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Eduardo I. Ortiz-Rivera
Luisa I. Feliciano-Cruz
Member, IEEE
University of Puerto Rico
Post Street
Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
eduardo.ortiz@ece.uprm.edu
I.
energy,
Solar
power generation,
INTRODUCTION
A.
337
1
(1 + sin 1/2 )
2
(2)
(1 + sin 1/2 )(1 + cos 1/2 )
2 cos 1/2
cos 1/2 + ln
3/2
sin 2
sin 1/2 cos 1/2 + 2 (1 + sin 1/2 ) (1 + sin 1/2 )
1/2
2sin 2 1/2
A.
CR =
Aaper
Areceiver
nref
sin 1/2
Solar
Boiler
Thermal
Storage
Conventional
Power Block
Fig. 2. Parabola intercepting solar radiation parallel to its axis (left) and not
parallel to its axis (right). Adapted from [10].
(1)
338
Id
2 CR
(4)
(5)
Qloss
4
= hw (Tr Ta ) + Tr4 Tsky
+ U cond (Tr Ta )
Areceiver
(6)
= U L (Tr Ta )
UL =
Nu = 0.3Re0.6 =
Qloss =
D
ln ci
Dr
(Tr Tci ) +
1 c Dr
c Dci
(9)
hw Dco
k
(10)
h fi =
Dr L Tr4 Tci4
Qloss
Areceiver (Tr Ta )
2 keff L
(8)
C.
= ( hw + hr + U cond )(Tr Ta )
2 kc L
(Tci Tco )
Dco
ln
Dci
4
Qloss = Dco Lhw (Tco Ta ) + c Dco L Tco4 Tsky
(3)
Qloss =
Nu k
d
(12)
(13)
Pr =
(7)
C p
k
(14)
339
D
D
D
U o = U L 1 + o + o ln o
h fi Di 2kr Di
(15)
F'=
F"=
Uo
=
UL
U L 1
D
D
D
U L 1 + o + o ln o
h fi Di 2kr Di
(16)
D.
Rtotal = Ri + Rwall + Ro =
A
mC p CR
U F '
FR
=
1 exp receiver L (17)
ln ( Do / Di )
1
1 (21)
+
+
hi Ai
2 kL
ho Ao
where the subscripts i, o and wall refer to the inner, outer and
wall resistances, respectively. It is useful to express the rate of
heat transfer between the two fluids as:
where m is the mass flow rate and Cp is the specific heat of the
fluid.
The collectors useful gain is then:
T
Q =
= U HX AT = U i Ai T = U o Ao T
Rtotal
A
Qu = FR Aaper S receiver U L (Ti Ta )
Aaper
(18)
T =
Qu
mC p
(19)
T f = Ti + T
(22)
(20)
where the subscripts c and h stand for cold and hot fluids,
respectively. The heat capacity rate, C , which is the product of
the fluids mass flow rate and its specific heat, represents the
340
C c = m c C pc , C h = m hC ph
(24)
Q
=
Q
max
E.
Thermodynamic Cycle
The Rankine cycle is the most commonly used cycle for
electricity generation. The Rankine cycle has been proven to
be the ideal cycle for vapor power plants [20]. Since its
components (pump, boiler, turbine and condenser) are all
steady-flow devices, the cycle can be analyzed through steadyflow equations per unit mass of steam.
Preheater
(25)
Superheater
Superheated
vapor to
expander
Compressed
liquid
working fluid
Fig. 4. Heat exchanging steps from the hot to the cold fluid.
(26)
(27)
Cold
Fluid
NTU =
Ao
ho
To
wall
Heat
transfer
Ai
hi
Ti
Hot
Fluid
UAs
UAs
=
p ) min
Cmin (mC
(28)
Cold Fluid
Hot Fluid
c=
Cmin
Cmax
Fig. 5. Heat exchanging steps from the hot to the cold fluid.
(29)
qin
2
NTU
2 1+ e
1 + c + 1 + c
1 e NTU
1+ c 2
1+ c 2
2
2
1 c 1 + c
NTU =
ln
1 + c2 2 1 c + 1 + c2
Boiler
(30)
wturb,out
Turbine
wpump ,in
qout
Pump
(31)
Condenser
341
(32)
boiler qin = h3 h2
(33)
(34)
condenser qout = h4 h1
(35)
th =
wnet
q
= 1 out
qin
qin
(36)
where,
(37)
V.
342
CONCLUSION
VI. APPENDIX
TABLE I
DATA USED IN STPP SYSTEM MODEL
Variables
Values
Receiver inner diameter
0.115
m
Receiver outer diameter
0.125
m
Thickness of receiver
0.005
m
Operating temperature
350
C
Emittance of receiver
0.31
Emittance of collector
0.88
1.4
0.148
4
0.14
1
3
2
10
16
1.524
12
10
400
4000
14
106
140
2
4.18
1.56
300
m
mm
m
m
m/s
C
C
W/m C
m
m
MW
C
kPa
kg/s
C
C
kg/s
kJ/kg C
kJ/kg C
W/m2 C
1000
500
10
12
14
16
time [hr]
Atmospheric Conditions
18
20
22
40
24
temperature
wind
rain
30
20
10
0
1500
10
12
14
time [hr]
16
18
20
22
1000
500
0
Temperature [C], Wind [m/s], Rain [in.]
1500
24
Temperature [C]
Temperature [C]
300
200
100
6
10
12
time [hr]
14
16
18
20
22
temperature
wind
rain
Temperature [C]
200
100
10
12
14
time [hr]
16
18
20
22
24
200
100
12
14
time [hr]
Power Output
10
12
time [hr]
14
16
18
20
22
24
300
200
100
16
18
20
22
24
12
12
10
10
8
6
4
2
0
300
0
10
400
400
300
24
Steam Temperature
Power [MW]
Temperature [C]
Power [MW]
400
22
10
500
20
Fig. 11. HTF Temperature at the collector field outlet on January 28, 2003
Steam Temperature
18
20
500
10
12
14
16
time [hr]
Atmospheric Conditions
30
24
Fig. 8. HTF Temperature at the collector field outlet on March 20, 2002
40
0
4
500
400
HTF Temperature
HTF Temperature
500
10
10
12
14
time [hr]
Power Output
16
18
20
22
24
16
18
20
22
24
8
6
4
2
10
12
time [hr]
14
16
18
20
22
24
Fig. 9. Heat Exchanger Steam Temperature and the respective Power Output
for March 20, 2002
343
12
time [hr]
14
Fig. 12. Heat Exchanger Steam Temperature and the respective Power Output
for January 28, 2003
[2]
1500
[3]
1000
500
[4]
0
10
12
14
16
time [hr]
Atmospheric Conditions
18
20
22
24
[5]
40
30
20
[6]
temperature
wind
rain
10
10
12
14
time [hr]
16
18
20
22
24
Fig. 13. Measured Solar Radiation, Ambient Temperature, Wind Velocity and
Precipitation for July 1, 2003
[8]
[ ]
HTF Temperature
[9]
500
Temperature [C]
400
300
200
[10]
100
0
10
12
time [hr]
14
16
18
20
22
[11]
24
Fig. 14. HTF Temperature at the collector field outlet on July 1, 2003
[12]
[13]
Steam Temperature
500
Temperature [C]
[7]
[14]
400
300
[15]
200
100
0
10
12
14
time [hr]
Power Output
16
18
20
22
[16]
[17]
24
[18]
12
Power [MW]
10
[19]
8
6
[20]
4
2
0
10
12
time [hr]
14
16
18
20
22
[21]
24
Fig. 15. Heat Exchanger Steam Temperature and the respective Power Output
for July 1, 2003
VII.
[22]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
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