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AbstractOrthogonal
frequency
division
multiplexing
(OFDM) is desirable technique of wireless communication.
Subcarriers of OFDM signal are orthogonally used on
the frequency spectrum, and can resist multipath effect
characteristics. Recently, OFDM has been used widely in many
kinds of communication standards. But the OFDM signal has a
major disadvantage is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR),
which can resulted in significant nonlinear distortion when the
signal is operated through a nonlinear region of power amplifier,
and induces the degradation of bit error rate (BER).
The methods of PAPR reduction, selective mapping (SLM)
is effective and uncomplicated. SLM is a linear operation, it
doesnt destroyed the signal itself. The received signal can be
demodulated perfectly at receiver. But SLM has a problem
of the high computational complexity, in this paper, introduce
a modified SLM. The technique uses the concept of partition
into subcarriers, called a partial-sequence SLM (P-SLM), which
considerably reduces the computational complexity with the
similar performance of PAPR reduction compared with the
conventional SLM scheme. The simulation results show that
it achieves better performance of reduces the computational
complexity than the conventional SLM scheme.
I. I NTRODUCTION
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
system has been proposed as a standard for the next-generation
mobile radio communication system. An OFDM system is a
promising candidate for achieving high date rate transmission
in wireless communications, and has many well known advantages, such as robustness against frequency selective fading
or narrowband interference, high bandwidth efficiency, and
efficient implementation of hardware [1]. An OFDM system
has been widely deployed in many wireless communication
standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital
video broadcasting (DVB), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), asymmetric digital subscriber loop
(ADSL), and long term evolution (LTE) [2].
In the OFDM system, it is a quite important subject to solution. Due to the OFDM signal is transmit by many subcarriers,
which can given a large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
when through to IFFT. A lage PAPR bring disadvantages
like an increased complexity and cost of the digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and
power amplifier (PA), which may severely impair system
performance due to induced spectral regrowth and detection
efficiency degradation [1]. If we can to reduce PAPR of the
OFDM signal, may avoid increasing the complexity and cost
of system for high PAPR, in order to utilize the technical
features of the OFDM.
IN
OFDM
0nN 1
(1)
764
= 1 F (PAPR0 )
N
!
= 1 1 ePAPR0
(3)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
T
(u)
(u)
(u)
A. Partial-Sequence SLM
The modified technique uses the concept of partition into
subcarriers and combine subblock phase rotation, called a
partial-sequence SLM (P-SLM). The system can generate a
more large number of alternative sequences for transmitter
and select proper phase vector with smallest PAPR. The block
diagram of the OFDM transmitter with the SLM technique is
shown in Fig. 2.
, where u
1, 2, , U . The
o
2(W 1)
20
21
j W
j W
j
W
, where W is number of al,e
,...,e
e
ternative phase factor [8]. The data sequence X is multiplied
element by element with different U phase sequences, that is,
X(u) = X B(u)
h
iT
(u)
(u)
(u)
= X0 b0 , X1 b1 , . . . , XN 1 bN 1
The IFFT output is expressed as
n
o
x(u) = IFFT X(u) ,
1iU
(4)
(5)
765
Fig. 3.
(u)
(u)
(u)
b0 , b1 , . . . , bN 1
iT
where u = 1, 2, , U . The phase sequence B(u) is generated by using the unit-magnitude complex number, that is,
(u)
(u)
(u)
bn = ejn , nwhere n [0, 2). The alternative
phase
o
2(W 1)
20
21
(u)
, where W is
factor bn ej W , ej W , . . . , ej W
number of alternative phase factor [7]. The subblock sequences
X1 and X2 are multiplied element by element with different
U phase sequences, that is,
(i)
X1 = X1 B(i)
h
iT
(i)
(i)
(i)
= X0 b0 , X1 b1 , . . . , X N 1 b N 1 , 0, 0, . . . , 0
2
1qW U 2
(k)
X2 = X2 B(k)
h
iT
(k)
(k)
(k)
= 0, 0, . . . , 0, X N b N , X N +1 b N +1 , . . . , XN 1 bN 1
2
(7)
1iU
(8)
1kU
(i)
(k)
x(p) = x1 + x2 ,
1 p U2
2w
(9)
0nN 1
The receiver in order to recover original sequence, the system need inserted side information into transmitting sequence.
The information includes phase sequence B(u) has actually
been selected,
and the number of required side information
bits is log2 W U 2 of each OFDM symbol.
B. Computational Complex
nmul =
nadd
(12)
(p,w)
(i)
x1
V. S IMULATION A NALYSIS
(k)
c w x2
+
= IFFT X1 B(i) + cw IFFT X2 B(k)
= IFFT X1 B(i) + X2 cw B(k)
(10)
766
TABLE I
C OMPUTATIONAL C OMPLEXITY R EDUCTION R ATIO .
IFFT
number
Alterative
number
Mult.
number
Add.
number
N = 256
CCRR
SLM
(%)
U=32
SLM
U=8
P-SLM
W=2
U=2
P-SLM
W=2
U=4
8
CCRR
(%)
16
64
16
16
64
64
20480
7168
65.0
81920
18432
77.5
32768
1288
62.5
131072
32768
75.0
10
PSLM(W1=2)
PSLM(W1=4)
PSLM(W1=8)
PSLM(W1=16)
PSLM(U2=2)
PSLM(U2=4)
TABLE II
T HE PARAMETER FOR SIMULATION .
QPSK
256
Random, Adjacent, Interleaved
2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 8, 16
Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)
Mudulation
Number of subcarriers
Subblock partition method
Number of phase sequence (U)
Number of alternative phase (W)
10
10
7
8
PAPRo[dB]
10
11
10
Original OFDM
PSLM(Random)
PSLM(Adjacent)
PSLM(Interleaved)
Shows Fig. 7 the simulation results as the PAPR distributions of the SLM method and the P-SLM method, where
number of alternative phase is W = 4. The PAPR reduction
performance comparison of the SLM method and the PSLM method in the same number of alternative transmission sequences. From this figure we can see that the PAPR
reduction performance for the P-SLM method in the case
U = 2 has slight attenuation than for the SLM method in
the case U = 16, but the PAPR reduction performance is
similar for P-SLM in case U = 3, 4, 5 than for SLM in case
U = 36, 64, 100.
Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)
10
10
10
VI. C ONCLUSION
3
10
7
8
PAPRo[dB]
10
11
Shows Fig. 6 the simulation results as the PAPR distributions of the various number of alternative phases and phase
sequences. First group of P-SLM is increase W 1, where
U 1 = 2, and second group of P-SLM is increase U 2, where
W 2 = 4. From this figure we can see that the performance is
better of increase W 1 or U 2. In same number of alternative
transmission sequences and side information for two groups,
In this modified SLM method, there is no limit for modulation signal and numbers of alternative phase W . But the
number of alternative phase W should match the modulation
signal during system transition. Although we can improve
better performance by increase W , in our simulation results,
we also observed that this method was less efficiency than
modified the number of phase sequences U in PAPR reduction.
In the modified SLM method, we can obtain better performance effect if use the random method to partition subcarriers.
By using the combination operation of phase rotation in
subblock of P-SLM method, we can get more W U times
number of transmissible sequences that can provide to OFDM
system to select than conventional SLM method. The problem
767
10
Original OFDM
SLM(U=16)
SLM(U=36)
SLM(U=64)
SLM(U=100)
PSLM(U=2)
PSLM(U=3)
PSLM(U=4)
PSLM(U=5)
Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)
10
10
10
7
8
PAPRo[dB]
10
11
Fig. 7. PAPR reduction performance comparison of the SLM and the P-SLM.
768