Chapter 12 MATB 113

ADVANCED CALCULUS & ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
(MATB 113)
CHAPTER 12
VECTORS & THE GEOMETRY OF SPACES
.:SYLLABUS CONTENTS:.
12.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
12.2 Vectors
12.3 The Dot Product
12.4 The Cross Product
12.5 Lines and Planes in Space
12.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces
Advanced Calculus & Analytical Geometry ~ MATB 113
12.1
Three Dimensional Coordinate Systems
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic students should;
be acquainted with three-dimensional coordinate systems.
be able to interpret equations and inequalities geometrically.
be able to find distance and spheres in space.
be able to find center and radius of a sphere.
Rectangular Coordinate Systems

The coordinate axes, taken in pairs, determine three
coordinate planes: the xy-plane, the xz-plane and the
yz-plane.
To each point P in three dimensional space, we can

assign a triple of real numbers by passing three
Vectors & The Geometry of Spaces
plane through P and we denote the point P as

P(a, b, c).
Interpreting Equations and Inequalities

Geometrically
In the following examples, we match coordinate

equations and inequalities with the set of points they
define in space.
(a) 0 x 1
2
(b) z y , x 1
(c) z 0, x 0, y 0
2
2
(d) x y 1, z 3
Distance and Spheres in Space

The formula for the distance between two points in the
xy-plane extends to points in space.
The Distance Between P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) is

P1 P2 ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z1 ) 2
We can use the distance formula to write equations for

spheres in space.
The Standard Equation for the Sphere of Radius a and

Center ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
( x x0 )2 ( y y0 )2 ( z z0 )2 a 2
___________________________________________
Example 12.1.1 .:
a) Find the distance between (3, 4, 5) and (5, 3, 1).
b) Show that the graph of the equation

x 2 y 2 z 2 4 x 6 y 3 0 is a sphere, and find
its center and radius.
12.2
Vectors
be acquainted with the definition of vector and the associated notation
and terminology.
be able to represent vectors geometrically as directed line segments or
algebraically as ordered pairs or triples of numbers.
be able to determine the length of a vector.
be able to apply the vector addition and scalar multiplication.
understand the definitions of unit vectors and be able to apply the
definition in terms of finding a vectors direction.
Component Form
A quantity such as force, displacement or

velocity is called a vector and is represented by
a directed line segment.
The arrow points in the direction of the action
and its length gives the magnitude of the action
in terms of a suitably chosen unit.
For example, a force vector points in the

direction in which the force acts while its length
is a measure of the forces strength.
Definition:(Vector, Initial and Terminal Point, Length)
A vector in the plane is a directed line segment.
The directed line segment AB has initial point A and
terminal point B. Its length is denoted by AB . Two
vectors are equal if they have same length and

direction.
.B
terminal point
A.
Initial point
AB
Vectors are usually written in lowercase and

boldface letters( u, v and w).
In handwritten form, it is customary to draw
small arrows above the letters
( u , v ).
Definition:(Component Form)
If v is a two-dimensional vector in the plane equal to the
vector with initial point at the origin and terminal point
(v1, v2), then the component form of v is
v v1 ,v2
If v is a three-dimensional vector in the plane equal to

the vector with initial point at the origin and terminal
point (v1, v2, v3), then the component form of v is
v v1 , v2 , v3
Norm of a Vector
The distance between the initial and terminal points
of a vector v is called the length, the norm, or the
magnitude of v and is denoted by v or v .
The distance does not change if the vector is

translated, so purposes of calculating the norm we
can assume that the vector is positioned with its
initial point at the origin.
The magnitude or length of the vector v v1 ,v2 in

two-dimensional space is,
v
v12 v22
while, for the vector v v1 , v2 , v3 in threedimensional space, the magnitude is,

v v12 v22 v32
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1
2
Example 12.2.1:
Given a vector with initial point P(-3, 4, 1) and
terminal point Q(-5, 2, 2).Find,
a) the component form of the vector,
b) the length of the vector.
10
Vector Algebra Operations

Two principal operations involving vectors are
vector addition and scalar multiplication.
A scalar is simply a real number, and is called
such when we want to draw attention to its
difference from vectors. Scalar can be positive,
negative or zero.
Definition:(Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication)

Let u u1 , u2 , u3 and v v1 , v2 , v3 be vectors with
k a scalar.
Addition
: u v u1 v1 , u2 v2 , u3 v3
Scalar multiplication: k u ku1 , ku2 , ku3
The definition of a vector addition is illustrated

geometrically for planar vectors like in the
11
figure below, where the initial of one vector is

placed at the terminal point of the other.
Another interpretation is shown like in the

figure below, where the sum, called the
resultant vector, is the diagonal of the
parallelogram.
12
Example 12.2.2:
Let u 3, 2 and v 2,5 . Find the component
form and the magnitude of the vector
a) 2 v
b) 2u 3v
13
Example 12.2.3:
Copy vectors u, v and w head to tail as needed to
sketch the indicated vector.
w
v
a) u v
b) u v w
c) u v
d) u w
Properties of vector Operations

Let u,v,w be vectors and a, b are scalars
1. u + v = v + u
2. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
3. u + 0 = u
4. u + (-u) = 0
5. 0u = 0
6. 1u = u
7. a (b u) = (ab) u
8. a (u + v) = a u + a v
9. (a + b) u = a u + b u
14
Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a vector of magnitude 1.
The vectors i, j and k are unit vectors.
The standard unit vectors are
i 1,0,0 ,
j 0,1,0 ,
and k 0,0,1
Whenever v 0 , then the unit vector u that has the

same direction as v is
v
u
v
Note : If u u1 , u2 , u3 , then u u1i u2 j u3k
Example 12.2.4:
Find the unit vector u that has same direction as the
vector 3i-4j.
15
Vectors Determined by Length and a Vector in the

Same Direction
It is a common problem in many applications that
a direction in 2-space or 3-space is determined by
some known unit vector u, and it is of interest to
find the components of a vector v that has the
same direction as u and some specified length v .
This can be done by expressing v as
v vu
v is equal to its length times a unit vector in the same direction
and reading off the components of v u .
Example 12.2.5:
a) Find the vector with the same direction and onehalf the magnitude of 4i-6j.
16
b) Find the unit vector with the direction opposite

to -3i+4j.
c) Find the unit vector that makes an angle
3 / 4 with the positive x- axis.

Write your answer in the component form.
17
Midpoint of a Line Segment
Vectors are often useful in geometry. For example,

the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segments
are found by averaging.
The midpoint M of the line segment joining points

P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) is the point,
x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2
,
,
2
2
2
Example 12.2.6:
Find the midpoint of the line segment from (2,-3,6) to
(3,4,-2).
18
12.3
The Dot Product
understand and be able to use the definitions of the dot product to
measure the length of a vector and the angle between two vectors.
understand and be able to apply properties of the dot product.
understand that two vectors are orthogonal /perpendicular if their dot
product is zero.
understand be able to determine the projection of a vector a onto a
vector b.
be able to use vectors and the dot product in many applications.
The Dot Product

The dot product is also known as a scalar product or
inner product because it is a product of vectors that
gives a scalar (that is, real number) as a result.
Definition:(The Dot Product)
The dot product u v of a vectors u u1 , u2 , u3 and
v v1 , v2 , v3 is
u v u1v1 u2 v2 u3v3
19
Example 12.3.1
Find the dot product of u 3i 2 j k and
v 4i j 2k .
Example 12.3.2
If v 4,1,3 and w 1,2,5 , find the dot
product, v w .
Before we can apply the dot product to geometric

and physical problems, we need to know how it
behaves algebraically.
A number of important general properties of the dot
product are listed in the following table.
20
Properties of the dot product.

3
If u, v and w are vectors in and c is a scalar, then
Magnitude of a vector
vv v
Zero Product
0 v 0
Commutativity
vw w v
Multiple of a dot product c( v w) (cv) w v (cw)

Distributivity
u ( v w) u v u w
Angle Between Vectors

When two nonzero vectors u and v are placed so
their initial points coincide, they form and angle
of a measure 0 as shown in figure.
21
Definition:(Angle Between Vectors)

The angle between two nonzero vectors
u u1 , u2 , u3 and v v1 , v2 , v3 is given by
uv
cos
u
v
If is the angle two nonzero vectors u and v , then

(a) is an acute angle if and only if u v 0 .
(b) is an obtuse angle if and only if u v 0
0
(c) 90 is a right angle if an only if u v 0
Example 12.3.3:
a) Find the angle between u 3i 2 j k and v i k .
22
b) Given the triangle ABC with vertices A(4, 1, 2),

B(3, 4, 5) and C(5, 3, 1). Find the acute angle BA C .
1 4
cos
.
c) The angle between vector u and v is
21
Find the scalar t given that,

u 6i 3j 2k and v 2i tj 4k
Perpendicular/Orthogonal Vectors
Definition:(Perpendicular Vectors)
Two vectors u and v are said to be orthogonal
(perpendicular) to each other if and only if
i)
at least one of them is a null vector, or
ii) the angle between them is a right angle

so that u v 0 .
In other words, the vector u is orthogonal to v
iff u v 0
23
Example 12.3.4:
Determine the value of so that u 2i j k and
v 4i 2 j 2k are orthogonal.
Vector Projection
Wooden block
w1
w2
Smooth slope
Fig.12.1
F = the weight of the wooden block

= w1 w 2
24
Projection and Vector Components
Definition:(Projection and Vector Components)

Let u and v be a non-null vectors. If u w1 w 2 with w1
parallel to v , and w 2 orthogonal to v , then
i) w1 is the projection of u onto v or vector component u
along v , and is labeled as w1 projvu .
ii) w 2 u w1 is the vector component of u
perpendicular to v .
Acute Angle
25
Obtuse Angle
Fig.12.2: The Vector Projection of u onto v
Projection Using Dot Product

Let u and v be a non-null vectors and w1 , w 2 be the
component of u parallel and perpendicular to v , then
uv
w1 projv u 2 v
v
1.
(Vector component of u in the direction of v )

2. w 2 u w1 u projv u
(Vector component of u orthogonal to v )
26
3.
projv u u cos
uv
v
u
v
v
(Scalar component of u in the direction of v )
Example 12.3.5:
Given the points A(2, 2, 3), B(-1, 5, 4) and C(3, -5, 1).
Find the projection vector AB in the direction AC .
Example 12.3.6:
Given u 2i 2 j k and v 2i 10 j 11k . Find the scalar
component of u in the direction of v .
27
Work done by a Force as a Scalar Product

W = (force x displacement)
Fd
If F makes an angle with the direction of the motion

of the particle, then the definition of work done is
28
Example 12.3.7:
A person pulls a wagon along level ground by exerting a
force of 20 pounds on a handle that makes an angle of
30 0 with the horizontal. Find the work done in pulling
the wagon100 feet.
How to write u as a vector parallel to v plus a vector

orthogonal to v
u = projvu + (u projvu)
u.v
u.v
v u
v
v 2
= v 2
29
12.4
The Cross Product
understand and be able to use the definitions of the cross product to find
vectors that orthogonal to each other.
understand that two vectors are parallel if and only if their cross product
is zero.
understand and be able to apply properties of the cross product.
be able to use vectors and the cross product in many applications.
The Cross Product

We start with two nonzero vectors u and v in space.
If u and v are not parallel, they determine a plane.
We select a unit vector n perpendicular to the plane
by the right-hand rule.
30
This means that we choose n to be the unit (normal)

vector that points the way your right thumb points
when your finger curl through the angle from u
to v.
Unlike the dot product, the cross product is a
vector.
For this reason its also called the vector product
of u and v.
The vector u v is orthogonal to both of u and v
because it is a scalar multiple of n.
Definition: (Cross Product)

u v u v sin n
Nonzero vectors u and v are parallel if and only if

u v 0.
The vector u v is orthogonal to both u and v

31
Determinant Formula for u v

If u u1i u2 j u3k and v v1i v2 j v3k , then
j
i
u v u1 u2
v1 v2
u2
v2
k
u3
v3
u1 u3
u3
u u
j 1 2 k
i
v1 v3
v3
v1 v2
(u2v3 u3v2 )i (u1v3 u3v1 ) j (u1v2 u2v1 )k
Example 12.4.1:
a) If a i 2 j k and b 2i j k , calculate a b .
b) Find the unit vector orthogonal to the vectors

a i j 4k and b 2i j 2k .
32
Properties of the Cross Product

3
If u, v and w are vectors in and r, s are scalar, then
(ru) ( sv) rs (u v)
u ( v w) (u v) (u w)
v u (u v)
( v w) u ( v u) (w u)
0u 0
u ( v w) (u w) v (u v)w
33
u v is the Area of a Parallelogram
Because n is a unit vector, the magnitude of u v is

u v u v sin n
u v sin
This is the area of the parallelogram determined by u

and v.
u be the base of the parallelogram and v sin is the
height.
Remarks: If OA a and OB b , then
i)
the area of the parallelogram OACB is
OA OB a b .
1
1
OA
OB
ab .
ii) the area of the triangle OAB is 2
2
34
Example 12.4.2:
a) Find the area of parallelogram bounded by the
vectors a 4i j k and b 2i 3j k .
b) Find the area of the triangle with vertices

P(4, -3, 1), Q(6, -4, 7)and R(1, 2, 2).
35
Triple Scalar Product or Box Product

The product (u v) w is called the triple scalar
product of u, v and w.
The results of the process is a scalar.
Geometrically, this product is the volume of the
parallelepiped determined by three vectors given.
By treating the planes of v and w and of w and u as

the base planes of the parallelepiped determined by
u, v and w, we see that
(u v) w ( v w) u (w u) v
36
Since the dot product is commutative, we also have

(u v) w u ( v w) .
Calculating the Triple Scalar Product as a

Determinant
The triple scalar product can be evaluated as a
determinant:
w1
(u v) w u1
v1
w2
u2
v2
w3
u3
v3
(u 2 v3 u3v2 ) w1 (u1v3 u3v1 ) w2 (u1v2 u 2 v1 ) w3
Example 12.4.3:
a) Find the volume of the box(parallelepiped)
determined by u i 2 j k , v 2i k and
w 7 j 4k .
37
b) Find the volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent
edges OP , OQ and OR where P(1, 3, -2),

Q(2, 4, 5)and R(-3, -2, 2).
c) Use the triple scalar products to show that the points

P(2, 0, 1), Q(3, 2, 0), R(1, -1, 2). and S(5, 4, -2) are
coplanar.
(Coplanar = points that lie within the same plane)
38
Torque
The torque vector points in the direction of the axis of

the bolt according to the right-hand rule (clockwise from
tip of the vector)
Magnitude of torque vector = r F sin r F
Let n be the unit vector along the bolt axisin direction of

the torque, then
Torque vector = r F sin n
u v 0 when u and v are parallel
39
12.5
Lines and Planes in Space
understand and be able to describe lines and planes by using the vector
concepts of parallel and orthogonal, respectively.
be able to find an equation of straight line and plane in space.
be able to calculate angle between two intersecting lines.
be able to find the shortest distance from a point to a line.
be able to calculate the angle between two planes.
be able to find the shortest distance of a point from a plane.
be able to find the line of intersection of two planes.
Lines in Space
In the plane, a line is determined by a point and a
number giving the slope of the line.
In space, a line is determined by a point and vector
giving the direction of the line.
40
Suppose L is a straight line that passes through the

point P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) and is parallel to the vector
v v1i v2 j v3k .
Then, another point P( x, y, z) lies on the L if and
only if the vectors v and P0 P are parallel, that is
P0 P tv
for a real number of t.
If r0 OP0 and r OP are the position vectors of

the points P0 and P respectively, then
P0 P r r0
41
Hence,
r r0 tv
r0 tv
, (represents the line L)
We can write the above expression in component

form as
x, y, z x0 , y0 , z0 t v1 , v2 , v3
Equating the components and solving for x, y and z

gives,
x x0 tv1
y y 0 tv 2
z z 0 tv 3
where t is a real number. These are parametric

equations for the line L, with parameter t.
42
Parametric Equations for a Line
The standard parametrization of the line

through P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) parallel to v v1i v2 j v3k
is
x x0 tv1
y y0 tv2
z z0 tv3
Example 12.5.1:
a) Write down the parametric equations for the
straight line passing through point P(2, 3, 5) and
parallel to v i j 2k .
b) Find the parametric equations for the line passing

through the points P(0, 8, 4) and Q(2, 4, 5).
43
Example 12.5.2:
a) Find the parametric equations for the line L
through P(5, -2, 4) that is parallel to
1
2
a ,2, .
2
3
b) Where does L intersect the xy-plane?
44
The Distance from a Point to a Line in Space

Let P be a point on a line L and let v be a vector
parallel to L.
The shortest distance from a point S to the line L is

given by
d PS sin
where is the angle between v and vector PS .
45
Since v PS v PS sin , therefore we have the

shortest distance of S to line L as
d PS sin
PS v
Example 12.5.3:
a) Find the shortest distance from the point
S(1, 0, -1) to the line,
L:
x 2 3t
y 1 t
z 1 2t
b) Find the shortest distance from the point

S(5, 2, -1) to the line L : r i t (2i j 3k )
46
Plane in Space
Suppose that M is a plane, where on it lies a point
P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) with its position vectors
r0 x0 , y 0 , z 0 .
Let P( x, y, z) be any point on M with its position

vectors r x, y, z .
So, the vector P0 P r r0 x x 0 , y y 0 , z z 0

lies on M.
47
If n ai bj ck is a non-null vector orthogonal to
M, then n is orthogonal to P0 P , that is,
P0 P n 0
x x 0 , y y 0 , z z 0 a, b, c 0
a ( x x 0 ) b( y y 0 ) c ( z z 0 ) 0
Equations for a Plane
The plane through P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) normal to

n Ai Bj Ck has,
Vector Equation
: n P0 P 0
Component Equation :
A( x x0 ) B( y y0 ) C ( z z0 ) 0
Component Equation Simplified: Ax By Cz D ,

where D Ax0 By0 Cz0
48
Example 12.5.4:
a) Find the equation of a plane that contains the point
P(5, -2, 4) and the normal vector n 1, 2,3 .
b) Find the equation of the plane that contains of the

points P(-1, 2, 1), Q(0, -3, 2) and R(1, 1, -4).
c) Find the equation of the plane that is

perpendicular to plane x y z 0 and
2 x y 4 z 0 and passing through the point
(4, 0, -2).
49
Lines of Intersection
When a Plane M1 intersects another Plane M2, we
obtain a line L.
The coordinates of every points on the line L will

satisfy the equations of both these planes.
To obtain the equation of the line of intersection of
two planes, we need
a) a vector parallel to the line L which is given
by n 1 n 2 .
b) A point ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) on the line L that can be
chosen by solving the equations of the planes.
50
If n1 n 2 a, b, c , then the equation of the line L

in a parametric form is given by
x x0 at
y y0 bt
z z0 ct
Example 12.5.5:
Find the equation of a line that passes through (-1,2,3)
and is parallel to the line of intersection between the
planes 3x 2 y z 3 and x y 2 z 5 .
51
The Distance from a Point to a Plane

If P is a point on a plane with normal n, then the
distance from any point S to the plane is the length of
the vector projection of PS onto n. That is, the

distance from S to the plane is
d PS
n
n
where n Ai Bj Ck ) is normal to the plane .
52
53
Angle Between Planes

The angle between two intersecting planes is
defined to be the angle between their normal vectors
.
The angle between plane M1 intersects another plane
M2 is equal to the angle between normal vector n1
and n2. If is the acute angle between the two
planes, then
n1 n 2
cos
n1 n 2
1
54
In here we conclude that,

i)
the angle between two intersecting planes is the

angle between the normal vectors to the planes.
ii)
Two planes are parallel if and only if n1 n 2 ,

for a certain .
iii)
Two planes are orthogonal if and only if

n1 n 2 0 .
Example 12.5.6:
a) Find the angle between the planes x y z 2
and 2 x y 4 z 3 .
b) Show that the planes 2 x 3 y z 5 and

6 x 9 y 3z 2 are parallel.
55
12.6
Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces
Recall :
56
Cylinders
A cylinder is a surface that is generated by moving a
straight line along a given planar curve while
holding the line parallel to a given fixed line.
The curve is called a generating curve for the
cylinder.
57
In solid geometry, where cylinder means circular

cylinder, the generating curve are circles, but now
we allow generating curves of any kind.
58
59
Quadric Surfaces
A quadric surface is the graph in space of a seconddegree equation in x, y and z.
The most general form is,
Ax 2 By 2 Cz 2 Dxy Eyz Fxz Gx Hy Jz K 0
The basic quadric surfaces are ellipsoid, paraboloid,

cones and hyperboloids.
60
Ellipsoid
The equation
x2 y2 z 2
2 2 1
2
a
b
c
is an ellipsoid and its graph is as shown below
61
x2 y2 z 2
Some traces of the ellipsoid a 2 b 2 c 2 1 is shown
in table,
Traces Equation of Trace Graph
xy-trace
x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b
Ellipse
xz-trace
x2 z 2
2 1
2
a
c
Ellipse
yz-trace
y2 z2
2 1
2
b
c
Ellipse
If a = b = c, then the equation reduces to

x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2 and it is a sphere of radius a.
62
Example 12.6.1:
Sketch the graphs of each question in three dimensions.
2
a) y x
2
2
b) x z 9
c)
y2 x2 9
Example 12.6.2:
Sketch the surfaces in three dimensional.
2
2
2
a) 9 x y z 9
63
Hyperboloid of One Sheet

The equation
x2 y2 z 2
2 2 1
2
a
b
c
is a hyperboloid of one sheet and its graph is as shown

below,
64
Some traces of the hyperboloid of one sheet

x2 y2 z 2
2 2 1 is shown in table below,
2
a
b
c
Traces Equation of Trace
Graph
xy-trace
x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b
Ellipse
xz-trace
x2 z 2
2 1
2
a
c
Hyperbola
yz-trace
y2 z2
2 1
2
b
c
Hyperbola
Example 12.6.3:
Sketch the surfaces in three dimensional.
2
2
2
x
z
1
a)
65
Hyperboloid of Two Sheets

The equation
z2
x2
y2
2 2 1
c
a
b
2
is a hyperboloid of two sheets and its graph is as

shown below :
66
Some traces of the hyperboloid of two sheets

z2
x2
y2
2 2 1 is shown in table below,

c
a
b
2
Graph
xy-trace
x2 y2
2 2 1
a
b
No graph
xz-trace
x2 z2
2 2 1
a
c
Hyperbola
yz-trace
y2 z2
2 2 1
b
c
Hyperbola
Example 12.6.4:
Sketch the graph of the equations in three dimensional.
2
2
2
a) y 9 x z 9
67
Cone
The equation
x2
y2
z2
2 2
a
b
c
2
x2
y2
z2
or a 2 b2 c2 0
is a double cone and its graph is as shown in figure,
68
x2 y2 z2
Some traces of the cone a 2 b 2 c 2 0 is shown in
table below :
Graph
xy-trace
x2 y2
2 0
2
a
b
The origin
xz-trace
x2 z2
2 0
2
a
c
The lines z
c
x
a
yz-trace
y2 z2
2 0
2
b
c
The lines z
c
y
b
The axis of the cone is the z-axis. The trace in a

plane z z 0 parallel to the xy-plane had the equation
2
x 2 y 2 z0
2 2
2
a
b
c
Example 12.6.5:
2
2
2
a) x 4 y z
69
Paraboloid (Elliptical Paraboloid)

The equation
x2 y2 z
2
2
c
a
b
,c0
is a paraboloid and its graph is as shown in the

following figure,
x2 y2 z
Some traces of the paraboloid a 2 b2 c
is shown
in following table :
70
Traces
xy-trace
Equation of
Trace
x2 y2
2 1
2
a
b
Graph
Ellipse
xz-trace
c 2
x
2
a
Parabola
yz-trace
c 2
z 2 y
b
Parabola
The traces in planes parallel to the xy-planes

x 2 y 2 z0
2
2
c
a
b
are ellipses.
The axis of the paraboloid is z-axis and its vertex is
the origin.
If c < 0, then the paraboloid opens downward.
If a = b, then the paraboloid is called circular
paraboloid, and traces in planes parallel to the xyplanes are circles.
71
Example 12.6.6:
2
2
a) x 4 y z
A Saddle Point (Hyperbolic Paraboloid)

The equation
x2 y2
2 2 cz
a
b
,c0
is a hyperbolic paraboloid and its graph is as shown in

the following figure :
72
A hyperbolic paraboloid is the most difficult

quadric surface to visualize. The trace in the
xy-plane with the equation
b
x2 y2
2 2 0 or y x
a
a
b
is a pair of intersecting line through the origin.

The xz-trace is the parabola
x2
cz 2
a
which assumes maximum value at the origin,

whereas the yz-trace is the parabola
y2
cz 2
b
which assumes minimum value at the origin.

Example 12.6.7:
2
2
a) y x z
73

Chapter 12 MATB 113

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