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significantly higher (209- and 5-fold, respectively) higher Vmax values of 102,000 and 2,320 nmol
min-1 mg-1, respectively (Table 2). These higher rates, however, required relatively high
substrate concentrations as indicated by significantly higher (up to 140-fold) KM values (Table
2). The turnover (kcat) of all of the pyrethroid-like substrates was very slow (Table 2). In a
manner consistent with the specific activity data of CpGSTD1 (Table 1), the specific activity
constants (kcat/KM ratio) of CpGSTD1 for cis-DCVC and cis-TFMCVC were 2- and 5-fold
higher, respectively, in comparison to the corresponding trans isomer.
The ability to quickly, accurately, and quantitatively detect both target site mutations and
elevated levels of pyrethroid detoxification enzymes is a critical component of the continued
effective use of pyrethroids. We are currently developing cis-TFMCVC and cis-DCVC for use
in a simple fluorescent assay to detect elevated levels of GST and esterase activities that may be
associated with mosquito resistance to commonly used synthetic pyrethroids.
References
Brogdon, W. G., and McAllister, J. C. (1998) J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 14:159-164.
Huang, H., Yao, H., Liu, J.-Y., Samra, A. I., Kamita, S. G., Cornel, A. J., and Hammock, B. D.
(2012) Development of pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates for glutathione Stransferase. Anal. Biochem. 431:77-83.
Liu, H. Q., Cupp, E. W., Micher, K. M., Guo, A. G., and Liu, N. N. (2004) Insecticide resistance
and cross-resistance in Alabama and Florida strains of Culex quinquefaciatus. J. Med.
Entomol. 41:408-413.
Liu, N., Xu, Q., Zhu, F., and Zhang, L. (2006) Pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Sci.
13:159-166.
McAbee, R. D., Kang, K. D., Stanich, M. A., Christiansen, J. A., Wheelock, C. E., Inman, A. D.,
Hammock, B. D., and Cornel, A. J. (2003) Pyrethroid tolerance in Culex pipiens pipiens
var molestus from Marin County, California. Pest Manag. Sci. 60:359-368.
Tripet, F., Wright, J., and Lanzaro, G. (2006) A new high-performance PCR diagnostic for the
detection of pyrethroid knockdown resistance kdr in Anopheles gambiae. Am. J. Trop.
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Vontas, J. G., Small, G. J., and Hemingway, J. (2001) Glutathione S-transferases as antioxidant
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Table 1. Specific activity of CpGSTD1 and mouse GSTs toward pyrethroid-like substrates
Specific Activitya (nmol min-1 mg-1)
Substrate
TMC
DMVC
cis-DCVC
trans-DCVC
cis-TFMCVC
1R trans-TFMCVC
CDNB
CpGSTD1
murine GSTs
10.5 1.0
37.7 7.6
134 12
79.5 5.2
233 9.9
44.3 5.6
98,000 4,000
n.d.
n.d.
3.5 0.3
3.9 0.4
1.4 0.2
4.0 0.6
33,700 2,000
The enzyme assays were performed in 90 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, buffer containing 720
ng of CpGSTD1 or 1,400 ng of mouse GSTs, 50 M substrate, 750 M GSH, and 0.5% (v/v)
DEGEE at 34C. The values are corrected for background hydrolysis. The results shown are the
mean standard deviation of four replicates. The n.d. indicates that no activity was detected
above background hydrolysis.
Substrate
Vmax
(nmol min-1 mg-1)
KM
(M)
kcat
(s-1)
kcat/KM
(M-1 s-1)
cis-DCVC
trans-DCVC
cis-TFMCVC
1R trans-TFMCVC
CDNB
DCNB
298 13.6
107 4.5
487 14.0
52.5 1.5
102,000 2,500
2,316 152
9.0 0.8
5.9 0.5
10.0 0.7
5.0 0.4
240 18
691 106
0.12
0.04
0.19
0.02
40.4
0.92
1.3 x 104
6.8 x 103
1.9 x 104
4.0 x 103
1.7 x 105
1.3 x 103
The fluorescent enzyme assays were performed in 90 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, buffer
containing 184 ng of CpGSTD1, pyrethroid-like substrate (1 to 31.2 M), 750 M GSH, and 2%
(v:v) DEGEE. The spectrophotometric assays were performed in 100 mM sodium phosphate,
pH 6.5, buffer containing 100 ng of CpGSTD1, 5 mM substrate (CDNB or DCNB), 5 mM GSH,
and 1.67% ethanol at 30C. All of the values are corrected for background hydrolysis. The
results shown are the mean standard deviation of four replicates.