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INSIDE THE
ATOM

Development of different

Mr. Don King Evangelista

Chiang Kai Shek College

DEMOCRITUS

EMPEDOCLES
Matter is made of four
elements in nature AIR,
FIRE, EARTH, and
WATER.

JOHN DALTON

Element is composed of small,

indivisible, and indestructible
particles called ATOMS.

Matter is made of ATOMOS.

ATOMOS are the smallest
uncuttable unit of matter.
ATOMOS of different
substances vary in size and
shape.

Daltons Atomic Theory

1.
Atoms of the same element are
alike in mass and size.
Atoms of different elements are
unlike in mass and size.

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Daltons Atomic Theory

2. Atoms of two or more elements

combine to form compound in
simple numerical ratios. During
combinations, no atom is created
nor destroyed.

Daltons Atomic Theory

3. Atoms may combine with

different element in varied ratios to
form many compounds.

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, matter
is neither created nor
destroyed, or, more accurately,
there is no detectable change
in mass during an ordinary
chemical reaction.

Law of Definite Proportions

Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
States that different samples of
any pure compound contain
the same elements in the
same proportions by mass.

Law of Multiple Proportions

States that the mass of one
element that can combine with
a fixed mass of another
element are in a ratio of small
whole numbers.

Joseph Thomson

Electron
Plum Pudding Model
Atom is a positively
charged material in which
detachable electrons are
embedded.

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Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source

Metal Disks

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e2.2

Thomsons Experiment

Thomsons Experiment

Voltage source

Voltage source

Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the negative
to the positive end

Thomsons Experiment

By adding an electric field

Thomsons Experiment

Voltage source

By adding an electric field he found that

the moving pieces were negative

Used many different metals and gases

Beam was always the same
By the amount it bent he could find the
ratio of charge to mass
Was the same with every material
Same type of piece in every kind of
atom

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Joseph Thomsons Model of

Atom

Ernest Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford

OBSERVATION: Most
alpha particles penetrated
through the foil with no or
slight deflection.
EXPLANATION: Atom is
mostly an empty space
where electrons are moving.

OBSERVATION: Some alpha

particles deflected at large angles
or bounce back in the direction
where they had come from.

EXPLANATION: The mass of an

atom is concentrated in an
extremely small and positively
charged center called nucleus.

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Niels Bohr

Electrons revolve around the

nucleus in planetary rings
called energy levels.
Electron can move only in a
limited number of fixed orbits.
As long as they stay in such
orbit, they dont emit energy.

Erwin Schroedinger

If an electron jump from one

to another energy level,
they gain or lose energy in
fixed amount called quanta.

Erwin Schroedinger

Electrons do not move in circular

orbits.
Electrons move in orbital that are
found in an energy level.

Heisenbergs Principle of Uncertainty

It is impossible to identify the

exact position and speed of a very
small particle with certainty.

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)

Particle
Electron
(e-)

Charg
e

Mass (g)

Mass (amu)
0.0054 0

-1
9.11 x 10-28

Proton
(p+)

+1

Neutron
(no)

1.673 x 10-24

1.0073 1

1.0087 1

Location

Electron
cloud

Nucleus
Nucleus

the

number of
protons found in
the nucleus of an
atom

1.675 x 10-24

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MASS NUMBER (A)

The sum of protons and

neutron inside the
nucleus of an atom

Symbols

Complete the table.

ATOM

Atomic
Number
(Z)

Mass
Number
(A)

No. of
No. of
No. of
Electrons Protons Neutrons

13
35
Cu
N

35
45

80
64

35

29

7
53

14

7
127

35
80

Symbols
If an element has an atomic
number of 34 and a mass
number of 78, what is the:
34 a) number of protons
44 b) number of neutrons
34 c) number of electrons
78 d) complete symbol
34Se

Find each of these:

a) number of protons
b) number of
neutrons
c) number of
electrons
d) Atomic number
e) Mass Number

80
35

Br

Symbols
If an element has 91
protons and 140 neutrons
what is the
91 a) Atomic number
231 b) Mass number
91 c) number of electrons
231
Pa d) complete symbol
91

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Symbols
If an element has 78
electrons and 117 neutrons
what is the
78 a) Atomic number
195 b) Mass number
78 c) number of protons
195
Pt d) complete symbol

Symbols
Find each of these:
48 a) number of protons
65 b) number of
neutrons
48 c) number of
electrons

112
48

Cd

78

IONS
Electrically

charged

atoms

CATIONS

-positively charged ions

-obtained when protons
are greater than electron
because the atom donates
some of its electrons

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ANIONS
-negatively charged ions
-obtained when protons are
less than electrons because
the atom accepts additional
electrons from other elements

Complete the table.

ION

35

17Cl

16

8O

39

+
19K

65

13

Mass
Number
(A)

No. of
Electrons

No. of
Protons

No. of
Neutrons

17

35

18

17

18

17Cl

16

O2-

16

10

+
19K

19

39

18

19

39

No. of
Neutrons

No. of
Protons

No. of
Neutrons

2+

ION

31

Atomic
Number
(Z)

34Se

20

85

37Rb

30

65

28

30

35

137

3+
13Al

13

27

10

13

14

70

Mass
Number
(A)

No. of
Electrons

315P

79

Zn2+

30

27

No. of
Protons

Complete the table.

Atomic
Number
(Z)

35

65

No. of
Electrons

Al3+

Complete the table.

Mass
Number
(A)

2-

30Zn

27

ION

Atomic
Number
(Z)

56

2+

Ba2+

31Ga

3+

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Complete the table.

ION

red-proton

Atomic
Number
(Z)

Mass
Number
(A)

No. of
Electrons

No. of
Protons

No. of
Neutrons

315P

15

31

18

15

16

79

234Se

34

79

36

34

45

85

Rb+

31

37

85

36

37

48

137

2+
56Ba

56

137

54

56

81

70

Ga3+

31

70

28

31

39

37

31

Isotopes

ISOTOPES
Atoms

of an element having
the same Atomic number (Z)
but different Mass number
(A), hence the same number
of protons but different
number of neutrons.

Naming Isotopes

We can also put the mass

number after the name of the
element:
carbon-12
carbon-14
uranium-235

gray- neutron

Dalton was wrong about all

elements of the same type
being identical
Atoms of the same element can
have different numbers of
neutrons.
Thus, different mass numbers.

Isotopes are atoms of the same

element having different masses, due
to varying numbers of neutrons.
Isotope

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Hydrogen1
(protium)

Hydrogen-2
(deuterium)

Hydrogen-3
(tritium)

Nucleus

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Atomic Mass

Isotopes
Elements
occur in
nature as
mixtures of
isotopes.

Isotopes are
atoms of the
same element
that differ in
the number of
neutrons.

Measuring Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

- It is defined as one-twelfth the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.

How heavy is an atom of oxygen?

It depends, because there are
different kinds of oxygen atoms.
We are more concerned with the
average atomic mass.
This is based on the abundance
(percentage) of each variety of that
element in nature.

To calculate the average:

Multiply the atomic mass of

each isotope by its
abundance (expressed as a
decimal), then add the
results.

Average Atomic Mass = (Isotope 1s

Mass X Isotope 1 s Abundance) +
(Isotope 2s Mass X Isotope 2 s
Abundance) ++ (Isotope ns Mass
(Isotope ns Abundance)

Carbon-12 chosen because of its isotope purity.

Each isotope has its own atomic

mass, thus we determine the
average from percent abundance.

We dont use grams for this mass

because the numbers would be too small.

Atomic Masses
Atomic mass is the average of all the
naturally occurring isotopes of that element.
Isotope

Symbol

Carbon-12

12C

Carbon-13

13C

Carbon-14

14C

Composition of
the nucleus
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 protons
7 neutrons
6 protons
8 neutrons

Exercise: Calculate the Atomic Mass

% in nature
98.89%
1.11%

Element X has two natural isotopes. The isotope with a

mass of 10.012 amu (10 X) has a relative abundance of 19.91%.
The isotope with a mass of 11.009 amu (11X) has a relative
abundance of 80.09%. Calculate the atomic mass of this element.

<0.01%

Carbon = 12.01

10

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

Exercise: Calculate the Atomic Mass

Question

Knowns
and
Unknown

Calculate the average atomic mass

of bromine. One isotope of bromine
has an atomic mass of 78.92amu
and a relative abundance of 50.69%.
The other major isotope of bromine
has an atomic mass of 80.92amu
and a relative abundance of 49.31%.

Solution
Answer

Answer:
Average Atomic Mass = (78.92 amu X 0.5069) +
(80.92 amu X 0.4931)
Average Atomic Mass = 79.91 amu

Exercise: Lets solve this!

Antimony has two naturally occurring isotopes. The
mass of antimony-121 is 120.904 amu and
the mass of antimony-123 is 122.904 amu. Using
the average mass of 121.760 amu, find
the abundance of each isotope.

Exercise: Lets solve this!

There are 2 isotopes of gallium that occur naturally;
69Ga and 71Ga. The 69Ga atoms have a mass of
68.925581 amu and the 71Ga atoms have a mass
of 70.924707 amu. What is the percent natural
abundance for each isotope?

Follow-up Problems
1. Copper, a metal known since ancient times, is used in
electrical cables, and pennies, among other things. The
atomic masses of its two stable isotopes, 63Cu (69.09
percent) and 65Cu (30.91 percent), are 62.93 amu and
64.9278 amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic
mass of copper. The relative abundances are given in
parentheses.
2. Iridium is composed essentially of two isotopes: 191Ir and
193Ir. The average mass of an iridium atom is 192.217 amu.
Determine the percent natural abundance of each of these
isotopes in a naturally occurring sample. (The mass of an
191Ir atom is 190.961 amu, and the mass of an 193Ir atom is
192.963 amu.)

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