTAMIH) (French: Mission des Nations Unies pour
la stabilisation en Hati), also known as MINUSTAH, an
acronym of the French translation, is a United Nations
peacekeeping mission in Haiti that has been in operation
since 2004. The missions military component is led by
the Brazilian Army and the force commander is Brazilian. MINUSTAHs mandate was recently extended by
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1944 past its
October 15, 2010 deadline[1] amid fears of instability.[2]
The missions current mandate runs through October 15,
2012 with the intention of further renewal.[3] The force is
composed of 8,940 military personnel and 3,711 police,
supported by an international civilian personnel, a local
civilian sta and United Nations Volunteers.[4]
U.S. Marines patrol the streets of Port-au-Prince in March 2004.
Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the United Nations
reported that the headquarters of the mission in Port-auPrince had collapsed and that the missions chief, Hdi
Annabi of Tunisia, his deputy Luiz Carlos da Costa of
Brazil, and the acting police commissioner, RCMP Supt.
Doug Coates of Canada, were conrmed dead.[5][6][7] On
14 January 2010, UN headquarters dispatched the former
head of MINUSTAH and current Assistant SecretaryGeneral for Peacekeeping Operations, Edmond Mulet, as
the organisations Acting Special Representative of the
Secretary-General and interim head of MINUSTAH.[8]
Mulet claried on January 22 that MINUSTAH will concentrate on assisting the Haitian National Police in providing security within the country after the earthquake,
while American and Canadian military forces will distribute humanitarian aid and provide security for aid
distribution.[9]

Background

Brazilian MINUSTAH soldier with a Haitian girl in February

2005

See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'tat

In 2004, independent human rights organizations accused
the Haitian National Police (HNP) and sometimes MINUSTAH of atrocities against civilians.[13][14][15] It is still
argued if any, or how many civilians were killed as a byproduct of MINUSTAH crackdowns on criminals operating from slums. The UN and MINUSTAH expressed
deep regret for any loss of life during operations.[16][17]

According to its mandate from the UN Security Council, MINUSTAH is required to concentrate the use of its
resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during the electoral period and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of
law, public safety and public order in Haiti.[10] MINUSTAH was established by United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1542 on 30 April 2004 because the Security
Council deemed the situation in Haiti to be a threat to international peace and security in the region.[11] In 2004,
UN peacekeepers entered Cit Soleil in an attempt to gain

In early 2005, MINUSTAH force commander

Lieutenant-General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira
testied at a congressional commission in Brazil that
we are under extreme pressure from the international
community to use violence, citing Canada, France, and
1

STATUS

2 United Nations reports and resolutions

On 23 February 2004, the United Nations Security Council was convened at the request of CARICOM for the rst
time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in
Haiti.[24]
On 29 February 2004, the Security Council passed a resolution taking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand
Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President Boniface Alexandre as the acting President of Haiti
in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.[25]
On 30 April 2004, MINUSTAH was established and
given its mandate with a military component of up to
6,700 troops.[26]
In July the General Assembly authorized the nancing
of the mission with $200 million[27] which followed a
donors conference in Washington DC.[28]
The rst progress report from MINUSTAH was released
at the end of August.[29]

Brazilian soldier stands security in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface

Alexandre, spoke to the United Nations General Assembly in support of MINUSTAH.[30]
In November there was a second report,[31] and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.[32]
The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2010 with the intention of
further renewal.[33]

the United States.[18] Having ended his tour of duty, on 3 Status

1 September 2005, Heleno was replaced by General
Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar as force commander of See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'tat
MINUSTAH. On 7 January 2006, Bacellar committed Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MIsuicide for personal and family reasons.[19] His interim
replacement was Chilean General Eduardo Aldunate
Hermann.
On 17 January 2006, it was announced that Brazilian
General Jos Elito Carvalho de Siqueira would be the
permanent replacement for Bacellar as the head of the
United Nations Haiti force.[20]
On 14 February 2006, in Security Council Resolution
1658, the United Nations Security Council extended MINUSTAHs mandate until 15 August 2006.[21]
MINUSTAH is also a precedent as the rst mission in the
region to be led by the Brazilian and Chilean military, and
almost entirely composed of, Latin American forces, particularly from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador Brazilian Army U.N. peacekeeper.
and Uruguay.[22] From 1 September 2007 until his death
following the earthquake on 12 January 2010, the mission NUSTAH) has been in Haiti since 2004, as of 2007, it
was led by Tunisian Hdi Annabi.[23]
continued to struggle for control over the armed gangs.

3
nounced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces
in Haiti.[42] It took MINUSTAH three months and 800
arrests to deal with the gangs and lessen the number of
kidnappings on the streets.[43]
President Ren Prval has expressed ambivalent feelings
about the UN security presence, stating if the Haitian
people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave
they would say yes.[44] Survivors frequently blame the
UN peace keepers for deaths of relatives.[45]
In April 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as
well as governmental destabilization to Parliaments failure to ratify the presidents choice of a prime minister.
There were severe riots and the UN force red rubber bulUN headquarters, UNDP compound, UNICEF oces, in relation lets in Port-au-Prince and the riot calmed.[46] The head
to the city of Port-au-Prince
of MINUSTAH has called for a new government to be
chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN provided emergency food.[47] Haiti was hit by four consecIt maintains an armed checkpoint at the entrance to utive hurricanes between August and September 2008.
the shanty town of Cit Soleil and the road is blocked These storms crippled coastal regions, requiring humanwith armed vehicles.[34] In January 2006, two Jordanian itarian aid for 800,000.[48]
peacekeepers were killed in Cit Soleil.[35] In October
Critics of MINUSTAHs goal of providing security say
2006 a heavily armed group of the Haitian National Pothat the provision of increased police presence is coming
lice were able to enter Cit Soleil for the rst time in
with the unfortunate consequence of neglecting the vast
three years and were able to remain one hour as armored
socioeconomic problems in the area, the lack of eort
UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the
in addressing infrastructure improvement, the joblessness
armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the polices abiland the pervasive poverty. In 2009, with the appointment
ity to penetrate the area even for such a short time was
of former U.S. President Bill Clinton as the UN Special
seen as a sign of progress.[36] The situation of continEnvoy, there is hope that the international donor commuuing violence is similar in Port-au-Prince. Ex-soldiers,
nity will provide increased aid. MINUSTAH renewed its
supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of excommitment to Haiti, and $3 billion for projects has been
president Jean-Bertrand Aristide against the wishes of
pledged by the international community, much of this for
the Haitian government.[37] Before Christmas 2006 the
rebuilding after the hurricanes. However, in Cit Soleil,
UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance
there are signs of a desire for political independence that
against gang members in Port-au-Prince, but since then
the international community would rather ignore.[43]
the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed
roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been In October 2010, 9 months after the earthquake, the UN
moved. After four people were killed and another six extended MINUSTAHs mission. In the capital there
injured in a UN operation exchange of re with crimi- were protests from those who want the MINUSTAH to
nals in Cit Soleil in late January 2007, the United States leave. Demonstrators chanted Down with the occupaannounced that it would contribute $20 million to create tion and burned the ag of Brazil, as representative of
the largest contingent of MINUSTAH.[49]
jobs in Cit Soleil.[38][39]
In early February 2007, 700 UN troops ooded Cit
Soleil resulting in a major gun battle. Although the troops
make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the
UN troops.[40] On 28 July 2007, Edmond Mulet, the UN
Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission
Chief, warned of a sharp increase in lynchings and other
mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now
has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind
people lynchings are a crime.[41]
On 2 August 2007, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon
arrived in Haiti to assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cit Soleil during his visit.
He said that it was Haitis largest slum and as such was
the most important target for U.N. peace keepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit he an-

4 2010 Haiti earthquake

On 12 January 2010, the United Nations reported that
headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission
in Haiti (MINUSTAH), the Christopher Hotel in Port-auPrince, collapsed, and several other UN facilities were
damaged; a large number of UN personnel were unaccounted for in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[50] The Missions Chief, Hdi Annabi, was reported dead on 13 January by President Ren Prval and
French news sources and on 16 January the United Nations conrmed the death after his body was recovered
by a search and rescue team from China.[51] Principal
Deputy Special Representative Luiz Carlos da Costa was

The collapsed headquarters after the 2010 earthquake.

MISSION COMPOSITION

Nepalese members of MINUSTAH secure an airdrop of aid supplies in Mirebalais in January 2010

also conrmed dead, as well as the Acting Police Commissioner, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Superintendent Doug Coates, who were meeting with eight
Chinese nationalsfour peacekeepers and a delegation
of four police ocers from Chinawhen the earthquake
struck.[52] The Chinese search and rescue team recovered
the bodies of the ten individuals on 16 January 2010. Jens
Kristensen, senior humanitarian ocer for the UN was
rescued by a Fairfax, Virginia team after ve days trapped
in the rubble.[53]

Mission composition

Map of MINUSTAH deployment in December 2006

Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in

Haiti:

Brazilian military in helping the victims after the earthquake,

January 12, 2010.

Mariano Fernndez of Chile, June 2011 to

present.[58]

Juan Gabriel Valds of Chile, August 2004 to May

2006.[54]
Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military compo Edmond Mulet of Guatemala, June 2006 to August nent:
2007.[55]

Hdi Annabi of Tunisia, September 2007 to January

2010.[56]

Army General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira,

Brazil, 2004 to August 2005

Edmond Mulet of Guatemala, January 2010 to June

2011.[57]

Divisional General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar, Brazil, September 2005 to January 2006.[59]

5
General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann, Chile, Jan- the American Society for Microbiology, Yale Law School
uary 2006 (interim appointment).
and the School of Public Health.[65] The cause of the disease was attributed to faulty construction of UN sanita Divisional General Jos Elito Carvalho Siqueira, tion systems in its base located in the Haitian town of
Brazil, January 2006 to January 2007.[60]
My.[66] Many reports from My stated that people had
Brigadier General Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz, seen sewage spilling from the UN base into the Artibonite
River, the largest river in Haiti that is most often used by
Brazil, January 2007 to April, 2009.[61]
residents for drinking, cooking, and bathing.[67]
Brigadier General Floriano Peixoto Vieira Neto, In December 2010, a study traced the Haitian cholera
Brazil, April, 2009 to March 2010.
strain to South Asia. The UN conducted an independent
Brigadier General Luiz Guilherme Paul Cruz, investigation into the origin of the epidemic at the end of
2010. A panel of independent UN experts was assembled
Brazil, March, 2010 to March 2011
and their collective ndings were compiled in a report.
Brigadier General Luiz Eduardo Ramos Baptista The panel determined that the evidence implicating the
Pereira, Brazil, March, 2011 to March 2012
Nepalese troops was inconclusive. Though they admitted that the cholera strain was most likely from Nepal, it
Brigadier General Fernando Rodrigues Goulart, cited a conuence of factors that also contributed to the
Brazil, March 2012 to present
outbreak and that no one deliberate action of, a group
or individual was to blame.[68] However, in 2013, the
Countries contributing military personnel (7,206 in all): committee changed its statement concluding that the UN
troops from Nepal most likely were the cause of the
outbreak.[69]
Argentina (558 including a eld hospital ),
Bolivia (208), Brazil (2,200), Canada (10),
The Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI), a Haitian
Chile (499), Croatia (3), Ecuador (67), France
coalition of lawyers, and the Institute for Justice &
(2), Indonesia (167), Guatemala (118), JorDemocracy in Haiti (IJDH), its US-aliate, led claims
dan (728), Nepal (1,075), Paraguay (31), Peru
with MINUSTAH on behalf of 5,000 Haitian petitioners
(209), the Philippines (157), Sri Lanka (959),
in November 2011 . The claims asked for the installaUnited States (4), and Uruguay (1,135).[62][63]
tion of the water and sanitation infrastructure necessary
to control the epidemic, compensation for the victims,
Countries contributing police/civilian personnel (2,031 in and an apology.[70] Fifteen months later, on February
all):
2013, the UN stated that the case was not receivable,
because it involved review of policy matters, citing the
Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United
Israel (14), Benin (32), Brazil (4), Burkina
Nations.[71]
Faso (26), Cameroon (8), Canada (94), Central African Republic (7), Chad (3), Chile
In February 2013, the Haitian government created its Na(15), China (143), Colombia (37).[62][63] Cte
tional Plan for the Elimination of Cholera, a 10-year plan
D'Ivoire (60), DR Congo (2), Egypt (22), El
set to eradicate the disease. Two of the ten years will be
Salvador (7), France (64), Grenada (3), Guinea
devoted as a short-term response to the epidemic. The
(55), India (139), Italy (4), Jamaica (5), Jorlast eight will be to completely eliminate the disease. The
dan (312), Madagascar (2), Mali (55), Nepal
projected budget for the plan is $2 billion.[72] To sup(168), Niger (62), Nigeria (128), Pakistan
port the initiative, UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon,
(248), Philippines (18), Romania (23), Russian
pledged $23.5 million to combat cholera. However, folFederation (10), Rwanda (14), Senegal (131),
lowing the pledge, there was much discontent with the
Serbia (5), Spain (41), Sri Lanka (7), Togo (5),
UNs progress. 19 Members of U.S. Congress urged UN
Turkey (46), United States (48), Uruguay (7),
to take responsibility for cholera in Haiti. In two separate
and Yemen (1).[62][63]
occasions, members of the US Congress sent a letter to
the US ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, urging her and
the organization to ensure that the cholera initiative was
fully funded and implemented quickly.[73] Nineteen US
6 Cholera controversy
Representatives also wrote to Ban Ki-Moon to express
seemingly lack of progress in the UNs
In October 2010, a Cholera outbreak was conrmed in concerns about the[74]
Ban Ki-moon told members of the
cholera
response.
Haitithe rst in Haitian modern history. According to
US
Congress
that
the
UN was committed in helping Haiti
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
overcome
the
epidemic
though no nancial compensation
as of August 4, 2013, 669,396 cases and 8,217 deaths
to
the
victims
would
be
granted.[75] Since 2010, the UN
have been reported since the outbreak rst began in October 2010.[64] MINUSTAH was linked with introducing has spent and/or committed more than $140 million to
the disease to the country by sources such as the CDC, the epidemic.

7 CRITICISM

On May 9, 2013, the Haitian Senate unanimously

votedsave for one abstentionon a policy that would
demand the UN to compensate Haitian cholera victims.
Senators also proposed to form a commission of experts in international and penal law to study what legal means, both nationally and internationally, could be
used to prove MINUSTAHs responsibility for starting
the cholera outbreak.[76]

Criticism

From the beginning, MINUSTAH has been squeezed between traditional conservative sectorswhich demanded
more actionand the leftist parties, mainly linked to
ousted President Aristide, which criticise its actions and
constantly appeal for its departure.

7.1

Political overtones

Even though mostly composed by military forcesthe

recruitment of large numbers of foreign police ocers
has proven dicultthe United Nations Stabilization
Mission in Haiti is a police mission of the United Nations dispatched to a country facing uncontained violence stemming from political unrest and from common criminals.[77] Partidaries of former President JeanBertrand Aristide have characterized MINUSTAH as an
attempt by the United States, Canada and France to
neutralize the supporters of Fanmi Lavalas, Aristide's
party.[78] and secure the more pro-Western government
of Grard Latortue. The mission was mandated to assist
and reinforce the action of the Haitian Police in Port-auPrinces slums.[79]

7.2

6 July 2005 incident

Chilean helicopter during the 2006 elections

pose the MINUSTAH presence in Haiti and who support

the return of ousted President Aristide.[34] MINUSTAH
has also been accused by Fanmi Lavalas supporters of allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities
and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens.
On 6 January 2006, UN mission head Juan Gabriel
Valds announced that MINUSTAH forces would undertake another action on Cit Soleil. On one side, traditional Haitian sectors criticized MINUSTAH for standing by and not stoppping the violence taking place in
slums like Cit Soelil"; on the other hand, human rights
groups were prepared to blame MINUSTAH for any collateral damage deriving from their actions. It was reported that Valds said, We are going to intervene in the
coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we
have to impose our force, there is no other way.[82]

On 6 July 2005, MINUSTAH carried out a raid in the

Cit Soleil section of Port-au-Prince.[80] The raid targeted
a base of illegally armed rebels led by the known bandit Dread Wilme. Reports from pro-Lavalas sources, as
well as journalist Kevin Pina, contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular
support for Haitis exiled former leader, Aristide, before
scheduled upcoming elections.
7.3 Sex scandal
Estimates on the number of fatalities range from ve to
as high as 80, with the higher numbers being claimed Main article: Sexual abuse scandal in Haiti
by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All
sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. MINUSTAH soldiers have been accused of being inAll sources also agree that Dread Wilme (born Em- volved in a number of sexual assault cases. In 2011, four
manuel Wilmer) was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH Uruguayan UN marines were accused of gang raping a
spokespeople called Wilme a gangster. Other sources, 19-year-old Haitian boy in Port Salut, Haiti. It was said
such as the pro-Aristide Haitian Lawyers Leadership Net- the alleged rape was recorded with a cell phone by the
work call Wilme a community leader and a martyr.[81]
peacekeepers themselves and leaked to the Internet.[83]
The incident has been since heralded by groups who op- The teenager and his family were forced to relocate their

7.5

Legal proceedings

house after the video went viral.[84] In March 2012, three

Pakistani MINUSTAH ocers were found guilty of raping a mentally challenged 14-year-old boy in the Haitian
town of Gonaives. Pakistani ocials sentenced each ofcer to one year in a Pakistan prison.[85]
In November 2007, 114[86] members of the 950 member Sri Lanka peacekeeping contingent in Haiti were accused of sexual misconduct and abuse.[87][88] 108 members, including 3 ocers were sent back after being implicated in alleged misconduct and sexual abuse.[89] UN
spokeswoman Michele Montas said: The United Nations and the Sri Lankan government deeply regret any
sexual exploitation and abuse that has occurred.[88] The
Sri Lankan Ocials claim that there is little tangible evidence on this case.[86] After inquiry into the case the UN
Oce of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) has concluded acts of sexual exploitation and abuse (against children) were frequent and occurred usually at night, and at
virtually every location where the contingent personnel
were deployed. The OIOS is assisting in the pending legal proceedings initiated by the Sri Lankan Government
and has said charges should include statutory rape because it involves children under 18 years of age.[90]

7.4

Human Rights Cases

In 2010, Grard Jean-Gilles, a 16-year-old Haitian boy

who ran miscellaneous errands for the Nepalese soldiers
in Cap Haitien, was found dead hanging inside of MINUSTAHs Formed Police Unit base. UN personnel denied responsibility, claiming that the teen committed suicide. The troops released the body for autopsy seventytwo hours after the death; the examination ruled out suicide as a potential cause of death.[91] Nepalese UN troops
were also accused for other misdeeds. Several days before the Jean-Gilles incident, the local press charged a
Nepalese soldier of torturing a minor in a public area in
Cap-Haitien. The soldier was said to have forced his
hands into the youths mouth in an attempt to separate
his lower jaw from his upper jaw, tearing the skin of his
mouth.[92]
People related to Fanmi Lavalas (Haitis largest leftist
party) have repeatedly expressed discontent with MINUSTAH and its management of political public dissent. Protests on November 15, 2010, which occurred
in Cap-Haitien and other areas of the country, resulted in
at least two civilian deaths and numerous injuries. MINUSTAH stated that the protests seemed politically motivated, aimed at creating a climate of insecurity on the
eve of elections. Regarding the deaths, it stated that a
UN peacekeeper shot out of self-defense.[93]
Fanmi Lavalas (the party of former President Aristide)
took part in the burial of Catholic priest Gerard JeanJuste on 18 June 2009. It was later reported that the
procession was suddenly interrupted by gunre. Fanmi
Lavalas witnesses said that Minustah Brazilian soldiers

7
opened re after attempting to arrest one of the mourners; the UN denied the shooting and reported that the victim had been killed by either a rock thrown by the crowd
or a blunt instrument.[94]

7.5 Legal proceedings

A trial is currently in progress at the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights (IACHR). The case, brought
forward by Mario Joseph from the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI) and Brian Concannon from
the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti, concerns
Jimmy Charles, a grassroots activist who was arrested by
UN troops in 2005, and handed over to the Haitian police. His body was found a few days later in the morgue,
lled with bullet holes.[95] The BAI led a complaint in
Haitian courts, to no avail, and in early 2006 it led a petition with the IACHR. The IACHR accepted the case
regarding the State of Haiti, and rejected the complaint
against Brazil.[96]

8 See also
United Nations Mission in Haiti
List of UN peacekeeping missions
List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed

9 References
[1] United Nations Security Council (13 October 2009).
Resolution 1892 (2009)". PDF. United Nations. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
[2] Security Council, Renewing Haiti Mission Mandate in
Resolution 1944 (2010), Looks to Review of Situation
After Pending Elections, New Government. UN Department of Public Information, News and Media Division.
14 October 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
[3] Resolution 2012 (2011)". 14 October 2011.
[4] Security Council boosts force levels for military, police
components. UN Department of Public Information,
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[5] Brieng by Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the
Secretary-General, and Jean Victor Nkolo, Spokesperson
for the President of the General Assembly. United Nations. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
[6] Clinton visits quake-hit Haitians. BBC News. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
[7] Haiti - MINUSTAH - Facts and Figures. un.org. Retrieved 2007-08-14.

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2009-02-09. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
[52] Statement of conrmation of death of Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Haiti, Hdi Annabi,
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as special Representative for Haiti and Head of Stabilization Mission there. www.un.org.
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Elito Siqueira Carvalho new Force Commander of UN
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for UN peacekeeping mission. www.un.org. Retrieved
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[62] United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti. United

Nations. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
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[75] Lederer, Edith. UN chief assures US Congress of commitment to help Haiti overcome cholera epidemic.
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Shape: Lawyers Seek Haitian Claimants in New York.
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2005.

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[80] Klein, Naomi (July 2128, 2005). My date with Aristide Ousted Haitian prez reveals he was tossed because he
refused to privatize. Now (newspaper). Retrieved 200904-20.
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[82] Half-Hour for Haiti: Stop Collateral Damage in Cite
Soleil. Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
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'Abu Ghraib moment' in Haiti?". Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
[84] Klarreich, Kathie (13 June 2012). Will the United Nations legacy in Haiti be all about scandal?". The Christian
Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 September 2013.

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links
Ocial website (French)
Ocial website
MINUSTAH Background
MINUSTAH Historique (French)
U.S. State Department Bureau of International Affairs Fact Sheet
Documentation of Nepals contribution to MINUSTAH
Documentation of Argentine Armys contribution to
MINUSTAH
Documentation of Argentine Air Forces contribution to MINUSTAH

[85] Human Rights Watch: Haiti. 2013. Retrieved 12

September 2013.

Documentation of Argentine Navys contribution to

MINUSTAH

[86] Haiti: Over 100 Sri Lankan blue helmets repatriated on

disciplinary grounds UN. United Nations. 2007-11-02.
Retrieved 2007-11-04.

Documentation of Japans contribution to MINUSTAH

Sri Lankas contribution to MINUSTAH

[87] Williams, Carol J. (2007-12-15). U.N. confronts another

sex scandal. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
[88] Sri Lanka to probe UN sex claims. BBC. 2007-11-03.
Retrieved 2007-11-05.
[89] Reddy, B. Muralidhar (2007-11-05). Part of Sri Lankan
contingent in Haiti to be sent back. The Hindu. Retrieved
2007-11-05.
[90] UN conrms sex charges. Sundaytimes. 2008-03-30.
Retrieved 2008-03-30.
[91] MINUSTAH: Keeping the peace, or conspiring against
it?". Harvard University. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
[92] What Happened to Gerald Jean Gilles?". Center for Policy and Economic Research. Retrieved 12 September
2013.
[93] In Response to Protests, MINUSTAH Disregards Legitimate Grievances. Center for Policy and Economic Research. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
[94] Pena, Kevin (June 20, 2009). A funeral and a boycott:
The struggle continues in Haiti. San Francisco Bay
View. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
[95] Photo of Jimmy Charles in morgue. Institute for Justice
and Democracy in Haiti. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
[96] Admissibility Jimmy Charles v. Haiti, Case 81-06, Report No. 65/06, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.127
Doc. 4 rev. 1 (2007)". .umn.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-02.

MINUSTAH Photos in Haiti

MINUSTAH Videos in Haiti
MINUSTAH FM RADIO Streaming iTunes
MINUSTAH FM RADIO Streaming Windows Media Player
Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti

11

11

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1

Text

United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Stabilisation%20Mission%

20in%20Haiti?oldid=633009767 Contributors: The Anome, Rmhermen, SimonP, Edward, Nv8200p, SD6-Agent, Bearcat, Auric, Edcolins, Pinnecco, Beland, CaribDigita, Rama, Tom, Pazouzou, Bobbis, Macho, Dalillama, Dominic, Axeman89, Zntrip, TigerShark,
Pol098, Kelisi, Toussaint, Mandarax, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Funnyhat, Tomtheman5, MikeJ9919, Ian Pitchford, Powerek38, Ground Zero, Skoosh, YurikBot, RussBot, Robert Will, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Los688, William Przylucki,
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Willuconquer, Flix, Mra1017mm, Abductive, Degen Earthfast, Jonesey95, Canistabbats, Full-date unlinking bot, Pristino, Orenburg1,
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File:2010_Haiti_earthquake_USAID_relief_situation.svg Source:
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Original artist: USAID
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over_Mirebalais_2010-01-21_3.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.defense.gov/PhotoEssays/PhotoEssaySS.aspx?ID=
1558 Original artist: Tech. Sgt. James L. Harper, Jr., USAF
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domain Contributors: self-made, inspired by Image:Gnome globe current event.svg, using Image:Information icon3.svg and Image:Earth
clip art.svg Original artist: penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
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This Image was released by the United States Navy with the ID 100226-N-0696M-432 <a class='external text' href='//commons.wikimedia.
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Original artist: PO1 Chad J. McNeeley

File:Casco_azul_con_una_nia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Casco_azul_con_una_ni%C3%
B1a.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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earthquake_%2812_january_2010%29.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Haiti Earthquake Original artist: United Nations
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_peacekeeper_walks_with_Haitian_children_during_a_patrol_in_Cite_Soleil.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
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