NAME : NAVIN KUMAR A/L SARKUNAM

FORM : 4/5 ST
TEACHER’S NAME : PN. SHARIFAH BT. KADIR
SCHOOL : SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN SEKSYEN 24, SHAH ALAM

1
NO TITLE PAGE
1 Contents 2
2 Appreciation 3
3 Objectives 4
9.1 Sulphuric acid
o Properties of sulphuric acid 5
o Uses of sulphuric acid 6
o Manufacture of sulphuric acid 7
o Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution 9
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
o Uses of ammonia 13
o Properties of ammonia 14
o Manufacture of ammonia 15
o Ammonium fertilisers 16
9.3 Alloys
o Pure metals 17
3
o Alloys 19
9.4 Synthetic polymers
o What are polymers? 21
o Natural polymers 22
o Synthetic polymers 22
o Synthetic polymers in daily life 23
9.5 Glass and ceramics
o Glass 24
o Types and uses of glass 25
o Ceramics 26
9.6 Composite materials
o What are composite materials? 28
4 Conclusion 29
5 Reference 30

2
 Appreciation
I’m Navin Kumar s/o Sarkunam from Form 4 ST(2009) and 5ST(2010) would like
to express my gratitude to everyone who had helped me in completing this assignment
according to the time without any problems.
First of all, I would like to convey my highest appreciation to my Chemistry
teacher, Puan Sharifah bt. Abdul Kadir for helping me by providing the format of the
assignment. I would also like to thank my parents for supporting financially in doing my
assignment. I also wish to thank my siblings who give information related to the
assignment. Besides that, I also appreciate my friends from 4 ST for contributing some
useful information to me.
Lastly, I would like to thank all the website and books that provide information. I
would not be able to complete my assignment without their help.

Thank you.

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 State the properties and uses of sulphuric acid.

 Able to understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid and the

effect of sulphur dioxide on environment.

 List the uses and properties of ammonia.

 Explain the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

 Understand alloys and pure metal.

 Relate properties of alloys to their uses.

 Understand the uses of synthetic polymer.

 Apply the uses of glass.

 Understand the properties and uses of ceramics.

 Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

 Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials.

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 H2SO4

Soluble in
water

Viscous
Dense colourless
liquid

Diprotic acid Oily liquid

Non-volatile Highly
acid corrosive

Strong acid

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 Manufacture
of fertilisers
such as
(NH4)2SO4
and K2SO4

Manufacture
Leather
of car
tanning
batteries

Uses of
H2SO4
Manufacture Manufacture
of pesticides of paints

Manufacture
of plastic
items

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1. Manufacture of sulphuric acid is carried out using the Contact process.
2. Contact process produces more than 90% of the world’s sulphuric acid.
3. The raw materials used for the manufacture of sulphuric acid are sulphur, air and water.
4. There are three stages in the Contact process.

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 • Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce
sulphur dioxide,SO2.
• [Sulphur] S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g)
Stage 1-
Production • [Sulphur ore] 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Of Sulphur • Sulphur dioxide is dried and purified to remove impurities such
Dioxide as arsenic compounds.

• The purified sulphur dioxide and air are passed over a converter
to produce sulphur trioxide,SO3.
• 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)
• The optimum conditions used:
Stage 2- (i)Temperature:450-500 oC
Production (ii)Pressure:2-3 atm
of sulphur (iii)Catalyst:Vanadium(V) oxide
trioxide
• About 98% conversion is possible under these optimum
conditions.

• Sulphur trioxide is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid

to form oleum, H2S2O7.
• SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)
• Oleum is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid.
• H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)
Stage 3-
Production • Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water to produce sulphuric
of acid. This is because the reaction between sulphuric acid and
sulphuric water is very vigorous and produces a large amount of heat. The
acid reaction causes the production of a large cloud of sulphuric acid
mist which is corrosive, pollutes the air and difficult to
condense.

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1. Sulphur dioxide is an air pollutant which is released into the atmosphere from
 burning of sulphur through Contact process
 burning of fossil fuels that contain high content of sulphur
 roasting of metal sulphides ores

Irritates the
eyes

Effects of Attacks the

lungs and
sulphur
Bronchitis causes
dioxide on breathing
health difficulties

Breathing in
high level of
sulphur dioxide
leads to
inflammation of
the lungs

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2. Acid rain occurs when there is sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the rain. These
strong acids will cause the pH of rain to fall between 2.4 and 5.0.

3. Acid rain generally occurs at industrial areas, cities and urban areas.

4. Sulphur dioxide accounts for most of the acid rain problem.

a) In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolves in rainwater to form sulphurous acid,

H2SO3.

SO2(g) H20(l) H2SO3(aq)

Formation of sulphurous acid

b) Sulphurous acid is oxidised in the air to produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4 which falls as
acid rain.

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 2SO2(g)
O2(g)

2H2O(l)

2H2SO4(aq)

Formation of acid rain

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 Corrodes •Iron from the steel bridges reacts with sulphuric acid to
metallic form iron(II) sulphate.
•Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
structures

Corrodes •Buildings that made from limestone(marble) and

buildings, sandstone are easily corroded.
•Calcium carbonate in the marble reacts with sulphuric
monuments and acid from the rain to form calcium sulphate.
•CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H20(l)
statues

Increases the
acidity of water •Fish and other aquatic organisms which cannot live in
acidic water may die.
in lakes and •Acid rain disturbs the ecosystem.
rivers

•The reaction of sulphuric acid with aluminium compounds

Increases the in the soil forms aluminium sulphate which can damage
the roots of trees.
acidity of the soil •The damaged roots are easily attacked by viruses and
bacteria.

5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
a) Use low-sulphur fuels to reduce emission of sulphur dioxide into the air.
b) Add calcium oxide(lime), CaO, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 and powdered limestone, CaCO3
into the acidic lake or river to neutralise the acids present.
c) Remove sulphur dioxide from the waste gas before it is emitted into the atmosphere.

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 NH3

Fertilisers
-Ammonium
phosphate
-Ammonium nitrate
-Ammonium sulphate
-Urea
Used as smelling salts
Used as a cooling
to revive people who
agent in refrigerator
have fainted

Uses of
Used as an electrolyte
in dry cells
ammonia Used as a raw
material for
manufacture of nitric
acid in Ostwald
process

Used to make
synthetic fibres such
Used as an alkali to
as nylon, explosives,
prevent the
paints, varnishes,
coagulation of latex
lacquers and rocket
propellants

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 Colourless with a pungent
Less dense than water
odour

Physical
properties of
ammonia

Easily liquified (at about Very soluble in water and

35.5oC) when allowed to cool forms an alkaline solution

• Ammonia ionises partially in water

and therefore is a weak base.
• NH3(g) + H2O(l)  NH4+(aq) + OH-
Reacting (aq)
as a base • Ammonia undergoes neutralisation
with acids to form ammonium
salts.
• Ammonia + acid  ammonium salt

Reacting • Ammonia solution can precipitate

with some metal hydroxides from their
aqueous salt solutions to produce
aqueous insoluble metal hydroxides.
metal ions • Mn+(aq) + nOH -(aq)  M(OH)n(s)

Chemical properties of ammonia

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1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.
2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a
catalyst, often iron.
3. Hydrogen gas is obtained by two methods.
a) The reaction between methane from natural gas and steam
CH4(g) + 2H2O(l)  4H2(g) + CO2(g)
b) The reaction between heated coke and steam
C(s) + H2O(l)  H2(g) + CO(g)
4. In the Haber process:
a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volumes of hydrogen gas is
compressed to a pressure between 200-500 atmospheres.
b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a temperature of 450-550oC.
c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.
N2 + 3H2  2NH3(g)

The manufacture of ammonia through the Haber process

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1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary for growth and
cell repair.
2. Most plants are not able to get nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is abundant in the
air (78% of the air contains nitrogen).
3. Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots.
4. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt which are
manufactured as chemical fertiliser.
5. Examples of ammonium fertilisers:
a) Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
b) Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
c) Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4
d) Urea, CO(NH2)2

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 High density

High
melting and
Lustrous
boiling
points
Physical
properties
of pure
metal
Good
conducters
Ductile
of heat and
electricity

Malleable

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 1. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pure metals makes them ductile
and malleable.

a) When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide along one another easily. This property
causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can be stretched into wire.

Layer of atom slide

Force

Metals are ductile

b) When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along one another to fill spaces between the
metal atoms. This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is, it can be knocked or
pressed into various desired shapes.

Metals are malleable

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1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (sometimes non-metal) in a fixed composition.
2. The presence of small quantities of a second element in the metal disrupts the orderly arrangement of
pure atoms.
3. When a force is applied to an alloy, the layers of atoms are prevented from sliding over each other.
This makes the alloy stronger and harder than pure metals.

Prevents corrosion of metals

•Iron rusts easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron,
0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rust.
These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical
instrument and cutlery.
•Pure copper are easily tarnished. When zinc (30%) is added, a
yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to
corrosion.

Increase the strength and Improves the appearance of

hardness of metals metals so that they look more
•Pure iron is soft and very malleable. attractive
When a small amount of carbon is added
•Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and
to iron, an alloy, steel which is stronger
copper is not only hard but also has a more
and harder is formed.
lustrous surface than tin.
•Pure aluminium is light but not strong.
•When copper is mixed with nickel to form
When a small amount of copper and
cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive
magnesium are added to the aluminium,
appearance is formed and is suitable for
a strong, light and durable alloy called
making coins.
duralumin is produced.

Purposes of
making
alloys

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 The formation of alloy

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

37.5% gold,
Shiny, strong, does not
9-carat gold 11% silver,  Jewellery
corrode
51.5% copper
70% copper Hard, do not rust, bright  Making of ornaments, electrical
Brass
30% zinc appearance wiring and plug.
90% copper Hard, do not corrode easily  For casting bells, medals, swords and
Bronze
10% tin and durable statues
75% copper Attractive, silvery appearance,
Cupronickel  Making of silver coins
25% nickel hard and tough
95% aluminium
 Making part of aircrafts and racing
Duralumin 4% copper Light, strong and durable
cars
1% magnesium
99% iron Strong, hard and high wear  Making of cutting tools, hammers and
High carbon steel
1% carbon resistance chisels
90% tin
Ductile and malleable, white
Pewter 2.5% copper  Art objects, souvenirs
silvery appearance
0.5% antimony
80.6% iron
0.4% carbon Do not rust and tarnish, strong  Making of surgical instrument, knives
Stainless steel
18% chromium and durable forks and spoons
1% nickel
Composition, properties and uses of alloys

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1. Molecules that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly
by covalent bond are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are called monomer.
3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called
polymerisation.

Formation of polymer

4. A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers.

5. Polymer can be divided into two types:
a) Natural polymers
b) Synthetic polymers

Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
-They exist in living things in
-They are man-made in
nature.
laboratory through chemical
-Examples: processes.
Protein, cellulose, wool, silk, -Examples:
starch, natural rubbers and
Plastics and nylon
DNA

Polymers

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Natural polymers
1) Natural polymers are polymers obtained from living things such as plants and animals.

NATURAL POLYMER MONOMER(small molecules)

Rubber Isoprene
Cellulose Glucose
Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic acid Nucleotides
Examples of some natural polymers and theirs monomers

Synthetic polymers
1) Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers that are produced from chemical compounds
through chemical reactions.
2) The raw materials for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum.
3) Synthetic polymers are prepared through two types of polymerisation processes:
a) Addition polymerisation - Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two
carbon atoms undergo addition polymerisation.
b) Condensation polymerisation - Small molecules such as water, H2O and ammonia, NH3 are
released in condensation polymerisation.

Name of polymer Properties Uses

Polyethylene Durable, light, impermeable, inert to chemicals, Shopping bags, toys, plastic cups and
(polythene) easily melted, insulator plates
Durable, light, impermeable, inert to chemicals,
Polypropylene Bottles, furniture, battery casing,
easily melted, insulator, can be moulded and
(polypropene) pipes, toys
coloured
Polyvinyl chloride Low softening temperature, durable, elastic, can Pipes, pipe fittings, wire and cable
(polychloroethene) be coloured casing, raincoats, footwear, bags
Polystyrene Heat insulator, light, can be moulded, Disposable cups and plates, packaging
impermeable materials, toys, heat insulators
Replacement for glass, lenses, optical
Perspex Transparent, strong, light
fibres
Durable, non-stick, chemically inert, strong, Coatings for non-stick pans, electrical
Teflon
impermeable insulators
Uses of synthetic polymers
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Synthetic polymers in daily life
1) There are some advantages and also disadvantages in using synthetic polymers.

Advantages Disadvantages
Synthetic polymers are non-
They are cheap, light-weight and biodegradable, thus their waste will block
translucent. or clog up the drainage system, thereby
causing flash flood.

They are durable and long-lasting because The burning of synthetic polymers will
they are resistant to rusting and chemical produce poisonous fumes and gases
attacks. which can cause the greenhouse effect.

Plastic containers which are not properly

They are non-corrosive, waterproof and disposed of will become breeding ground
good insulator. for mosquitoes which will cause the
spread of diseases such as dengue.

The waste plastics pollute the lake and

They are easily coloured, easily moulded
river, making the water not suitable for
and shaped.
aquatic organisms to live in.

2) There are a number of ways to solve the problems caused by the use of synthetic polymers.

Dispose of
Use
unwanted
biodegradeable
Recycle synthetic Reuse
synthetic
polymers in a
polymers
proper manner

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Glass
1. Glass is made up of silica or silicon dioxide,SiO2 which is obtained from sand.
2. In silicon dioxide, every silicon atom is bonded covalently to 4 oxygen atoms in a tetragonal shape.
Every oxygen atom is also bonded to 2 silicon atoms to from a gigantic covalent molecule.

Hard but brittle

Chemically
Transparent
inert

Properties
of glass

Not permeable
Heat insulator to liquids and
gases

Does not
conduct
electricity

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Types and uses of Glass
Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

 Transparent to ultraviolet and

 Lenses
infrared light
 Telescope mirrors
 High melting point(1700oC)
Fused glass SiO2 : 100%  Laboratory glassware
 High temperature and chemical
 Arc tubes in lamps
durability
 Optical fibres
 Resistant to thermal shock

 Low melting point(700oC)  Containers such as

 High thermal expansion bottles, jars and
coefficient tumblers
SiO2 : 75%
 Does not withstand heat  Flat glass
Na2 O: 15%
Soda-lime glass  Cracks easily with sudden  Mirrors
CaO: 9%
change in temperature  Industrial and art
Others: 1%
 Good chemical durability objects
 Easy to mould and shape  Light bulbs
 Transparent to visible light  Windowpanes

 Transparent to visible light

SiO2 : 78%  Resistant to chemicals  Cookware
B2 O3: 12%  Lower thermal expansion  Laboratory glassware
Borosilicate glass Na2 O: 5% coefficient  Automobile headlights
CaO: 3%  Resistant to thermal shock  Glass pipelines
Al2 O3:2%  Can withstand wide range of  Electrical tubes
temperature changes

 Lenses
 High refractive index
SiO2 : 70%  Prisms
Lead crystal glass  High density
Pbo/PbO2 : 20%  Tableware
(flint glass)  Soft and easy to melt
Na2 O: 10%  Art objects
 Transparent to visible light
 Crystals

Compositions, properties and uses of different types of glass

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ceramics
1. Ceramics are made from clay such as kaolin. Kaolin is rich in kaolinite (hydrated aluminosilicate,
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O).
2. When the clay is heated to a very high temperature, it undergoes a series of chemical reactions and is
hardened permanently to form ceramics.
3. These chemical changes are not reversible and the ceramic cannot be melted and remoulded.

Very hard and

strong

Chemically
Resist
inert and does
compression
not corrode

Good
Very high insulator of
melting point electricity and
heat

Brittle

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 Property Uses Examples
Tiles, bricks, roofs, cement, abrasive
Hard and strong Building materials
for grinding
Attractive, easily moulded and Decorative pieces and household Vases, porcelain ware, sinks,
glazed items bathtubs
Chemically inert and non-
Kitchenware Cooking pots, plates, bowls
corrosive
Very high melting point and good
Insulation Lining of furnace, engine parts
insulator of heat
Insulating parts in electrical Spark plugs, insulators in ovens and
Electrical insulators
appliances electric cables

Inert and non-compressible Medical and dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bones
Uses of ceramics

Good
Strong
Hard and do electrical Inert to Do not
under Brittle
not bend and heat chemicals corrode
compression
insulators

Some common properties of glass and ceramics

Glass can be
heated until
molten repeatedly
but not ceramics.

Glass is usually
Glass has a
transparent
lower melting
whereas
point than
ceramics are
ceramics.
not.

Differences between glass and ceramics

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What are composite materials?
1) A composite material is a structural material formed by combining two or more substances such as
metals, glass, ceramics and polymers.
2) The composite material produced will have different properties far more superior to the original
materials.
3) The composite material produced are harder, stronger, lighter, more resistant to heat and corrosion
and also used for specific purposes.
4) When composite material is formed, the weakness of the components will not exist anymore.

Composite material Component Properties of component Properties of composite

Hard but brittle, with low tensile
Concrete
strength
Reinforced concrete
Hard with high tensile strength
Steel
but expensive and can corrode
Stronger, higher tensile
strength, not so brittle, does not
corrode easily, can withstand
higher applied forces and loads,
relatively cheaper

Glass of low Transparent, does not reflect

refractive index light rays
Reflect light rays and allow light
Fibre optics
Glass of high Heavy, strong but brittle and rays to travel along the fibre
refractive index non-flexible

Heavy, strong but brittle and

Glass Light, strong, tough, resilient
non-flexible
Fibreglass and flexible, with high tensile
Light, flexible, elastic but weak strength and not flammable
Polyester plastic
and inflammable
Transparent and not sensitive to Sensitive to light; becomes dark
Glass
light when light intensity is high and
Photochromic glass
Silver chloride or becomes clear when light
Sensitive to light intensity is low
silver bromide
Composite materials and their new properties

28
 .
By doing this assignment, I am able to understand the properties, types, composition, structure
and also the interaction among chemicals of substances that are manufactured in industry. This is in line
with the meaning of chemistry. In industry, many types of synthetic industrial materials are
manufactured through various processes.
Sulphuric acid has many uses in our daily life. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry
through the Contact process. The burning of fossil fuels such as petrol and products made from sulphur
produce sulphur dioxide, which pollutes the environment. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain which is
harmful for human and also nature. Ammonia is mainly used in the manufacture of fertilisers. Ammonia
is produced through the Haber process. An alloy is a compound formed by mixing metals with other
elements. The process of mixing atoms of pure metals and atoms of impurities such as other metals or
non-metals is called alloying. Alloying helps to increase the strength and hardness of metals, prevent
metal corrosion and improve the appearance of metals so that they are more attractive.
A polymer is a long-chained molecule made from the combination of many small molecules
(monomers). Polymerisation is the process of combining monomers to form a long-chained polymer.
There are two types of polymers; natural polymer and synthetic polymer. The main component of glass is
silica or silicon dioxide. Glass is brittle, hard, transparent and chemically inert. Ceramics are substances
made from clay that had been heated at high temperature. Composite materials are compound that is
formed from combinations of two or more different compounds. The new substance has the properties
that are superior to those of the original components.
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. However, these synthetic
materials could also cause environmental problems if the substances are not disposed properly. So, the
understanding of the interaction among different chemical is important for the development of new
synthetic materials and the disposal of synthetic materials as wastes. A responsible and systematic
method of handling the waste of synthetic materials and their by-product is important to prevent
environmental pollution. The recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material
should be enforced efficiently to protect our earth and also to overcome the shortage of natural resources

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REFERENCE BOOKS
1) Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Chong, 2009, FOCUS ACE Chemistry SPM,
Penerbitan Pelangi.
2) Norini Jaafar, Low Wai Leon, Edward Kai, 2009, Move Ahead Prime Chemistry Form 4, Arah
Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.

WEBSITES
1) http://www.scribd.com

2) http://www.howstuffworks.com

3) http://www.wikipedia.com

4) http://www.tutorvista.com

5) http://www.ehow.com

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