Annotated Bibliography

Primary
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, Alice Kimball Smith, and Charles Weiner. Robert
Oppenheimer, letters and recollections. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1980.
This compilation of Oppenheimers personal thoughts was useful for our
group because it gave us a window into Oppenheimers thoughts before, during, and
after the Manhattan Project.
Hiroshima: Quotes Against the Bombs. Hiroshima: Quotes. Accessed November
30, 2014. http://www.doug-long.com/quotes.htm.
This source compiled powerful quotes from high ranking officials who did
not support the bombings. We used quotes from this source from people such as
Admiral William D. Leahy and Dwight Eisenhower.
"Primary Resources: A Warning from President Truman to Japan Urging
Surrender." PBS. Accessed November 20, 2014.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/trumanjapanwarn/.
This primary source is a transcript of President Trumans radio address to
the American public on August 9, 1945 explaining the bombings and urging a
Janaese surrender. Our group used some quotes from this speech in our American
Reaction page.
"Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered." Hiroshima and Nagasaki Remembered.
Accessed November 9, 2014. http://www.hiroshima-remembered.com/.
This website had an excellent section with first-hand accounts of the
bombings from survivors just miles from the hypocenter. Some of those chilling
quotes are included in the Voice From the Rubble section.
"Primary Resources: A Warning from President Truman to Japan Urging
Surrender." PBS. Accessed November 20, 2014.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/trumanjapanwarn/.
This primary source is a transcript of President Trumans radio address to
the American public on August 9, 1945 explaining the bombings and urging a
Janaese surrender. Our group used some quotes from this speech in our American
Reaction page.

"Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered." Hiroshima and Nagasaki Remembered.

Accessed November 9, 2014. http://www.hiroshima-remembered.com/.
This website had an excellent section with first-hand accounts of the
bombings from survivors just miles from the hypocenter. Some of those chilling
quotes are included in the Voice From the Rubble section.
Stimson, Henry. Henry Stinson to Harry Truman, April 24, 1945. Letter. From
PBS.org.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primaryresources/truman-stimson/ (accessed September 17, 2014)
This primary source is a letter written by the Secretary of War at the time
Henry Stimson to the new President Truman. This letter was important because it
was when Truman was informed on the top secret atomic bomb.
"Truman Library: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Online Research File."
Truman Library: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Online Research File.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/
index.php?pagenumber=12&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-0619&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid= (accessed September 25, 2014).
This primary source had multiple first hand counts from people such as a
German Friar, and a Hiroshima native that gave two different perspectives that
helped our group more fully understand the extent of the bombings.
"Truman Library: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Online Research File."
Truman Library: The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Online Research File.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/
index.php?pagenumber=12&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-0619&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid= (accessed September 25, 2014).
This primary source had multiple first hand counts from people such as a
German Friar, and a Hiroshima native that gave two different perspectives that
helped our group more fully understand the extent of the bombings.
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb
Gosling, Francis G.. The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Sept. 1994
ed. Washington, D.C.?: History Division, Executive Secretariat, Human Resources
and Administration, Dept. of Energy, 1994. Print.
This book, written by Francis Gosling, describes the process of creating the
atomic bombs, which helped us immensely in understanding the research and design
process. The book includes the entire process and testing of the atomic bomb,
including the recruiting process and the Einstein letter to President Roosevelt.

Bernstein, Barton J., Truman at Potsdam: His Secret Diary, 1945 (2005), 1-5
Trumans personal diary from Potsdam, published in 2005 by Barton
Bernstein, provided our group with an inside perspective on the Potsdam
Conference as well as multiple primary quotes from Truman himself.
Groves. Leslie., Memorandum from General L. R. Groves to Secretary of War, The
Test, July 18, 1945, Top Secret, Excised Copy, 1945, 1-13
General Leslie Groves was asked to describe in detail the first Trinity Test
performed in the desert of New Mexico, which was later used at Potsdam to explain
the magnitude and power of the bomb. This source gave our group a detailed, firsthand account of the Trinity Test, using powerful descriptions that convey the sheer
force, brightness, loudness, and heat from the detonation of the first atomic bomb.
Minutes of Meeting Held at the White House. Truman and Military Advisers.
June18, 1945. http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/20.pdf
This primary source is a meeting that is held at the white house with the
President, Fleet admiral, and the General of the Army. This document showed our
group Trumans and The Armys general thought process on the state of Japan and
if it is necessary to put troops on the ground there or use the atomic bombs.
Groves, L.R. "Memorandum to the Chief of Staff." National Security Archive.
August 6, 1945. Accessed December 10, 2014.
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/53.pdf.
This primary source is a document by Leslie Groves the day after the bomb
of Hiroshima and is a report to the Chief of Staff Marshall. This document gave us
primary source information and insight to the scene of Hiroshima the day after the
bomb, the effects, and how Groves perceived the effects of the powerful Atomic
bomb.
Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC
173307.
This primary source had government documents from the Manhattan
Project and gave us a great window into the extensive work that went into the
project that took many years to complete.
Groves, Leslie (1962). Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New
York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-306-70738-1. OCLC 537684.
This personal account from Leslie Groves was a great resource for our group
to learn about the military side of the Manhattan Project.

Secondary
McCullough, David G.. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
David McCullough is a renowned historian and his analysis of President Truman
was important for gathering information on him during the early stages of the project, as
well as giving us an excellent perspective of Truman that lasted throughout the project.
Ferrell, Robert H.. "President Harry S. Truman and the Bomb." National Forum75.4
(1995): 22-26. Print.
Robert H. Ferrells comprehensive analysis of President Truman and the bomb
was important for gathering information about Presidents Trumans role amnd decison
making during the Manhattan Project.
Stimson, Henry L.. "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb." SAIS Review 5.2 (1985):
1-15. Print.
This secondary source gave us excellent information about the decision to drop
the bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Stimson painted an excellent picture of the
decision, including arguments for and against the bombs, and President Trumans feelings
about his decision.
Taylor, Elaine. "Elaine Tyler May On: American Reaction to Hiroshima and Nagasaki."
PBS. Accessed November 5, 2014. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/
This interview was with historian Elaine Tyler may conducted by PBS was
helpful for our group when researching the thoughts of the American public on the
bombings.
"Avalon Project - The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Avalon Project The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Accessed October 24, 2014.
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mp10.asp.
This sources is a report from Yale Law School with excellent data detailing the
mass casualties in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. We used these tables in our website to show
the effects of the bombings with concrete data of the devastation.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/pacific-costs-war/
(accessed September 17, 2014).
This source from PBS.org allowed our group to further our knowledge about the
nature of the Pacific Theatre during the Second World War, especially the nature of the
fighting.

"Peopling the Past: Resources." Peopling the Past: Resources.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/acpstah/activities.php?actvID=12 (accessed September 17, 2014).
This source is from George Mason University and helped our group gather very
important information regarding the American publics opinion in regards to the Bomb
being dropped.
Hofstader, Miller, and Aaron. "World War II and the atomic revolution." In The United
States Third Edition. 1957. Reprint, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc,
1972. 761-762.
This source helped gain important analysis about the secrecy of the bomb and
increasingly difficult of keeping it secret. It also helped us understand the tremendous
power of the bomb.
Bernstein, Barton J.. "The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered." Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1
(1995): all. http://web.a.ebscohost.com/hrc/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4e15aa96-a4104bb0-94b0-e0d157ce7088%40sessionmgr4001&vid=9&hid=4107 (accessed October 1,
2014).s:
Groves, Leslie., Oppenheimer's Travel Guidance, July 29, 1943, 1-3.
This source came from a collection of previously classified documents that were
later declassified by the government years after the Manhattan Project. Written by
General Leslie Groves, this document includes the traveling accommodations made for
Oppenheimer in order to protect his well-being, which was done for other scientists as
well. This source helped us understand the extreme precautions the government took to
protect the researchers and the value they placed on the project.
Lears, Jackson., Oh God, What Have We Done? London Review of Books, Vol. 34 No.
24 20 December 2012, pages 3-8
This source, written by Jackson Lears, is a book review of Inside the Centre: The
Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer by Ray Monk which was published in the London Review
of Books. Lears review gave our group an idea of the climate in which physicists such as
Niels Bohr were able to thrive as young, aspiring scientists as well as the early career of
Oppenheimer before the Manhattan Project.
"Nuclear Files - From Nuclear Proliferation to Nuclear Testing, from Hiroshima to North
Korea, Nuclear Files offers the A to Z on Nuclear issues.." Nuclear Files - From nuclear
proliferation to nuclear testing, from Hiroshima to North Korea, Nuclear Files offers the
A to Z on nuclear issues.. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/>.
The website Nuclear Files offered a wide variety of sources for modern day
connections to nuclear power. We utilized this site for our Modern Connections page,

especially when studying the topic of nuclear proliferation and the many controversies
involving proliferation.
Burr, William. "The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary
Sources." The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary
Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. <http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/N
This website by William Burr gives an overall description of the description of the
Trinity Test and the decision to drop the bomb. This website also contains primary source
documents which we have used on our project to increase our knowledge on why they
decided to drop the bombs and what actions made them do it.
Kelly, Cynthia C.. The Manhattan project: the birth of the atomic bomb in the words of
its creators, eyewitnesses, and historians. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal
Publishers :, 2007. Print.
The Manhattan Project written by Cynthia C. Kelly which includes eyewitness
accounts and historians opinions on the project. This novel allows us to understand the
Manhattan Project and also how it was seen by eyewitnesses at that time. The book gave
our group insightful information on the creation of the Manhattan Project and how it
came to be and how it worked.
Stein, R. Conrad. The Manhattan Project. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1993. Print.
This book written by R. Conrad Stein gives a simpler and easier to understand
version of what the Manhattan Project was and why they dropped it, and the effects it
had. This book was very useful in the beginning of our project, giving us a solid
foundation or background.
Bernstein, Barton J. Truman and the A-Bomb: Targeting Noncombatants, Using the
Bomb, and His Defending the "Decision". The Journal of Military History, Vol. 62, No. 3
(Jul., 1998), pp. 547-570. http://www.jstor.org/stable/120437 (Schorarly Journal)
This scholarly journal written by Barton Bornstein is an excellent scholarly
journal that has the thoughts of Harry Truman and his decision. This journal gave our
group more info on why Truman made the decision that he did and his understanding of
the necessity of the use of the Atomic bombs.
Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project: Big Science and the Atom Bomb. New York:
Columbia UP, 2002. Print.
This book was a source that provided a lot of information about the effort of
creating the bomb, I used it for background knowledge on the development of the bomb
mostly.We used it to find more about the legacy of the atom bomb and what it meant for
science as a whole at the time.

Kraft, Alison. "Atomic Medicine." History Today 59, no. 11 (November 2009): 26-33.
History Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed September 17, 2014).
This article outlined more of the science behind the atomic bomb and their
findings at the time which lead to a lot of the decisions made about the bomb later, by the
U.S. government. It was written in a medical journal, and slightly criticized the goals of
the U.S. government in creating a WMD that was purely made for destruction and death
through radiation. Kraft says that the bomb was used as a tool to threaten the USSR and
the axis powers.
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.:
United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875. Retrieved 18
September 2014.
This secondary source was an excellent resource for information regarding the
huge effort that went into the Manhattan Project.