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UNIVERSITATEA TRANSILVANIA DIN BRA)OV

Catedra Design de Produs +i Robotic-

Simpozionul na0ional cu participare interna0ional1


PRoiectarea ASIstat1 de Calculator

P R A S I C ' 02
Vol. I Mecanisme +i Tribologie
7-8 Noiembrie
Bra6ov, Romnia
ISBN 973-635-064-9

THE CAM SYNTHESIS WITH MAXIMAL EFFICIENCY


Ion PETRESCU, Victoria PETRESCU, Constantin OCN RESCU
Bucharest Polytechnic University
Abstract: The paper presents an original method to determinate the efficiency of cams mechanisms, which
are used to the driving mechanism from OTTO engines. With the relations of cam efficiency, from this
presentment, on can synthesize the cam and follower couple. On determine the constructive parameters of
cam and follower couple, having in view some few criterions, such are: the achievement of the biggest
efficiency and chronosection; the smallest values for the speed, the continuity of the movement, the
projection of some best movement laws for the driving-mechanisms of the internal-combustion engines, and
the optimal mechanism-couple, which are the F Module.
Key words: Efficiency, F Module, constructive parameters, movement laws.
1.

Introduction

In this paper the authors presents an original


method to synthesize the cam and follower
mechanisms, with the biggest efficiency. On
synthesize the cam mechanisms with the formulas of
the great couple efficiency.
The authors were analyzing more type of couples
(more Modules), and they take the conclusion that,
the best Module is the F Module, with rotation cam
and with rotation follower with roll.
This Module (F Module) allows the optimum
regulation for the constructive parameters. The F
Module is the best module, if he is use accordingly
(see the picture number one).
2. The F Module
In the picture number one (figure 1) on presents
the mechanism with rotation cam and rotation
follower with roll. The follower is in the right of the
picture (the right of the cam), and the cam rotation is
trigonometric.
In this mode the pressure angle take the smallest

values (see the picture number one).


Mechanism with rotation cam and rotation follower with roll;
(Module F ).
2
1

rb

2
b

A
rB

B0

A0

O
r0

Fig. 1.

To be continued the presentation of the


optimum constructive parameters for the F Module
mechanism, and for varied movement laws of the
follower: and . These constructive parameters
are: r0 - the radius of the basic circle of the cam;
rb - the radius of the follower roll;
b the length of the follower;
d the distance between the rotation centers of
the cam and the follower;

the maximum angle of follower rotation;


- the maximum angle of cam rotation into the

M
u

up run.
2.1.

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.993772771
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

The LC1 law

u= /4[rad]
r0 =13[mm]
b=90[mm]
rb =11[mm]
d=109[mm]
0
M =30
The movement law,
LC3: b = - 1.42
y=(b/2+1)x-b/2x2

0.9
0.8

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
0.999961025
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.6
0.5

0.4
0.3
0.2

y=x+sin(2 x)/[(2 )2 a]-bx 2 /2+bx/2

0.1

x=

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

x=

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.2

0.5

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.2

0.9

= /4[rad]
r0 =13[mm]
b=99[mm]
rb =8[mm]
d=115[mm]
0
M =26
The movement law
LC1: b = - 1.33
a=1000.
u

0.1

0.7

Fig. 5.

2.5.

The

Power law

Fig. 2.
The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):
0.992648638
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

2.2. The LC2 law

u= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =22[mm]
d=91[mm]
0
M =27
The movement law,

0.9
0.8

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.997442079
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.6

0.3
0.2

y=x+a[sin(2 x)/(2 )] 2 -bx 2 /2+bx/2

0.1

x=

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Fig. 3.

2.3.

x=

2.6.

The

LC5 law

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.882736114
The efficiency of couple:
=
i = f( ) = f(x)

The LC4 law

0.9
0.7

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Fig. 4.

LC3 law

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0
0.6

0.6

0.1
0.5

0.7

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.2

= /4[rad]
r0 =13[mm]
b=90[mm]
rb =10[mm]
d=108[mm]
0
M =29
The movement law,
LC4: a = - 0.6
y=a(x-x2 )+x
x= / u

0.9

0.5

0.6

0.1

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.995919112
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

The

Fig. 6.

0.8

2.4.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.4

0.1

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

Power:
y=2 x -1

0.3

0.3

0.7

0.4

0.2

0.8

0.5

= /4[rad]
r0 =13[mm]
b=99[mm]
rb =9[mm]
d=116[mm]
0
M =22
The movement law,
LC2: b = - 1.24
a= -0.1
u

0.9

0.1

0.7

u= /4[rad]
r0 =11[mm]
b=80[mm]
rb =10[mm]
d=96[mm]
0
M =27
The movement law,
LC5: a = 1.76
y=2x-ax+ax 2 -x 3
x= / u

Fig. 7.

The presents laws are synthesis by the authors


of this paper, such as the dynamic response of
these laws to be the best possible.
The laws parameters, a or b, are settle for a
maximum efficiency.
The constructive parameters are settle too, for

the maximum efficiency of couple.


2.7.

The

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.723109943
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

Radical law

u= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =3[mm]
d=72[mm]
0
M =29
The movement law,

0.9
0.8

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.802063977
=
The efficiency of couple:
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.6
0.5

0.3

Radical:

0.2

0.9

0.7

0.8

0
0.5

0.4

0.1
0.6

0.5

LOGARITHM:
y=ln(x+1)/ln2

0.2

0.3

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.4

0.2

0.8

= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =10[mm]
d=79[mm]
0
M =21
The movement law,
u

0.9

0.1

0.7

x=

Fig. 11.

y=((1+x).5-1)/(2.5-1)

0.1

x=

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

2.11.

The COS law

Fig. 8.

2.8. The

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
0.711000532
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

LC6 law

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


0.734215978
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.8
0.7
0.6

= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =5[mm]
d=74[mm]
0
M =24
The movement law,
LC6: a=0.32

0.5

0.2

x=

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

x=

Fig. 12.

y=(1-a)2 sin2 ( x/2)/[1-2asin( x/2)+a2 ]

0.1

0.8

0
0.7

0.3

0.1
0.5

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.5

COS :
y=.5-.5cos( x)

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.8

0.9

0.1

u= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =3[mm]
d=72[mm]
0
M =29
The movement law,

0.9

2.12.

The

SIN law

Fig. 9.
The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

2.9. The Polynomial 2-3 law

0.61431855

u= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =3[mm]
d=72[mm]
0
M =29
The movement law,

0.9
0.7

0.72359524

0.6

0.3
0.2
0.1

x=

Fig. 10.

2.10.

The Logarithm law

0.9

Fig. 13.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

y=x-sin(2 x):(2 )

0.8

0.4

SIN :

0.1

0.7

0.5

0.2

0.6

0.6

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.3

0.9

0.2

u= /4[rad]
r0 =8[mm]
b=66[mm]
rb =3[mm]
d=72[mm]
0
M =29
The movement law,
Polynomial 2-3:
y=3x 2 -2x 3

0.1

The Efficiency to the F Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.8

The last two laws are the classics. They are


added purposeful for to see the advantages of the
created laws (created for the authors), and the
advantages of the method (the advantages of the F

Module) which are working with great efficiency


even when the laws are the classics (COs and sin).
The Module B realizes the smaller values for the
efficiency of mechanism (of couple), (60-95%), but
the C Module (the classic Module) realizes the
smallest values for the couple efficiency (10-20%).
2.13.

The establish of the efficiency

y'

The relations to establish the efficiency for the F


Module, are the nexts:
i=

N/n

(1)

N = d2 . sin2

. V2

(2)

n = (rB2 +rb2 ). R2 - 2.rb .(rB2 +V.H).R

(3)

R2 = rB2 +V2 +2.V.H

(4)

rB2 = b2 +d2 - 2.b.d.cos

r0
b
rb
d
=B23
psiM
y

psi
psi'
psi0
psi2
rB2
V
R2
R
N
n

(5)

= acos{[b2 +d2 - (r0 +rb )2 ]/(2.b.d)}

(6)

V = b.

(7)
(8)

H = b - d . cos

(9)

= 1/

.d

(10)

On presents a program to calculate the efficiency


for the F Module.
The program is write in the Excel (see the table
number one).
The adimensional angular step ( x) is 0.05 , such
as the integral precision through rectangles is roughly
5%.
For that, the calculate efficiency can be greatest
with 2-4 percents.
For a greatest precision the program must be
rewriting with a step x= 0.005, such as the
approximate integral to be exactly the area under the
i function.
Table 1.
A
FIu

B
=PI()/4

S
b

=13
=99
=8
=B2+B4+B3-5
=0
=PI()/180*26
=B6+SIN(2*PI()*B6)/((2*PI())^2*1000)
-B24*B6^2/2+B24/2*B6
=1+COS(2*PI()*B6)/(2*PI()*1000)B24*B6+B24/2
=B7*B8
=B7*B9/B1
=ACOS((B3^2+B5^2(B2+B4)^2)/(2*B3*B5))
=B12+B10
=B3^2+B5^2-2*B3*B5*COS(B13)
=B3*B11
=B3-B5*COS(B13)
=B14+B15^2+2*B15*B16
=SQRT(B17)
=B5^2*B15^2*(SIN(B13))^2
=(B14+B4^2)*B172*B4*(B14+B15*B16)*B18
=B19/B20
=SUM(B21:V21)
=B22*0.05
=-1.33

The program to calculate the efficiency is write


by 24 rows and by more columns, for B to V, in
accordance with the adopted step ( x= 0.05).
On presents the B column relations.
The others columns repeat the B column
relations, with the variable x modified (in the 6
row).
3.

The

Module

The B Module is a kinematics couple too, with


the rotation cam, and follower with roll, but the
movement of this follower is the translation.
The authors recommend (introduce) the F
Module, but the eager for the translation
movement can use the B Module, into the C
Modules detriment.
On make the presentation of the B Module
couple in picture number 14 (see figure 14.).

Module B couple:
Rotation cam and translation follower
with roll.

The movement laws for the B Module, are


presents in the next pictures (see figures 15-23):

2
B
2

rb

r0

3.2.

rB

B0
s0

The Power Law

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
0.952621077
=
i = f( ) = f(x)

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =9[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.9
0.8
0.7

Fig. 14.

0.6
0.5
0.4

Power:
x
y=2 -1

0.3

3.1. Calculate program

0.2
0.1

Table 2.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

Fig. 15.

3.3. The Radical law

B
The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):
0.891572044
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(
1

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =9[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

RADICAL:

0.3

y=((1+x).5-1)/(2.51)

0.2
0.1
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Fig. 16.

3.4.

The Logarithm law

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


=
The efficiency of couple:
0.794681222
( ) = f(x)
i = f(
1

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =9[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

LOGARITHM:
y=ln(x+1)/ln(2)

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

x=

0.1

The constructive parameters for the B Module are:


e the distance between the rotation center of
cam and the follower guide;
h = sMax - the maximum run of the follower;
u the maximum angle of cam rotation into the
up run;
r0 - the radius of the basic circle of the cam;
rb - the radius of the follower roll.

x=

0
0.2

=PI()/4
=6
=14
=9
=SQRT((B2+B4)^2-B3^2)
=0
=10
=2^B6-1
=LN(2)*2^B6
=B7*B8
=B7*B9/B1
=(B5+B10)^2
=B12+(B11-B3)^2
=B12+B3^2
=B14+B4^2-2*B4*(B14B3*B11)/(SQRT(B13))
=B11^2*B12/B13/B15
i
s
=SUM(B16:V16)
rand ( ) =B17*0.05

FIu
r0
e
rb
s0
=B18
h
y
y'
s
s'
a
b
c
rA2

0.1

x=

0
0.1

The calculate program writhed in Excel program


language (see the table number two), for the power
law (for example), is the next:

Fig. 17.

3.5.

The polynomial 2-3 law

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


0.646367536
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
0.715430581
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.9

0.4

= /4[rad]
r0 =6.3[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =9.6[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.3

Polynomial 2-3:

0.3

y=x+sin(2 x)/[(2 )2 a]-bx 2 /2+bx/2

0.1

x=

3.9.

The COS law

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


0.697023351
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(
1
u= /4[rad]
0.9
r0 =6[mm]
0.8
e=14[mm]
0.7
rb =14[mm]
0.6
h=10[mm]
0.5
The movement law,

COS :
y=1/2 1/2.cos( .x)
u

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2

y=x+a[sin(2 x)/(2 )] -bx /2+bx/2

0.1

3.10.

0.4
0.3

LC6:

0.2

a = 0.35

0.1

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.2

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.9

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =14[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

SIN :

0.3

y=x-sin(2 x)/(2 )
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

x=

0.1

y=(1-a) sin ( x/2)/[1-2asin( x/2)+a ]


0.4

0.8

0.9

= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =14[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.2

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


0.595740012
The efficiency of couple:
=
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

The SIN law

x=

0.1

x=

Fig. 22.

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
0.681008434
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.7

0.6

0.5

The LC6 law

LC2:
a=-1,b=1.9

0.3

Fig. 19.

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

x=

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =14[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,

0.8

0.4

0.1

0.9

0.3

0.2

The Efficiency to the B Module (for up run):


The efficiency of couple:
=
0.604058112
( ) = f(x)
i = f(

0.2

0.3

0.1

The LC2 law

0.1

0.4

3.7.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 18.

3.6.

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

x=

0.2

0.8

y=3x -2x

0.1

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.6

0.3

0.7

u= /4[rad]
r0 =6[mm]
e=14[mm]
rb =14[mm]
h=10[mm]
The movement law,
LC1:
a=1000,b=1.47

0.8

0.2

0.8

0.1

0.9

Fig. 23.

Fig. 20.

Bibliography

On can see easily the superiority of the Power


movement law for the B and F Module, the
superiority of the radical and logarithm movement
laws, and the superiority of the LCn ( n= 1...6 ) laws.
A good behaviour have too, the polynomial 2-3, the
cos, and the sin movement laws.
3.8. The LC1 law

1. Petrescu, F., Petrescu, R. Designul (sinteza)


mecanismelor cu came prin metoda coordonatelor polare (metoda triunghiurilor). n a VII-a
Conferin01 Na0ional1 Grafica - 2000, Craiova,
2000, p. 291-296.

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