Essential SM Solutions Ch3 PDF

Chapter 3 Circular functions
Solutions to Exercise 3A
1
a
Therefore the asymptotes are at

x = 2 p and x = 5p .
3
3
The graph of y = cosec (x + p ) is a

4
translation of the graph of y = cosec x, p units in

4
the negative direction of the x axis.
The y axis intercept is:
cosec ( p ) = 2 .
4
Asymptotes will occur when
sin x + = 0
4
6
5
y = sec x
6
2 3
0,
2 3
2 ,
3
2
1
-1
2
3
5
6
7
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
11
6
-2

x = 3p and x = 7p .
4
4
-3
-4
-5
-6
y = cosec x +
4
( 2 ,
4
(0,
2 )
2 )
3
2
1
-1
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
-2
-3
-4
-5
c
The graph of y = cot (x + p ) is a translation of
3
p
the graph of y = cot x,
units in the negative
3
direction of the x axis.
3
The y axis intercept is cot p = 3 .
3
tan x + = 0
3

x = 2 p and x = 5p .
3
3
y
b
The graph of y = sec (x p ) is a translation of
6
p
the graph of y = sec x,
units in the positive
6
direction of the x axis
2 3
The y axis intercept is sec ( p ) = 3 .
6
cos x = 0
6
3
2 ,
y = cot x +
3
3
0,
2
1
-1
2
3
5
6
7
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
11
6
-2
-3
-4
-5
Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions
d
The graph of y = sec (x + 2 p ) is a translation
3
of the graph of y = sec x, 2 p units in the
3
negative direction of the x axis.
The y axis intercept is sec 2 p = 2.
3
y
5
y = cosec x
2
4
3
2
1
2
cos x +
= 0
3
( 2 , 1)
( 0 , 1)
-1
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
-2
-3
5p and x = 11p .
x =
6
6
-4
-5
y
5
2
y = sec x +
4
3
2
( 2 , 2)
-1
2
3
5
6
7
6
4
3
3
2
5
3
11
6
-2
-3
(0 , -2)
-4
-5
e
The graph of y = cosec (x p ) is a translation
2
p
of the graph of y = cosec x,
units in the
2
positive direction of the x axis.
The y axis intercept is cosec ( p ) = 1.
2
sin x = 0
2

x = p and x = 3p .
2
2
f
The graph of y = cot (x 3p ) is a translation
4
of the graph of y = cot x, 3p units in the
4
positive direction of the x axis.
The y axis intercept is cot ( 3p ) = 1.
4
3
tan x
= 0
4

x = 3p and x = 7 p .
4
4
y
5
3
y = cot x
( 2 , 1 )
3
2
(0 , 1)
-1
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
-2
-3
-4
-5
2
a
The graph of y = sec 2x is obtained from the
graph of y = sec x by a dilation of factor 1
y
5
from the y axis.

The y axis intercept is sec(0) = 1.
2
1
cos (2x) = 0
-1

x =
y = cosec ( 3x)
p and x = 3p .
4
4
2
3
5
6
-2
-3
-4
-5
y = sec ( 2x)
4
3
( , 1)
(0 , 1)
2
1
-1
3
4
-2
-3
-4
-5
b
The graph of y = cosec (3x) is obtained from
the graph of y = cosec x by a dilation of factor
1 from the y axis.
3
The y axis intercept is cosec(0) which is

undefined.
sin (3x) = 0

x = 0, x = p , x = 2 p and x = .
3
3
c
The graph of y = cot (4x) is obtained from the
graph of y = cot x by a dilation of factor 1
4
from the y axis.

The y axis intercept is cot(0) which is
undefined.
tan (4x) = 0

x = 0, x = p , x = p , x = 3p and x = .
4
2
4
y
5
y = cot ( 4x)
4
3
2
1
-1
3
8
5
8
3
4
7
8
-2
-3
-4
-5
d
The graph of y = cosec (2x + p )
2
= cosec (2(x + p ))
4
is obtained from the graph of y = cosec x by a
dilation of factor 1 from the y axis followed by
2
a translation p units in the negative direction
4
of the x axis.
The y axis intercept is cosec p = 1.
2
sin 2x + = 0
2
y = cosec 2x +
2
4
3
( , 1)
(0 , 1)
2
1
-1
y = sec ( 2x + )
4
3
2
(0 , -1)
( , 1)
-1
3
4
-2
-3
-4
-5

x = p and x = 3p .
4
4
Note: cosec (2x + p ) = sec 2x
2
5
y
5
3
4
-2
-3
-4
-5
f
The graph of y = cot (2x p )
3
= cot (2(x p ))
6
is obtained from the graph of y = cot x by a
2
a translation p units in the positive direction of
6
the x axis.
3
The y axis intercept is cot ( p ) = 3 .
3
tan 2x = 0
3

x = p and x = 2 p .
6
3
y
e
The graph of y = sec (2x + )
= sec (2(x + p ))
2
is obtained from the graph of y = sec x by a
2
a translation p units in the negative direction of
2
the x axis.
The y axis intercept is sec () = 1.
cos (2x + ) = 0
y = cot 2x
3
4
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
12
3
0 ,
5
12
7
12
2
3
3
4
5
6
11
12
3
,
-4
-5

x = p and x = 3p .
4
4
Note: sec (2x + ) = sec 2x

3
a
x = 2 p , x = p , x = p and x = 5p .
3
6
3
6
p
The graph of y = sec (2x )
y
2
5
= sec (2(x p ))
4
4
is obtained from the graph of y = sec x by a
3
2
2
2 3
2 3
,
0 ,
p
3
a translation
units in the positive direction of
1
4
the x axis.

5
2
2
5
6
3
2
3
6 -1
6
3
2
3
6
The y axis intercept is sec ( p ), which is
2
2 3
-2
,
undefined.
-3
y = cosec 2 x +
3
-4
cos 2x = 0
2
-5

x = , x = p , x = 0, x = p and x = .
2
2
Note: sec (2x p ) = cosec (2x)
2
y
5
y = sec 2 x
2
4
3
2
1
3
4
-1
3
4
-2
-3
-4
-5
b
The graph of y = cosec (2x + p )
3
= cosec (2(x + p ))
6
is obtained from the graph of y = cosec x by
a dilation of factor 1 from the y axis followed
2
p
by a translation
units in the negative direction
6
of the x axis.
2 3
The y axis intercept is cosec p3 = 3 .
c
The graph of y = cot (2x 2 p )
3
= cot (2(x p ))
3
is obtained from the graph of y = cot x by a
2
a translation p units in the positive direction of
3
the x axis.
3
The y axis intercept is cot ( 2p ) = 3 .
3
2
tan 2x
= 0
3

x = 2 p , x = p , x = p and x = 5p .
3
6
3
6
y
5
3
,
3
,
y = cot 2x
3
2
1
5
2
6
3
6 -1
2
3
5
6
-2
3
0 ,
sin 2x + = 0
3
-3
-4
-5
4
a
7 2
9
8 , sec x = 7 ,
9 2
cosec x = 8
cot x =
C
x 5
A
5
a
By Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = 25 + 64 = 89
AC = 89
So,
89
cot x = 5 , sec x = 5 , cosec x =
8
sin 2 p = sin ( p )
3
3
p
= sin
3
3
2
89
8
cos 3p = cos ( p )
4
4
= cos p
4
2
= 2
b
B
tan ( p ) = tan p = 1
4
4
d
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AB2 = AC2 BC2
AB2 = 49 25 = 24
AB = 24
1
1
cosec p =
p = 05 = 2
6
sin 6
1
sec p =
p =
4
cos 4
cot ( -p ) =
5
A
AB
= 2 6
So,
2
2
1
1
p = 3 = 3
tan 6
3
2 6
7 6
cot x = 5 , sec x = 12 ,
cosec x = 7
5
sin 5p = sin ( + p )
4
4
p
= sin
4
2
= 2
C
9
B
x
7
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
BC2 = AC2 AB2
BC2 = 81 49 = 32
BC = 32
BC
h
A
tan 5p = tan ( p )
6
6
= tan ( p )
6
3
= 3
i
sec ( p ) =
3
cos -p
3
= 4 2
So,
1
cos p
3
= 1
05
= 2
1
cosec 3p =
4
sin 3p
4
1
sin (p - p)
4
1
=
p
sin 4
2
= 1 - cos x
sin2 x
2
= sin2 x
sin x
= 1
=
k
2
1
cot2 x cosec2 x = cos2 x
sin2 x
sin x
or
cot2 x cosec2 x = cot2 x (1 + cot2 x )
= 1
1
cot 9 p =
4
tan 9p
4
1
=
c
p
tan (2 p + 4 )
1
=
p
tan 4
= 1
1
tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x
tan 2 x
tan 2 x
1
cos2 x
=
sin2 x
cos2 x
= 1
l
cos ( 7p ) = cos (2 p )
3
3
p
= cos ( )
3
p
= cos ( )
3
= 1
2
6
a
sec2 x tan2 x =
2
1
sin 2 x
2
cos x
cos x
2
= 1 - sin x
cos 2 x
2
= cos 2 x
cos x
= 1
1
sin2 x
= cosec2 x
d
sin2 x
cos 2 x + sin2 x
cos x + cos x =
cos x
1
=
cos x
= sec x
e
sin4 x cos4 x
= (sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)
= sin2 x cos2 x
= cos 2x
f
tan3 x + tan x = tan x (1 + tan2 x)
= tan x sec2 x
or
sec2 x tan2 x = 1 + tan2 x tan2 x
= 1
7
tan x
a
sec2 x
sec2 x
sec x
sec x
9
=
x , 0
2
4 ,
sec x
tan2
= 1 +
x
= 1 + 16 = 17
= 17
= 17
as x [ p , 0]
2
cosec x
x , 0
2
a
tan2 x = sec2 x 1
tan x = 102 1 = 3 11
tan x = 3 11
as x [ p , 0]
2
sin x =
17
17
-3 11
10
10
c
cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
1
= 1 +
2
cosec x
10 ,
b
sin x = tan x sec x
b
cos x =
1
sec x
cos x = 1 =
17
cosec x
tan x
= 1 + 1
16
17
= 4
- 17
=
as x [ p , 0]
2
4
6 ,
x
, 2
2
a
cot2 x = cosec2 x 1
cot x = ( 6)2 1 = 35
cot x = 35
as x [ 3p , 2]
2
b
cos x = cot x cosec x =
8
cot x
3,
3
x ,
a
cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
cosec x = 1 + 32 = 10
cosec x = 10
as x [, 3p ]
2
0.5 ,
90 < x < 180
a
3
cos x = 1 ( 0 . 5 ) 2 = 2
= 3
c
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 +
10
sin x
sin x
3
= 2 1
2
1
cosec x
10
= 10
sec x = 3
11
b
cot x = cos x
b
sin x =
1
sec x = 1 + ( 3 )
35
6
1
cot 2 x
c
cosec x =
1
= 1 = 2
sin x
05
10
= 3
as x [, 3p ]
2
12
cosec x
a
sin x =
3 ,
180 < x < 270
1
= 1
cosec x
3
b
8
2
2 2
cos x = 1 - (1 ) = 3 = 3
3
cos q
sin q cos q sin q
2
sin q + cos 2 q 1
cos 2 q sin2 q
1- 1
=
2
cos q sin 2 q
= 0
c
sec x =
3
3 2
1
=
= 4
cos x
8
13
cos x
15
a
sec2 + cosec2 sec2 cosec2
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
2
2
0.7 ,
0 < x < 180
1 ( 0 .7 )
a
sin x =
0 . 51
51
= 10
b
(sec cos )(cosec sin )
= ( 1 cos )( 1 sin )
cos q
sin q
2 q 1 - sin2 q
1
cos
= (
)(
)
cos q
sin q
2
2
= ( sin q )( cos q )
cos q
sin q
= sin cos
= 1 sin 2
2
(using a double angle formula)
0. 51
51
tan x = sin x = 0 . 7 = 7
cos x
c
cot x =
7 51
7
1
=
= 51
tan x
51
c
( 1 cos2 )(1 + cot2 )
= (sin2 )(cosec2 )
1
= (sin2 )( 2 )
sin q
= 1
14
sec x
d
=
a
cos x =
5,
180 < x < 360
1
= 1 = 0.2
sec x
5
b
2 6
2
24
sin x = 1 - (1 ) = 5 = 5
5
sec 2 q - cosec 2 q
=
=
tan 2 q - cot 2 q
(1 + tan2 q ) - (1 + cot 2 q)
tan 2 q - cot 2 q
tan 2 q - cot 2 q
2
2
tan q - cot
= 1
c
2 6
6
cot x = 1 5 = 1 = 12
5
2 6
16
If x = sec tan
1
=
sin q
cos q
cos q
1
sin
q
=
cos q
cos q
1 =
1 - sin q
x
then
and
x + 1 = 1 - sin q +
x
=
=
=
=
=
cos q
cos q
1 - sin q
(1 - sin q) 2 + cos 2 q
cos q(1 - sin q)
1 - 2 sin q + sin2 q + cos 2 q
cos q(1 - sin q)
1 - 2 sin q + 1
cos q(1 - sin q )
2(1 - sin q)
cos q(1 - sin q)
2
cos q
= 2 sec , as required to prove.

x 1
= 1 - sin q
cos q
cos q
1 - sin q
(1 - sin q) 2 - cos 2 q
=
cos q(1 - sin q)
(sin 2 cos 2 ) 2 sin sin 2 cos 2

cos (1 sin )
2
= 2 sin q - 2 sin q
cos q (1 - sin q )
-2 sin q (1 - sin q)
=
cos q (1 - sin q)
-2
sin q
=
cos q
= 2 tan
1
=
x
2 tan
10
Solutions to Exercise 3B
1
a
sin (2x 5y) = sin 2x cos 5y cos 2x sin 5y
2
a
sin x cos 2y cos x sin 2y = sin (x 2y)
b
cos (x2 + y) = cos (x2) cos y sin (x2) sin y
b
cos 3x cos 2x + sin 3x sin 2x = cos (3x 2x)
= cos x
c
tan (x + (y + z))
tan x + tan (y + z)
=
1 - tan x tan (y + z)
tan y + tan z
1 - tan y tan z
tan y + tan z
1 - tan x
1 - tan y tan z
tan x( 1 tan y tan z)

tan y tan z
+
1 tan y tan z
1 tan y tan z
1 tan y tan z
tan x( tan y + tan z)
1 tan y tan z
1 tan y tan z
tan x - tan x tan y tan z + tan y + tan z

1 - tan y tan z - tan x tan y - tan x tan z
tan x + tan y + tan z - tan x tan y tan z

1 - tan y tan z - tan x tan y - tan x tan z
tan x +
A CAS calculator has the capability to expand

and collect some trigonometric equations.
tan A - tan (A - B)
= tan (A (A B))
1 + tan A tan (A - B)
= tan B
d
sin (A + B) cos (A B) + cos (A + B) sin (A B)
= sin ((A + B) + (A B))
= sin 2A
e
cos y cos ( 2y) sin y sin ( 2y)
= cos (y + ( 2y))
= cos (y)
= cos y
For part e.
TI: Press
Menu3:AlgebraB:Trigonometry
2:Collect
TI: Press
Menu3:AlgebraB:Trigonometry
1:Expand
For part b.
Type tExpand(cos(x2+y))
CP: Tap ActionTransformationtCollect
and complete the command as per the TI
instructions.
CP: Tap ActionTransformationtExpand

and complete the command as per the TI
instructions.
11
3
a
sin (x + 2x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
b
sin(3x)
= sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
= sin x (cos2 x sin2 x) + cos x 2 sin x cos x
= sin x cos2 x sin3 x + 2 sin x cos2 x
= 3 sin x cos2 x sin3 x
= 3 sin x (1 sin2 x) sin3 x
= 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
4
a
cos (x + 2x) = cos x cos 2x sin x sin 2x
cos ( 7 p ) = cos ( 6 p + p )
12
12
12
p
p
= cos (
+
)
2
12
= sin p
12
2 ( 3 1)
4
6 4
b
tan 5p = tan ( p + p )
12
4
6
tan p4 + tan p6
=
1 - tan p4 tan p6
=
=
3
3
1- 3
3
1+
(3 +
= 2 +
3)
d
tan
12
= tan
4
3
tan
=
tan
3
4
1 + tan
=
5
a
sin p = sin ( p
12
3
= sin p cos
3
=
2 (1
(see a)
b
cos (3x)
= cos x (cos2 x sin2 x) 2 sin2 x cos x
= cos3 x 3 sin2 x cos x
= cos3 x 3 (1 cos2 x) cos x
= 4 cos3 x 3 cos x
p)
4
p sin p cos p
4
4
3
3 2
2 1
2 2 2 2
2 ( 3 1)
1 +
( 3
2
tan
3
4
3
1)(1
2
3 )
3 4
2
= 2
6
sin x = 0.6 ,
tan y = 2.4 ,
x ,
2
y 0 ,
2
and
a
cos2 x = 1 sin2 x
cos x = 1 0 . 6 2
= 0.8
cos x = 0.8
as x [ p , ]
2
3)
6
12
b
sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y
sec y = 1 2 . 4
= 2.6
sec y = 2.6
as y [0, p ]
2
c
cos y =
1
sec y
= 1
26
10
=
26
= 5
13
sin (x y) = 1 - (16) 2
65
= 63
65
p
As
x and 0 y p ,
2
2
0 xy
sin (x y) = 63
65
or
sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
3
5
4
12

5 13
5 13
15
48
=
+
65
65
63
=
65
=
d
sin2 y = 1 cos2 y
sin y = 1 ( 5 )2
13
= 12
13
12
as y [0, p ]
sin y =
2
13
-3 + 1 2
4
5
=
1 + 3 12
4
5
33
5
=
20
14
e
tan2 x = sec2 x 1
1
=
1
2
x
cos
tan x =
0 .8
= 06
0 8
3
=
4
= 0.75
tan x = 0.75
= 33
56
i
tan (x + 2y) = tan ((x + y) + y)
33 + 12
56
5
=
3
3
1 12
56
5
837
70

=
280
29
837
=
116
as x [ p , ]
2
f
cos (x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
=
=
4
5
3 12
+
5 13
5 13
20
36
+
65
65
= 16
65
tan x + tan y
1 - tan x tan y
tan (x + y) =
7
cos x = 0.7 ,
sin y = 0.4 ,
3
x ,
y 0 ,
2
and
13
a
sin x =
cos2
= 1 ( 0 .7 )
=
=
8
a
1 sin x cos x = 1 (2 sin x cos x)

2
4
= 1 sin 2x
4
0 . 51
51
10
51
sin x = 10 = 0.71
b
cos y =
as x [, 3p ]
2
1 sin2 y
tan x
= 1 2 tan x
2
2 1 - tan 2 x
1 - tan x
1
=
tan 2x
2
= 1 ( 0 .4 ) 2
=
0 . 84
2 21
10
21
cos y = 5 = 0.92
c
tan (x y) =
51 7
cos 2 x
21
51
e
2
4 sin3 x - 2 sin x = 2 sin x (2 sin x - 1)
cos x cos 2x
cos x cos 2x
= 2 tan x . - cos 2x
cos 2x
2
21
2 21
21
14
147 + 6
= 2 tan x
49
cos 2 x (1)
= 1
2
21
51
sin4 x - cos 4 x
cos 2x
(sin2 x - cos 2 x)(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
=
cos 2x
sin x - sin y
cos x
cos y
sin y
1 + sin x
cos x
cos y
3 51
as x [0, p ]
2
tan x - tan y
1 + tan x tan y
1+
b
sin2 x cos2 x = (cos2 x sin2 x)
= cos 2x
49 + 2
21
119
= 0.40
119
f
2
2
4 sin2 x - 4 sin4 x = 4 sin x (1 - sin x )
sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos 2 x
=
cos x
= 2 sin x cos x
= sin 2x
d
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
= -7
51
21
2
5 + 10 5
10
2 51
-7 21
=
+ 50
50
= 0.36
9
sin x = 0.8 ,
3
x ,
a
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x = 0.8
cos x = 1 ( 0 . 8 ) 2
= 0.6
14
as x [, 3p ]
2
sin 2x = 2 (- 0.8 ) ( - 0.6 ) = 0.96
cos x = 0.6
b
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
= 1 2(- 0.8)2
= 0.28
c
tan 2x = sin 2x
cos 2x
= 0 96
-0 28
= 24
7
1 tan2 p = 2 tan p
8
8
p
Let tan
= x,
8
1 x2 = 2x
x2 + 2x 1 = 0
x
x 0 ,
2
tan x = 3 ,
a
tan 2x =
= 1
p
as
<
8
x = 2
tan p
8
2
p,
2
1
= 2 1
sin x = 0.75 ,
a
cos x =
2 tan x
1 - tan 2 x
3
x ,
1 sin2 x
= 1 ( 0 . 75 ) 2
=
6
1 - 9
= 6
8
= 3
4
b
tan 3x = tan (2x + x)
tan 2x + tan x
= 1 - tan 2x tan x
3 + 3
4
=
1 - (- 3 ) 3
4
-
= 9
13
11
7
4
= 0.66 (correct to two decimal places)

cos x = 0.66 as x [, 3p ]
2
b
2
cos 2x = 1 2 sin x
x
cos x = 1 2 sin2
= 1 - cos x
2
2
4 + 7
sin x =
2
8
sin2 x
= 0.91
as x [, 3p ]
2
sin x = 0.91
x p , 3p ]
2 4
2
2 tan x
tan 2 x =
1 tan
x =
8
2 tan
tan
4+ 4
2
12
10
Put
-2
p =
1 tan
4
8
2
8
15
13
b
tan 2x =
x 0 ,
2
cos x = 0.9 ,
cos 2x = 2 cos x 1 then

= 2 cos2 x 1
Since
cos x
2
cos2 x = 1 + cos x
2
2
1 + 09
x
cos =
2
2
= 0.97
as x [0, p ]
2
cos
x
2
Let tan x = z
0.97
14
2z
12 =
5
1 - z2
6 6z2 = 5z
6z2 + 5z 6 = 0
25 + 144
12
-5 169
=
12
as x (0, p ),
2
z = -5 + 13 = 8 = 2
12
12
3
tan x = 2
3
x 0, p ]
4
2
2 tan x
1 - tan 2 x
z=
-5
c
AT = GA tan x
= 5 2
3
10
=
3
= 31
3
12 m
Therefore the length of AT is 3 13 metres.
A
5m
Since AGT = TGP = x

AGP = 2x
a
tan 2x
opp
= 12
adj
5
16
Solutions to Exercise 3C
1
a
The graph of y = tan1(x 1) is a translation
of the graph of y = tan1 (x) , one unit in the
positive direction of the x axis. The x axis
intercept is at 1, the y axis intercept is at
tan1 (1) = p , the asymptotes remain the
4
same: y = p and y = p . The range is
2
2
( p , p ) and the domain is R.
2 2
y
2
-1
y = tan ( x 1)
-3
-2
-1
c
The graph of y = 2 sin1 (x + 1 ) is a dilation
2
of factor 2 from the x axis of the graph of

y = sin1 (x + 1 ). That is why the range of the
2
function y = 2 sin1 (x + 1 ) is
2
p
p
[2 ( ), 2 ] = [, ].
2
2
The graph of y = sin1 (x + 1 ) is a translation
2
of the graph of y = sin1 (x), 1 unit in the

2
negative direction of the x axis. Therefore the

domain of the function y = 2 sin1 (x + 1 ) is
2
[1 1 , 1 1 ] = [ 3 , 1 ].
2 2
2
2
When x = 3 , y = 2 sin1 ( 3 + 1 )
2
2
2
= 2 sin1 (1)
= 2 p
2
=
When x = 1 , y = 2 sin1 ( 1 + 1 )
2
= 2 sin1 (1)
= 2 p
2
b
The graph of y = cos1 (x + 1) is a translation
of the graph of y = cos1 (x) one unit in the
negative direction of the x axis. The domain is
[2, 0], the range is [0, ]
y
x axis intercept is x = 1
2
y axis intercept is y = 2 sin1 ( 1 )

2
p
= 2
6
p
=
3
y
-1
y = cos ( x + 1)
y = 2sin
-1
1
2
2
3
-2
-1
3
2
-1
1
2
1
2
2
3

17
d
The graph of y = 2 tan1 (x) + p is obtained
2
from the graph of y = tan1 (x), by a dilation
of factor 2 from the x axis followed by a
translation of p units in the positive direction
2
of the y axis. Therefore the domain of the
function y = 2 tan1 (x) + p is R, and the
2
range is (2 p + p , 2 p + p ) =
2
2
2
2
( p2 , 3p
)
.
2
The asymptotes are at y = p and
2
y = 3p
2
y axis intercept is 2 tan1 (0) + p = p
2
2
x axis intercept can be found from the equation
2 tan1 (x) = p
2
p
1
tan (x) =
4
p
x = tan ( ) = 1
4
y
3
2
-1
y = 2 tan ( x) +
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
y = cos ( 2 x)
1
2
1
2
f
The graph of y = 1 sin1 (3x) + p is a
4
2
consequence of a dilation of the graph of
y = sin1 (x) of factor 1 from the y axis, then
3
(3x) of factor 1 from

2
p
the x axis and then a translation
units in the
4
positive direction of the y axis.
Therefore the domain of the function
y = 1 sin1 (3x) + p is [ 1 , 1 ] and the
4
2
3 3
range is
[ p 1 + p , p 1 + p ] = [0, p ].
2 2
4 2 2
4
2
1
1
The y axis intercept is at
sin (0) + p
4
2
p
=
.
4
a dilation of y =
sin1
y =
1
2
-1
sin ( 3x) +
e
The graph of y = cos1 (2x) is obtained from
the graph of y = cos1 (x) by a dilation of
factor 1 from the y axis.
2
The domain of the function y = cos-1 (2x) is

[1 1 , 1 1 ] = [ 1 , 1 ].
2
2
The range is [0, ].
1
3
1
3
2 2
18
2
a
Evaluating sin1 1 is equivalent to solving the
equation sin x = 1.
sin p = 1
2
sin1 1 = p
2
b
2
sin1 ( 2 ) = p because sin p =
4
4
2
p
sin ( ) = 2
4
c
sin1 0.5 = p because sin p = 0.5
6
6
2
2
3
a
sin (cos1 0.5) = sin ( p ) =
3
3
2
b
sin1 (cos 5p ) = sin1 (sin ( p 5p ))
6
2
6
p
1
= sin (sin ( ))
3
p
=
3
c
2
tan (sin1 ( 2 )) = tan ( p ) = 1
4
d
cos (tan1 1) = cos ( p ) =
4
2
2
Evaluating cos1 ( 2 ) is equivalent to solving e

3
tan1 (sin 5p ) = tan1 (sin (2 + p ))
the equation cos x = 2 .
2
2
1
= tan 1
3
cos p = 2
6
= p
4
3
cos ( p ) = 2
6
f
3
5p
cos ( ) = 2
6
tan (cos1 0.5) = tan p = 3
3
3
cos1 ( 2 ) = 5p
6
g
cos1 (cos 7 p ) = cos1 (cos (2 + p ))
e
3
3
cos1 0.5 = p because cos p = 0.5
p
1
= cos (cos )
3
3
3
= p
f
tan1 1 = p because tan p = 1
4
4
h
sin1 (sin -2p ) = sin1 (sin ( + p ))
g
tan1 ( 3 ) = tan 3 = p
3
p
because tan
= 3
3
= p
3
p
p
3 ) = 6 because tan 6 =
(sin ( p ))
3
h
tan1 (
sin1
3
3
i
cos1 (1) = cos1 1 = 0 =
i
tan1 (tan 11p
) = tan1 (tan (3 p4 ))
4
= tan1 (tan ( p ))
4
p
=
4
19
v.
f 1 (0) = sin1 (0) =
cos1 (sin ( p )) = cos1 ( 2 )

3
3
= cos1 ( 2 )
= p
6
5p
=
6
k
cos1 (tan ( p )) = cos1 (1) =
4
l
2
sin1 (cos -3p ) = sin1 ( 2 ) = p
4
4
4
3
f: ,
2
2
R , f (x) = sin x
a
The range of f(x) = sin x is [1, 1]
the domain of f 1 is [1, 1]
The range of f 1 is [ p , 3p ] as it is a given
2 2
domain of f (x).
f 1 (x) = sin1 (x)
b
i.
f(p ) = 1
2
ii.
f ( 3p ) =
4
2
2
iii.
f ( 7p ) = 1
6
2
vi.
f 1 (0.5) = sin1 (0.5)
= p
6
5p
=
6
5
a
The domain of sin1 (x) is [1, 1]
1 2 x 1
3 x 1
1 x 3
the domain of sin 1 (2 x) is [1, 3]
The range is unchanged at [ p , p ].
2 2
b
The domain of sin x is [ p , p ]
2 2
p
p
p

x+
2
4
2
3p
p

x
4
4
Therefore the domain of sin (x + p ) is
4
3p
p
[ , ]
4 4
The range is unchanged at [1, 1].
c
As in a, the domain of sin1 (2x + 4) can be
defined from the inequality
1 2x + 4 1
5 2x 3
5 x 3
2
2
The domain of sin1 (2x + 4) is [ 5 , 3 ],
2 2
the range is [ p2 , p2 ].
iv.
f 1 (1) = sin1 (1)
= ( p )
2
= 3p
2
20
d
As in b, the domain of sin (3x p ) can be
3
defined from the inequality
p 3x p p
2
3
2
p + p 3x p + p
2
3
2
3
p 3x 5p
6
6
p x 5p
18
18
So the domain of sin (3x p ) is [ p , 5p ],
3
18 18
the range is [1, 1].
e
The domain of cos x is [0, ]
0 x p
6
p x 7p
6
6
the domain of cos (x p ) is [ p , 7 p ],
6
6 6
f
The domain of cos1 (x) is [1, 1]
1 x + 1 1
2 x 0
the domain of cos1 (x + 1) is [2, 0]
The range is unchanged at [0, ].
g
As in f, 1 x2 1
1 x 1
the domain of cos1 (x2) is [1, 1]
However, when x [1, 1], x2 [0, 1], so
the range of cos1 (x2) is [0, p ].
2
h
As in e,
0 2x + 2p
3
2 p 2x p
3
3
p x p
3
6
the domain of cos (2x + 2p ) is [ p , p ],
3
3 6
i
The domain of tan1 (x) is R, so the domain of
tan1 (x2) is also R.
However when x R, x2 R+ {0},
therefore the range of tan1 (x2) is [0, p )
2
y
-1
y = tan ( x )
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
j
The domain of tan (x) is ( p , p )
2 2
p
p
p

< 2x
<
2
2
2
0 < 2x <
0 < x < p
2
the domain of tan (2x p ) is (0, p ), the
2
2
range is R.
k
Both the domain and the range of
tan1 (2x + 1) are the same as those of
tan1 (x): the domain is R, the range is
( p2 , p2 )
21
-1
c
tan1 7 [0, p ]
24
2
y = cos ( x )
-1
25
7
x
24
l
The domain of tan x is ( p , p ), so the
2 2
p
domain of tan x2 is ( 2 , p
2 ).
At the same time x2 [0, p ), therefore the
2
range of tan x2 is R+ {0}.
tan x =
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
x = tan
7
24
7
24
1 7
24
cos tan
= cos (x) =
24
25
d
sin1 40 [0, p ]
41
2
6
a
sin1 4 [0, p ]
2
5
41
40
4
x
sin x =
x = sin
4
5
1 4
3
cos sin
= cos (x) =
5
5
b
cos1 5 [0, p ]
13
2
13
4
5
sin x =
x = sin
40
41
40
41
1 40
40
tan sin
= tan (x) =
41
9
e
tan (cos1 1 ) = tan p =
3
2
f
cos1 2 [0, p ]
2
3
12
3
5
x
5
x
2
22
x = cos
5
13
cos x =

5
13
i
tan1 (0.7) [ p , 0]
2
1 5
12
tan cos
= tan (x) =
13
5
x = cos
149
2
3
2
cos x =
3
10
1 2
sin cos
= sin (x) =
3
5
3
g
tan1 (2) [ p , 0]
2
x = tan
sin ( tan
7
10
tan x =

7
10
0.7 ) = sin ( x) =
7
149
7 149
149
y
1
sin =
2
0 ,
2
x = tan
sin ( tan
2
1
tan x =
2
1
( 2 ) ) = sin ( x) =
2
5
h
sin1
3
7
x
2 10

x = sin
2 5
5
and
sin =
5
,
13
0 ,
2
a
i.
cos
1 sin2 =
1- 9
25
= 4
5
ii.
cos =
1 - 25 = 12
13
169
b
i.
To prove the equality we have to prove that
sin ( ) = 16
65
[0, p ]
2
7
3
and
5
sin x =
3
7
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin

= 3 12 4 5
5 13
5 13
36
20
=
65
16
= 65
3
7
1 3
2 10
cos sin
= cos (x) =
7
7
23
ii.
As in i,
cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin
= 4 12 3 5
5 13
5
13
48
15
=
65
33
=
65
8
a
The domain of cos x is [0, ] and the range is
[1, 1]. As the domain of sin1 (x) is [1, 1],
the range of the composite function is the same
as it is for sin1 (x).
the domain of sin1 (cos x) is [0, ], the
range is [ p , p ]
2 2
b
The domain of sin1 (x) is [1, 1] and the
range is [ p , p ]. As the domain of cos (x) is
2 2
[0, ], in this composite function it is only
[0, p ] = [0, ] [ p , p ]. So the domain
2
2 2
of the composite function is [0, 1] and the
range is [0, 1].
c
The domain of sin 2x is [ p , p ] and the
4 4
range is [1, 1]. As the domain of cos1 is
[1, 1], the range of the composite function is
the same as it is for cos1 (x).
the domain of cos1 (sin 2x) is [ p , p ],
4 4
the range is [0, ].
e
cos (2 sin1 (x))
The domain of sin1 (x) is [1. 1], the range
is [ p , p ]. So the range of 2 sin1 (x) is
2 2
[, ]. However, the domain of cos (x) is
[0, ]. Therefore the domain of the composite
function is [0, 1] and the range is [1, 1].
f
The domain of cos x is [0, ] and the range is
[1, 1]. Since the domain of tan1 (x) is R, the
domain of the composite function is [0, ] and
the range is [ p , p ].
4 4
g
The domain of tan1 (x) is R and the range is
( p , p ). However, the domain of cos x is
2 2
[0, ]. Therefore the domain of the composite
function is R+ {0} and the range is (0, 1].
h
Since the range of tan1 (x) is the same as the
domain of sin x excluding the points { p } and
2
p
{ }, the domain of the composite function is
2
R and the range is (1, 1).
9
a
tan (tan1 3 tan1 1 )
2
tan ( tan
1 1
3) tan tan
1 + tan ( tan
d
sin (cos1 (x)) = sin (cos1 x)
The domain of cos1 (x) is [1, 1], the range
is [0, ]. The domain of sin x is [ p , p ].
2 2
Therefore the domain of the composite
function is [0, 1] and the range is [1, 0].
3
=
1 1
3) tan tan
1
2
1 + 3
1
2
2.5
2.5
= 1
Since tan p is 1 and tan is a 1-1 function, the
4
equality is proven.
24
b
As in a,
x - 1
x + 1
x2 + x - x + 1 = 1
x ( x - 1) =
1 +
x + 1 + x2 - x
x + 1
x -
10
a
sin1 (0.5) = p
6
However, the domain of cos x is [0, ], so
cos ( p ) does not exist.
6
b
cos 1 (0.2) ( p , ) [ p , p ].
2
2 2
So sin (cos1 (0.2)) does not exist.
c
tan1 (1) = p [0, ].
4
So cos (tan1 (1)) does not exist.
25
Solutions to Exercise 3D
1
a
cosec x = 2
sin x = 1
2
7p
x =
or 11p
6
6
b
cosec (x p ) = 2
4
sin (x p ) = 1
4
2
Now x [0, 2]
x p [ p , 7 p ]
4
4 4
p
p
x
=
or 7 p
6
6
4
p
17
p
x =
or
12
12
f
cot (2x p ) = 1
3
tan (2x p ) = 1
3
Now x [0, 2]
2x [0, 4]
2x p [ p , 11p ]
3
3 3
p
p
2x
=
or 3p or 7p or 11p
4
4
4
4
3
p
13
p
25p
37p
2x =
or
or
or
12
12
12
12
p
13
p
25p
37p
x =
or
or
or
24
24
24
24
for part f.
CAS: type
solve cot 2x = 1 , x | 0 x 2
3
c
3 sec x = 2 3
2 3
3
3
cos x =
=
2 3
x = p or 11p
6
6
sec x =
d
cosec (2x) + 1 = 2
cosec (2x) = 1
sin (2x) = 1
Now x [0, 2]
2x [0, 4]
2x = p or 5p
2
2
x = p or 5p
4
4
e
cot x = 3
tan x = 1
3
5p
x =
or 11p
6
6
3
2
2
a
sin x = 0.5, x
x = p or
6
p
x =
or
6
[0, 2]
p
6
5p
6
b
- 3
,
2
x = p
6
x = 5p or
6
cos x =
x [0, 2]
or + p
6
7p
6
26
c
tan x = 3 , x [0, 2]
x = p or + p
3
3
p
4
p
x =
or
3
3
b
In the interval [0, 2], sec x = 1 when
x = 0. The period of cos x is 2. Therefore the
solutions of the equation are x = 2n,
n Z.
d
cot x = 1, x [0, 2]
1 = 1
c
In the interval [0, ], cot x = 3 when
x = p . The period of cot x is . Therefore the
6
solutions of the equation are x = p + n,
6
n Z.
tan x
tan x = 1
x = p or 2 p
4
4
3p
7
p
x =
or
4
4
e
sec x = 2, x [0, 2]
1 = 2
cos x
cos x =
x = p
3
x = p
3
1
2
or 2 p
3
or 5p
3
f
cosec x = 2 , x [0, 2]
1 = 2
sin x
sin x = 1
2
p
x = +
or 2 p
4
4
5p
7
p
x =
or
4
4
4
a
sec x = 2.5
cos x = 0.4
x = 1.16
b
cosec x = 5
sin x = 0.2
x = 0.20
or x = 3.14 + 0.20 = 2.94
c
cot x = 0.6
x = tan1 ( 1 ) = 1.03
06
or x = 1.03 3.14 = 2.11

CAS: Type in as shown below
3
a
In the interval [0, 2], there are two solutions
2
to sin x = 2 , x = p and x = 3p . The
4
4
period of sin x is 2, the solutions of the
equation are x = (1)n p4 + n, n Z
Alternatively,
x = p + 2n
4
or x = 3p + 2n, n Z
4
27
5
a
cos2 x cos x sin x = 0
cos x (cos x sin x) = 0
cos x = 0 or cos x sin x
cos x
tan x
p
3p
x =
or
or x = p
2
2
4
x = p or p or 5p or 3p
2
4
4
2
= 0
= sin x
= 1
or 5p
4
b
sin 2x = sin x
2 sin x cos x = sin x
2 sin x cos x sin x = 0
sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x 1 = 0
2 cos x = 1
cos x = 1
2
p
x = 0 or or 2 or x =
or 5p
3
3
p
5p
x = 0 or
or or
or 2
3
3
c
sin 2x = cos x
2 sin x cos x = cos x
2 sin x cos x cos x = 0
cos x (2 sin x 1) = 0
cos x = 0 or 2 sin x 1 = 0
2 sin x = 1
sin x = 1
2
p
3p
p
x =
or
or x =
or 5p
2
2
6
6
p
p
5p
3p
x =
or
or
or
6
2
6
2
d
sin 8x = cos 4x
2 sin 4x cos 4x = cos 4x
2 sin 4x cos 4x cos 4x = 0
cos 4x (2 sin 4x 1) = 0
cos 4x = 0 or 2 sin 4x 1 = 0
2 sin 4x = 1
sin 4x = 1
Now x [0, 2]
4x [0, 8]
4x = p , 3p , 5p , 7 p , 9 p , 11p , 13 p or
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
15 p
2
or 4x = p , 5p , 13 p , 17 p , 25p , 29p , 37p
6 6
6
6
6
6
6
or 41p
6
x = p , 3p , 5p , 7 p , 9 p , 11p , 13 p or
8 8 8 8 8
8
8
15 p
8
or x = p , 5p , 13 p , 17 p , 25p , 29p , 37p
24 24 24 24 24 24 24
or 41p
24
p
x =
, p , 5p , 3p , 13 p , 5p , 17 p ,
24 8 24 8
24 8
24
7
p
25p
9
p
29p
11p
37p
,
,
,
,
,
,
8 24 8 24
8
24
13
p
41p
15
p
,
or
8
24
8
e
cos 2x = cos x
2 cos2 x 1 = cos x
2 cos2 x cos x 1 = 0
Let a = cos x
2a2 a 1 = 0
(2a + 1)(a 1) = 0
2a + 1 = 0 or a 1 = 0
2a = 1
a = 1
1
a =
2
cos x = 1
or
cos x = 1
2
x = 2p or 4 p or x = 0 or 2
3
3
x = 0 or 2 p or 4 p or 2
3
3
f
cos 2x = sin x
1 2 sin2 x = sin x
2 sin2 x + sin x 1 = 0
Let a = sin x
2a2 + a 1 = 0
(2a 1)(a + 1) = 0
2a 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
2a = 1
a = 1
1
a =
2
sin x = 1
or
sin x = 1
2
x = p or 5p or 3p
6
6
2
28
g
sec2 x + tan x = 1
(1 + tan2 x) + tan x = 1
tan2 x + tan x = 0
tan x (tan x + 1) = 0
tan x = 0 or tan x = 1
x = 0, or 2 or x = 3p or 7p
4
4
x = 0 or 3p or or 7 p or 2
4
4
j
sin x + cos x = 1
Let x 2 y and use double angle form ula.
sin 2 y cos 2 y 1
2 sin y cos y 1 2 sin y 1
2
2 sin y (cos y sin y ) 0

2 sin y 0 or tan y 1
0 x 2 so 0 y
h
tan x (1 + cot x) = 0
1 ) = 0
tan x (1 +
sin y 0 gives y 0,
tan y 1 gives y
tan x
1
+ 1 = 0
tan x
Note that if
or
tan x = 0
4
H ence x 2 y , so solutions for
tan x = 0 then cot x is
undefined, thus we only consider the case

when
tan x = 1
x = 3p or 7 p
4
4
i
cot x + 3 tan x = 5 cosec x
cos x + 3 sin x = 5
cos x
sin x
sin x
3
sin
x
5
cos
x
=
cos x
sin x
2
3 sin x = cos x (5 cos x)
= 5 cos x cos2 x
3 (1 cos2 x) = 5 cos x cos2 x
3 3 cos2 x = 5 cos x cos2 x
2 cos2 x + 5 cos x 3 = 0
Let a = cos x
2a2 + 5a 3 = 0
(2a 1)(a + 3) = 0
2a 1 = 0 or a + 3 = 0
2a = 1 or
a = 3
a = 1
x are 0,
, 2 .
6
a
1 sin 1
1 2 + sin 3
The maximum and minimum values of
2 + sin are 3 and 1 respectively.
b
1 2 + sin 3
1
1
1
3
2 + sin q

1
are 1 and 1 respectively.
2 + sin q
cos x = 1
or
cos x = 3
2
x = p or 5p
(as cos x 3)
3
3
29
c
1 sin 1
0 sin2 1
4 sin2 + 4 5
sin2 + 4 are 5 and 4 respectively.
d
4 sin2 + 4 5
1
1
2
5
sin q + 4
CP: Change the Number Format to Fix2 and set

the mode to Decimal.
Tap AnalysisG-SolveIntersect
a
y = 2x and
y = 3 sin (2x)
1
4

1
are 1 and 1 respectively.
2
sin q + 4
e
cos2 + 2 cos = (cos2 + 2 cos + 1) 1
= (cos + 1)2 1
Now 1 cos 1
0 cos + 1 2
Therefore the points of intersection are
(1.14 , 2.28 ) , (0 , 0) and (1.14 , 2.28 )
0 (cos + 1)2 4
1 (cos + 1)2 1 3
b
1 cos2 + 2 cos 3
y = x and y = 2 sin (2x)
cos2 + 2 cos are 3 and 1 respectively.
f
cos2 + 2 cos + 6 = (cos2 + 2 cos +1) + 5
= (cos + 1)2 + 5
Now 1 cos 1
0 cos + 1 2
0 (cos + 1)2 4
5 (cos + 1)2 + 5 9
5 cos2 + 2 cos + 6 9
cos2 + 2 cos + 6 are 9 and 5 respectively.
7
Using a CAS calculator sketch both equations
and change the Window settings so that that all
points of intersections can be seen.
(1.24 , 1.24 ) , (0 , 0) and (1.24 , 1.24 )
TI: Change the Document settings to Fix2 and

Approximate
Press Menu6:Analyze
Graph4:Intersection
30
y = 3 x and
y = cos x
sin = a , 0 ,
2
a
Since sin = sin ( + ) and
sin = sin (2 ), x = + and
x = 2 are solutions of the equation
sin x = a.
Therefore the point of intersection is

(3.79 , 0.79 )
d
y = x
and
y = tan x x [0 , 2]
b
Since sin = cos ( p ) and
2
sin = cos (2 ( p ))
2
3p
= cos (
+ ),
2
the solutions are x = p and
2
x = 3p + .
2
10
sec = b ,
,
2
a
Since sec ( ) = sec and when
p , 0 p , then
2
2
x = .
Also sec ( ) = sec and when
p , p 0.
2
2
Therefore there are two solutions, x =
and x = .
(0, 0) and (4.49, 4.49)
8
cos x = a , a 1 , x [0 , 2]
Since cos q = cos (2 q), 2 q is the

second solution of the equation cos x = a.
b
Since cosec ( p ) = sec and when
2
p , p p 0, then
2
2
2
x = p . Also cosec x = cosec ( + x)
2
= cosec ( x).
p
Therefore x = ( ) = 3p + is a
2
2
3p
solution if < 2 + <
As p , p 3p 3p 3p
2
2
2
2
2
3p
p

2
2
Therefore there are two solutions: x = p
2
3p
and x = 2
31
11
tan = c ,
3
,
a
tan = tan (2 )
As 3p , 3p ,
2
2
and p 2 .
2
So x = 2 is the solution.
Also tan (x) = tan ( + x)
x = + 2 = 3 is the second
solution.
b
tan = cot ( 3p ) = cos ( 5p )
2
2
3p
3p
When
, 0
p
2
2
2
5p
3p
and

.
2
2
So x = 3p and x = 5p
2
2
12
sin2 = q , [0, ]
p
CAS: Type
2
x
solve sin ( x ) = , x | 0 x

= 0, 0.33 or 2.16,
13
tan1 x = 4x 5
CAS: Type
solve
tan
(x)
x = 1.50
= 4x 5, x
14
135 m
300 m
r
q
q
135 m
a
circumference = 2 r
Also, circumference = 360 300
2q
54
000
=
q
2r = 54 000
q
54
000
r =
= 27 000
2pq
pq
135
Now sin =
r
= 135 1
r
= 135 pq
27 000
p
=
, as required to show.
200
b
sin =
p , (0, 360)
200
CAS: Set to Degree/Deg mode and then type
x
solve sin (x) =
, x |0 < x < 360
200
= 45.07
32
15
tan x = 1 , x [0, ]
CAS: Type
Area of AOBX = 2 1 r2 tan

2
= r2 tan
Now, area of remaining region of circle
1
solve tan ( x) = , x | 0 x
x
x = 0.86, correct to two decimal places.
Ensure your calculator is set to Radian mode.

16
A = 1 r2 ( sin )
2 2
r2
2 ( ) r 2
2
= ( ) r2
r2 tan = ( ) r2
tan = , as required to show.
b
tan = , (0, p )
2
CAS: Type
When A = 18, r = 6
18 = 1 62 ( sin )
solve (tan (x) = x, x) 0 < x <

2
= 18 ( sin )
1 = sin
sin = 1
= 1.113, correct to three decimal places.
CAS: Type
solve ( sin ( x) = x 1, x) | 0 x 2
= 1.93, correct to two decimal places.
17
a
O
q
r
X
Consider AOX.
Area of AOX = 1 base height
2
1
=
AX r
2
A
X
and tan =
r
AX = r tan

1
(r tan ) r
2
= 1 r2 tan
AOX =
33
18
x A = 0.5 sin t and
x B = 0.25 t
+ 0.05 t
19
a
a 10 cm
10 cm
P
When x A x B , 0.5 sin t = 0.25t2 + 0.05t

sin t = 0.5t2 + 0.1t
Using the CAS calculator procedure outlined in
question 7, the points of intersection are (0, 0)
and (1.29, 0.96).
The positions of particles A and B are the same
at the start (t = 0) at the origin (xA = xB = 0),
and after 1.29 seconds when they are 0.48 cm
from the origin, correct to two decimal places.
A
Consider the sector OAP.
AP = r
= 10 ( p )
2
since AOP + POB = p
2
10 cm
P
Consider OPB.
tan = PB
10
= AB - AP
=
=
10
20 - 10 ( p - q)
2
10
10( 2 - p + q)
2
10
= 2 p +
2
p + tan = 2, as required to show.

2
p + tan = 2, (0, p )
2
2
CAS: Type
solve x + tan (x) = 2, x 0 < x <

2
2
= 0.94, correct to two decimal places.
34
Chapter review: multiple-choice questions

1
1
Recall that the graph of y = cos (x) has
[1 , 1] and range
domain
When
x = 0 , y = cos
[0 , ]
( 0) =
When y = 0 , x = cos (0) = 1
Therefore response A, B and E are incorrect.

The graph of
y = cos
reflecting the graph of
line y = x
(x) is the result of

y = cos (x) in the
3
cos (x) =
1
,
10
x ,
2
As we are in the second quadrant cot(x) will be

negative.
sin (x) =
1
1
10
3 11
10
cos (x)
cot (x) =
sin (x)
sin ( x) =
1
3 11
10
10
10
1
10
3 11
cot ( x) =
cot ( x) =
cot ( x) =
11
33
Answer is E
4
7
x ,
6
6
y = sec (3x) has range
y = 2 + sec (3x) ,
Answer is C
The graph of
R \ (1 , 1)
2
cos x =
2
,
3
2 < x < 3
Since cosine is negative we are looking in the

second quadrant.
sin x =
sin x =
5
3
Answer is C
Thus the range of

y = 2 + sec (3x) is
R \ (1 , 3) . Which implies that stationary
points occur when
y = 1 and y = 3
In this instance the CAS calculator will be used

to solve the following equations
for x over
7
,
6
6
2 + sec (3x) = 1
2 + sec (3x) = 3
35
7
(1 + tan x)
+ (1 tan x)
= 1 + 2 tan x + tan x + 1 2 tan x + tan x

2
= 2 + 2 tan x
2
= 2(1 + tan x)
2
= 2 sec x
Answer is E
8
2
cos (3x) =
Therefore the stationary points are at:

x = 0,
2
,
,
3
3
Answer is D
5
sin x =
cos x =
0 x
0 3x 3
1
cos (3x) = +
2
2 4 5 7 8
3x =
,
,
,
,
,
3
3
3
3
3
3
x =
1
,
4
2 4 5 7 8
,
,
,
,
,
9
9
9
9
9
9
Using solve on CAS yields:
2 2
cos x =
3
Answer is A
6
For y = cos
(1 5x) to be defined
1 1 5x 1
2 5x 0
2
0 x
5
Use the right arrow key to view all solutions.

Therefore there are 6 solutions.
Therefore the implied domain is
0, 2
Answer is D
Answer is A
36
9
sin ( 2)
cos
( 2)
tan ( 2)
=
1
1 + sec ( 2)
1 +
cos ( 2)
sin ( 2)
=
1
cos ( 2) 1 +
cos ( 2)
sin ( 2)
=
cos (2) + 1
2 sin cos
=
2
( 2 cos 1) + 1
=
=
2 sin cos
2
2 cos
sin
cos
= tan
Answer is E
10
< A < , 0 < B <

,
2
2
sin A = t and cos B = t
cos A =
sin B =
1 t
1 t
and
cos (B + A)
= cos B cos A sin B sin A
= t
=
= 2 t
1 t
1 t
1 t
1 t
1 t
Answer is E
37
Chapter review: short answer questions

sin =
1 a
16
1 cos2 =
1 25 = 5
cos 2 = 2 cos2 1
32
= 25 1 = 25
24
sin 2 = 2 cos sin = 25
tan 2 = cos 2 = 7
sin 2
24
cos
cosec = sin = 3
cot = sin = 3
2 a
2 sin x cos x = sin x

sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
x = 0, , 2
2 cos x = 1
Either
or
cos x = 2
5
x = 3, 3
cos x 1 = 2 cos2 x 1
cos x (2 cos x 1) = 0
cos x = 0
Either
x = 2, 2
2 cos x = 1
or
cos x = 2
5
x = 3, 3
2 sin x cos x = 2 cos x

cos x (sin x 1) = 0
3
Either cos x = 0,
x = 2, 2
or sin x = 1,
x = 2
d
cos
sin2 x cos3 x = cos x

cos2 x 1) = 0
x (sin2 x
38
x = 2, 2
Either cos x = 0,
or sin2 x cos2 x = 1.
But
sin2 x cos2 x = 4 (sin 2x)2
and
1 sin 2x 1
0 (sin 2x)2 1
1
0 4 (sin 2x)2 4
0 sin2 x cos2 x 4
sin2 x cos2 x 1
sin2 x 2 sin x 2 = 0
Let sin x = t, then
t2 2 t 2 = 0
2t2 t 1 = 0
t=
1 1+8 13
= 4
4
or
t = 2
sin x = 1
or
sin x = 2
x =2
f
Let
then
2t2
or
5 7 11
x = 6, 6 , 6 , 6
98 31
= 4
4
t =1
cos x = 1
x = 0, 2
3 a
cos x = t
3t + 1 = 0
t=
t =1
or
t =2
1
or cos x = 2
or
x = 3, 3
The equation
2 sin = cos2 + 7 sin2
is rearranged to the form
7 sin2 + 1 sin2 + sin 2 = 0
6 sin2 + sin 1 = 0
1 1 + 24 1 5
= 12
12
1
1
sin = 2 ,
or sin = 3
7
11
= 6 or = 6
1
1
= sin1 3 or = sin1 3
sin =
If sin = 2 ,
1
or, if sin = 3 ,
39
sec 2 = 2
5 7 11
2 = 3 , 3 , 3 , 3
5 7 11
= 6, 6 , 6 , 6
c
1
2 (5 cos 3 sin ) = sin
5 cos 3 sin = 2 sin

5 cos = 5 sin
cos = sin
sin
1 = cos
tan = 1
5
= 4, 4
sec = 2 cos
2 cos2 = 1
cos2 = 2
1
2
3 5 7
= 4, 4 , 4 , 4
cos =
4 a
b
sin 3 = sin 2 3 = sin 3 = 2

5
5
1
2
2 3
cosec 3 =
=
= 3
3
sin ( 5
)
3
sec 3 = sec 2 + 3
7
= sec 3 =
cos ( 3 )
=2
cosec 6 = cosec 6
= cosec 6 =
sin ( 6 )
=2
cot 4 = cot 4 = cot 4 = 1

cot 6 = cot 6 =
tan ( 6 )
= 3
40
5 a
tan () = tan
= p
tan ( ) = tan
= p
tan 2 = cot
1
=p
d
tan 2 + = tan 2 + 2
3
= tan 2
= tan 2 = p
e
6 a
tan (2 ) = tan = p
sin1 2 = 3 , because sin 3 = 2
3
cos cos1 2 = 2 under the definition.
cos1 cos 3 = 3 under the definition.
cos1 cos 3 = cos1 2
= 3 since cos 3 = 2 and 3 [0, ]

2
cos sin1 2 = cos 6 = 2
cos (tan1 (1)) = cos 4 = 2
7 a
The graph of y = 2 tan1 x is obtained

from the graph of y = tan1 x by a dilation
of factor 2 from the x-axis.
The domain is R and the range is (, ).
Asymptotes are y = and y = .
The graph intersects the origin.
41
The graph of y = sin1 (3 x) is a translation of

the graph of y = sin1 (x), three units in the
positive direction of the x axis. The graph of
y = sin1 (x) is a reflection in the y axis of the
graph of y = sin1 (x). The domain can be
obtained from the inequality
1 3 x 1
1 x 3 1
2 x4
he domain is [2, 4], the range is 2 2.

The x-axis intercept is at x = 3.
c
The graph of y = 3 cos1 (2x + 1) is obtained from the graph of

y = cos1 (2x + 1) by a dilation of factor 3 from the x axis.
So the range is [0, 3]. The graph touches the origin,
so y = 3 cos1 (2 0 + 1) = 3 cos1 1 = 0
The graph of y = cos1 (2x + 1) is a translation of the
graph of y = cos1 2x one unit in the negative
direction of the x axis, and the graph of y = cos1 2x
y
3
is a dilation of factor 2 from the y axis of the graph

of y = cos1 x.
The domain can be obtained from the inequality
1 2x + 1 1
2 2x 0
1 x 0
he domain is [1, 0].
d
The graph of y = cos1 (2 x) is a reflection in

the x axis of the graph of y = cos1 (2 x),
which is the reflection in the y axis and
translation two units in the positive direction of
the x axis, of the graph of y = cos1 x.
The domain is [1, 3].
The range is [, 0].
2 3
y
0
The graph of y = 2 tan1 (1 x) is obtained from the graph of y = tan1 (1 x) by a dilation

of factor 2 from the x axis.
y
The range of the given function is (, ).
Asymptotes are y = and y = .
The y-axis intercept is 2 tan1 (1) = 2 4 = 2
The graph of the function y = tan1 (1 x) is the

reflection in the y axis and translation, one unit
in the positive direction of the x axis, of the
graph of y = tan1 (x).
The x-axis intercept is at x = 1.
The domain is R.
0 1
42
Chapter review: extended-response questions

1 a
Consider AB1C as shown.

AC = 1 x2
B1
1m
sin = 1 = x
ii
cos =
1 x2
=
1
iii
tan =
x
1 x2
1 x2
Now consider AB2D as shown.

AD = 1 4x2
iv
B2
1m
2x
sin = 1 = 2x
(2x) m
cos =
1 4x
=
1
vi
tan =
2x
1 4x2
1 4x2
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin

= 2x 1 x2 x 1 4x2
ii
cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin

= (1 4x2 )(1 x2 ) + 2x2
iii
tan ( ) = cos ( )
sin ( )
iv
xm
2x 1 x2 x 1 4x2
(1 4x2 )(1 x2 ) + 2x2
2 tan
1 tan2
2x
x 2
=
1
2
1x
1 x2
2
2x
1 x
=
1 x2
1 x2
2x
1 x2 x2
=
1 x2
1 x2
tan (2) =
2x
1 x2 2x 1 x2
2=
1 2x2
1 x2 1 2x
43
sin (2 = 2 sin cos = 2x 1 x2
vi
cos (2) = 1 2 sin2 = 1 2x2

B2AB1 =
= cos 1 ( (1 4x2)(1 x2) + 2x2)
= cos 1 ( (1 4(0.3)2)(1 0.32) + 2(0.3)2)
= cos 1 ( 0.5824 + 0.18)
= cos 1 (0.943 15) = 0.338 80
2 = cos 1 (1 2x2)
= cos 1 (1 2(0.3)2)
= cos 1 (0.82) = 0.609 38
B2AB1 = 0.34 and 2 = 0.61, correct to two decimal places.
2 a
y = cosec x
y = cot x
y = cosec x cot x
i
ii
iii
cos x
cosec x cot x = sin x sin x
1 cos x 1 (1 2 sin2 ( 2 x))

1
= sin x =
= tan 2 x
1
1
2 sin ( x) cos ( x)
2
Given
then
ii
Given
then
0<x<
1
0 < 2x < 2
1
tan 2 x > 0
cosec x cot x > 0
cosec x > cot x for all x (0, )
< x < 2
1
2 < 2x <
1
tan 2 x < 0
cosec x cot x < 0

cosec x < cot x for all x (, 2)
44
y = cot 2
or y = cosec x + cot x
cos
cosec + cot = sin + sin ,
sin 0
1 + cos
sin
1 + cos 2( 2 )
sin 2( 2 )
1 + (2 cos2 2 1)
2 sin 2 cos 2
2 cos2 2
ii
2 sin 2 cos 2
cos 2
sin
= cot 2 , as required to prove.
cot 8 = cosec 4 + cot 4

= 2+1
=2+ 3
iii
cot 12 = cosec 6 + cot 6
1 + cot2 8 = cosec2 8
1 + ( 2 + 1)2 =
1+2+2 2+1=
1
sin2
8
1
sin2 8 =
4+2 2
1
sin 8 =
4+2 2
sin2
The negative square root is not appropriate since 8 is in the first quadrant.
sin 8 =
1
4+2 2
45
cosec + cot = cot 2
cosec 2 + cot 2 = cot
and
cosec 4 + cot 4 = cot 2
Adding 1 , 2 and 3 yields

cosec + cot + cosec 2 + cot 2 + cosec 4 + cot 4
=cot 2 + cot + cot 2
3 a
cosec + cosec 2 + cosec 4=cot 2 cot 4

CD
sin = 10
CD = 10 sin
AD
cos = 10 AD = 10 cos
Area of rectangle = AD CD
= 100 sin cos
= 50 sin 2
ii
R
50
iii From the graph, the maximum value of R is 50 square units.
iv The maximum occurs when = 4 (when the rectangle is a square).

b
AD
CD
cos = AC ,
sin = AC
AD = AC cos
CD = AC sin
= 10 cos
= 10 sin
Volume,
CG
and tan 2 = AC
and
CG = AC tan 2
= 10 tan 2
V = AD CD CG
= 1000 cos sin tan 2 , as required.

ii
V = 1000 cos 2 2 sin 2 2 tan 2
46
sin 2
= 1000 1 2 sin2 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos
2
V = 1000 1 2 sin2 2 2 sin2 2
V = 2000 sin2 2 4000 sin4 2
a = 2000 and b = 4000
iii Let
p = sin2 2
then
V = 2000p 4000p2
0< <2
iv For
0<2 <4
0 < sin 2 < 2
0 < sin2 2 < 2
0<p <2
1
1
v
V
250
V
250
1
4
1
2
vi From the graph of V against p, the axis of symmetry gives the maximum volume as
1
250 cubic units when p = 4 .

1
sin 2 = 2
sin2 2 = 4
When p = 4 ,
If
then

2=6
=3
as sin 2 > 0
as 0 < 2 < 4
CAD = GAC =
V = 1000 cos sin tan (from b i)
47
sin
= 1000 cos sin cos
= 1000 sin2 ,
0<<2
V
1000
ii
( 2 , 1000)
iii V is an increasing function. As the angle gets larger, so does the volume of the
cuboid. 0 < < 2 for the cuboid to exist.

4 a
Consider AOB.
Let M be the midpoint of AB.
Consider AMO.
B
1
2
1
2
sin = AO
1
AO = 2 sin
= radius of the circle.
Consider AOE.
1
EO = AO = 2 sin
A
O
1
2 sin
AOE = 2 4 2
= 2 8
= 2( 4)
1
2
2( 4)
1
2 sin
Note: 4 > 0 which implies 0 < < 4 .

Let N be the midpoint of AE.
Consider ANO.
sin ( 4) =
1
2 sin
AO
1
2 sin
sin ( 4) sin 4
= 2 sin
2 sin
AN =
Now
AE = 2AN and AE = p
sin 4
4
N
sin 4
p = 2 2 sin = sin , as required.

sin 4
p = sin
2 sin 2 cos 2
sin
2(2 sin cos )(2 cos2 1)
=
sin
48
= 4 cos (2 cos 2 1)
= 8 cos 3 4 cos
If x = cos ,
p = 8x3 4x
If p = 3,
3 = 8x3 4x
3
8x 4x 3 = 0, as required.
ii
If x = 2 , 8x3 4x 3 becomes
3 3
3
3 3
8 2 4 2 3 = 8 8 2 3 3
=3 33 3
=0
3
Therefore x = 2 is a solution to the equation 8x3 4x 3 = 0

3
and x 2 is a factor of 8x3 4x 3

Dividing to find the quadratic factor yields
8x3 4x 3 = x 2 (8x2 + 4 3x + 2)
The discriminant
= (4 3 )2 4(8)(2)
= 48 64, which is < 0
3
Therefore the quadratic factor is irreducible and 2 is the only solution.

3
iii If p = 3, then
x= 2
cos = 2
=6
iv
radius = 2 sin
=
2 sin 6
=1
d
sin 4
If A = E, then
p = sin , 0 4
4 2 = 2
49
=4
If AE = 1, then
p = 8x3 4x
becomes
1 = 8x3 4x
3
8x 4x 1 = 0
Also
5 2 = 2
=5
p=
sin (4 5 )
sin 5
=1
ii
8x3 4x 1 = 0, x = cos 5
1
If
then
x = 4 ( 5 + 1)
1
8x3 4x 1 = 8( 4 ( 5 + 1))3 4( 4 ( 5 + 1)) 1

8( 5 + 1)3
( 5 + 1) 1
43
8(5 5 + 15 + 3 5 + 1)
=
511
64
16 + 8 5
=
52
8
=2+ 5 52=0
and
5 a
8x3 4x 1 = 0 when x = 4 ( 5 + 1)
1
4 ( 5 + 1) = cos 5
sin x
cos x
tan x + cot x = cos x + sin x , cos x 0, sin x 0

sin2 x + cos2 x
= sin x cos x
1
=1
2 (2
sin x cos x)
= sin 2x = 2 cosec 2x
ii
tan x = cot x
sin x cos x
cos x = sin x , cos x 0, sin x 0
sin2 x = cos2 x
= 1 sin2 x
2
2 sin x = 1
1
sin2 x = 2
sin x =
1
2
3 5 7
x = 4, 4 , 4 , 4 ,
50
= n 4 , n Z
iii
y = tan x
y = cot x
y = 2 cosec (2x)
2
1
0
1
3
2
cos 2x
sin x
cot 2x + tan x = sin 2x + cos x , sin 2x 0, cos x 0

cos 2x cos x + sin x sin 2x
sin 2x cos x
cos (2x x)
= sin 2x cos x
1
= sin 2x = cosec 2x, as required to prove.
ii
cot 2x = tan x
cos 2x sin x
sin 2x = cos x ,
cos 2x cos x
(1 2 sin2 x) cos x
cos x 2 sin2 x cos x
cos x
4 sin2 x
= sin 2x sin x
= (2 sin x cos x) sin x
= 2 sin2 x cos x
= 4 sin2 x cos x
=1
1
sin2 x = 4
sin x = 2
sin 2x 0, cos x 0
11
x = 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 , = n 6 , n Z
51
iii
y = cot 2x
y = tan x
y = cosec 2x
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
cos (mx)
sin (nx)
cot (mx) + tan (nx) = sin (mx) + cos (nx) , sin (mx) 0, cos (nx) 0
cos (mx) cos (nx) + sin (mx) sin (nx)
sin (mx) cos (nx)
cos (mx nx)
= sin (mx) cos (nx)
cos ((m n)x)
= sin (mx) cos (nx), as required to prove.
ii
From c i,
cos ((6 3)x)
cot (6x) + tan (3x) = sin (6x) cos (3x)

cos (3x)
= sin (6x) cos (3x) = sin (6x)

= cosec (6x), as required.
6 a
BAE = BEA (isosceles )

2 BAE + 36 = 180
180 36
BAE = 2 = 72
AEC = BEA = BAE = 72

ACE = AEC = 72
ii
(isosceles )
BAC = BAE CAE

= BAE (180 2AEC)
= 72 (180 2 72) = 36
Consider ABC
ABC = BAC = 36
ABC is isosceles with BC = AC = 1
Consider ACD
CAD = 180 (90 + 72) = 18
C
1
CD
sin 18 = 1
Now
BD= BC + CD
= 1 + sin 18, as required.
72
52
Consider ADE
DAE = CAE (isosceles ACE) = 18
DE
sin 18 = 1
Now
BE = BD + DE
= (1 + sin 18) + sin 18
= 1 + 2 sin 18
Since ABE is isosceles,
AB = 1 + 2 sin 18 also.
Now consider ABD
B
1 + 2 sin 18
1 + sin 18
cos 36 = 1 + 2 sin 18
as required to prove.
1 + sin 18
D
1 + sin 18
cos 36 = 1 + 2 sin 18
1 + sin 18
1 2 sin2 18 = 1 + 2 sin 18
(1 2 sin2 18)(1 + 2 sin 18) = 1 + sin 18

1 2 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 4 sin3 18 = 1 + sin 18
4 sin3 18 + 2 sin2 18 sin 18 = 0
sin 18(4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1) = 0
4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0, as required.
Let a = sin 18 4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0

4a2 + 2a 1
=0
Using the general quadratic formula
22 4(4)(1)
24
2 20 1 5
=
=
8
4
1 + 5
sin 18 =
since sin 18 > 0
4
a=
7 a
36
Volume of a pyramid, V = 3 Ah, where A is the area of the base and h is the height of
the pyramid, VX.
Since ABCD is a rectangle,
A = AD CD = AC cos AC sin
= 10 cos 10 sin
= 100 cos sin
Consider AVX
AX = 2 AC = 5
VX
Therefore
tan = 5
VX = 5 tan
h = 5 tan
V = 3 100 cos sin 5 tan
53
sin
500
= 3 cos sin cos

500
= 3 sin2 , as required.
V
200
ii
(90, 500
3 )
100
45
90
iii V is an increasing function. As the angle gets larger, so does the volume of the
pyramid. 0 < < 90 for the pyramid to exist.
b
VX
tan 2 = 5
From a i,
VX = 5 tan 2
h =
5 sin 2
cos 2
A = 100 cos sin
= 100 1 2 sin2 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 200 sin 2 cos 2 1 2 sin2 2
Now
V = 3 Ah
5 sin 2
1
= 3 200 sin 2 cos 2 1 2 sin2 2
cos
2
1000
= 3 sin2 2 1 2 sin2 2 , as required.
ii
The maximal domain is (0, 90)
iii Let
a = sin2 2
1000
V = 3 a (1 2a) =
2000 2 1000
3 a + 3 a
iv V is a concave down parabola with a local maximum turning point at the axis of
symmetry, when
1000
2000
3 2 3
1000 4000 1000
3
1
= 3 3 = 3 4000 = 4
a=
54
When a = 4 ,
2000 12 1000 1
3 4 + 3 4
2000 1000
= 48 + 12
2000 125
= 48 = 3
1
=4
1
= 2 since 0 < 2 < 45
V=
When a = 4 ,
sin2 2
sin 2
2 = 30
= 60
125
The maximum value of V is 3 cubic units and the value of for which this occurs
is 60.
v V
(60, 125
3 )
50
40
1000
V = 3 sin2 2 1 2 sin2 2
30
20
10
0
8 a
30
60
90
V = 3 Ah
A = 100 cos sin
As in 7 a i,
and
Consider AYX
AXY = XAD = (alternate angles)
h = VX
Y
XY
cos = 5
XY = 5 cos
Now consider VYX
5
A
V
VX
tan = 5 cos
VX = 5 cos tan
sin
= 5 cos cos
h = 5 sin
V = 3 100 cos sin 5 sin
5 cos
500
= 3 cos sin2
ii
Using a CAS calculator to graph V against , 0 < < 90, the maximum volume is
given as 64.15 cubic units when = 54.74 (correct to two decimal places).
55
V
70
(54.74, 64.15)
50
30
10
0
90
i
As in 7 a i,
As in 8 a i,
Consider VYX
V = 3 Ah
A = 100 cos sin
XY = 5 cos
and
h = VX
V
VX
tan 2 = 5 cos
Therefore
h = VX
= 5 cos tan 2
5 cos
V = 3 100 cos sin 5 cos tan 2
500
sin 2
= 3 cos2 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos
2
500
= 3 cos2 2 sin2 2
500
= 3 cos2 (1 cos ), as required.

ii
c
The implied domain is 0 < < 90 for the pyramid to exist.
a = cos
0 < < 90
0 < cos < 1
0<a<1
The CAS calculator gives a maximum volume of 24.69 cubic units when a = 0.666 66
0.67
i.e.,
cos = 0.666 66
= 48.19 (correct to two decimal places)

Let
Since
56
(0.67, 24.69)
a+b
tan ( + ) = x
9 a
a+b
+ = tan1 x
tan = x
a+ b
b
= tan1 x
= ( + )
a+b
= tan1 x tan1 x , as required.
a+b
b
tan = tan tan1 x tan1 x
a+b
tan (tan1 ( x )) tan (tan1 ( x ))

a+b
1 + tan (tan1 ( x )) tan (tan1 ( x ))
a+b b
x x
a+b b
+ x x
a + b b x2 + b(a + b)
x
x2
2
a
x
=x 2
x + ab + b2
ax
= 2
, as required.
x + ab + b2
ax
x + ab + b2
ax
tan 4 = 2
x + ab + b2
ax
1= 2
x + ab + b2
If = 4 ,
tan =
becomes
x2 + ab + b2 = ax
x2 ax + ab + b2 = 0
Using the general quadratic formula
x=
(a)
(a)2 4(1)(ab + b2 )
2(1)
57
=
=
ii
a2 4(ab + b2 )
2
a2 4b(a + b)
2
If
a = 2(1 + 2 )
then
x=
=
=
If
and
b = 1,
2(1 + 2 )
(2(1 + 2 ))2 4(1)(2(1 + 2 ) + 1)

2
2(1 + 2 )
4(1 + 2 )2 4(2(1 + 2 ) + 1)
2
2(1 + 2 ) 2 (1 + 2 )2 (2(1 + 2 ) + 1)
2
= (1 + 2 )
x =1+ 2
1+2 2+222 21
a = 2(1 + 2 ),
b=1
and
x=1
a+b
b
= tan1 x tan1 x
2(1 + 2) + 1
1
1
= tan1
1
tan 1
then
= tan1 (2 + 2 2 + 1) tan1 (1)

= tan1 (3 + 2 2 ) tan1 (1)
= 1.400 87 4
= 0.615 47
0.62
e
a = 1, x = 5
b+1
b
= tan1 5 tan1 5
tan =
tan1 ( 5 )
5
25 + b + b2
tan
1
5
58
ii
a = 1, x = 10
b+1
b
= tan1 10 tan1 10
1
tan1 ( 10 )
tan =
10
100 + b + b2
tan
1
10
iii
a = 1, x = 20
b+1
b
= tan1 20 tan1 20
1
tan1( 20 )
tan =
20
400 + b + b2
tan
1
20
b+1
b
In general, the graph of = tan1 x tan1 x has the b axis as a horizontal
asymptote. The domain is R+ and the range is 0, tan 1 . . The graph approaches
0 tan1 1 as b 0. The function is decreasing as b increases.
59
tan1( x )
In general, the graph of tan =
x
has the b axis as a horizontal asymptote, and
x2 + b + b2
approaches 0 x on the vertical axis. The domain is R+ and the range is 0, . The
function is decreasing as b increases.
tan
1
x
All the graphs have the same shape.

10 a
b
ACD and ACB have a common angle CAD and each has a right angle, therefore they
are similar triangles.
Consider OCD
OC = 1
since the hemisphere shown has radius 1
OD = x = cos 2
CD = y = sin 2
The coordinates of C are (cos 2, sin 2)
i
CA
CB
sin = 2
CA = 2 cos
CB = 2 sin
C
CD
sin =2 cos
From b,
Consider ACD
Consider ABC
AB = 2
as AB is a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
cos = 2
ii
CD = 2 sin cos
CD = sin 2
2 cos
sin 2 = 2 sin cos , as required.
60
From ACD,
AD
cos = 2 cos
AD = 2 cos2
and
OD = AD AO = 2 cos2 1
since AO is a radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
From b,
OD = cos 2
cos 2 = 2 cos2 1, as required.
61

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Chapter 3 Circular functions

Therefore the asymptotes are at

The graph of y = cosec (x + p ) is a

translation of the graph of y = cosec x, p units in

Asymptotes will occur when

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

from the y axis.

Therefore the asymptotes are at

The y axis intercept is cosec(0) which is

Therefore the asymptotes are at

from the y axis.

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Therefore the asymptotes are at

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

90 < x < 180

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

180 < x < 270

0 < x < 180

(using a double angle formula)

180 < x < 360

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= 2 sec , as required to prove.

(sin 2 cos 2 ) 2 sin sin 2 cos 2

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tan x( 1 tan y tan z)

tan x - tan x tan y tan z + tan y + tan z

tan x + tan y + tan z - tan x tan y tan z

A CAS calculator has the capability to expand

CP: Tap ActionTransformationtExpand

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Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

1 sin x cos x = 1 (2 sin x cos x)

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= 0.66 (correct to two decimal places)

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

cos 2x = 2 cos x 1 then

Therefore the length of AT is 3 13 metres.

Since AGT = TGP = x

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

of factor 2 from the x axis of the graph of

of the graph of y = sin1 (x), 1 unit in the

negative direction of the x axis. Therefore the

y axis intercept is y = 2 sin1 ( 1 )

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(3x) of factor 1 from

The domain of the function y = cos-1 (2x) is

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