Huong Nguyen

pdemath@gmail.com

ICT, Mathematics 1
December 8, 2014

Exercises
1. Contruct a truth table for each of these compound propositions.
a) (p q) q
d) (p q) (
p q)
g) (p q) (
p q)

b) (p q) (
q p)
e) (p q) (p q)
h) (
p q) (p q)

c) (p q) (
p q)
f) (p q) (q p)

2. Contruct a truth table for each of these compound propositions.

a) (p q) r
d) (p q) (
p r)

b) (p q) r
e) (p q) (
q r)

c) (p q) (
p r)
f) (
p q) (q r)

3. Are the following propositions logically equivalent?

a) (p q) r and (p r) (q r).
b) p (q r) and (p q) (p r).
4. Let p, q, and r are propositions. Assume that (p q) (p r) and (p q)
(p r) are true propositions. Prove that q r is true.
5. Contruct a truth table for each of these compound propositions.
a) (p q) (p Y q)
d) (p q) Y (
p q)

b) (p Y q) (
p q)
e) (p Y q) (p Y q)

c) (p q) Y (
p q)
f) (p Y q) (p Y q)

6. Evaluate each of these expressions

a) 11001 (01011 10010)
b) (00111 11011) 10110)
c) (11001 Y 10100) (11111 10010)
 2

 x 4x + 3 0}, B = {x R  |x 1| 1} and
7. Given three sets
A
=
{x

R

C = {x R  x2 5x + 6 < 0}. Determine (A B) C and (A B) C.
8. Let A, B be two subsets of a set U . Prove that
A.

a) If A B then B
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b) If A and B are disjoint then each element of U belongs to either A or B.
c) A B A B = B A B = E.
= .
d) A B A B = A A B
9. Let A1 , A2 be two sets. Find disjoint sets B1 , B2 such that B1 B2 = A1 A2 .
10. Suppose that sets A and B satisfy |A| = 101, |B| = 88 and |B \ A| = 31.
Determine |A \ B|.
11. Prove that
a) (A \ B) \ C = A \ (B C),
b) A \ (B \ C) = (A \ B) (A C),
c) (A B) \ C = (A B) \ (A C),
d) (A \ B) \ (A \ C) = (A \ B) C = (A C) \ B.
12. Given a set A of n elements. Determine the cardinality of the set of all subsets
of A.
13. Given a set A and denote by P(A) the set of all subsets of A. Prove that
(a) P(A B) = P(A) P(B).
(b) P(A B) P(A) P(B).
(c) P(A \ B) \ P(A) \ P(B).
14. Make and prove a conjecture regarding the relationship between the sets A
(B \ C) and (A B) \ (A C).
15. Let X be a set. For each subset A of X, let 1A : X {0; 1} be the indicator
function with respect to A, that is, 1A (x) = 1 iff x A.
(a) Find 1 , 1X .
(b) Show that 1A + 1A = 1.
(c) Prove that 1AB = min{1A , 1B } and 1AB = max{1A , 1B }.
(d) Verify that A = B iff 1A = 1B .
(e) For given subsets A, B, find subset C such that 1C = |1A 1B |.
(f) Using these results prove the De Morgans law.
16. Verify that (A B) (C D) = (A C) (B D). Find an example that in
general (A B) (C D) 6= (A C) (B D).
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17. Let U ={1, 2, . . . , 9} be the universal set, and let A = {n  n U, n is odd} and
B = {n  n U, n is a perfect square}. Compute the cardinality of
a) U U

b) A B

c) A B

d) A B

e) (A B) (A B)

f) (A \ B) (B \ A)

18. Given two mappings f : R \ {0} R, x 7

1
x

and g : R R, f (x) =

2x
x2 +1

Are these mappings injective? surjective? Find g(R) and g f .

19. Let f : R2 R2 be given by
f (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy),
where a, b, c, d R. Find the condition of a, b, c, d that f is bijective and find
f 1 in this case.
20. Given a mapping f : R \ {1} R, x 7

x2
x+1

(a) Verify whether f is an injection? a surjection?

(b) Find f (A) and f 1 (A) of the set A = {2, 1, 3}.
21. Given a map f : R2 R2 , (x1 , x2 ) 7 (2x1 + x2 + m, x1 2x2 m).
(a) Prove that f is a bijection and find its inverse.

(b) Determine f (A) and f 1 (A) where A = {(x1 , x2 ) R2  (x1 + m)2 (x2
m)2 = 1}.




22. (a) Given a map f : R R, x 7 3x2 +2. Find f f 1 ([0, 1]) and f 1 f ([0, 5]) .
(b) Given a mapping f : X Y , A X and B Y . Prove that




A f f 1 (A) , f 1 f (B) B.
Under which conditions do the equalities hold?
23. Let A and B be two subsets of a set X and f : X Y . Prove that
a) A B f (A) f (B).
b) f (A B) f (A) f (B). Given an example that the identity does not hold
in general.
c) f (A B) = f (A) f (B).
24. Let A and B be two subsets of a set Y and f : X Y . Prove that
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a) A B f 1 (A) f 1 (B).
b) f 1 (A B) = f 1 (A) f 1 (B).
c) f 1 (A B) = f 1 (A) f 1 (B).
c) f 1 (A \ B) = f 1 (A) \ f 1 (B).
25. Given two mappings f : A C and g : B D. Define a map h : AB C D
by
h(a, b) = (f (a), g(b)), a A, b B.
(a) Prove that if f and g are injective then h is injective.
(b) Prove that if f and g are surjective then h is surjective.
(c) Are the converse of these statements true?
26. Given two mappings f : X Y , g : Y Z. Prove that if f is surjective, g f
is injective then g is injective.
27. Given three mappings f, f: X Y , g : Y Z.
(a) Prove that if g is injective, g f = g f then f = f.
(b) If for all f, f, g f = g f always implies f = f, then g is injective.
28. Find the signs
transpositions

1 2 3
a)
2 4 1

1 2 3
b)
3 5 4

1 2 3
c)
6 4 5
29. Decompose

1 2
(a)
4 3

1 2
(b)
6 5

1 2
(c)
5 4

of the following substitutions and decompose them into finite


4
3
4 5
1 2


4 5 6 7
3 7 1 2

the following substitutions into disjoint cycles and find their signs

3 4 5 6
6 1 2 5

3 4 5 6
3 2 4 1

3 4 5 6
2 3 1 6

30. Decompose the following substitutions into disjoint cycles an find their signs
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(a) (1, 3, 5, 4)(2, 4, 6)(1, 7, 6, 3).

(b) (2, 3, 5, 4, 7)(1, 5, 2, 3)(1, 4, 6).
31. Consider the set N of positive integers and a relation on it given by divisibility:
m 1 n iff m\n.
(a) Prove that 1 is an order relation.
(b) Find an upper bound and a lower bound of the subset A = {12, 18, 21, 63}.
(c) Determine the greatest and the least element of (N , 1 ).
(d) Prove that any prime number is a minimal element of the poset (N \{1}, 1
).
32. Let X = R2 . Define a relation (a, b) 2 (c, d) iff either (a < c b < d) or
(a = c b = d). Prove that 2 is a relation on R2 .
33. Given a set Y and a partially ordered set (X, ). In the set Z = {f : Y X}
define a relation f 3 iff f (y)  g(y) for all y Y . Prove that 3 is an order
relation on Z. Is it a partial or a total order relation?
34. Given a poset (Y, Y ). Let X be a set and f : X Y be a map. Prove that 4
is an order relation on X, where 4 is given by: x 4 x0 iff either f (x) Y f (x0 )
or x = x0 .
35. Which of the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} are equivalence relations? Determine the properties of an equivalence relation that the others lack.
(a) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
(b) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
(c) {(1, 1), (3, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
(d) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 4)}
36. Define a relation on R: xR1 y iff either x = y or x = y1 . Determine the equivalence
classes of 0, 2, 7.
37. Define a relation on N N: (a, b) 1 (c, d) iff a + d = b + c. Prove that 1 is an
equivalence relation on N N.
38. Define a relation on Z N : (a, b) 2 (c, d) iff ad = bc. Prove that 2 is an
equivalence relation on Z N .
39. For (a, b), (c, d) R2 define (a, b) 4 (c, d) iff 2a 3b = 2c 3d. Show that 4
is an equivalence relation on R2 .
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40. Let V be a subset of R2 with the following properties

If R and x = (x1 , x2 ) V then x = (x1 , x2 ) V .
If x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ) V then x + y = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) V .
Define a relation 5 in R2 as follows: x 5 y iff x y V . Prove that 5 is an
equivalence relation.
41. Given a map f : X Y and a partition of Y = ki=1 Yi . Prove that {f 1 (Yi )} is
a partition of X.
42. Given a map f : X Y and denote by 6 the equivalence relation induced by
f . Define f: X/ Y , [x] 7 f (x).
(a) Prove that f is well-defined and f is an injection.
(b) Show that if f is a surjection then f is a bijection.
43. Let m and n be positive integers such that m\n. Prove that F : Zn Zm defined
by F ([a]n ) = [a]m is well-defined.
44. Which of the following formulae defines a binary operation on the given set?
(a) x y = xy for all x, y [2, ).

(b) xy = xy for all x, y N .

(c) xy = xy for all x, y [2, ).

(d) (x1 , x2 ) + (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) for all (x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 ) R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
45. Verify for each of the following binary operations whether it is commutative,
associative, whether there is a unit, whether each element has an inverse.
(a) xy = x + 3y for all x, y Z.
(b) x y = 3(x + y) for all x, y Q.
(c) xy = x + y 1 for all x, y R.
(d) (x1 , x2 ) + (y1 , y2 ) = (4x1 y1 , x2 + y2 ) for all (x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 ) R2 .
46. Consider the set S = {a, b} and X = {f : S S} = {e, f, g, h} as follows
e(a) = a,
g(a) = b,

e(b) = b,
g(b) = b,

f (a) = a,
h(a) = b,

f (b) = a,
h(b) = a.

Compute the multiplication table for X with respect to the composition of mappings.
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47. Let X be a set. Define a multiplication on X as a b = a for all a, b X. Prove

that this operation is associative. In the case X has more than one element,
prove that this operation is not commutative and X has no neutral elements.
48. Exhibit a nonassociative binary operation on a set G such that there exists a
unit and an inverse of an arbitrary element.
49. Consider (R, ), where a b = a + b2 for a, b R. Prove that is neither
commutative nor associative, and it has no neutral element.
50. Let S = (1, 1) and a b =

a+b
.
1+ab

Is (S, ) a monoid?

51. Let S be a set consisting of more than one element.

(a) Denote by P (S) the set of all bijections from S to itself. Prove that P (S)
is a semigroup under the composition of mappings. Is it a monoid?
(b) Let T S and denote by P (S) the set of all bijection from S to itself.
Prove that the set

P (S, T ) = {f P (S)  f (T ) = T }
is a subgroup of the group P (S).
52. Exhibit a monoid G and a subsemigroup S of G such that S is a monoid, but S
is not a submonoid of G.

53. Let X = {(a, b) R2  a 6= 0}. Define a binary operation on X as follows
(a, b) (c, d) = (ac, bc + d).
Prove that (X, ) is group.
54. Let G = {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 , f5 , f6 } be a set of mappings from R \ {0} to R \ {0} as
follows
f1 (x) = x,
f4 (x) =

1
,
x

f2 (x) =

1
,
1x

f5 (x) = 1 x,

f3 (x) = 1
f6 (x) =

1
x

x
x1

Prove that (G, ), where is the composition of mappings, is a group. Find the
orders of f4 , f5 , f6 .
55. Prove that the set G(X) of all invertible elements of a monoid X is a subgroup
of X.
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56. Let S be a set with more than two elements and let s0 S. Prove that the set
P (S, s0 ) = {f : S S, f (s0 ) = s0 } is not a normal subgroup of P (S).
57. Let h : X Y be a homomorphism between two groups (X, ) and (Y, ), i.e.
for all x, y X, it holds f (x y) = f (x) f (y). Prove that
(a) If B is a normal subgroup of Y then f 1 (B) is a normal subgroup of X.
(b) If f is a surjective and A is a normal subgroup of X then h(A) is a normal
subgroup of Y .
58. Determine whether the following sets are a ring or a field.

(a) X = {a + b 2  a, b Z}.

(b) X = {a + b 3  a, b Q}.
Which axioms are violated?
59. Let X = {0, a, b, c} and furnish X with an addition and a multiplication given
by the following tables
+
0
a
b
c

0
0
a
b
c

a
a
0
c
b

b
b
c
0
a

0
a
b
c

c
c
b
a
0

0
0
0
0
0

a
0
a
0
a

b
0
b
0
b

c
0
c
0
c

Prove that (X, +, ) is a ring, X is not commutative, and X has no unit element.
60. Let P(S) denote the set of all subsets of a set S. Define operations + and on
R by A + B = (A B) \ (A B) and A B = A B, where A, B P(S). Prove
that P(S) is a ring.
Does this ring have an identity element? Which elements of the ring have multiplicative inverses? If we redefine + by A + B = A B, do we still get a
ring?
61. Let a, b, c X be arbitrary elements of a ring X. Prove that
(a) (a) b = (ab) = a(b),
(b) (a) (b) = a b
(c) (a b) c = a c b c.

62. Define on R2 the following binary operations

(a1 , b1 ) + (a2 , b2 ) = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 ), (a1 , b1 ) (a2 , b2 ) = (a1 a2 b1 b2 , a1 b2 + a2 b1 ).
Verify that (R2 , +, ) is a field. Find the unit element, the inverse and negation
of a given element.
63. Find x, y R such that
(a) (1 + 2i)x (4 i)y = 3 + 5i.
(b) (2 + 3i)x + (3 4i)y = 5 i.
64. Simplify the following expressions
(1 + 2i)2 (1 i)5
(3 + 2i)3 (2 + i)2

(1 + i 3)15 (1 i 3)15
+
c)
(1 i)20
(1 + i)20

a)

65. Find the 6 th roots of

1i
3+i

and

b)

(1 + i)2014

(1 + i 3)2015

1+i 3
i1

66. Write the following complex numbers in canonical form

5
10
(1 + i)21
,
c)(2
+
i
a)(1 + i 3) ,
b)
12) ( 3 i)11
13
(1 i)
67. Solve the following equations
a)z 2 + z + 1 = 0,
c)z 4 3iz 2 + 4 = 0,
(z + i)4
= 1,
e)
(z i)4
68. Prove that if z +

1
z

b)z 2 + 2iz 5 = 0
d)z 6 7z 3 8 = 0

f )z 8 ( 3 + i) = 1 i.

= 2 cos then z n +

1
zn

= 2 cos n.

69. (a) Find the sum of all nroots of the unit.

(b) Find the sum of all nroots of an arbitrary complex number z.
(c) Let k = cos 2k
+ i sin 2k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1. Calculate
n
n
4
.
S = 04 + 14 + . . . + n1

70. Given the equation

(x+1)9 1
x

=0

(a) Solve the equation above.

(b) Calculate the sum of the moduli of these roots.
(c) Calculate the product of these roots.
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