EXPERIMENT NO 01

AIM:-To Study And Simulate transmission and reception of Amplitude Modulation.

SOFTWARE USED:-Vissim 6.0
THEORY
MODULATION:-It is defined as the process by which the base band signal (modulating signal) modifies
another high frequency signal called carrier. The carrier is higher in frequency than the highest base band
signal frequency. The baseband signal modifies the amplitude or frequency or phase of the carrier in
modulation process.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:-In amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier is varied in
accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal keeping frequency and phase constant.

Figure:-Amplitude Modulation

MODULATION INDEX (m):-The relationship between the amplitude of the modulating and
carrier signal is expressed in terms of their ratio known as modulation index (m) and is
mathematically given a
m=

(1.1)

The modulation index lies between 0 and 1

CALCULATION OF MODULATION INDEX (m):-

From the above figure we can write

(1.2)
=

(1.3)

Amplitude Modulation

Result: Amplitude Modulation has been studied and waveform detected.

EXPERIMENT NO 02

AIM:-To study and simulate transmission and reception of frequency modulation.

SOFTWARE USED:-VisSim Comm 6.0
THEORY:FREQUENCY MODULATION:-In frequency modulation the frequency of the carrier is varied in
accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal keeping amplitude and phase
constant.

Figure1:-Frequency modulation

=
=

t+
)(

where

t+ At

t=0

)Instantaneous

t)

angular frequency of frequency

modulation wave after modulation is given as = +

t)where
is the constant of
proportionality which represents the frequency conversion factor.The total instantaneous phase of

frequency modulated wave is

=

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Frequency Modulation
OUTPUT:

RESULT:The frequency modulation has been simulated and waveform is recorded.

EXPERIMENT NO 03
AIM: To study and simulate transmission and reception of ASK.
SOFTWARE USED: VisSim Comm 6.0
THEORY:
The Transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency analog signals are
often converted to digital format (PAM) before transmission. The source signals are generally referred
to as baseband signals. In the modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the modulating
signal and the high-frequency carrier signal is a sinusoidal waveform. There are three basic ways of
modulating a sine wave carrier. For binary digital modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift
keying (BASK), binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK).
Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK):
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the
amplitude of a carrier wave. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to
represent digital data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of
binary digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the
symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal
and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data.
A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by

0 < t < T 3.1

where A is a constant, m(t) = 1 or 0, fc is the carrier frequency, and T is the bit duration. It has a power
so
that A = 2P . Thus,
s(t) = 2P cos 2fct,
=

PT cos2fct

E cos 2fct,

0<t<T
0<t<T

3.2

3.3

0<t<T

3.4

where E = P T is the energy contained in a bit duration. If we take 1(t) = 2Tcos 2fct as the orthonormal
basis function,
applicable signal space diagram of the BASK signals is shown in figure below.

Constellation diagram of
BASK:

Figure: a) Binary data

b) Carrier waveform
c) ASK wave form

Logic levels are represented by different amplitudes of signals. Usually, one amplitude is zero for
logic digital logic zero while is logic 1 represented by the actual amplitudes of some sine wave
signal. Figure: shows the expected waveforms in ASK. Vd(t) is the message signal, Vc(t) is the

carrier signal,Vask(t) is the output.

The ASK waveform looks like an ON-OFF of the signal therefore is also known as ON-OFF
keying(OOK).
ASK is generated by applying the binary data and sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of the product
modulator. The ASK signal has a power spectral density (PSD) same as that of baseband on-off signal
but is shifted in frequency domain by

. For practical purposes, the bandwidth of ASK is centered at

whose output contains about 95% of the total average power content of the ASK signal. The
bandwidth of ASK is approximately 3/T Hz. This bandwidth can be reduced by using smoother version
of pulse waveform rather than rectangular pulses.

OUTPUT:

ASK Modulation
RESULT: Amplitude Shift Keying has studied and waveform recoeded.

EXPERIMENT NO 04
AIM: To study and simulate transmission and reception of FSK.
SOFTWARE USED: VisSim Comm. 6.0
THEORY:
In digital signal transmission, the repeater is used to recover the data signal, this will

enhance the immunity to noise. So the coding technique can be used to detect, correct and encrypt
the signal. During long haul transmission, the high frequency part of the digital signal will easily
attenuate and cause distortion. Therefore, the signal has to be modulated before transmission, and
one of the methods is the frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation. FSK technique is to modulate
the data signal to two different frequencies to achieve effective transmission. At the receiver, the
data will be covered based on the two different frequencies of the received signal

we utilize the theory of mathematic to solve the FSK modulation as shown in equation. The
expression is as follows:

Where:
A: Magnitude of FSK signal.
Cos(ct) : Carrier frequency.
Cos(Dt) : Audio frequency
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FSK Modulation
OUTPUT:

RESULT: The frequency shift keying (FSK) has been simulated and waveform is recorded

EXPERIMENT NO 05
AIM: To study and simulate transmission and reception of PSK.
SOFTWARE USED: VisSim Comm 6.0
THEORY:Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by modulating
the phase of the carrier wave. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to
represent digital data. PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary
digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that
is represented by the particular phase.
BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, Phase Reversal Keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase
shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK.
The 0 and 1 bits shift the carrier phase by 180.

g: a) signal sequence of BPSK that shows a carrier sinc t

digital data
PSK signal.

where 1 is represented by

and 0 is represented by

The bit error rate (BER) of BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as

or
Since we define the bandwidth as the range occupied by the baseband signal from 0 Hz to the first
zero-crossing point, we have B Hz of bandwidth for the baseband signal and 2B Hz for the BPSK
signal.

This is

the frequency spectrum of a BPSK signal.

This constellation diagram shows an axis where each phasor represents the amplitude of the carrier and
the direction represents the phase position of the carrier.
The general form for BPSK follows the equation:

This yields two phases, 0 and . In the specific form, binary data is often conveyed with the following
signals:
for binary "0"
where fc is the frequency of the carrier-wave.
Hence, the signal-space can be represented by the single basis function

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PSK Modulation

OUTPUT:

RESULT: Phase- shift keying has been studied and waveform detected.

EXPERIMENT NO 06
AIM: To Study and simulate transmission and reception of DPSK.
SOFTWARE USED:VisSim Comm 6.0
THEORY :
Differential phase shift keying is a no coherent form of phase shift keying
which avoids the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. No coherent receivers are easy
and cheap to build, and hence are widely used in wireless communications. In DPSK system, the
input binary sequence is first differentially encoded and then modulated using a BPSK modulator.
A block diagram of a DPSK transmitter as shown in fig. It consists of a one bit delay element and
logic circuit interconnection so as to generate the differentially encoded sequence from the input
binary sequence. The output is passed through a product modulator to obtain the DPSK signal.

Fig: Block diagram of DPSK transmitter

At the DPSK receiver, the original sequence is recovered from the demodulated differentially
encoded signal through a complementary. While DPSK signalling has the advantage of reduced
receiver complexity, its energy efficiency is inferior to that of coherent PSK by about 3 dB. The
average probability of error for DPSK in additive white Gaussian noise is given by,

DPSK Modulation and Demodulation

OUTPUT:

Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation& Demodulation Waveforms

Result: Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation has been Simulated and
Waveforms Recorded.

EXPERIMENT NO 7

AIM:To Simulate QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) Modulation.

THOERY:
In fig shows a block diagram of a typical QPSK transmitter. The unipolar binary message (data)
first converted into a bipolar non-return-to-zero (NRZ) sequence using a unipolar to bipolar
converter. The bit stream is then split into two bit streams I(in-phase) and Q(Quadrature) .The bit
stream in-phase(I) is called the even stream and quadrature (Q) is called Odd stream. The two
bit stream fed to the Low pass filter (LPF).Then the two bit stream after filtering fed to the
modulator. The filter at the output of the modulator confines the power spectrum of the QPSKsignal
within the allocated band. The two modulator bit stream are summed and fed to the band pass filter
(BPF) and produce the QPSK output.

QPSK Modulation

Waveforms:

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation Waveform

Result:Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation has been Simulated and

Recorded.

Waveforms

EXPERIMENT NO 8
AIM: To study and simulate transmission and reception of (PAM) Modulation.
SOFTWARE USED: VisSim Comm 6.0
THEORY:PAM is pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals in each
sample is made proportion to amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. PAM in which a fixed dc
level is added to the signal to ensure that pulses are always positive.

a) Modulating signal
b) Modulated signal

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

OUTPUT:-

RESULT:- Pulse Amplitude Modulation has been studied and waveform detected.

EXPERIMENT NO 9

Aim: To study and simulate transmission and reception of PPM.

Software Used: VisSim Comm. 6.0
Theory:

Pulse position modulation (PPM) is a pulse modulation technique that uses pulses that are of
uniform height and width but displaced in time from some base position according to the amplitude
of the signal at the instant of sampling. Pulse position modulation is also sometimes known as
pulse-phase modulation. Pulse position modulation has the advantage over pulse amplitude
modulation (PAM) and pulse duration modulation (PDM) in that it has a higher noise immunity
since all the receiver needs to do is detect the presence of a pulse at the correct time; the duration
and amplitude of the pulse are not important.
Working of Pulse Position Modulation:
In PPM, data are transmitted with short pulses. All pulses have both the same width and amplitude.
The parameter that changes is the delay between each pulse. Here is an example of a PPM signal:

Block Diagram:

Waveforms:

Result: The PPM has been simulated and waveform is recorded.

Pulse position modulation (PPM) is a pulse modulation technique that uses pulses that are of uniform height
and width but displaced in time from some base position according to the amplitude of the signal at the
instant of sampling. Pulse position modulation is also sometimes known as pulse-phase modulation. Pulse
position modulation has the advantage over pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse duration
modulation (PDM) in that it has a higher noise immunity since all the receiver needs to do is detect the
presence of a pulse at the correct time; the duration and amplitude of the pulse are not important.