Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2425
Types of Errors:
Personal errors due to bias or mistakes.
Systematic errors due to miscalibration of instruments,
personal bias, or reaction time.
(for constant a)
v =
x = v 0t +
at
2
+ 2ax
Mi
Mf
b b 2 4ac
2a
R = tan 1
y
R
R=
A + B 2 AB cos
sin =
r r r r
Rr = Ar+ B +r C r Resultant = Sum of the vectors
Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx x-component
A x = A cos
r
r
r
r
Ry = Ay + By + C y y-component
A y = A sin
R = Rx 2 + Ry 2
Law of Cosines:
(for constant a)
Quadratic Equation:
x=
v f v i = u ln
M M V
D =
+
V
V2
v 0 +v
burning of fuel.
M
operation: D =
V
error:
v = v 0 + at
=v0
(for constant a)
Rocket Science: The relationship between velocity and the
error: A = ( L W + W L )
Division:
s]
Calculation of Errors:
Multiplication:
Ry
Rx
Magnitude (length) of R
or
tan R =
Ry
Rx
Unit Vectors:
x
B sin
i j=k
j i = k
i i = 0
Newton's Laws:
First Law: Law of Inertia. An object at rest will remain at
rest unless acted on by an external force. An object in
motion will remain in motion unless . . .
Second Law: F = ma , = I The sum of external
forces on a object is equal to its mass (or inertia for
rotational forces) times the acceleration.
Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of Gravity: F = force of attraction exerted on each body
G = gravitational constant 6.67 10-11
m1m2
F=G 2
[N m 2/kg] or [m3/kg s2]
r
r = distance between centers [m]
Positive direction:
i j = 0
ii =1
j
i
v=
d
dx dy
dz
( xi + yj + zk) = i +
j+ k
dt
dt
dt
dt
a=
dv y
dv
dv
d
( v x i + v y j + v zk ) = x i +
j+ z k
dt
dt
dt
dt
Mass/Density:
Drag:
[kilograms]
M =V D
vt =
Projectile Motion:
v x0 = v0 cos 0
v y0 = v0 sin 0
x = v x 0t
v y = v y 0 gt
horizontal distance
to find apex, let vy = 0
y = y 0 + v y 0 t 21 gt 2
y = (tan 0 ) x
vertical distance
gx 2
2(v 0 cos0 ) 2
v y = v y 0 2 gy
2
Relative Motion:
vertical distance
v PA = v PB + v BA
v PA
2mg
CA
Force:
v PB + v BA
=
1 + v PB v BA / c 2
[F is in Newtons; m is kilograms]
Newtons = kg m / s =
2
dynes = grams cm / s 2
grams g
F = ma
F=
force =
t
J
F=
t
vertical velocity
D = 21 CAv 2
force =
change in momentum
time interval
impulse
time interval
m 1m 2
r2
N m 2
kg 2
Atwood's Machine:
Inclined Plane:
F = mg sin
W = mg
Fn = mg cos
(the normal
force)
a=
m2 m1
a=
g
m1 + m2
m1
Fn
Fk = k Fn
tan
Acceleration in m/s2:
Tension in Newtons:
2m1 m2
T =
g
m1 + m2
m2
Tension:
[Newtons]
T
m
T = m (g + a )
T = m (g a )
Fn
PE s =
Work:
[joules or Newton-meters]
T=
W = Fd
F cos
1
f
T = 2
W = ( F cos )s
kx
1
2
s
(work done on the object by F)
a=
m
k
k
x
m
T = period (s)
m = mass (kg)
k = spring constant (N/m)
(acceleration) x is the location in meters
W = KE f KEi
k 2
( A x2)
m
x = A cos( 2 f t )
Pendulum:
T = 2
W g = mgy
mgy
Power:
[watts]
P=
Energy:
KE =
1
2
dW
dt
W
= Fv
watts =
mv
v = f
second
v=
[i = initial;
f = final, energy is
conserved]
+ 12 mv i = mgy f + 12 mv f
2
F =
kx
W = kx
1
2
m1v1i + m2 v 2 i = m1v1 f + m2 v 2 f
m1 m2
2m2
v1i +
v
m1 + m2
m1 + m2 2i
m m1
2m1
v1i + 2
v
=
m1 + m2
m1 + m2 2i
spring
(momentum)
v1 f =
(elastic only)
v2 f
(elastic only)
p = mv
F =
dp
dt
1
2
F = kx
W =
1
2
[y = vertical distance]
Spring:
Third Order
Approximation
(kinetic energy)
KE = KE f KE i = 21 mv 2 21 mv 0 2 = Work
E = mc
Waves:
joules
PE = mgy
mgy
L
g
(A is amplitude in m; x is position)
L
1
sin 4
1 + sin 2 +
g
4
2 64
2
T = 2
[joules]
2
v=
in
J = p = F t = mv f mv i
=
t
= 0 + t
= 0 t + 12 t 2
= rFt = r F
= rF sin
= I
I =
[kg m2]
Inertia:
orbiting object:
I = mr
sphere:
Is =
2
5
mr
mr
(inertia)
Ir =
ring:
2
1
2
m (r 1 + r 2 )
2
Id =
disk or cyl.:
1
2
mr
a t = r
vt
= r 2
r
ar = radial acceleration or
centripetal acceleration [m/s2]
ar
1
12
ml
r2
4
l
+ 12
2
I = I cm + Mh 2
v = speed [m/s]
r = radius [m]
= angular speed [rad/s]
at
a = at 2 + a r 2
Fc = ma r = m
=rF
2 = 0 2 + 2
=
t
v t = r
v cm = r
ar =
Torque:
vt 2
r
2 r 2
T=
=
v
4 2 3
2
r = K sr 3
T =
GM s
F = T Mg = Ma
= TR = I
T = period [s]
Yo-yo:
kg
K s = 2. 97 10
19 s 2
m3
a = R0
a=
T = tension [N]
M = mass [kg]
R0 = radius of
axle [m]
g
1 + I / MR0 2
R0
Mg
Angular Momentum:
Oscillation:
l = I
rigid body on fixed axis [kg m2/s or J s]
l = r p = m(r v )
l = angular momentum of a
particle [J s]
r = a position vector
p = linear momentum [kg m2/s
or J s]
m = mass [kg]
v = linear velocity [m/s]
I i i = I f f
tan =
F = force [N]
A = crossectional
Fl0
AL
area [m2]
V P
[m3]
P = change in
pressure [Pa or
N/m2]
F = ma = ( m 2 ) x
U ( t ) = 12 kx m 2 cos 2 ( t + )
Potential Energy
K ( t ) = 12 kx m 2 sin 2 ( t + )
Kinetic Energy
y = mx + b
Ax + By + C = 0
d
(sin u ) = u' cos u
dx
(m = A / B )
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
Ax + By = Ax
R = A1v1 = A2 v 2
+ By 1
point-slope, alt.
y
b
=1
(m = b / a )
2-point
intercept
a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept
Bernoulli's Equation:
P1 + 12 v12 + gy1 = P2 + 12 v 2 2 + gy 2
P1 = pressure [Pa or N/m2]
v = velocity [m/s]
y = height [m]
slope-intercept
first degree
point-slope
y 2 y1
y y1 =
( x x1 )
x 2 x1
Rate of Flow:
Equations of a Line:
F
a
[rad]
k = spring constant [N/m]
T = period [s]
f = frequency [Hz]
F = force [N]
m = mass [kg]
I = moment of inertia [kg m2]
h = distance between axis and
center of mass [m]
d
(cos u) = u'sin u
dx
f = force [N]
a = area [m2]
F = force [N]
A = area [m2]
1
f
f
F
=
a
A
k
(spring)
m
E = U + K = 12 kx m 2
P = P0 + gh
x = position [m]
xm = amplitude [m]
= angular frequency [rad/s]
t = time [s]
= phase angle [rad]
( t + ) = phase of the motion
m
(spring)
k
I
T = 2
mgh
2
= 2 f
T
T = 2
rg
Y=
T=
x = x m cos( t + )
= density [kg/m3]
g = gravity [m/s2]
P1 + 12 v12 = P2 + 12 v 2 2