SRM UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

M.TECH - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS
ELIGIBILITY : B.E/ B.Tech. in Civil/ Geo Informatics/ Infrastructure
Engg./ Structural Engg./ M.Sc. (Geology/ Applied Geology/ Geophysics with
Maths background)

SRM UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M.TECH - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
(For the Students admitted from the academic year 2012- 13 onwards)
CURRICULUM
Subject Code

Title

Applied Mathematics
Experimental Geomechanics
Strength and Deformation Behaviour of Soils
Shallow Foundations
Elective I
TOTAL
SEMESTER II

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

4
4
4
3
3
18

Geo Mechanics and Soil Behaviour

Deep Foundations
Ground Improvement
Elective - II
Elective - III
TOTAL
SEMESTER III

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

4
4
4
3
3
18

Elective - IV
Elective - V
Elective - VI

3
3
3

0
0
0

0
0
0

3
3
3

Project Work Phase - I

Practical Training and Seminar (Practical 4 Weeks in
Vacation after II Semester)
TOTAL
SEMESTER IV

0
0

0
0

14
2

7
1

SEMESTER I
THEORY
MA0503
GT0501
GT0503
GT0505
EI

THEORY
GT0502
GT0504
GT0506
E2
E3

THEORY
E4
E5
E6
PRACTICAL
GT0601
GT0603

PRACTICAL
GT0602

Project Work Phase - II

TOTAL
Total Credits to be earned for the award of Degree = 70

17

34

17
17

LIST OF ELECTIVES
Subject
Code

Title

T P C

GT0701

DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

GT0702

PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

GT0703

REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

GT0704

THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS

GT0705

EARTH PRESSURE
STRUCTURES

RETAINING 3

GT0706

EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS

GT0707

ROCK MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

GT0708

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND APPLICATIONS

GT0709

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

GT0710

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

GT0711

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY

GT0712

GEOSYNHETICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

GT0713

FOUNDATION ON EXPANSIVE SOILS

GT0714

MECHANICS OF UNSATURATED SOILS

GT0715

REMOTE SENSING AND ITS

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

IN 3

GT0716

MARINE FOUNDATIONS

AND

EARTH

APPLICATION

SEMESTER I
GT0501

EXPERIMENTAL GEOMECHANICS

UNIT I GENERAL
Scopes and objectives of explorations Planning a subsurface exploration stages in sub surface
exploration Explorations for preliminary and detailed design spacing and depth of
exploration.
UNIT II OPEN EXCAVATION AND BORINGS OF EXPLORATION
Pits and Trenches Drifts and Shafts Methods of boring Auger Borings Wash Borings
Rotary Drilling Percussion Drilling Core Drilling.
UNIT IIISOIL SAMPLES AND SAMPLERS
Types of soil samples Disturbed samples Undisturbed samples Design Features affecting
the sample Disturbance Split spoon samplers Scraper Bucket Samplers Shell by Tubes and
Thin walled Samplers Piston Samplers Denis Samplers Preservation and handling of
samples.
UNIT IVIN-SITU TESTING
Field tests Standard Penetration Tests Cone Penetration Tests In-situ Vane Shear Test
Plate Load Test monotonic and cyclic Field Permeability Tests In-situ Tests using Pressure
meter Observation of Ground Water Table. - Instrumentation in soil engineering, strain gauges,
resistance and inductance type
UNIT V GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Geophysical methods-types-Seismic Methods Electrical Resistivity Methods Electrical
Profiling Method Electrical Sounding Method seismic refraction method Sub-soil
Investigation Report.
REFERENCES
1. Sub surface exploration and Sampling of soils for Civil Engineering Purpose by Hvorslev,
M.J. Waterways Station, Vicksburg, Missispi, 1949.

2. Foundation Engineering by S.P. Brahma, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited,
New Delhi, 1985.
3. Analysis and Design of Foundations and Retainig Structures by ShamsherPrakash,
GopalRanjan and Swami Saran, SaritaPrakasham, Meerut.1979.
4. Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2 by V.N.S. Murthy, SaiKripa Technical
Consultants, Bangalore.
5. Geotechnical Engineering by C. Venkataramaiah, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

GT0503

STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION

BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS

UNIT ISHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESION LESS SOILS

Shear strength of granular soils - Direct shear - Triaxial Testing- Drained and undrained Stressstrain behaviour - Dilation, contraction and critical states - Liquefaction onsaturated sands.
Factors influencing stress-strain shear strength.
UNIT II SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOILS
Shear strength of clays - Stress-strain behaviour - Triaxial testing and stress path plotting - pore
pressure parameter of Skempton and Henkel - Total stress and effective stress approach - shear
strength of partially saturated clay in terms of stress state variables. Factors influencing stressstrain shear strength.
UNIT III YIELD CRITERION
Concepts of yield and failure in soils- yield criteria of von Mises, Tresca and their extended
form, their applicability to soils - Detailed discussion of Mohr. - Coulomb failure criterion
UNIT IV STRESS - STRAIN LAWS FOR SOILS
Stress-strain laws for soils - hyperbolic law - Linear visco-elastic and Elasto -plastic laws - yield
functions, hardening law, flow rules and plastic strain computation - Rheological models of
Kelvin, Maxwell and Burger and Burger as applied to soils.

UNIT V CRITICAL STATE SOIL MECHANICS

Introduction to critical state soil mechanics - state boundary - surface- Roscoe and Hvorslev's - A
perspective only on mechanical behaviour of soils within the critical state framework.
REFERENCES
1. Hotlz, R.D and Kovacs, W.D., Introduction Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, 1981
2. Braja, M, Das., Advanced soil mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1997.
3. Lambe, T.W. and Whitman R.V. Soil Mechanics in S.I. Units John Wiley, 1979.
4. Atkinson J.H. and BrandsbyP.L. Introduction to critical state soil mechanics McGraw Hill,
1978.
5. Wood, D.M., Soil behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1990.
6. Bazant, Z.P., Mechanics of Geo-materials, Rocks, Concrete and Soil, John Willey and Sons,
Chilchester, 1985.
7. Graham Barnes, Soil Mechanics Principles and Practices, Macmillan Press Ltd., London,
ISBN 0-333-77776x - 2002.
8. Shear Strength of Liquefied Soils, Final Proceedings of the workshop, National Science
Foundation, Urbane, Illinois, July 1998.
9. Braja, M. Das, Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning
Academic Resource, Center, ISBN-O-534-37114-0.
10. Keedwell, M.J., Rheology and Soil Mechanics, Elsevier applied science Publishers Ltd.,
1984. ISBN 0-85334-285-7
11. Malcolm D. Bolton, A guide to soil mechanics, Universities Press (India) Private Ltd.,
Hyderabad, India, 2003, ISBN 81 7371-245-8.

GT0505

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Developments - need of Foundation Engineering - Responsibility of Foundation Engineer Classification - General requirements - Additional consideration - selection of type of foundation
- hostile environment - structural integrity - economy.
UNIT II BEARING CAPACITY ESTIMATIONS
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations - Homogeneous - Layered soils - Soft and Hard Rocks Evaluation of bearing capacity from insitu tests - partial safety factor approach codal Recommendations.
UNIT III SETTLEMENT EVALUATION
Settlement analysis-immediate-consolidation settlement-layered soil and rocks-construction
period correction-evaluation from insitu tests - code recommendations.
UNIT IV INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATIONS
Analysis of foundation - individual - strip - combined footings and mat foundations conventional
- elastic approach - soil structure interaction principles -Soil Structure Interaction problemscontact pressure distribution-factors influencing contact pressure distribution beneath rigid and
flexible footings-concentrically and eccentrically loaded cases- Idealized soil behavior
Foundation behavior, Interface behavior, Analytical techniques, Slope of soil Foundation
interaction analysis
UNIT V FOUNDATION FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS
Introduction to special foundations - Foundation design in relation to ground movements Foundation on recent refuse fills - Design of Foundation for seismic forces - Codal
recommendations - Introduction to theory of vibration - Design of Block foundation - Codal
recommendations.
REFERENCES
1. Donald P. Coduto, Foundation Design Principles and Practices - Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1996.

2. Winterkorn, H.F. and Fang, Y.F., Foundation Engineering Handbook, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1994.
3. Peck, R.B., Hansen, W.E., and Thornburn, W.H., Foundation Engineering, John Wiley, 1974.
4. Robert Wade Brown, Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw Hill, New York,
1996.
5. Bowles, J.E., Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill, New York, 1996.
6. Tomlinson, M.J. Foundation Engineering, ELBS, Long man Group, UK Ltd., England, 1995.
7. Swami Saran, Soil Dynamics and Machine Foundation, Galgottia Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi-110002, 1999.
8. Vargheese, P.C. Limit State Design of Reinforced concrete, Prentice-Hall of India, 1994.
9. Day, R.W., Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Design and Construction, McGraw
Hill 1999.
10. Muni Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundation, John Wiley and Sons, INC 2000.
11. Donald P. Coduto, (2002), Geotechnical Engg. Principles and Practices, Prentice - Hall of
India Private Limited, ISBN-81-203-2137-5.
12. Nainan P. Kurian, Design of Foundation Systems, Principles and Practices, Narosa
Publishing House, ISBN-81-7319-4963.
13. Hemsley, J.A, Elastic Analysis of Raft Foundations, Thomas Telford, 1998.
14. McCarthy, D.F. Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, basic geotechnics (6th
Edition), Prentice Hall, 2002.

MA0503

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

3 2 0 4

1. ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE AND HEAT EQUATIONS

Laplace transform methods for one-dimensional wave equation Displacements in a long string
longitudinal vibration of an elastic bar Fourier transform methods for one-dimensional heat
conduction problems in infinite and semi-infinite rods.
2. ELLIPTIC EQUATION
Laplace equation Properties of harmonic functions Solution of Laplaces equation by means
of Fourier transforms in a half plane, in an infinite strip and in a semi-infinite strip Solution of
Poisson equation by Fourier transform method.
3. CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS
Concept of variation and its properties Eulers equation Functional dependant on first and
higher order derivatives Functionalsdependant on functions of several independent variables
Variational problems with moving boundaries Isoperimetric Problems Direct methods Ritz
and Kantorovich methods.
4. PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES
Probability Random Variables - Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Uniform, Normal,
Exponential Distributions Moments Moments Generating Functions And Their Properties
Function Of Random Variables.
5. ESTIMATION THEORY
Partial and Multiple correlations Partial and Multiple regression Estimation of parameters
using maximum likelihood estimator and method of moments
REFERENCES
1. SankaraRao, K., Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi (1997)
2. Gupta, A.S., Calculus of Variations with Applications, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi (1997).

3. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K., Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand and
Sons, New Delhi (2001).
4. Andrews, L.C. and Shivamoggi, B.K., Integral Transforms for Engineers, Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2003).

SEMESTER - II
GT0502

GEOMECHANICS AND SOIL BEHAVIOUR L

UNIT 1 SOIL DEPOSITS AND CLAY MINERALS

Introduction formation of soils various soil deposits and their engineering suitability
Genesis of clay minerals classification and identification Anion and Cation exchange
capacity of clays specific surface area bonding in clays.

UNIT II PHYSICAL AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS

Physical and physio chemical behaviour of soils effect of ion concentration, ionic valency,
dielectric constant, temperature on double layer stern layer attractive and repulsive forces in
clays soil structure soil water mechanism of soil water interactions.
UNIT III SOIL FABRIC AND STRUCTURE

Soil fabric and structure-flocculated and dispersed structure-fabric measurements-different types

of fabric measurements-fabric stability and its relevance to engineering behavior of soils-volume
change behavior of soils-problems associated-factors influencing volume change-sensivity and
its causes.
UNIT IV COMPRESSIBILITY BEHAVIOUR
Compressibility permeability behavior of soils and clays-mechanisms involved-liquefaction
potential-factors governing compressibility-shear strength and permeability of soils.
UNIT VCONDUCTION PHENOMENA AND PREDICTION OF SOIL BEHAVIOUR
Conduction in soils coupled flows electrical, chemical , hydraulic and thermal flows in soils
consolidation by electro osmosis effect of flows in stable and properties of soils prediction
of engineering behaviour of soils empirical correlations and their applicability.

REFERENCES
1.

Mitchell, J.K., Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour, John Wiley, New York, 1993

2.

Yong, R.N. and Warkentin, B.P., Introduction to Soil Behaviour, Macmillan, Limited,
London, 1979.

3.

Perloff, W.H. and Baron, W, Soil Mechanics, The Ronal Press Company, 1976.

4.

Van Olphen, H., Clay colloid Chemistry, John Wiley, 1996

5.

Grim, R.E., Applied Clay Mineralogy, McGraw Hill, New York, 1966.

6.

Lambe, T.W. and Whitman, R.V. Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1979.

7.

Das, B.M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, PWS Publishing Company, Boston,

1998

8.

Coduto, D.P., Geotechnical Engineering Principles and practices, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002

9.

McCarthy D.F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Prentice-Hall, 2002.

GT0504

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I PILE CLASSIFICATIONS

Function classification of piles Factors governing choice of pile foundation Load transfer
principles piling equipments and methods changes in soil condition during installation of
piles requirement of code of practice responsibility of engineer and contractor.

UNIT II AXIALLY LOADED PILES AND PILE GROUPS

Allowable load evaluation of piles and pile groups Static method cohesive cohesion less
soil time effects Dynamic method pile driving formulae Wave equation application
modeling theoretical analysis Interpretation of field test results and pile load test results
Settlement of Piles and Pile groups.
UNIT III LATERAL AND UPLIFT LOAD EVALUATION
Piles subjected to Lateral loads Broms method, elastic p-y curve analyses Batter piles
response to moment pile subjected to uplift loads load deformation behaviour Lateral and
uplift load test data interpretation. Foundation on week compressible collapsible soil case
studies.
UNIT IV STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PILE AND PILE GROUPS
Pile foundation structural design pile cap analysis, pile raft system basic interactive
analysis pile and pile groups subjected to vibrations fundamental solutions.
UNIT V CAISSONS
Caissons types Stability of caissons principles of analysis and design, seismic influences IRC Guidelines.

REFERENCES
1.

Das, B.M., Principles of Foundation Engineering, Design and Construction, PWS.,

Publishing, 1999 (Fourth Edition)

2.

Cernica, J.N. Geotechnical Engineering Foundation Design, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
1995.

3.

Poulos, H.G., Davis, E.H., Pile foundation analysis and design, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1980.

4.

Tomlinson, M.J. Foundation engineering, ELBS, Longman Group, U.K. Ltd., England
1995.

5.

Bowles, J.E., Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill book Company, 1996.

6.

Donald, P., Unduto, Foundation Design Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1996.

7.

Winterkorn, H.F. and Fang, H.Y Foundation Engineering Handbook, Von Nostrand
Reinhold, 1994.

8.

Grigorian, Pile Foundation for Buildings and Structures in collapsible Soil, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

9.

Robert wade Brown, Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGraw Hill, New
York, 1996.

10.

Tomlinson, M.J., Pile design and construction practice, Cement and concrete association,
1977.

GT0506

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

UNIT I DEWATERING
Introduction - Scope and necessity of ground improvement in Geotechnical engineering- basic
concepts and philosophy. Drainage - Ground Water lowering by well points deep wells, vacuum
and electro-osmotic methods. Stabilization by thermal and freezing techniques.
UNIT II COMPACTION AND SAND DRAINS
Insitu compaction of granular and cohesive soils, Shallow and Deep compaction sand piles
concept, design, factors influencing compaction Blasting and dynamic consolidation
Preloading with sand drains, fabric drains, wick drains etc. theories of sand drain design and
relative merits.

UNIT III STONE COLUMN, LIME PILES AND SOIL NAILING

Stone column, lime piles Functions Methods of installation design, estimation of load
carrying capacity and settlement-slope stability-stability of trenches-lime-sand columns-Root
piles, soil nailing Applications.
UNIT IVEARTH REINFORCEMENT
Earth reinforcement Principles and basis mechanism of reinforced earth-reinforced soil
retaining structures-simple

design, Synthetic and natural fibre based Geotextiles and their

applications. Filtration, drainage, separation, erosion control case studies.

UNIT V. GROUTING
Grouting techniques Types of grout Suspension and solution grouts Basic requirements of
grout. Grouting equipment principle of injection-injection methods properties of treated
ground-application of jet grouting-grout monitoring Electro chemical stabilization
Stabilization with cement, lime etc. Stabilization of expansive clays.

REFERENCES
1.

Koerner, R.M., Designing with Geosynthetics (Third Edition), Prentice Hall, 1997.

2.

RamanathaAyyar, T.S., Ramachandran Nair, C.L. and Balakrishnan Nair, N.,

Comprehensive Reference book on Coir Geotextiles, Centre for development of Coir
Technology, 2002.

3.

Rowe, R.K., Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 2001.

4.

Moseley, M.D., Ground Treatment, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1998.

5.

Davies, M.C. and Schlosser, F., Ground Improvement Gas Systems, American Society of
Civil Engineers, 1997.

6.

Jewell, R.A., Soil Reinforcement with Geotextiles, CIRIA, London, 1996.

7.

Das, B.M., Principles of Foundation Engineering, (Fourth Edition). PWS Publishing, 1999

8.

Jones, J.E.P., Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structure, Butterworths, 1985.

9.

Koerner, R.M. and Welsh, J.P., Construction and Geotechnical Engineering using
Synthetic Fabrics, John Wiley, 1990.

10.

Hehn, R.W., Practical Guide to Grouting of Underground Structures, ASCE, 1996.

11.

Shroff, A.V., Grouting Technology in Tunneling and Dam, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

12.

Lee. C.F., Lau, L.K.., Ng., C.W.W., KwongA.K., Pang., P.L.R., Yin, J.K., and Yue, Z.Q.,
Soft soil engineering, proceeding third international conference on soft soil engineering
A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2001

ELECTIVES

GT0701

DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I THEORY OF VIBRATION

Introduction - Nature of dynamic loads - free vibrations of spring - mass systems - forced
vibrations - viscous damping - principles of vibrations measuring equipments
UNIT IIDETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR
Dynamic stress - Deformation and strength of soils - Dynamics bearing capacity and earth
pressure - Effect of transient and pulsating loads - Resonant column apparatus - Field-testTypical values of soil constants.
UNIT III LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction of soils - Factors influencing - Liquefaction potential - vibration table studies Field tests - Analysis - from standard penetration data.
UNIT IV DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATION
Machine foundations - Design criteria - Degrees of freedom - Foundations for reciprocating
machines - Block foundation, Elastic half space theory - Lumped parameter analog model foundations for impact and miscellaneous machines - Frame foundations for high speed
machinery - Dynamic soil structure interaction.
UNIT V VIBRATION ISOLATION
Vibration Isolation - Passive and active isolation - use of springs and damping materials
construction aspects of machine foundations.

REFERENCES
1. KameswaraRao, N.S.V., Dynamics soil tests and applications, Wheeler Publishing - New
Delhi, 2000.
2. Prakash, S and Puri, V.K., Foundations for machines, McGraw Hill, 1987.

3. Moore, P.J., Analysis and Design of Foundations for Vibrations, Oxford and IBH, 1985.
4. Vaidyanathan, C.V., and Srinivasalu, P., Handbook of Machine Foundations, McGraw Hill,
1995.
5. Arya, S., O'Neil, S., Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines, Prentice
Hall, 1981.
6. Major, A., Vibration Analysis and Design of Foundations for Machines and Turbines, Vol. I,
II and III Budapest, 1964.
7. Barkon, D.D., Dynamics of Basis of Foundation, McGraw Hill, 1974.
8. Swami Saran, Soil Dynamics and Machine Foundation, Galgotia publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi 1999.
9. Das B.M., Principles of Soils Dynamics, McGraw Hill, 1992.
10. KrammerS.L., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, prentice hall, international series,
Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
11. KameswaraRao, "Vibration Analysis and Foundation Dynamics", wheeler Publishing, New
Delhi, 1998.

GT0702

PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

P
0

C
3

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS

Pavements types Approaches to pavement design vehicle and traffic considerations
behaviour of road materials under repeated loading Stresses and deflections in layered systems.
UNIT II FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Material characterization for analytical pavement design CBR and stabilometer tests
Resilient modulus Fatigue subsystem failure criteria for bituminous pavements IRC design
guidelines.
UNIT IIIRIGID PAVEMENT
Design procedures for rigid pavement IRC guidelines Airfield pavements.
pavement CRC pavements.

Highway

UNIT IV PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION

Pavement evaluation and rehabilitation, condition and evaluation surveys PSI models
Serviceability index of rural roads Overlay design, pavements maintenance management.
Pavement for sustainable development Recycling of pavement.
UNIT VSTABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS
The need for a stabilized soil Design criteria and choice of stabilizers Testing and field
control Stabilisation in India for rural roads Use of geofabrics in unpaved road construction.
Case studies.
REFERENCS
1.

Wright, P.H., Highway Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996

2.

KhannaS.K and Justo C.E.G, Highway Engineering, New Chand and Brothers, Roorkee,
1998

3.

Croney, D., Design and Performance of Road Pavements, HMO Stationary Office, 1979.

4.

Design and Specification of Rural Roads (Manual), Ministry of rural roads, Government
of India, New Delhi, 2001

5.

Yoder R.J and WitchakM.W., Principles of Pavement Design, John Wiley, 2000.

6.

Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements, IRC:37 - 2001, The Indian roads
Congress, New Delhi.

7.

Guideline for the Design of Rigid Pavements for Highways, IRC:58-1998, The

Indian

Roads Congress, New Delhi.

8.

O Flaherty, C.A., Highway Engineering Vol. 2, Edward Arnold Cp., 1978.

9.

Bell. P.S., Developments in Highway Engineering Applied Sciences publishers, 1978.


GT0703

REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

UNIT I PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS

Historical Background, Principles, Concepts and Mechanisms of reinforced earth.
UNIT II MATERIALS
Materials used in reinforced soil structures, fill materials, reinforcing materials metal strips,
Geotextile, Geogrids, Geomembranes, Geocomposites and Geojutes, Geofoam, Natural fibers facing elements
UNIT III DESIGN ASPECTS AND APPLICATION
Design aspects of reinforced earth. Design and applications of reinforced earth of various
structures, like retaining walls, foundations, pavements, embankments and slopes - drains - liners
for liquid containment.
UNIT IV DURABILITY OF REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
Measurement of corrosion factors, resistivity - redox potential, water content, pH,
electrochemical corrosion, bacterial corrosion.
UNIT V CASE HISTORIES AND APPLICATIONS
Performance studies of reinforced dams, embankments, pavements, railroads, foundations and
underground structure - case studies.
REFERENCES
1. Jewell, R.A., Soil Reinforcement with Geotextile, CIRIA, London, 1996.
2. John, N.W.M., Geotextiles, John Blackie and Sons Ltd., London, 1987.
3. Jones, C.J.F.P., Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures, Earthworks, London, 1982.
4. Koerner, R.M., Designing with Geosynthetics, (Third Edition), Prentice Hell, 1997.
5. Proc. Conference on polymer and Reinforcement, Thomas Telford Co., London, 1984.

6. John S. Horvath, GeofoamGeosynthetic, Horvath Engineering P.C. Scarsdale, New York,

U.S.A, 1998.
7. Gray, D.H., and Sotir, R.B., Biotechnical and Soil Engineering Slope Stabilization: A
practical Guide for Erosion control, John Wiley & Son Inc., New York, 1996.
8. RamanathaAyyar ,T.S., Ramachandran Nair, C.G. and Balakrishna Nair, N., comprehensive
reference book on Coir Geotextile, centre for Development for Coir Technology, 2002.
GT0704

THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS

UNIT ITHEORY OF ELASTICITY

Introduction Elasticity and stability problems, concept of stress and strain plane stress, plane
strain and axisymmetric problems equation of equilibrium and compatibility stress functions.
UNIT II STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS (ELASTIC SOLUTIONS)
Stresses in elastic half-space medium by external loads fundamental solutions Boussinesq,
Flamant, Kelvin and Mindlin solution Applications of fundamental solutions Anisotropic
and non-homogeneous linear continuum Influence charts - elastic displacement.
UNIT IIILIMIT EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
Limit equilibrium analysis perfectly plastic material stress strain relationship stress and
displacement field calculations slip line solutions for undrainedand drained loading.
UNIT IV LIMIT ANALYSIS
Limit analysis principles of virtual work theorems of plastic collapse Mechanism for plane
plastic collapse Simple solutions for drained and undrained loading stability of slopes, cuts
and retaining structures. Centrifuge model Principles and scale effects, practical considerations
UNIT V FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
Flow through porous media Darcys law General equation of flow steady state condition
solution by flow net fully saturated conditions.

REFERENCES
1.

Aysen, A., Soil Mechanics: Basic concepts and Engineering Applications, A.A.Balkema
Publishers, 2002.

2.

Ulrich Smoltc, YK, Geotechnical Engineering Handbook (Vol.1), Ernot&Sohn, 2002.

3.

Aysen, A., Problem Solving in Soil Mechanics, A.A.Balkema Publishers, 2003.

4.

Davis, R.O., and Selvadurai, A.P.S., Elasticity and Geomechanics, Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

5.

Taylor, R.N., Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology, Blackie Academic and Professional,

1995.

6.

Wai-Fah Chen, and Liu, X.L., Limit Analysis in Soil Mechanics, Elsevier Science Ltd.,
1991.

7.

Muni Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Network, 2000.

8.

Alkinson, J.H., Foundations and Slopes, McGraw Hill, 1981.

9.

Harr, M.E., Foundations of Theoretical Soil Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1966.

10.

Cedergren, H.R., Seepage, Drainage and Flownets, John Wiley, 1997.

11.

Winterkorn, H.F., and Fang, H.Y., Foundation Engineering Handbook, Galgotia,

Booksource, 2000.

GT0705

EARTH PRESSURE AND EARTH RETAINING

STRUCTURES

UNIT IEARTH PRESSURE THEORIES

Introduction State of stress in retained soil mass Earth pressure theories Classical and
graphical techniques Active and passive cases Earth pressure due to external loads, empirical
methods. Wall movement and complex geometry.

UNIT II DRAINAGE AND STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

Lateral pressure due to compaction, strain softening, wall flexibility, influence of drainage. Each
pressure due to earthquake forces Stability of retaining structure.
UNIT III SHEET PILE WALLS
Retaining structure Selection of soil parameters Analysis and design of cantilever and
anchored sheet pile walls. Deadman and continuous anchor. Diaphragm and bored pile walls
Design requirements.
UNIT IVSUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS
Lateral pressure on sheeting in braced excavation, stability against piping and bottom heaving.
Earth pressure around tunnel lining, shaft and silos.
UNIT V DESIGN OF REINFORCED EARTH RETAINING WALL
Reinforced earth retaining wall principles, Concepts and mechanism of reinforced Earth
Design consideration of reinforced earth Materials used in reinforced earth - Geotextile
Geogrids, Metal strips, facing elements.
REFERENCES:
1.

Winterkorn, H.F. and Fang, H.Y., Foundation Engineering Handbook, Galgotia Booksource, 2000.

2.

Rowe, R.K., Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 2001.

3.

Militisky, J. and Woods, R., Earth and Earth retaining structures, Routledge, 1992.

4.

Koerner, R.M., Design with Geosynthetics (Third Edition), Prentice Hall, 1997.

5.

Day, R.W., Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering: Design and Construction, McGraw
Hill, 1999.

6.

Das, B.M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (Fourth Edition). The PWS series in
Civil Engineering, 1998

7.

Clayton, C.R.I., Militisky, J. and Woods, R.I., Earth pressure and Earth-Retaining
structures (Second Edition), Survey University Press, 1993.

8.

Mandal, J.N., Reinforced Soil and Geotextiles, Oxford &IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.

9.

McCarthy, D.F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics (Sixth
Edition), Prentice Hall, 2002.

GT0706

EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS

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UNIT IDESIGN CONSIDERATION

Design consideration, Factors influencing design, Types of earth and rockfill dams, Design
details, Provisions to control pore pressure.
UNIT IIFAILURE AND DAMAGES
Failure and damages, Nature and importance of failures in embankment and foundation piping,
Differential settlement, Foundation slides, Earthquake damage creep and anisotropic effects,
Reservoir wave action, Dispersive piping
UNIT IIISEEPAGE ANALYSIS
Seepage analysis, Flownets, Stability conditions during construction, Full reservoir and
drawdown.
UNIT IVSTABILITY OF SLOPES
Introduction, Stability of infinite and finite slopes, Limit Equilibrium method, Wedge analysis,
Method of Slices, Bishops method, Janbus method etc. Special aspects of slope analysis,
stability charts.
UNIT V SPECIAL DESIGN PROBLEM
Special design problems, Slope protection, Filter design, Foundation treatment, Earth dams on
pervious soil foundation, Treatment of rock foundation, Construction Techniques, Quality
control and performance measurement, Applications of Geosynthetics in earth and rockfill dams.
REFERENCES
1.

Rowe, R.K., Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, Kulwer

Academic Publishers, 2001.

2.

Anderson, M.G., and Richards, K.S., Slope Stability, John Wiley, 1987.

3.

Sherard, J.L., Woodward, R.J., Gizienski, R.J. and Clevenger, W.A., Earth and Earth rock
dam, John Wiley, 1963.

4.

Chowdhury, D.F., Slope analysis, Prentice Hall, 1988.

5.

McCarthy, R.N., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics Sixth
Edition), Prentice Hall, 2002.

6.

Bramhead, E.N., The Stability of Slopes, Blacky Academic and Professionals

Publications, Glassow 1986.
Chandhar, R.J., Engineering Developments and Applications, Thomas Terlod, 1991.

GT0707

ROCK MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING

PRACTICE

UNIT ICLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

Rocks of peninsular India and the Himalayas - Index properties and classification of rock
masses, competent and incompetent rock - value of RMR and ratings in field estimations.
UNIT IISTRENGTH CRITERIA OF ROCKS
Behaviour of rock under hydrostatic compression and deviatric loading - Models of rock failure planes of weakness and joint characteristics - joint testing, Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion and
tension cut-off. Hook and Brown Strength criteria for rocks with discontinuity sets.
UNIT IIIDESIGN ASPECTS IN ROCKS
Insitu stresses and their measurements, flat jack-over-under coring methods - stress around
underground excavations - Design aspects of openings in rocks - case studies.
UNIT IV SLOPE STABILITY OF ROCKS
Rock slopes - role of discontinuities in slop failure, slope analysis and factor of safety - remedial
measures for critical slopes - case studies.
UNIT V REINFORCEMENT OF ROCKS
Reinforcement of fractured and joined rocks - shotcreting, bolting, installation methods - case
studies.
REFERENCES
1. Goodman, R.E., Introduction to rock mechanics, John Willey and Sons, 1989.

2. Hook, E and Bray, J., Rock slope Engineering, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, U.K.
1981.
3. Hook, E and Brown, E.T., Underground Excavations in Rock, Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, U.K. 1981.
4. Obvert, L. and Duvall, W., Rock Mechanics and the Design of structures in Rock, John
Wiley, 1967.
5. Bazant, Z.P., Mechanics of Geomaterials Rocks, Concrete and Soil, John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester, 1985.
6. Wittke, W., Rock Mechanics. Theory and Applications with case Histories, Springerverlag,
Berlin, 1990.
GT0708

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND

APPLICATIONS

UNIT IBASIC CONCEPTS

Basic concepts - Discretization of continuum, typical elements, the element characteristic matrix,
Element assembly and solution for unknowns - Applications.
UNIT IIVARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES
Variational principles, variational formulation of boundary value problems, Variational methods
approximation such as Ritz and weighted residual (Galerkin) methods, Applications
UNIT IIIDISPLACEMENTS BASED ELEMENTS
Displacements based elements, finite elements for axial symmetry. One-dimensional problems
of stress, deformation and flow, Assembly, Convergence requirements, Finite elements analysis
of two-dimensional problems. The linear and quadratic triangle, Natural coordinates.
UNIT IVISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
Application of FEM to Problems in soils and rocks, Introduction to non-linearity, Finite
difference method, Description and Description and application to consolidation, seepage,
Winkler foundation etc.,

UNIT VAPPLICATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Application of FEM to Problems in soils and rocks, Introduction to non-linearity, Finite
difference method, Description and application to consolidation, seepage, Winkler foundations
etc.,
REFERENCES
1. Cook, R.D., Malkus, D.S., and Plesha, M.E., Concepts and Applications of Finite Element
Analysis, John Wiley, 1989.
2. Reddy, J.N., An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, McGraw Hill, 1984.
3. Chadrapati, A.T., and Beligundu., Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, PrenticeHall, 1991.
4. Rockey, K.C., Erans, H.R., Griffiths, D.W., and Nethercot, D.A., The Finite Element
method, Grostry Lockwood Staples, London, 1975.
5. Rajasekaran, S., Finite Element Analysis in Engineering Design, Wheller Publishing,
Allahabad, 1993.
6. Smith, I.M., Programming the Finite Element Method with Application to Geomechanics,
John Wiley and sons, New Delhi, 2000.
7. Gupta, O.P. Finite and Boundary Element Methods in Engineering, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
8. Rao, S.S. The finite element method in engineering, Butterworth - Heinemann., 1998.
9. Potts, D.M. and Zdramcovic, L., Finite Element analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Application, Thomas Telford, 2001.
10. Shen, J. and Kushwaha. R.L., Soil-Machine Interaction - A finite element perspective Moral
Dikker, Inc. 1998.
GT0709

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

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UNIT I SOIL-FOUNDATION INTERACTION

Introduction to soil - Foundation interaction problems, Soil behaviour, Foundation behaviour,
Interface, behaviour, Scope of soil-foundation interaction analysis, soil response models,

Winkler, Elastic continuum, Two parameter elastic models, Elastic plastic behaviour, Time
dependent behaviour.
UNIT II BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION - SOIL MODELS
Infinite beam, Two parameters, Isotropic elastic half space, Analysis of beams of finite length,
Classification of finite beams in relation to their stiffness.
UNIT III PLATE ON ELASTIC MEDIUM
Infinite plate, Winkler, Two parameters, Isotropic elastic medium, Thin and thick plates,
Analysis of finite plates, rectangular and circular plates, Numerical analysis of finite plates,
simple solutions.
UNIT IV ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF PILE
Elastic analysis of single pile, Theoretical solutions for settlement and load distribution, Analysis
of pile group, Interaction analysis, Load distribution in groups with rigid cap.
UNIT V LATERALLY LOADED PILE
Load deflection prediction for laterally loaded piles, subgrade reaction and elastic analysis,
Interaction analysis, and pile raft system, solutions through influence charts.
REFERENCES
1. Hemsley, J.A, Elastic Analysis of Raft Foundations, Thomas Telford, 1998.
2. McCarthy, D.F. Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, basic geotechnics (6th
Edition), Prentice Hall, 2002.
3. Selvadurai, A.P.S., Elastic Analysis of Soil Foundation Interaction, Elsevier, 1979.
4. Poulos, H.G., and Davis, E.H., Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John Wiley, 1980.
5. Scott, R.F. Foundation Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1981.
6. Structure Soil Interaction - State of Art Report, Institution of structural Engineers, 1978.
ACI 336, Suggested Analysis and Design Procedures for Combined Footings and Mats,
American Concrete Institute, Dehit, 1988.

GT0710

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING

3
0
UNIT IELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND DYNAMICS

Theory of vibration - Basic Definition - Governing equation for single degree freedom system Forced vibrations - Rotating mass type excitation

- Base excitation - Isolation vibration

measuring instruments. Mechanism of Earthquakes - Causes of earthquake - Earthquake Fault

sources - Elastic Rebound theory - Seismic wave in Earthquake shaking - Definition of
earthquake terms - Locating an earthquake - Quantification of earthquakes.
UNIT IIGROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS
Strong Motion Records -characteristics of ground motion - Factors influencing ground motion Estimation of frequency content parameters - (Seismic site investigations - Evaluation of
Dynamic soil properties
UNIT IIIGROUND RESPONSE ANALYSIS - LOCAL SITE EFFECTS AND DESIGN
GROUND MOTION
Wave propagation Analysis - Site Amplification Need for Ground Response Analysis - Method
of analysis - One Dimensional Analysis - Equipment linear Analysis site effects - Design Ground
Motion - Developing Design Ground Motion.Application of software package Edushake Shake-91.
UNIT IVSEISMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS
Earthquake - Resistant Design of foundation of buildings - Design considerations - Geotechnical
- Architectural - Structures - Capacity Design - Seismic analysis.

Earthquake Response of

slopes - Evaluation of slope stability - Pseudostatic Analysis - Newmark's Study of Block

Analysis - Dynamic Analysis - Earth pressure due to ground shaking Evaluation. LiquefactionSusceptibility-Evaluation Cyclic stress approach - Liquefaction Resistance - Laboratory and
Field Tests with interpretation - Lateral Deformation - Case Study.
UNIT VEARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION
Seismic risk vulnerability and hazard - Percept of risk - risk mapping - scale - hazard assessment
- Maintenance and modifications to improve hazard resistance - Different type of foundation and
its impact on safety - Ground Improvement Techniques.

REFERENCES
1. KameswaraRao, N.S.V., Dynamics soil tests and applications, Wheeler Publishing - New
Delhi, 2000.
2. KrammerS.L., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, prentice hall, international series,
Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
3. KameswaraRao, Vibration Analysis and Foundation Dynamics, wheeler Publishing, New
Delhi, 1998.

GT0711

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY

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UNIT I SOIL POLLUTANT INTERACTION

Introduction to Geo environmental engineering environmental cycle sources, production and
classification of waste causes of soil pollution factors governing soil-pollutant interaction
failures of foundations due to pollutants case studies.
UNIT II SITE SELECTION AND SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTE
Safe disposal of waste site selection for land fills characterization of land fill sites waste
characterization stability of land fills current practice of waste disposal passive containment
system application of geo synthetics in solid waste management rigid or flexible liners
UNIT III TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS
Contaminant transport in sub surface advection diffusion dispersion governing equations
contaminant transformation sorption biodegradation ion exchange precipitation
hydrological consideration in land fill design ground water pollution bearing capacity of
compacted fills foundation for waste fill ground pollution of aquifers by mixing of liquid
waste protecting aquifers.
UNIT IV WASTE STABILIZATION AND DISPOSAL
Hazardous waste control and storage system stabilization/ solidification of wastes micro and
macro encapsulation absorption, adsorption, precipitation- detoxification mechanism of

stabilization organic and inorganic stabilization utilization of solid waste for soil
improvement.
UNIT V REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS
Rational approach to evaluate and remediate contaminated sites monitored natural attenuation
exsitu and insitu remediation solidification, bio remediation, incineration, soil washing,
electro kinetics, soil heating, verification, bio venting Ground water remediation pump and
treat, air sparging, reactive well.
REFERENCES
1.

Wentz, C.A., Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw Hill, Singapore, 1989.

2.

Daniel, B.E., Geotechnical Practice for waste disposal, Chapman and Hall, London,
1993.

3.

Proceedings of the International symposium of Environmental Geotechnology (Vol.I and

II), Environmental Publishing Company, 1986 and 1989.

4.

Ott, W.R., Environmental Indices, Theory and Practice, Ann. Arbor, 1978.

5.

Fried, J.J., Ground Water Pollution, Elsevier, 1975.

6.

ASTM Special Technical Publication 874, Hydraulic Barrier in Soil and Rock, 1985.

7.

Westlake, K., (1995), Landfill Waste pollution and Control, Albion Publishing Ltd.,
England, 1995.

8.

Lagrega, M.d., Buckingham, P.L., and Evans, J.C., Hazardous Waste Management,
McGraw Hill, Inc. Singapore, 1994.

GT0712

GEOSYNHETICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

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UNIT I AN OVERVIEW
Historical Development Types of Geosynthetics Geotextiles Geogrids- Geonets
Geomembranes Geocomposites Functions Reinforcement Separation Filtration
Drainage Barrier Functions.

UNIT IIRAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING METHODS

Methods Polyamide Polyster Polyethylene Polypropylene Poly Vinyl Chloride
Woven Monofilament Multifilament Slit Filament Non-Woven Mechanically bondedChemically bonded Thermally bonded.
UNIT III PHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
Physical properties : Mass per unit area Thickness Specific gravity; Hydraulic properties
:Apparent open size Permittivity Transmissivity.
UNIT IV MECHANICALLY PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY
Mechanical Properties : Uniaxial Tensile Strength Burst and Puncture Strength Soil
Geosynthetic friction tests; Durability : Abrasion resistance Ultraviolet resistance.
UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
Use of geosynthetics for filtration and drainage Use of geosynthetics in roads Use of
renforced soil in Retaining walls Improvement of bearing capacity Geosynthetics in land
fills.
REFERENCES :
1.

Engineering with Geosynthetics by G.VenkatappaRao and G.V.SSuryanarayanaRaju Tata

McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1990.

2.

Construction and Geotechnical Methods in Foundation Engineering by Robert M. Koerner

McGraw Hill, New York, 1985.

3.

Designing with Geosynthetics by Robert M. Koerner, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, UAS,1989.

GT0713

FOUNDATION ON EXPANSIVE SOILS

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UNIT I GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Origin of expansive soils Physical properties of expansive soils Mineralogical composition
Identification of expansive soils Field conditions that favour swelling Consequences of
swelling.
UNIT IISWELLING CHARACTERISTICS
Swelling characteristics Laboratory tests Prediction of swelling characteristics Evaluation
of heave.
UNIT III TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING SWELLING
Horizontal moisture barriers Vertical moisture barriers Surface and subsurface drainage
Prewetting Soil replacement Sand cushion techniques CNS layer technique.
UNIT IV FOUNDATIONS ON EXPANSIVE SOILS
Belled piers Bearing capacity and skin friction Advantages and disadvantages Design of
belled piers Underreamed piles Design and construction.
UNIT V MODIFICATION OF SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS
Lime stabilization Mechainsms Limitations Lime injection Lime columns Mixing
Chemical stabilization Construction.
REFERENCES
1.

FU HUA CHEN, Foundations on Expansive Soils, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,

New York.

2.

GopalRanjan&A.S.RRao, Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age International

Publishers New Delhi.

3.

Hand Book on Underreamed and Bored Compaction Pile Foundation, CBRI, Roorkee.

4.

IS : 2720 (Part XLI) 1977 Measurement of Swelling Pressure of Soils.

5.

R.K.Katti, Search for Solutions in Expansive Soils.

6.

Alam Singh, Modern Geotechnical Engineering, Geo-Environ Academia, Jodhapur.

7.

Swami Saran, Analysis and Design of Substructures, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

GT0714

MECHANICS OF UNSATURATED SOILS

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UNIT I STATE OF UNSATURATED SOIL

Definition Interdisciplinary nature of unsaturated soil soil classification Natureand practice
stress profiles, stress state variables - material variables constitutive law suction potential of
soil water
UNIT II PHYSICS OF SOIL WATER SYSTEM
Physical properties of Air and water partial pressure and relative Humidity Densityof moist air
surface Tension cavitations of water. Solubility of Air in water Air water solid interface
vapor pressure lowering soil water characteristic-curve.Capillary tube model contacting
sphere model.Young Laplace equation Heightof capillary rise Rate of capillary rise
capillary pore size distribution theoreticalbasis determination laboratory method.
UNIT III STRESS STATE VARIABLES AND SHEAR STRENGTH
Effective-stress stress between two spherical particles Hysteresis in SWCC stress
parameter, stress tensor stress control by Axis Translation analyticalrepresentation of stress
volume change characteristics. Extended Mohr Coulombcriterion shear strength parameters
Interpretation of Direct shear test results andTri axial test results unified representation of
failure envelope Influence of suctionin earth pressure distribution.
UNIT IV STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOWS
Driving mechanism Permeability and Hydraulic conductivity capillary barriers steady
infiltration and evaporation Vapor flow Air diffusion in water. Principles forpore liquid flow
Rate of infiltration, Transient suction and moisture profiles.Principles for Pore Gas flow
Barometric pumping Analysis.
UNIT V MATERIAL VARIABLE MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING
Measurement of total suction psychrometers Filter paper measurement of matricsuction
High Air Entry disks Direct measurements Tensiometers Airtranslationtechnique Indirect
measurements Thermal conductivity sensors measurement of osmotic suction squeezing
technique soil water characteristiccurves and Hydraulic conductivity models.

REFERENCES:
1. Fredlund, D.G. and Rahardjo, H. Soil Mechanics for unsaturated soils, JohnWiley & Sons,
INC, New York.2003.
2. Ning Lu and William, J. Likes, Unsaturated Soil Mechanics, John Wiley &sons, INC. New
Jersey, 2004
3. Ng Charles, W.W., Menzies Bruce, Advanced unsaturated Soil Mechanismand Engineering,
Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.
4. Ning Lu, Laureano R. Hoyes and Lakshmi Reddi, Advances in unsaturatedsoil, seepage and
Environmental Geotechnics, ASCE., Geotechnical specialpublication No.148.

GT0715

REMOTE SENSING AND ITS

APPLICATION IN GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING

UNIT I
Definitions and introduction to remote sensing, components of remote sensing system, active and
passive remote sensing, electromagnetic radiations and their interactions with the earth features
and atmosphere.Spectral windows and spectral signatures and their significance in remote
sensing. Radiometric quantities used in the collection of spectral signatures. Remote sensing
satellite orbits, image acquisition process, repeativity, row/path and ground swath and coverage.
UNIT II
Various remote sensing platforms like ground based, air borne and satellite based. Passive and
active remote sensors: Return Beam Videocon (RBV), Multi-Spectral Scanners (MSS), Thematic
Mapper (TM), push broom scanners, Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS), thermal infrared
scanning systems, radiometers, Radar, Lidar and SAR. Spectral and spatial resolution of various
remote sensors with special relevance to Indian Remote Sensing satellites. Different types of
remotely sensed data products.

UNIT III
Geometry, radiometry and pre-processing of remotely sensed imagery. Ground truth collection
and geo-referencing of imagery.Characteristics of photographic images.Colour, tone and texture,
photo-imterpretation keys, techniques of photo-interpretation.Digital image classification
techniques and extraction of thematic information.
UNIT IV
Global Positioning System (GPS) : Introduction & components of GPS, Space segment, control
segement and user segment, Elements of Satellite based Surveys Map datums, GPS receivers,
GPS observation methods and their advantages over conventional methods. Geographic
Information System (GIS)- Definition of GIS, Geographical concepts and terminology,
Components of GIS, Data acquisition, Raster and vector formats, scanners and digitizers.
Advantages of GPS and GIS in the storage thematic information extracted from remotely sensed
images.
UNIT V
Role of remote sensing and GIS in terrain investigation and advantages over conventional
mapping techniques.Extraction of topographic information from remotely sensed data and
generation of digital terrain model from stereo pairs of images. Resource mapping for
engineering project : selection of sites for construction materials, water resources, soil, buildings,
railways and highways etc. using remotely sensed data. Geological mapping for the geotechnical
investigations of soil strata.Monitoring of areas prone to landslides using remote sensing, digital
model and GIS. Application of visible, infra-red and microwave remote sensing for the
identification of soil types, grain size and moisture studies.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.

Remote Sensing and image interpretation by LillesandT.M. and Kiefer R.W. John Wiley
and Sons. New York.
Introduction to remote sensing by J.B. Campbell, Taylor & Francis, London.
Introductory digital image processing by J.R. Jensen, Prentice Hall International
Ltd.,London.
Remote Sensing in Civil Engineering, by Kennie, T.J.M. and Matthews M.C. Surrey
University Press, Glasgow.

GT0715

MARINE FOUNDATIONS

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UNIT I MARINE SOILS

Origin, nature and distribution of marine soils their engineering properties sampling and
sample disturbance in-situ testing.
UNIT II OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
Introduction of fixed and floating platforms steel, concrete and hybrid platforms.
UNIT III DESIGN CRITERIA
Environmental loading wind, wave and current loads after installation.
UNIT IV SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Site investigation types of shallow foundation for structures on sea bed Bearing capacity
effect of eccentric and inclined loads construction
UNIT V DEEP FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS
Pile foundation Axial capacity Lateral capacity deflections constructions anchored
foundations.
REFERENCES
1. Swamisaran, Analysis and Design of Substructures, Oxford & IBH Publishing company
Private Ltd., Delhi.
2. H.G.Poulos, Marine Geotechniques, Unwin Hyman, London.
3. Pienne Le Tirrant, Sea bed Recermaissquce and Offshore Soil Mechanics for the installation
of petroleum structures, Gulf Publishing Company, Hougtan, Texas.