ENHET, VERKSAMHETSOMRDE

Ntteknik, NT

VR BESTECKNING

TR5-03E

DATUM

2010-07-09

TEKNISK RIKTLINJE

REVISION

Supports
for transmission lines
Introduction
This document in English shall be regarded as a translation of the corresponding
guidelines in Swedish. The aim of the translation is to provide support to foreign
manufacturers. The wording in Swedish and the interpretation thereof shall govern
contract and legal relations between the parties of the purchasing process.

SvK405, v2.2, 2009-11-30

These guidelines describe the requirements on supports and cover design and
inspection. The guidelines intend to guarantee satisfactory performance of supports
during the lifetime of the overhead line and shall be used at purchasing of supports.

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Revision

ndringsnot

Datum

Revision av standarder och nymall

10-07-09

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List of contents

3.1

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 7

3.2

SCOPE................................................................................................................... 10

3.3

DEFENITION ....................................................................................................... 10

3.4

DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................11

3.5

REQUIREMENT....................................................................................................11
3.5.1

Material ....................................................................................................11
3. 5.1.1 Steel.............................................................................................11
3.5.1.2

Staywire .................................................................................... 12

3.5.1.3

Wood.......................................................................................... 12

3.5.1.4 Concrete..................................................................................... 12
3.5.2

Design ...................................................................................................... 12
3.5.2.1

Steel supports ............................................................................ 12

3.5.2.2 General requirements for steel design and detailing............... 13

3.5.2.3 Wood.......................................................................................... 15
3.5.2.4 Concrete..................................................................................... 15
3.5.2.5 Support electrical clearances.................................................... 15
3.5.3

Load conditions ....................................................................................... 15

3.5.4

Workmanship and detailing ....................................................................17

3.5.4.1 General .......................................................................................17
3.5.4.2 Hot-dip galvanising ...................................................................17
3.5.4.3. Details .........................................................................................17

3.5.5

Documentation ........................................................................................22
3.5.5.1

3.5.6

Drawings and calculations .......................................................23

Plates and warning signs........................................................................23

3.5.6.1 General ......................................................................................23
3.5.6.2 Warning signs ...........................................................................23
3.5.6.3 Number plates ...........................................................................23
3.5.6.4 Aerial number plates.................................................................24
3.5.6.5 Aerial warning signs.................................................................24

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3.5.6.6 Crossarm plates (line designation plates)................................24

3.5.6.7 Navigable waterway crossing signs ........................................24
3.5.6.8 Prohibitory climbing signs .......................................................24
3.5.6.9 Line orientation plates ..............................................................24

3.6

FABRICATION .....................................................................................................24
3.6.1

Inspection plan ........................................................................................24

3.6.2

Workmanship ..........................................................................................24
3.6.2.1 Materials ................................................................................... 25
3.6.2.2 Dimensions ................................................................................ 25
3.6.2.3 Surface finish.............................................................................26
3.6.2.4 Welding...................................................................................... 27

3.6.3

Specification Deviations.......................................................................... 27

3.6.4

Erection Marking .................................................................................... 27

3.6.4.1 Bolted structures .......................................................................28
3.6.4.2 Welded structures .....................................................................28

3.6.5

Manufacturing requirements .................................................................28

3.6.5.1 Mass production........................................................................28
3.6.5.2 Machining..................................................................................28
3.6.5.3 Welding......................................................................................29
3.6.5.4 Fitting ........................................................................................29
3.6.5.5 Heat treatment ..........................................................................29
3.6.5.6 Hot-dip galvanising ..................................................................30

3.7

3.8

TESTING ..............................................................................................................30
3.7.1

Routine tests ............................................................................................ 31

3.7.2

Samples.................................................................................................... 31

3.7.3

Shop assembly ......................................................................................... 31

3.7.4

Support test.............................................................................................. 31

CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY ............................................................................. 31

3.8.1

General..................................................................................................... 31

3.8.2

Quality documentation............................................................................ 31
3.8.2.1 Certificate .................................................................................. 31
3.8.2.2 Deviation report ........................................................................32
3.8.2.3 Separate reports and inspection companies ............................32

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3.9

ASSEMBLY ...........................................................................................................32
3.9.1

General.....................................................................................................32

Enclosure A .................................................................................................................... 33

3.A Hinged lattice column design calculation ............................................................... 33

3.A.1

Euler load................................................................................................. 33

3.A.2. Wind load................................................................................................. 33

3.A.3. Beam calculation .....................................................................................34
3.A.4

Initial distortion ......................................................................................34

3.A.5. Main member ..........................................................................................34

3.A.5.1 Square-cross section .................................................................34
3.A.5.2 Triangular cross-section........................................................... 35
3.A.6. Diagonals................................................................................................. 35
3.A.6.1 Square cross-section ................................................................. 35
3.A.6.2 Triangular cross-section...........................................................36
3.A.7. Buckling ...................................................................................................36
3.A.8. Stay elongation........................................................................................36
3.A.9. End sections .............................................................................................36
3.A.10. Natural frequency ................................................................................... 37

Enclosure B ....................................................................................................................38

3.B

Correction of SS-EN 50341...................................................................................38

3.B

SS-EN 50341:7.7.5.1/SE.1 partial factors for stays................................38

3.B.1

SS-EN 50341:J.11 bolted connections .....................................................38

3.B.2

SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.3/se.2 wind forces on lattice towers with

triangular cross-section ..........................................................................38

3.B.3

SS-EN 50341:4.3......................................................................................38

Enclosure C ....................................................................................................................39

3.C

Cold-formed steel profiles ....................................................................................39

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3.C.1

Buckling calculation ................................................................................39

3.C.2

Calculation alternative BSK....................................................................40

3.C.3

Calculation alternative SS-EN 1993-1-1 section 6.3 ...............................40

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3.1

REFERENCES
-

Note that standards, regulations etc. which are referred to in

these guidelines are subject to continuous change and can be
withdrawn, revised or replaced. The contractor shall immediately
inform the client of such changes.

SvK TR 5-12

Insulator set fittings

BSK 07

Boverkets handbok om Stlkonstruktioner

(National Board of Housing, Building and
Planning, Steel Design Manual)

Bygg K

Handboken Bygg del Konstruktionsteknik

(Manual "Bygg" section for design technology)

EBR handbok

UNDERHLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 420 kV

(OVERHEAD LINES MAINTENANCE 0,4 - 420
kV)

NTR Dokument nr 1: 1998

Nordiska trskyddsklasser. Del 1: Furu och andra
lttimpregnerbara barrtrslag. (Wood durability
classes. : Part 1: Pine and other permeable
softwoods.)
SS 02 01 30

Statistisk acceptanskontroll - Metoder och

provtagningsplaner fr attributkontroll
(Sampling procedures and tables for inspection
by attributes - Swedish standard based on ISO
2859)

SS-EN ISO 8501-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application

of paints and related products- - Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness. Part 1, Rust
grades

SS-EN ISO 8501-3 Preparation of steel substrates before application

of paints and related products- - Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness. Part 3,
Preparation grades of welds, edges and other
areas with surface imperfections

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SS 06 52 01

Svetsarprvning (Welder performance

qualification)

SS 07 56 11

Metalliska formvaror - Mrkning. (Metallic

materials - Identification marking.)

SS 424 08 06

Linor av hrd frzinkad stltrd fr luftledningar

- Fe 140 -linor. (Hard zinc-coated steel wire
strands for overhead lines - Fe140 wire strands.)

SS-EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1:

General rules and rules for buildings
SS-EN 10025-2

Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 2:

Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy
structural steels

SS-EN 10025-3

Hot-rolled products of structural steels - Part 3:

Technical delivery conditions for
normalised/normalised rolled weldable fine grain
structural steels

SS-EN 10149

Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield

strength steels for cold forming

SS-EN 50341

Overhead electrical lines exceeding 45 kV AC

EN 287-1

Qualification test of welders - Fusion welding Part 1: Steels

EN ISO 898-1

Mechanical properties of fasteners made of

carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs

EN ISO 2320

Prevailing torque type steel hexagon nuts Mechanical and performance requirements

EN ISO 4014

Hexagon head bolts - Product grades A and B

EN ISO 4032

Hexagon nuts, style 1 - Product grades A and B

EN ISO 4759-3

Tolerances for fasteners - Part 3: Plain washers

for bolts, screws and nuts - Product grades A and
C

EN ISO 5817

Welding - Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel,

titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) - Quality levels for imperfections

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EN ISO 9001

Quality management systems - Requirements

EN ISO 10684

Fasteners - Hot dip galvanised coatings

EN ISO 13920

Welding - General tolerances for welded

constructions - Dimensions for length and angles
- Shape and position

IEC 60652

Loading tests on overhead line structures

ISO 216

Writing paper and certain classes of printed

matter - Trimmed sizes - A and B series

ISO 898-2

Mechanical properties of fasteners - Part 2: Nuts

with specified proof load values - Coarse thread

ISO 965-4

ISO general purpose metric screw threads Tolerances - Part 4: Limits of sizes for hot-dip
galvanised external screw threads to mate with
internal screw threads tapped with tolerance
position H or G after galvanising

ISO 2553

Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic

representation on drawings

ISO 5455

Technical drawings - Scales

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3.2

SCOPE

These guidelines are applicable to supports made from steel, wood or concrete for
overhead lines.

3.3

DEFENITION

Technical terms and definitions used in these guidelines:

Support

Structure made from steel, wood or concrete intended to carry one or more overhead
line circuits.

Steel support

Lattice or beam design intended to carry one or more overhead line circuits.

Tubular steel support

Tapered steel design with tubular concentric or polygonal cross-section.

Wooden support

Support of pressure impregnated pine.

Concrete support

Tapered reinforced concrete design with circular cross-section.

Laminated wood support

Impregnated wooden support of waterproof laminated wood.

Lattice
Arrangement of individual rolled steel sections bolted together intended to transfer
axial compression and tension forces.

Beam
A homogenous or welded built-up steel element intended to withstand and transfer
imposed loads by bending and shear stress.

Bar

Element with a uniform cross-section throughout its longitudinal axis intended to

withstand and transfer imposed structural loads.
Bars are usually made by hot rolling or cold forming. Aluminium bars can be formed
by extruding.

Main member
Principal part of the lattice design intended to withstand and transfer imposed
structural loads.

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Diagonal

Secondary part of the lattice design intended to withstand and transfer imposed
structural loads for the purpose of supporting the main members.

Redundant

A low loaded support element for the purpose of supporting and restraining other
structural members.

Thickness of material
Thickness of the material in question related to the cross-section of the element.

3.4

DESCRIPTION

Supports shall carry insulator strings, phase conductors and shieldwires for one or
more circuits. The supports can either be stayed or self supporting.

3.5

REQUIREMENT

3.5.1

Material

Unless otherwise specified, all material delivered shall correspond to the latest
available edition of the appropriate Swedish Standard and Code of Practice or
alternatively foreign standards that the client deems to be equivalent or superior.
If no standard is applicable or exists, which is the case in respect of patents for special
material, all such material and workmanship shall be of the best quality and detailed
information shall be submitted to the client for approval.
If the standard to be followed is not written in Swedish or English the supplier shall
submit a translated copy in Swedish or English for the standards in question.
The contractor shall timeously inform the client regarding the applicable standards for
the materials to be supplied.
The material shall be inspected and tested to verify compliance with the applicable
specifications or standards.

3. 5.1.1

Steel

Structural steel can be coal, coal-manganese, micro-alloyed or cold-formed steel and

be manufactured either by the basic open hearth or electric oven processes.
The number of steel qualities in a support should be limited to two with yield points
within the ranges 220-275 MPa and 350-420 MPa.
The applicable impact property class for steel is to be chosen in accordance with
BSK07 clause 7:23. Impact property class D is valid for steel with a yield point
exceeding 300 MPa. Steel to impact property class E is to be used for tubular steel
poles and class D for cold-formed profiles.
BSK07 clauses 7:24 and 9:72 are applicable for steel plates which are subject to tensile
load in the direction of the plate thickness. Testing procedures shall be specified on the
workshop drawings.
The minimum bending radius of cold-formed angle sections shall be in accordance
with applicable standard such as SS-EN 10149. For cold-formed angle sections with 6-

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8 mm thickness the minimum bending radius shall be no less than 10 mm. No

advantage is to be taken of an increase in the yield point resulting from cold-forming.

3.5.1.2

Staywire

Staywire shall conform to Swedish Standard SS 424 08 06 or equivalent. The ultimate

tensile strength shall be a minimum of fuk = 1370 N/mm2.

3.5.1.3

Wood

3.5.1.4

Concrete

3.5.2

Design

3.5.2.1

Steel supports

Wooden poles shall preferably be of pine and fulfil the requirements of Swedish
Standard SS-EN 50341:7.5/SE.1.3.
Wooden poles shall be pressure impregnated to class A in accordance with the
requirements of NTR Dokument nr1:1998.
For glued laminated wood Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:7.8/SE.1.1. is applicable.
Glued laminated wood is to be impregnated in accordance with SS-EN
50341:7.9.7/SE.1, where SS 05 61 10 is to be replaced with NTR Document nr 1:1998.

Concrete poles shall fulfil the requirements of Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:7.6.

Design calculations for lattice steel supports shall be performed in accordance with
Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:7.3 and annex B. Design calculations for Tubular steel
poles shall be performed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:7.4 and
annex B as applicable and relevant.
As stated in Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:7.3.1/SE.2 steel designs shall be
calculated either entirely in accordance with BSK 07 or with Swedish Standard SS-EN
1993-1-1 with the national annex NA. Calculations where these systems are mixed are
not acceptable.
Directions for the application of Annex J of SS-EN 50341:
1.

Sections J6, J7 and J10 are applicable when calculations are

performed in accordance with BSK

2.

Sections J1-J7 (inclusive), J10 and J11 are applicable when

calculations are performed in accordance with SS-EN 1993-11 together with the national annex NA. Buckling curve b
with = 0,34 is applicable for angle sections.

3.

Sections J8 and J9 are not to be used.

The entire support is to be modeled in a three dimensional computer programme with

pin jointed bracing. A line through the centre of gravity of the members shall be used
as the system line. The length of members between node points shall be used for the
calculation of slenderness ratios.
Calculations for self-supporting lattice supports and stayed, not hinged, lattice
supports can be performed by using first order theory. Calculations for tubular steel
supports and stayed supports with hinged lattice columns at both ends shall be
performed using second order theory.
Structural parts shall have dimensions such that they will not be damaged due to
vibrations or alternating stresses.

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Members principally only subject to tensile loads but which, due to deformation in
adjacent parts, can also be subject to compressive loads shall be designed for
compressive load.
The partial factor f for loads due to dead weight during the erection of supports is 2.7
for bolted gusset plates and 1.65 for other parts of the lattice structure.
Members subject to combined bending and compression shall be designed by using
relevant formulae that take this into consideration in accordance with either BSK or
SS-ENV 1993-1-1 and NAD(S)/SS-ENV 1993-1-1.
The supplier shall submit to the client for approval for all steel sections, regardless of
their method of manufacture, buckling curves, radii of gyration and effective length
factors.
Cold-formed bars are also to be checked for torsional-flexural buckling in accordance
with annex C.
The design value of resistance for stays is stated in Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:7.7.5/SE.1.
Hinged lattice columns are to be designed in accordance with enclosure A.
For crossarms with straps connecting the crossarm tip to the tower body the buckling
of the complete crossarm over its entire length must be considered in addition to
buckling of individual members.

3.5.2.2

General requirements for steel design and detailing

In addition to the requirements stipulated in clause 3.5.2.1 the following are applicable
for steel design and detailing:The slenderness ratio for main members comprising angle sections with split panel
type bracing and a panel height L is to be calculated as follows:
support, or part of support, where all main members are subject to
compression: 1,25 L

i yy

support, or part of support, where some main members are subject to

compression and other main members are subject to tension: 1,1 L i yy

For cylindrical members 1,0 L

i yy

is applicable

Redundant members which support main members, or other parts, shall be designed
to withstand a compressive force in accordance with Swedish standard SS-EN
50341:J10.
The slenderness ratio is to be increased, in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:J.6.3.1/SE.1.2, for angle sections having bolted connections in one leg only.
For calculation of slenderness ratios further reference is made to Swedish Standard
SS-EN 50341:J6.
Slenderness ratios are not to be reduced due to multiple bolt member connections.

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For steel members buried underground the following rust factors in millimetres shall
be applied:
Zinkcovering
( m)

Zinkweight/m2)

215
140
Bolts

1550
1000

Designation in
accordance with
SS-EN ISO 1461
Fe/Zn 215
Fe/Zn 165

Rust factor
1,5
3,0
3,0

The table above implies that the calculated thickness of material shall be increased by
the rust factor value when determining the required thickness of material. An
appropriate steel quality should be chosen to ensure that the zinc coating will be a
minimum of 215 m (1550 g/m2).
The ratio of the free length of a member and the radius of gyration, L/i, shall not
exceed:
L/i
a)

b)

Members in compression
Main members
Other members
Redundant members
Members in tension

120
200
250
350

The stress in members in tension shall be calculated using the nett area after deducting
the area of bolt holes.When calculations are performed in accordance with BSK the
nett area of angle sections having bolted connections in one leg only is to be further
reduced by 10%, N Rtd 0,9 An f yd . Section J4 is to be applied if calculations are
performed in accordance with Swedish standard SS-EN 50341:J4.
Bolts are to be designed in accordance with BSK as normally tightened bolts. Nuts are
to be secured by damaging the bolt thread protruding through the nuts with two punch
marks or chisel blows after tightening.
If packers are used between members in a bolted joint the load is to be increased in
accordance with BSK clause 6:42.
Bolted connections subject to shear forces are to be checked for Block shear.
Minimum thicknesses of material shall be:
Open
Hollow/Closed
section
section
Main members in tower body and crossarm *)
6
4
Earthwire peak members *)
5
4
*) Exeption UPE beam
4
Other members
4
3
Redundant members
3
2,5
Gusset plates
6 or the minimum thickness
of connecting details
Members buried underground
7
7
The maximum length of members shall not exceed twelve (12) metres due to
transportation considerations.

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3.5.2.3

Wood

3.5.2.4

Concrete

Wooden supports shall be designed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN

50341:7.5/SE1.2 using resistance values as stated.
Glued laminated supports shall be designed in accordance with Swedish Standard SSEN 50341:7.8/SE.1.1.

Concrete supports are to be designed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN

50341:7.6.

3.5.2.5

Support electrical clearances

The minimum clearance between phase conductors and earthed parts of the support
shall be in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:5.4.3/SE.5.
Where there is the possibility that a stay broken by flashover will cause structural
collapse the clearance between the phase conductors and stays shall be in accordance
with Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:5.4.3/SE.6 and SE.7.
Relative displacement of supports and insulator strings shall be considered. The angle
of the conductor in the vertical plane and, for angle supports the horizontal line
deviation angle, shall also be considered.
For work on energised circuits the following safety distances are applicable:
System voltage
(kV)

Distance in air to the outer extremity

of the danger area
(m)
1.6
2.5

220
400

3.5.3

Distance in air to the

outer extremity of the
safe area
(m)
3.0
4.0

Load conditions

Supports and all component parts thereof shall be designed to withstand without
failure ultimate limit state load combinations as specified in Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4.2.
Wind and ice loads are to be calculated in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4. Consideration must be given to increased loads in areas where wind speeds
and ice loads can be expected to exceed those stated in Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4.
All members on which a linesman can stand shall be designed for a load of 1.3 kN,
acting at the most unfavourable point, without causing permanent deformation. The
load of 1.3 kN includes the partial factor Q and the stress it causes in the steel shall be
calculated with the elastic modulus Wx and be limited to fyd. For inclined members the
load shall be assumed to act perpendicular to the direction of the member.
The wind load on non-lattice crossarms is to be calculated with the drag factor Ct =
2,0 for all members except those that are cylindrical for which Ct = 1,2 shall apply.
Crossarms with only tension straps attached to the conductor attachment points are
regarded as non-lattice crossarms.
The wind load on supports is to be divided into transverse and longitudinal
components relative to the direction of the line. For lattice supports these components
are then to be distributed on several nodes.
QT QWt cos
(transverse to the line)

QL QWt sin
where

(longitudinal with the line)

QWt = wind load in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4.2.2.4.3 for supports and crossarms respectively.
To be calculated with gust response factor Gq=1,0

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= angle of incidence of the wind with face 1 of the tower panel in a

horizontal plane according to the load case in question. The support and
the conductor can have different angles of incidence.

The face with the greatest product, At C t , shall apply for

lattice supports with triangular cross-section.

Wind loads on conductors and shieldwires are given by:

QWc q h G q Gc C cl D a h cos 2

where

qh = dynamic wind pressure in accordance with Swedish Standard SSEN 50341:4.2.2.2/SE.1.1.

Gq= gust respons factor in accordance with Swedish Standard
SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.1/SE.1
Gc= structural resonance factor in accordance with Swedish
Standard SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.1/SE.1
Ccl= drag factor in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4.2.4.2/SE.2 for ice covered conductors and in
accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:4.2.2.4.1 for non ice covered conductors
D = conductor diameter inclusive of ice cover when loaded
with ice.
ah = wind span
= angle of incidence in accordance with Swedish Standard
SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.1 figure 4.2.1.
Wind loads on staywires are to be calculated with the drag factor Ccl =1.2.

QWt

Face 2 (At2Ct2)

Face 1 (At1Ct1)
)
Line direction
Support(leg, crossarm)

Supports are to be designed for the following cases of angles of incidence:

to supports

to conductors

0
20
45
60
90

0
0
45
45
90

Support legs with eccentricity shall also be designed for a load case with a reduced
wind load, 0.25 qk, on the legs and staywires together with a simultaneous full wind
load on crossarms and conductors.

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3.5.4
3.5.4.1

Workmanship and detailing

General

All work, methods of work and workmanship, whether fully specified herein or not,
shall be of the highest quality. The generally accepted requirements and commonly
recognised good practice for first class work of this nature are to be followed in all
respects. All work shall be to the satisfaction and approval of the Purchaser. Such
approval will not release the manufacturer from his responsibilities arising from
damages due to poor workmanship.

3.5.4.2

Hot-dip galvanising

After coating the surface of all members shall be such that they can be handled without
the risk of hand injuries.
All ferrous parts shall be hot-dip galvanised in accordance with Swedish Standard SSEN 50341:7.9.2/SE.1.
The galvanisation shall fulfill the requirement in accordance with SS-EN ISO 1461
where the appendix should be applied. Details under ground shall also fulfill the
requirement in the NA appendix.
The galvanisation shall be equal with paint in accordance with ISO 8501-3.
Welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections shall before galvanisation
fulfill the pre-treatment grade P3 in accordance with ISO 8501-3.
Before the galvanisation start shall the proposed repair method for galvanisation be
presented to the client. It is a requirement that the supplier of the repair product shall
approve proposed repair method including pre-treatment. All used products for
reparation shall be documented with security data sheet and technical data sheet.
Those sheets shall be prepared in Swedish.
The minimum permitted zinc thickness on the repaired areas shall be minimum
nominal value on corresponding zinc thickness in accordance with the standard +30
m.
Performed reparations shall be documented in accordance with the guidelines for
inspection in accordance with BSK07 (clause 9:65). Repaired areas shall be UV- and
ageing resistant.

3.5.4.3.

Details

3.5.4.3.1
Members
All diagonal bracing for hinged standard support legs shall be identical in all respects
with the exception of those for end sections. The use of gusset plates or packing for the
attachment of diagonal bracings to the main members shall be avoided as far as
possible. This can be achieved either by increasing the flange thickness or by utilising a
larger bolt diameter.
Support leg joints and both end sections for hinged support legs shall be provided with
plan bracings. Additional plan bracings shall be provided in sections of structures
where required due to design considerations such as stiffness, stability or other factors.
Plan bracings can either be made as a stiff frame or be composed of horizontal edge
members with internal horizontal diagonal members.
At their point of intersection diagonals shall be connected with a minimum of one bolt.
At each point of connection compound members shall be joined with two bolts if the
connecting flange is wider than 100 mm.

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3.5.4.3.2
Member joints
Joints in all members shall either be of the gusset plate or overlapping type.
The number of bolts in a joint shall be equal in both flanges.
Main member joints in support legs shall be located directly above the position of plan
or diagonal bracings .
3.5.4.3.3
Bolts and accessories
Bolts in towers shall be Swedish steel structural bolts SB or equivalent. They shall have
metric threads, be of strength class 8.8 and fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 898-1
and relevant parts of EN ISO 4014 product class A with the changes presented for l, ls,
lg in table below.
Table for applied data for l, ls, lg

nom
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150

l
min max
29,4
30,4
34,5
35,5
39,5
40,5
44,5
45,5
49,5
50,5
54,4
55,6
59,4
60,6
64,4
65,6
69,4
70,6
74,4
75,6
79,4
80,6
84,3
85,7
89,3
90,7
94,3
95,7
99,3 100,7
104,3 105,7
109,3 110,7
114,3 115,7
119,3 120,7
124,2
125,8
129,2
130,8
134,2 135,8
139,2 140,8
144,2 145,8
149,2 150,8

M12
ls
lg
5 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30 35
35 40
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60

M16
ls lg

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70

16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76

Shanklength
M20
M22
ls
lg ls
lg

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85

18
23
28
33
38
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
83
88
93

12
17
22
27
32
37
42
47
52
57
62
67
72
77
82

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90

M24
ls

lg

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110

28
33
38
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
83
88
93
98
103
108
113
118

Nuts shall be of strength class 8 and fulfil the requirements of ISO 898-2 and EN ISO
4032. Torque type steel hexagon nuts shall also fulfil the requirements of EN ISO
2320. Bolts and nuts shall be marked according to ISO.

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Washers to Swedish steel structural bolts SB shall be steel structural washer or

equivalent and have the measures in accordance with table y below.

h
7

M12
M16
M20
M22
M24
d1 d2 d1 d2 d1 d2 d1 d2 d1 d2
13 24 17 30 21 37 23 39 25 44

Washers shall fulfil the requirements for product grade C of ISO 4759-3 with the
exception of the thickness tolerance which shall be 0.5 mm.
Washers shall have a minimum hardness of 160 HV and a minimum yield point of 220
N/mm2.
Special bolts, such as for articulation and foundations, which cannot be interchanged
with other bolts, are excluded from these specifications.
The Contractor shall submit for the approval of the Purchaser, detailed descriptions of
bolts, nuts, and washers.
Each lot to be delivered shall be inspected by the manufacturer. The con trol program
stated below shall then be executed.
Sample sizes and acceptable AQL values are stipulated in tables 1 and 2 respectively of
Swedish Standard SS 02 01 30.
Structural steel bolts, with designations in accordance with EN ISO 4014, shall be
inspected as follows:

Gauging of "da, r, d, s" and thread tolerance

Other dimensions (incl. thickness of zinc coating)
Marking
Hardening flaws
Material composition
Strength test

Inspection
level
S-3
S-3
S-3
S-3
S-3
S-2

AQL

Inspection
level
S-3
S-3
S-3
S-3
S-2

AQL

S-3

1,5

1,5
4,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1

Nuts for structural steel bolts shall be inspected as follows:

Gauging of "s" and thread tolerance

Other dimensions (incl. thickness of zinc coating)
Marking
Material composition
Strength test
Locking properties for torque type steel
hexagon nuts in accordance with SS-EN ISO 2320

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Washers for structural steel bolts shall be inspected as follows:

Gauging (incl. thickness of zinc coating)

Strength test by hardness testing

Inpection
level
S-3
S-2

AQL
4,0
1,5

The supplier shall at the clients request provide test results.

Other types of bolts, nuts and washers which are not in accordance with the above
mentioned standards shall be approved by the client.
Structrural steel bolts shall have undersized metric threads in accordance with ISO
965-4.
Structural steel bolts with nuts and washers shall be hot-dip galvanised according to
EN ISO 10684.
The threads of nuts shall be protected with suitable oil so that they can endure 6
months outdoor storage without any rust damage to the threads. This does not apply
for nuts treated with friction reducing agent.
After assembly, the nuts shall be locked by damaging the threads proutruding through
the nut twice with punch marks or chisel blows. Other locking methods that are
proposed to be used, for example torque type steel nuts, are subject to the approval of
the client.
Bolts for articulation shall be locked by means of a cotter pin through the bolt on the
outside of the nut.
3.5.4.3.4
Bolted connections
Bolted connections shall conform to the requirements of Swedish Standard SS-EN
50341:7.3.7/SE.2.
Angle section members with bolts in one flange only shall have the bolts placed
between the projection of the axis of the centre of gravity and the centre line of the
flange.
Bolts holes are to be placed such that socket wrenches can be used on bolts when
assembling without fouling member flanges. The bolt hole diameters shall be equal to
the bolt diameter plus 1.5 mm.
3.5.4.3.5.1
Fall protection arrangement
Supports, including crossarms, shall be provided with an arrangement that limits the
risk of personnel who are working and moving in supports from falling. Should
personnel fall the arrangement shall also reduce the risk of injuries.
The arrangement shall be suited to the work situation to ensure that it is actually used.
The pace of work may not be considerably impaired and it shall be possible to be in
varying working positions and motions when using the arrangement.
The design shall particularly consider the risks which are related to falling taking
place above or in proximity of live parts.
In the case of falling it shall be possible for the distressed personnel to put themselves
out of danger.
When using the arrangement it shall be possible to rescue distressed personnel within
a maximum time of 10 to 15 minutes to reduce the risk of aggravated injuries.
The arrangement shall be approved by the employer. The contractor may propose that
an alternative arrangement be used that has not previously been presented to the
employer for approval. In this case the contractor shall submit thorough
documentation of the arrangement, including assembly instructions, to the employer.

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3.5.4.3.5.2 Climbing arrangements

The climbing arrangements shall be designed so that it is possible to enter crossarms
and earthwire peaks.
The climbing arrangements shall start 2,5 m above ground.
It shall be possible to climb inside the supports where clearances to the safe area in
accordance with 3.5.2.5 cannot be maintained when climbing on the outside. Passages
in and out shall be marked on the support.
Supports consisting of several support legs, where it is possible to pass over a
crossarm to the other legs, shall be provided with step-bolts in one leg to the crossarm
and in every earthwire peak from the crossarm.
Supports consisting of several support legs, where it is not possible to pass over a
crossarm to the other legs, shall be provided with step-bolts in every leg to the
crossarm and in every earthwire peak from the crossarm.
The step-bolts shall be located in diagonally opposite main members relative to the
position in the other support leg.
Step-bolts for supports with triangular cross section shall be designed to make it
possible to climb with feet in parallel. The design of the step-bolts shall be approved
by the client.
The distance between step-bolts should be 300 to 400 mm and shall, if possible, be
common in each respective support.
Step-bolts shall withstand a load of 1.5 kN without permanent deformation. Steel
quality and manufacturing methods shall be such that if the step-bolt is loaded to
failure the failure will be non-brittle.
Safety clearance distances shall be observed when climbing on the outside of the
supports. Long support legs, where climbing is performed inside, shall be equipped
with a horizontal rest platform midway between ground level and the crossarm.
When detailing the support climbing arrangements consideration must be given to the
fact that the shieldwire can be in two different positions, either in the running-out
block or in the clamp.
Supports where climbing with step-bolts is not convenient are to be fitted with ladders,
rest platforms and anti-climbing devices. A rest platform is to be fitted at the lower end
of each section of ladder where horizontal movement has to take place to allow for
further climbing. The section of ladder which is closest to the ground shall, at the lower
end, be provided with a horizontal rest platform and a lockable anti-climbing device.
The anti-climbing device shall consist of a 2 metre high pivoting door, made from steel
sheet, which in the locked position shall be in contact with the rungs of the ladder. The
width of the ladder shall be 400-450 mm with rungs 20mm minimum diameter spaced
at 300-400mm.
Ladder rungs shall withstand a load of 1.5 kN with no permanent deformation and a
load of 2.6 kN with a maximum of 7 mm deformation of which 2 mm can be
permanent. Ladders together with attachments shall be designed for an ultimate load
of 2.6 kN for every 2 metres.
The load acting on ladder rungs is to be distributed over 100 mm of their length.
Alternative climbing arrangements shall be submitted to the client for approval.
A 1.6 metre long horizontal footstep for working purposes can in some cases be
required in the shieldwire peak. Any such footstep shall be designed with anti-slippage
devices at both ends. The load on this for a linesman shall be in accordance with clause
3.5.3.

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Angle supports which are equipped with suspension insulator sets having a swing out
angle more than eight degrees at every day stress conductor tension shall be designed
such that an insulator ladder can be suspended immediately above the suspension
clamp of the inner phase.
3.5.4.3.6
Conductor attachments
Shieldwire attachments shall be interchangeable. The attachment detail shall allow
adequate space for a vertical angle of entry of the shieldwire into the clamp of 20
degrees.
It shall be possible to position a derrick for working with the shieldwire.
The attachment of suspension insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such that
the pivot point of the insulator swing is as close as possible to the lower edge of the
crossarm and allows swing transverse to the direction of the line.
The attachment of V-string insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such that the
upper pivot point of the insulator swing is as close as possible to the lower edge of the
crossarm and allows swing longitudinally in the direction of the line.
The attachment of tension insulator sets to crossarms shall be designed such that the
innermost pivot point of the insulator set is as close as possible to the crossarm and
allows swing transverse to the direction of the line.
Attachment to supports shall be of clevis-tongue type fittings in accordance with SvK
TR 5-12. Shackle connections are not permitted.
In supports with "I" or "V"-string suspension insulator sets attachments, for hoisting
of conductors and earthwires, shall be located in close vicinity to the conductor and
earthwire attachment points.
In supports with tension insulator sets attachments, for hoisting and terminating of
conductors and earthwires during conductor stringing and clamping in, shall be
located in close vicinity to the conductor and earthwire attachment points.
3.5.4.3.7
Stays
The ends of staywires shall be equipped with protection housings.
For double stay systems, the minimum bending radius at attachment points is 80 mm
for 142 mm2, 90 mm for 185 mm2 and 155 mm for 284 mm2 staywire.
Pre-forming of stays can be performed as cold bending and shall done slowly without
hammering. The temperature of the staywire shall be higher than -10C immediately
before the bending is performed.
When pre-forming stays careful observations should be made to ensure that individual
strands are not damaged or cracked and that separation of strands is not unacceptably
large.
Test bending shall be performed at the clients request. The test is then to be approved
by the client.
Stays shall be marked with yellow and black housings immediately above ground level.
3.5.4.3.8
Attachment of a hinged support leg
Supports with a hinged attachment between the support leg and the crossarm shall be
provided with a hinge built up of one inside and two outside gusset plates with a single
bolt performing as hinge. The hinge bolt shall be locked by punching the threads and a
cotter pin provided through the bolt outside the nut.

3.5.5

Documentation

The documentation shall be performed in accordance with the requirements in SvK

TR 8-04.

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3.5.5.1

Drawings and calculations

The contractor shall prepare all drawings required for the work.
The contractor shall present the drawings in such a way that they unambiguously
specify how all details are to be made.
All designs shall be in accordance with these guidelines and shall take due
consideration of the requirements regarding manufacture and assembly. The
contractor shall be responsible for all his designs.
The contractor shall furnish the client with workshop drawings, erection drawings and
calculations for review, as called for in this specification, or that are required to verify
compliance with the contract or for any other reasons as requested by the client.
The contractor shall furnish the client with copies of drawings and calculations which
the latter shall review. In this respect the contractor shall ensure that the drawings are
produced timeously to allow time for review and amendments to be made before they
are used for manufacturing or construction purposes.
Drawings prepared by the contractor, which are subject to review by the client, may
not be used for manufacturing or construction purposes before they have been
approved by the client.
The review of drawings by the client does not release the contractor from any of his
obligations in accordance with these guidelines, or from his responsibility of ensuring
that the designs and drawings are correct.
Design calculations are to be reviewed and approved by the client.
Before finalisation the design of each complicated detail, it shall be submitted to the
client for review and approval. Should the clients review reveal the need for further
actions to be taken, such as more detailed inspections, such actions shall be deemed to
be included in the contractors obligations.
SI units shall be used in all documents, calculations and drawings.
Drawings and calculations shall include details of the body of the support, support leg
lengths and foundations that have been included on the support assembly drawing.
Inspection plan, drawings and calculations shall be submitted to the client for
supervision and approval.

3.5.6

Plates and warning signs

3.5.6.1

General

3.5.6.2

Warning signs

3.5.6.3

Number plates

Plates and signs shall be mounted in accordance with the handbook of EBR
UNDERHLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 420 Kv chapter 301K together with the additional
requirements of this chapter.

All supports shall be fitted with the sign "SVENSKA KRAFTNT, LIVSFARLIG
LEDNING, VISTAS EJ NRA STOLPE OCH STAG VID SKVDER".

Every support is to be fitted with a plate giving support number, line designation and
the text "SVENSKA KRAFTNT".

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The plate is to be fitted to the left support leg so that it can be read looking towards the
higher support numbers.
Where permanent ladders are fitted to the supports the plates are to be fitted to the
ladder side of the support. At road crossings, where the line runs parallel with a road
and where permanent ladders are fitted to the supports, the plates are to be fitted on
the road side of the support irrespective of the position of the ladder.

3.5.6.4

Aerial number plates

3.5.6.5

Aerial warning signs

3.5.6.6

Crossarm plates (line designation plates)

3.5.6.7

Navigable waterway crossing signs

Every fifth support is to be fitted with aerial number plates both towards lower and
higher support number.

Lines that cross under another line, or run in parallel with other lines being higher
within the proximity zone, or have high obstacles within the proximity zone, are to be
fitted with aerial warning signs.

Crossarm plates are to be fitted to the three supports closest to a substation or a

junction in the line.
Crossarm plates are to be fitted to every support between a substation and a junction
in the line if the junction is located within five supports from the substation

The Swedish National Maritime Administration shall be contacted regarding the

necessity of installing signs where power lines cross navigable waterways.

3.5.6.8

Prohibitory climbing signs

3.5.6.9

Line orientation plates

3.6

FABRICATION

3.6.1

Inspection plan

Signs shall be fitted to support legs where the safety distance for the safe area can be
infringed during climbing.

Line orientation plates shall be installed at appropriate locations near roads to

facilitate orientation of vehicles during trouble shooting and maintenance work on the
line. The plates are to be fitted to poles.

Before manufacturing is started, an inspection plan shall be drawn up by the

contractor and presented to the client for his review and approval. This inspection plan
shall be based on the workshop drawings and the detailed calculations. The inspection
plan shall conform to the requirements of BSK 07 or SS-EN 1993-1-1 and with the
national annex NA.
The inspection plan shall include testing of cold-formed profiles to ensure that there
can be no possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.

3.6.2

Workmanship

Workmanship, manufacturing, marking, and packing shall fulfil the requirements

stipulated in the clients technical specifications.

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The contractor and his suppliers shall afford the client every opportunity to monitor
and inspect the manufacture and testing of materials in the rolling mills, foundries and
manufacturing workshops.

3.6.2.1

Materials

3.6.2.2

Dimensions

The material shall have the quality specified for each individual member.
The material shall be free from exterior and interior deficiencies, such as cracks,
laminations, pipes, slag pockets, etc. which can reduce strength, serviceability or
detrimentally affect the suitability of the material with respect to processing and
machining. Steel surfaces may not have more rust than grade C as stated in Swedish
Standard SS-EN ISO 8501-1.
In order to identify material quality colour marking complying with Swedish Standard
SS 07 56 11 shall be used.

Dimensions shall accurately comply with those given in every individual case. Those
that are dependent on the position of the structure and on its underlay shall generally
be applicable when the structure is placed on a flat and stable underlay. Dimensions
are valid at room temperature and before surface coating. However, dimensions are
valid for galvanised coated threads after surface coating. Hot dip galvanised external
threads shall have dimensions in accordance with ISO 965-4 before hot dip
galvanising.
The following tolerances are applicable unless otherwise stated:
Applicable tolerances for welded structures are class A as given in EN ISO 13920
Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Permissible deviations for linear dimensions.
Nominal dimension
Permissible deviation
(mm)
(mm)
30
2- 1
120
(30) 1
400
(120) 1
1000
(400) 2
2000
(1000) 3
4000
(2000) 4
8000
(4000) 5
12000
(8000) 6
16000
(12000) 7
20000
(16000) 8
and
(20000) 9
greater

Table 2
Permissible deviations for angular dimensions.
Permissible
Reference length
angular deviation
(shortest leg of angle)
mm*)
(mm)
-
0 400 0,33( 20')
6
(400) 1000 0,25( 15')
4,5
(1000) and greater 0,17( 10')
3
*) Valid for a measuring length of 1000 mm (mm/m). For other measuring lengths the
deviation dimension is proportional to the measuring length.

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For bolted connections the tolerances in table 3 are applicable, unless otherwise stated
on the drawing.
Table 3
Normal dimension
(mm)
(30)
(120)
(315)
(500)
(1000)

30
120
315
500
1000

Permissible
deviation
(mm)
1
1,5
2
3
3,5
4

In addition to the tolerances given above the following shall apply:

a) Bolt and rivet holes

+ 0,30 mm
- 0,15 mm

b) Holes centres in the same connection group

1 mm

c) Width and height of lattice support at location of crossarm

2 mm

d) Width and height of lattice crossarm at connection to support

2 mm

e) The difference in diagonal measurements in a cross-section of a lattice support or

crossarm may not be greater than 0,75 times the tolerance in Table 1 or Table 3
respectively.
f) Longitudinal relative displacement of the main members in
a lattice support may not exceed

2 mm

g) The distortion of supports, crossarms or members may not

exceed the length multiplied by 0.0015.
h) The degree of twist about its own longitudinal axis for a tower leg or
crossarm may be up to 3 per 10 m with a maximum of 5. For lengths
less than 3,5 m the twist may be a maximum of 1.

3.6.2.3

Surface finish

Surfaces of members incorporated in the structure shall be free from slag, weld
spatter, scale, cracks, drilling and hole punching burrs, etc. Flame cut surfaces shall
have a quality corresponding to cutting class Sk 3 of BSK 07 part 8:13 unless
otherwise stated. Surfaces shall fulfill pre-treatment grade P3 in accordance with ISO
8501-3. Surfaces, that shall be galvanised, shall be free from paint, grease, oil and
other impurities. Surfaces intended for hot-dip galvanising shall be free from paint,
grease, oil and other contamination that may inhibit the pickling process which
precedes galvanising.
Contact surfaces on both sides of a bolt hole shall be even so that the washer/nut and
bolt head lie flat. Raised characters or other forms of unevenness around a hole shall
be ground off.

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3.6.2.4

Welding

3.6.3

Specification Deviations

Welding shall only be used where specifically directed and then be performed and
inspected according to BSK in addition to any other instructions given in each
particular case.
Welds shall meet the specification requirements in accordance with quality level C of
EN ISO 5817. Cavities and gaps, usually starting points for corrosion attack and which
may be acid pockets during hot-dip galvanising, shall be filled with a covering weld.

Any proposed deviation from the specification, or other contractual terms and
conditions which may have an effect with regard to function, strength,
interchangeability and serviceable life, shall be referred to the client for his
consideration and decision.
When delivering the members concerned, the manufacturer shall ensure that the
deviation report is included in the documentation package. He shall also certify that
any conditions applicable to the acceptance of any deviations have been fulfilled.

3.6.4

Erection Marking

In cases where specific erection marking specifications are not given the following
marking specifications will apply.
Steel structures consisting of only a few parts, and where in all probability any
confusion cannot occur, do not need to be marked. In all other cases all parts shall be
marked.
Erection marking, before surface coating should, as a rule, be made by machine
stamping with 10 mm high characters on angle sections including flats and plates up to
8 mm thick. For material thicknesses greater than 8 mm, channels and H-beams
included, the marking should be made with 15mm high characters. Erection marking
shall be performed and placed in such a way that there is no risk of stress
concentration. On angle sections and beams the marking shall be made 100-150 mm
from the last hole in a group of holes at one end and on the side of a flange facing
outwards. If this area is not suitable for marking, it shall be made further in towards
the middle of the angle section or beam. Erection marking of main members in
support legs shall be placed at the lower end. For main members in crossarms the
erection marking shall be placed at the end of the joint or at any end if there is no joint.
In certain cases the position of the erection marking is to be indicated on the relevant
drawing.
Stamped designations forming the erection mark shall be separated from each other by
a point.
If the erection marking is not distinct after hot-dip galvanising, it shall be painted in a
colour contrasting sharply with the surface and be of good durability such as quickdrying PVC. Marking with markers is not allowed.
The erection marking shall be placed on the outside of the structure in such a way that
makes it visible after assembly. Otherwise the marking shall be placed as mentioned
above.
An erection marking reference drawing shall be made by the contractor. Two copies
shall be submitted to the client before the steelwork is delivered or at the latest the
same day.

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3.6.4.1

Bolted structures

3.6.4.2

Welded structures

3.6.5

Manufacturing requirements

3.6.5.1

Mass production

Details for bolted connections shall be marked according to a system such that the
individual detail can be unambiguously identified on the relevant drawing.

Welded parts, which are to be fitted together, shall have mark designations on the
external side of the joint in such a way that the markings on the different units will be
situated immediately opposite each other.

In mass production corresponding parts shall be fully interchangeable. Before mass

production is commenced, jigs and fixtures shall be checked for rigidity to ensure that
dimensions given on the drawings can be maintained. When production is in progress,
jigs and fixtures shall be regularly checked to ensure that they have not been altered by
wear or damage.

3.6.5.2

Machining

3.6.5.2.1
Cutting
Sharp edges created by sawing or shearing shall be removed. Cracks and unevenness
on sheared surfaces shall be removed by suitable means.
Flame cut surfaces shall have a surface quality corresponding to cutting class Sk 3 of
BSK 07 part 8:13.
3.6.5.2.2
Bending
Bending may be done at room temperature for plates and flats if the thickness of
material does not exceed the following values:
Steel with ultimate stress
Lower than 470 N/mm2
470 N/mm2 and above

Thickness of material
25 mm
20 mm

Plates and flats with thicknesses exceeding the values above, and rolled sections
irrespective of dimensions, shall be bent at a red heat of approximately 850C.
Material with an ultimate stress higher than 430 N/mm2 may not be quenched with
water.
Cold working to elongate material is not allowed.
Cold bending is only permitted when fabrication trials have shown that the material
withstands cold working without cracks or dangerous stresses occurring which, in
conjunction with subsequent hot-dip galvanising, can cause intercrystalline crack
formation.
If the bending procedure is complicated, or when regarded as necessary, the steel
manufacturer's instructions should be obtained.
3.6.5.2.3
Holes
Steel according to Swedish Standards SS EN 10025-2 and SS-EN 10025-3, or
equivalent, may be punched to full-size provided that the thickness does not exceed
13mm and the diameter of the hole exceeds the thickness of the material. In other
cases, the holes are to be punched or drilled to a diameter that is at least 3 mm less
than the nominal hole diameter and subsequently reamed or drilled to the final
diameter.

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The stipulated hole tolerance shall be maintained for the entire depth of the hole.
Sharp edges after punching and drilling shall be removed. Cracks after punching are
not allowed.
Cutting and punching shall not be performed at a steel temperature lower than +5C.
3.6.5.2.4
Incorrect holes
Incorrect holes shall neither be partly nor wholly filled by welding.

3.6.5.3

Welding

The manufacturer may only carry out welding after the client has approved the
applicable welding method.
Approval will be granted after assessing whether the following conditions have been
met:
3.6.5.3.1
Premises and equipment
Welding is to be performed in premises and with equipment suitable for the purpose.
The equipment shall be well suited for the type of welding to be performed so that the
correct quality is achieved. All equipment shall be regularly checked and maintained.
3.6.5.3.2
Filler metal
Only filler metal intended for the parent metal and the welding method in question is
allowed. Such materials are to be handled and stored so as to ensure the correct
quality.
3.6.5.3.3
Responsible staff
The manufacturer shall have competent staff having the necessary qualifications to
supervise the work and thus ensure the correct quality.
3.6.5.3.4
Competent tradesmen
Welder's competence shall be tested according to Swedish Standard SS 06 52 01 or EN
287-1 - Approval Testing of Welders. Only approved welders shall be used.
3.6.5.3.5
Welding method
Welding methods should be well established and documented in a method statement.
A method test may be required.
3.6.5.3.6
Inspection
Welding conditions are to be inspected regularly before and during welding.
Inspections are to be carried out after welding to ensure that stipulated requirements
have been met.

3.6.5.4

Fitting

Structural members are to be straight before assembly. When any member is being
fitted it shall not be forced into place in such a manner that it becomes distorted.
Members incorporated in the steel structure which are not provided with complete
dimensions on a drawing shall be fitted with the aid of accurately made jigs or
templates.

3.6.5.5

Heat treatment

Complicated welded plate details and thick plates where flame cutting has been used,
shall be normalised. The normalising requirement is to be given on the drawing for
each individual member.
Other heat treatment may be specified or agreed in each particular case.

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3.6.5.6

Hot-dip galvanising

The galvanisation shall fulfill the requirement in accordance with SS-EN ISO 1461
where the appendix should be applied. Details underground shall also fulfill the
requirement in the NA appendix.
Hot-dip galvanised structures shall have a coherent and well-adhered coating. The
coating shall be even as far as shape and characteristics permit.
The thickness of the zinc coating is to be given in each individual case. Unless
otherwise specified the zinc thickness must not be less than those given in the
following table:
Zinc thickness m
(Zincweight g/m2)
Min value
Averagen
for
value for
individual
agreed
samples
number of
samples
85
70
(610)
(500)
95
85
(685)
(610)
215
190
(1550)
(1370)
115
100
(830)
(720)
50
40
(360)
(290)

t= Thickness

Rolled steel in air t 6 mm

Rolled steel in air t> 6 mm
Rolled steel in the ground t > 6 mm
Wedge secured steel in rock
Nuts, bolts and washers

Also edges on steel material where t 10 mm shall be included in the test areas for
zinc thickness.

3.7

TESTING

Testing shall be performed according to the standard that has been approved by the
client. Where no standard exists all test details shall be submitted to the client for
approval.
The contractor shall keep the client informed regarding:

Progress of the manufacturing in order that inspection and testing can be

performed in the presence of the clients representative.

To which standard the test is to be performed.

Before every inspection and test the contractor shall make sure that the work is
completely in accordance with the specifications and that it is ready for inspection and
testing.

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3.7.1

Routine tests

Routine tests shall be performed by the contractor in accordance with the applicable
standard and the clients instructions.

3.7.2

Samples

Representative samples of all materials from lots ready for despatch, selected at
random by the client, shall be subject to tests in order to verify their conformity with
the specification.

3.7.3

Shop assembly

One hot dip galvanised support of each type and height ordered, including every
combination of leg extensions, shall be assembled at the manufacturers premises in
the presence of the client to the extent necessary to ensure correct fit of parts, adequate
bolt lengths and proper field erection. At the same time important basic dimensions
and climbing arrangements shall be checked. Any defect shall be corrected to the
clients satisfaction before delivery.

3.7.4

Support test

If requested by the client one support complete with fittings and leg extensions, if any,
shall undergo full-scale testing, in accordance with IEC Publication 60652 "Loading
tests on overhead line towers", at a testing station to be agreed. The client shall specify
if the testing is to be performed as a design test in accordance with IEC 60652:4.1 or as
a sample test in accordance with IEC 60652:4.2. The support shall be hot-dip
galvanised and erected on rigid foundations.
The manufacturer shall prepare a comprehensive testing programme which is to be
approved by the client prior to testing. Test loads shall be ultimate loads calculated in
accordance with clause 3.5.3 and SS-EN 50341:11/SE.1.

3.8

CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY

3.8.1

General

As a part of his obligations the contractor shall prepare a quality assurance

programme, in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN ISO 9001, which is to be
reviewed and approved by the client before work commences.
All quality documentation related to the work shall be readily available for the clients
representatives information until completion of the work.

3.8.2

Quality documentation

Before delivery from the manufacturer the contractor shall submit quality
documentation to the client.
The quality documentation shall contain the following documents:

3.8.2.1

Certificate

A certificate, duly signed by the contractors representative who is authorised to sign

such Q.A. documents, which includes:

sufficient information to identify the part

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references to those Standards and requirements which have been followed for
the manufacturing and inspection

reports for specified inspections that have been performed confirming that the
required results have been attained

No part of the works shall be despatched to site before it has passed all the tests and
has been inspected and found to comply, in every respect, with the stipulations of the
specification to the satisfaction of the client who will issue the certificate of delivery.

3.8.2.2

Deviation report

3.8.2.3

Separate reports and inspection companies

3.9

ASSEMBLY

3.9.1

General

Deviation reports together with every report related to major re-working.

Certificates for inspections that require separate reports, e.g. samples of materials,
non-destructive investigations, analysis, design and shop assembly reports.
Certificate from an independent inspection company, if such an organisation has been
employed.

The assembly shall be performed in accordance with the relevant instructions such
that damage to the surface coating and structural distortions do not occur.

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Enclosure A
3.A Hinged lattice column design calculation
P

qT

qL

MG

L
L

P
P
P= axial foundation load (ultimate limit state)
MG = moment from stay load and load on crossarm (ultimate limit state)

3.A.1

Euler load

PE 0,95 E I/L2 1,6 P

2

3.A.2.

Wind load

The wind load for the vertical projection of square cross-sections in the ultimate limit
state transverse to the line is

qT Q qh Gq Gt 1 0,2 sin 2 2 At Ct qlad 1

sin 2
cos
tan 2

The wind load for the vertical projection of square cross-sections in the ultimate limit
state longitudinally along the line is -

sin

q L Q q h Gq Gt 1 0,2 sin 2 2 At C t qlad

cos 2 sin 2 sin

Where Q=partial factor for variable action in accordance with SS-EN 50341:4.2.11/SE.1
qh= dynamic wind pressure in accordance with
SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.2/SE.1
Gq=gust response factor=1,0
Gt=structural resonance factor in accordance with
SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.3

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=angle of incidence for the critical wind direction

in accordance with SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.1 figure 4.2.2
At = the effective area for H = 1.0 metre of the support leg length
L.
Ct=drag factor in accordance with SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.3/SE.1
qlad = At.Ct for a ladder which is only to be considered if the
support leg is fitted with a ladder.
= inclination of the support leg considering stay elongation and the
deflection of the support
The term

3.A.3.

1 0,2 sin 2 2

is to be set to 1.0 for equilateral triangular cross-sections.

Beam calculation

For non-computerised calculations the wind load qT and the dead weight qD are to be
projected perpendicular towards L.
new

qT qT sin 2
q D q D cos

new
The maximum moments MTW, MLW and MD and the maximum deflections yTW, yLW,
yD and yMG are to be calculated. The shear forces TTW, TLW and TD are to be
calculated at the point where the taper starts. Designations TW indicate transverse
wind, LW longitudinal wind, D dead weight and MG indicate moment MG.

3.A.4

Initial distortion

The initial distortion is L/600 in the most unfavourable direction.

3.A.5.

diagonally for square cross-sections, see clause 3.A.5.1.

0 and 60 degrees for triangular cross-sections, see clause 3.A.5.2.

Main member

The symbol + depends on the wind direction, the support leg inclination and the main
member in question.
In the figure CG denotes the centre of gravity of the cross-section.

3.A.5.1

Square-cross section

x
A2

A1
CG

y
c1
A1

A2

e
a

y
c2

b
x

The main member forces are

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 P/ 2 A1 2 A2 M TW M D a/I x M LW M G / 2 c1 /I y

Q1 A1 P yTW yi y D e a/I x / 1 P/PE

P y LW y i y MG c1 /I y / 1 P/PE

P 2 A1 2 A2 M TW M D b I x M LW M G 2 c2 I y

Q2 A2 P yTW yi yD e b I x 1 P PE

P y LW yi yMG c2 I y 1 P PE

where
yi 0, 71 L 600
3.A.5.2

Triangular cross-section

x
y

A2

CG
c

A1
e
a b
x

A2

The main member forces are

P/ A1 2 A2 M TW M D a/I x

Q1 A1

P yTW y iy y D e a/I x / 1 P/PE

P A1 2 A2 M TW M D b I x M LW M G 2 c I y

Q2 A2 P yTW y iy y D e b I x 1 P PE

P y y y c I 1 P P

LW
ix
MG
y
E

For Q1 is yiy L 600

For Q2 is yiy L 600 cos 60 and yix L 600 sin 60

3.A.6.

Diagonals

The shear force 0.017P is always to be added.

The symbol + depends on the diagonal in question.

3.A.6.1

Square cross-section

The force in one diagonal is

D DT 0,017 P 2 cos
D DL 0,017 P 2 cos
where
DT TTW TD 2 cos

DL TLW M G L 2 cos

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3.A.6.2

Triangular cross-section

The force in one diagonal is

D DT 0,017 P 1,5 cos

D DL 0, 017 P 1, 5 cos

Where

DT TTW TD 2 cos 30 TLW M G L 3 TLW M G L e 3 b cos

D L TLW M G L 1,5 TLW M G L e 3 b cos

3.A.7.

Buckling

The following applies when calculating the main member buckling load capacity

For quadratic cross-section is 1,25 l i x

For cold-formed profiles is to be taken at the greatest

of 1,0l/i and 1,25l/ix.

x x

The support buckling load capacity is also to be checked considering the support leg as
a built-up compression member in accordance with the handbook Bygg K 18:35.

3.A.8.

Stay elongation

The elongation of stays will alter the inclination angle of support legs and stays. This
will increase the load in support legs and stays compared with the loads derived from
nominal inclination angles.

3.A.9.

End sections

The end sections shall be braced to the end plate to avoid bending in the main
members due to eccentric load.
The end sections shall be calculated with an eccentricity of 25 mm.
Washers between column and foundation shall be designed to withstand local
compression.

CL

P
25 mm

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3.A.10.

Natural frequency

The natural frequency shall be greater than 2 Hz.

f 2 L2 EI m 2
EI (Nm2) is calculated in the weakest direction

For a uniform beam the formula is

where

m (kg/metre) inclusive of zinc and bolts

L (metres)

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Enclosure B
3.B

Correction of SS-EN 50341

Supports which are designed in accordance with these guidelines shall be designed in
accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341 considering the following corrections.

3.B

SS-EN 50341:7.7.5.1/SE.1 partial factors for stays

The partialfactor M for staywire shall be

M2 = 1,55 for straight line supports
M2 = 1,70 for angle supports

3.B.1

SS-EN 50341:J.11 bolted connections

This section is applicable for calculations in accordance with Swedish Standard SS-EN
1993-1-1 together with the national annex NA. The tension resistance per normally
tightened bolts shall be calculated in accordance with the formula in table J.2 but
modified to:

Ft , Rd

0,6 f ub As

Mb

3.B.2
SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.3/se.2 wind forces on
lattice towers with triangular cross-section
The wind force acting at the centre of gravity of one panel in a lattice tower with
triangular cross-section is: QWt q h Gt At C t where Gt is to be taken from
Swedish Standard SS-EN 50341:4.2.2.4.3.

3.B.3

SS-EN 50341:4.3

Section 4.3 is not to be used in Sweden.

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Enclosure C
3.C

Cold-formed steel profiles

3.C.1

Buckling calculation

Input symbols:
ix (mm) radius of gyration for principal axis of inertia in the strong direction
iy (mm) radius of gyration for principal axis of inertia in the weak direction
x0 (mm) distance between centre of gravity and shear centre of the cross section
Lc (mm) buckling length design value
Kv (mm4) section factor of torsional stiffness (Saint-Venant)
Kw (mm6) section factor of warping stiffness
A (mm2) gross cross sectional area,
Aef (mm2) nett cross sectional area considering cross sectional class
E (N/mm2) modulus of elasticity = 210 000 N/mm2
G (N/mm2) shear modulus = 81 000 N/mm2
fyk (N/mm2) characteristic value of yield point for steel
fyd (N/mm2) design value of yield point for steel
Formulas

i0 i x2 i y2 x 02
2

x
1 0
i0
2 E Kw
1

G
K
T

A i02
L2c

2
E
x
2
Lc

ix

Tx

2 E

Lc

i
y
1

check y

(( x T ) (( x T ) 2 4 x T ) )

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3.C.2

Calculation alternative BSK

Curve "b" shall be applied for calculation of flexural buckling and flexural torsional
buckling.

f yk

Tx
f yk

gives cTx
gives cy

The smallest value of

is to be used for calculation of NRcd.

N Rcd c Aef f yd

3.C.3

Calculation alternative SS-EN 1993-1-1 section 6.3

Curve "b" shall be applied for calculation of flexural buckling and flexural torsional
buckling.

f yk

Tx
f yk

gives Tx

gives y

The smallest value of is to be used

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