Outline of philosophy

Outline of philosophy
Philosophy

Philosophers

Aestheticians

Epistemologists

Ethicists

Logicians

Metaphysicians

Social and political philosophers

Traditions

Analytic

Continental

Eastern

Islamic

Platonic

Scholastic

Periods

Ancient
Medieval

Modern
Contemporary

Literature

Aesthetics

Epistemology

Ethics

Logic

Metaphysics

Political philosophy

Branches

Aesthetics

Epistemology

Ethics

Logic

Metaphysics

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Social philosophy

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Index

Outline

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Outline of philosophy

Problems

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Glossary

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Philosophy portal

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy:

Philosophy study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as
mysticism, myth, or the arts) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3]
The word "Philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (), which literally means "love of
wisdom".[4][5][6]

Core areas of philosophy

The core areas of philosophy are:

Aesthetics The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.
Epistemology The study of the nature and scope of knowledge and belief.
Ethics The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics.
Logic The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
Metaphysics The study of the state of being and the nature of reality.

Ontology The study of being and existence.

Social philosophy The study of questions about social behavior.
Political philosophy The study of the ideas that become political values.

Major fields of philosophy

Other than the core areas, there are several fields of study formally within philosophy. They are:
Philosophy of Government

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of science
Applied Ethics
Bioethics
Environmental ethics
Mathematical logic
Philosophical logic
Meta-ethics
Applied philosophy
Meta-philosophy
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy of biology
Philosophy of chemistry
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of engineering

Outline of philosophy

Philosophy of history
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of music
Philosophy of perception
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of psychology
Philosophy of social science
Philosophy of space and time
Teleology

History of philosophy
Ancient philosophy
Axial Age

Western philosophy
Medieval philosophy
Renaissance philosophy
Modern philosophy

Contemporary philosophy
Analytic philosophy
Continental philosophy

Philosophical theories
Major traditions in philosophy
Philosophical movements
Ancient

Confucianism
Platonic realism
Aristotelianism
Pythagoreanism
Pyrrhonian skepticism
Epicureanism (hedonism)
Stoicism
Cynicism

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Medieval

Neo-Confucianism
Neoplatonism
Thomism
Scotism
Scholasticism

Modern

Empiricism
Existentialism
German idealism
Logicism
Logical Positivism
Modernism
Phenomenology
Pragmatism
Rationalism

Utilitarianism
Contemporary

Deconstructionism (See also deconstructivism).

Emotivism
Postmodernism
Poststructuralism
Structuralism
Objectivism

Philosophies by branch
Aesthetics

Symbolism
Romanticism
Historicism
Classicism
Modernism
Postmodernism
Psychoanalytic theory

Outline of philosophy
Epistemology

Coherentism
Constructivist epistemology
Contextualism
Determinism
Empiricism
Fallibilism
Foundationalism
Holism
Infinitism
Innatism
Internalism and externalism
Nave realism
Naturalized epistemology
Objectivist epistemology
Phenomenalism
Positivism

Reductionism
Reliabilism
Representative realism
Rationalism
Skepticism
Theory of Forms
Transcendental idealism
Uniformitarianism

Ethics

Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Ethics of care

Metaphysics

Anti-realism
Cartesian dualism
Free will
Liberty
Materialism
Meaning of life
Idealism
Existentialism
Essentialism
Libertarianism
Determinism
Naturalism

Monism
Platonic idealism

Outline of philosophy

Hindu idealism
Phenomenalism
Nihilism
Realism
Physicalism
MOQ
Relativism
Scientific realism
Solipsism
Subjectivism
Substance theory
Type theory

Social and political philosophy

Anarchism
Authoritarianism
Conservatism

Liberalism
Libertarianism
National liberalism
Socialism
Utilitarianism
Conflict theory
Consensus theory

Philosophy of language

Causal theory of reference

Contrast theory of meaning
Contrastivism
Conventionalism
Cratylism
Deconstruction
Descriptivist theory of names
Direct reference theory
Dramatism
Expressivism
Linguistic determinism
Logical atomism
Logical positivism
Mediated reference theory
Nominalism
Non-cognitivism
Phallogocentrism
Quietism
Relevance theory

Semantic externalism
Semantic holism

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Structuralism
Supposition theory
Symbiosism
Theological noncognitivism
Theory of descriptions
Verification theory

Philosophy of law

Analytical jurisprudence
Deontological ethics
Legal moralism
Legal positivism
Legal realism
Libertarian theories of law
Maternalism
Natural law
Paternalism

Utilitarianism
Virtue jurisprudence
Philosophy of mind

Behaviourism
Biological naturalism
Dualism
Eliminative materialism
Emergent materialism
Epiphenomenalism
Functionalism
Identity theory
Interactionism
Materialism
Mind-body problem
Monism
Nave realism
Neutral monism
Phenomenalism
Phenomenology (Existential phenomenology)
Physicalism
Pragmatism
Property dualism
Representational theory of mind
Solipsism
Substance dualism

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Philosophy of religion

Theories of religion
Acosmism
Agnosticism
Animism
Antireligion
Atheism
Dharmism
Deism
Divine command theory
Dualism
Esotericism
Exclusivism
Existentialism(Christian
Agnostic
Atheist)
Feminist theology

Fundamentalism
Gnosticism
Henotheism
Humanism(Religious
Secular
Christian)
Inclusivism
Monism
Monotheism
Mysticism
Naturalism(Metaphysical
Religious
Humanistic)
New Age
Nondualism
Nontheism
Pandeism
Pantheism
Perennialism
Polytheism
Process theology
Spiritualism
Shamanism
Taoic
Theism
Transcendentalism
more...

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Metatheory of science

Confirmation holism
Coherentism
Contextualism
Conventionalism
Deductive-nomological model
Determinism
Empiricism
Fallibilism
Foundationalism
Hypothetico-deductive model
Infinitism
Instrumentalism
Positivism
Pragmatism
Rationalism
Received view of theories

Reductionism
Semantic view of theories
Scientific realism
Scientism
Scientific anti-realism
Skepticism
Uniformitarianism
Vitalism

Philosophical literature
Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
A History of Western Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell
A History of Philosophy, by Frederick Copleston

Philosophers
Timeline of Western philosophers
Timeline of Eastern philosophers

References
[1] Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of
problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality,
reason and human purpose."
[2] A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain
insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
[3] Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is
rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the
justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in
this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its
systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics
replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole.
Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what

Outline of philosophy
they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by
directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form,
the rules or principles involved."
[4] Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/
ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=#111487)
[5] Online Etymology Dictionary (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?search=philosophy& searchmode=none)
[6] The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles
underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe".

External links
Taxonomy of Philosophy (http://consc.net/taxonomy.html) topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the
category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
PhilPapers (http://philpapers.org/) comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names (http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/index.htm)
EpistemeLinks: Philosophy Resources on the Internet (http://www.epistemelinks.org/)
Guide to Philosophy on the Internet (http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/gpi/index.htm)
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (http://www.iep.utm.edu/)
The Ism Book (http://www.ismbook.com/)
Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners) (http://www.galilean-library.org/philosophy.
html)
Philosophical positions (http://www.db.dk/jni/lifeboat/Concepts/Position.htm) (philosophy, movement,
school, theory, etc.)
The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (http://plato.stanford.edu/)

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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