Subject Map

(/subject_maps)
(http://embibe.freshdesk.com)
(/users/sign_out

JEE

(/subject_maps)
(/edit_profile)
>
Subject Map My Feedback My Mathematics
Revision Center
Notes
>Coordinate Geometry
Slope of a straight line in general equation ax + by + c = 0
>Point and Straight Line
Slope = - a / b
Angle between 2 lines
m m

tan =

1+m m
1

Where is the angle between two lines and m1, m2 are the slopes of the two lines
Intercept of a straight line in general equation ax + by + cz = 0
Intercept = - c / b
Equation of a straight line in intercept form
y
x
+
=1
a
b

JEE Mains relevance rank: 5

Where a and b are intercepts on x-axis and y -axis respectively

Equation of a straight line in slope - intercept form
y = mx + c
Where m is the slope of the line and c is the intercept that it makes with the y-axis
Equation of a straight line in point slope form
y y 1 = m (x x 1 )
Where A(x1,y1) is a point through which the line passes and m is its slope
Distance between two points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2)

Distance = (x 2

x1)

+ (y 2 y 1 )

Where A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) are two points

Equation of a straight line in two - point form
y y
y - y1 = x x (x x 1 )
2

Where A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) are two points

Equation of the line passing through (x1, y1) and is perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0
b(x x 1 ) a(y y 1 ) = 0
Equation of the line passing through (x1, y1) and is parallel to ax + by + c = 0
a(x x 1 ) + b(y y 1 ) = 0
Area of the triangle formed by ax + by + c = 0 with co-ordinate axis
Area =

1
2

ab

Where a, b 0
Condition of parallelism
m1 = m2
Lines y = m 1 x + c 1 and y = m 2 x + c 2 will be parallel if
m1 = m2

i.e., Slope of one line = Slope of the other.

Condition of perpendicularity
m1m2 = - 1
Lines y = m 1 x + c and y = m 2 x + c will be perpendicular
if

m 1 m 2 = 1

or

m2 =

1
m1

Length of the perpendicular from a given point to a given line

Length of the perpendicular from the point (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is =

ax 1 +by 1 +c

a 2 +b

Distance between two parallel lines

d=

c 1 c 2

a 2 +b

Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0

The locus of the mid point of a system
The locus of the mid point of a system of parallel chords of a parabola is called its diameter. its equation is y = (2a/m)
Slope of a line
The tangent of angle that a line makes with + ve direction of the x - axis in the anticlockwise sense is called slope or gradient of line and is
generally denoted by m. Thus m = tan
(i) Slope of line || to x - axis is m = 0
(ii) Slope of line || to y - axis is m = (not defined)

(iii) Slope of the line equally inclined with the axes is 1 or 1

(iv) Slope of the line throught the point A (x1, y1) and B (x2 , y2) is (y 2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)
(v) Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0,b 0

is (a/b)

(vi) Slope of two parallel lines are equal .

(vii) If m1 & m2 are slope of two lines then m1m2 = -1
Standard form of the equation of line
(i) Equation of x - axis is y = 0
(ii) Equation of y - axis is x = 0
(iii) Equation of a straight line || to x-axis at a distance b form it is y = b
(iv) Equation of a straight line || to y - axis at a distance a from it is x = a
(v) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and having slope m is y = mx
(vi) Slope Intercept form : Equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on the y - axis is y = mx + c
(vii) Point slope form : Equation of a line with slope m and passing through the point (x1 , y1) is y - y1 = m (x - x1)
(viii) Two point form : Equation of a line passing through the point (x1 , y1) & (x2, y2) is

yy 1
y 2 y 1

xx 1
x 2 x 1

(ix) Intercept form : Equation of a line making intercepts a and b respectively on x - axis and y - axis is ( x/a) + ( y/b) = 1
(x) Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the line: Equation of a line passing through (x1 , y1) and making an angle
yy
xx
0 , (/2) with the +ve direction of x-axis is
=
= r
cos
sin
1

x = x 1 + r cos , , y = y 1 + r sin

Where r is the distance of any point P(x,y) on the line from the point (x1 , y1)
(xi) Normal or Perpendicular form : Equation of a line such that the length of the perpendicular from the origin on it is p and the angle which
the perpendicular makes with the + ve direction of x-axis is is x cos + y sin = p
Angle between two lines
(i) Two lines a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
(a) Parallel if (a1/a2) = (b1/b2) (c1 / c2 )
(b) Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
(c) Identical or coincident if (a1 / a2) = (b1 / b2) = (c1 / c2)
a 2 b 1 a 1 b 2

(d) If not above three , then = tan -1 a

a 2 b 1 b 2

(ii) Two lines y = m1 x + c and y = m2 x + c are

(a) parallel if m1 = m2
(b) perpendicular if m1m2 = -1
m 1 m 2

(c) If not above two , then = tan -1 1+m

m2

Position of a point with respect to straight line

The two values L ( x1, y1) and L (x2, y2) will be of same sign or of opposite sign according to the point A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2 ) lying on same side or on
opposite of line L (x, y) respectively .
Equation of a line parallel to a given line
Equation of a line parallel (or perpendicular ) to the line
ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + d = 0 (or bx - ay + = 0)
Equation of straight line making an angle with other line
m tan
Equation of straight line through (x1, y1) making an angle with y = mx + c is y y 1 = 1 m tan (x x 1 )
Length of perpendicular from a given point to a given line
Length of perpendicular from (x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0 is

ax 1 +by 1 ++c

a 2 +b

Distance between two parallel lines

Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c 1 and ax + by + c 2 = 0


c 1 c 2

is

a 2 +b

Condition of concurrency for three straight lines

L i a i x + b i y + c i = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 is
a1

a2

a3

b1

c1

b2

c2

b3

c3

= 0

Equation of Bisectors of angles between two lines

a 1 x + b 1 yc 1
2

a 2 x + b 2 y+c 2
2

a 1 +b 1

a 2 +b 2

Family of straight lines

The general equation of family of straight line will be written in one parameter. The equation of straight line which passes through point of
intersection of two given lines L 1 and L 2 can be taken as L 1 + L 2 = 0
Homogeneous equation
If y = m1 x and y = m2 x be the two equation represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 , then m1 + m2 = -2h/b and m1m2 = a/b
General equation of second degree
a

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represent a pair straight lines if h

g

= 0

If y = m1x + c & y = m2x + c represents two straight lines then m1 + m2 = (-2h / b) , m1m2 = (a/b)
Angle between pair of straight lines
The angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is tan

2h

ab

(a+b)

(i) The two lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are

(a) Coincident iff h2 - ab =0
(b) Perpendicular iff a+ b = 0
(ii) The two line given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
(a) Parallel if h2 - ab = 0
(b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0
(c) Coincident iff g2 - ac = 0 , f2 = bc
Combined equation of angle bisector
Combined equation of angle bisector of the angle between the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
Distance Between Two Points
The distance between two points P(x1,y1) and Q (x2, y2) is given by

ab

xy
h

|PQ| = (x 2 x 1 )

+ (y 2 y 1 )

Let P and Q be two given points whose polar co-ordinates are (r 1 ,

1)

and (r 2 ,

2)

respectively.

|PQ| = (r 1 + r 2 2r 1 r 2 cos( 1 2 ))

Area of Triangle (Coordinate Geometry)

The area of a triangle, the co-ordinates of whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is
1
2

x 1 (y 2 y 3 ) + (y 3 y 1 ) + x 3 (y 1 y 2 )

x 1

or

y1

x2

y2

x 3

y3

Shifting of Origin and Rotation of Axis

Change of origin Or Shifting of origin (Translation of axes)
X=x-h

and

Y=y-k

If origin is shifted to point (h, k) without rotation of axes, then new equation of curve can be obtained by putting x + h in place of x and y + k in
place of y.

Matrix method :

and

] = [

x
y

cos

sin

sin

cos

] = [

][

cos

sin

sin

cos

x
y

][

] = A[

X
Y

x
y

](say)

] = A [

X
Y

where A' is the transpose matrix of A.

Acute and Obtuse Angle Bisector and Position Origin
i) First re-write the equations of the two lines so that their constant terms are positive.
ii) The bisector of the angle containing the origin and does not containing the origin, then taking +ve and -ve sign in
(a x+b y+c )
1
1
1

(a

2
1

(a x+b y+c )
2
2
2

respectively.

(a 2 +b )
2

+b 1 )

Conditions

Acute angle bisector

Obtuse angle bisector

a1a2 + b1b2 > 0

a1a2 + b1b2 < 0

1. Bisectors are perpendiculars to each other.

2. '+' sign gives the bisector of the angle containing origin.
3. If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 then the origin lies in obtuse angle and if a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, then the origin lies in acute angle.
Imp. Points in a Triangle
Centroid of a Triangle
Definition : The point of intersection of the medians of a triangle is called the centroid of the triangle and it divides the median internally in the
ratio 2 : 1.
Theorem : Prove that co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are
(

x 1 +x 2 +x 3
3

y 1 +y 2 +y 3
3

Incentre
Definition : The point of intersection of internal angle bisectors of triangle is called the incentre of the triangle.
The co-ordinates of the incentre of a triangle whose vertices are
(

ax 1 +bx 2 +cx 3
a+b+c

ay 1 +by 2 +cy 3
a+b+c

where, a, b, c are the lengths of sides BC, CA and AB respectively.

i) Excentres of a triangle : This is the point of intersection of the external bisectors of the angles of a triangle.
I1 (

I2 (

I3 (

ax 1 +bx 2 +cx 3
a+b+c

ax 1 bx 2 +cx 3
ab+c

ax 1 +bx 2 cx 3
a+bc

When |BC| = a,

ay 1 +by 2 +cy 3
a+b+c

ay 1 by 2 +cy 3
ab+c

ay 1 +by 2 cy 3

|CA| = b

a+bc

and |AB| = c

ii) Circumcentre of a triangle : The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle.
The co-ordinates are
(

x 1 sin 2 A+x 2 sin 2B+x 3 sin 2C

sin 2A+sine 2B+sine 2C

y 1 sin 2A+y 2 sin 2B+y 3 sin 2C

sin 2A+sin 2B+sin 2C

or
(

ax 1 cos A+bx 2 cos B+cx 3 cos C

a cos A+b cos B+c cos C

ay 1 cos A+by 2 cos B+cy 3 cos C

a cos A+b cos B+c cos C

iii) Orthocentre of a triangle : The orthocentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of altitudes. Its co-ordinates are
(

x 1 tan A+x 2 tan B+x 3 tan C

tan A+tan B+tan C

y 1 tan A+y 2 tan B+y 3 tan C

tan A+tan B+tan C

or
(

ax 1 sec A+bx 2 sec B+cx 3 sec C

a sec A+b sec B+c sec C

ay 1 sec A+by 2 sec B+cy 3 sec C

a sec A+b sec B+c sec C

where |BC| = a, |CA| = b and |AB| = c

Point of Intersection
For a lines represented by
ax2 + 2h xy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is given by
(x, y) = (

b gf h
h

ab

a fg h
h

ab

Locus
The locus of a moving point is the path traced out by that point under one or more given conditions.
Equation of a Locus
A relation f(x, y) = 0 between x and y which is satisfied by each point on the locus and such that each point satisfying the equation is on the locus
is called the equation of the locus.
How to find the locus of a point
Let (x1, y1) be the co-ordinates of the moving point say P. Now apply the geometrical conditions on x1, y1. This gives a relation between x1 and
y1. Now equation of the locus.
Corollary 1 : If x and y are not there in the equation, the co - ordinates of P may also be taken as (x, y).
Corollary 2 : If co-ordinates and equation are not given in the question, suitable choice of origin and axes may be made.
Corollary 3 : To find the locus of the point of intersection of two straight lines, eliminate the parameter or parameters from the given lines. If
more than one parameter, then additional condition or conditions will also be given.
Area Between Curves
The shaded area = Area of curvilinear trapezoid APQB - Area of curvilinear trapezoid CPQD.
=

b
a

f(x) dx

b
a

g(x) dx ==

b
a

{f(x) g(x)} dx

Save
Video solutions of Solved Examples
Video solutions of questions I got wrong

Quest of the day

(/qotd)

0
Gurashish

0
Karan Bansal

0
Satyam Anand

0
Satyam Anand

0
Rishabh Jain

0
Keshav Arora

0
Rudresh Kumar shukla
This is your study group. Invite friends and
study together!
Add Friends
2014 Indiavidual Learning Pvt. Ltd.
0
SUNNY DIGRA