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The militant suffrage movement in Great Britain began as a Pankhurst family enterprise
that, from 1903 to 1905 remained focused around Manchester, until the general election of 1905
brought matters to a head. Prior to the Pankhursts, the fight for women’s suffrage in Britain was
a relatively tame one. In the mid 1860s, a group of women, all pursuing a career in either
Their initial reasons for forming the group had little to do with suffrage; the seven
founding ladies merely wished for a society of like-minded women of independent means and an
interest in fields not normally associated with the female sex. It wasn’t until the topic of suffrage
was raised that the Kensington Society discovered their mutual dismay. In reaction, they drafted
a petition asking parliament to extend to vote to women. Presenting the petition to Henry Fawcett
and John Stuart Mill, a pair of MPs known for their sympathy towards women’s suffrage, the
Kensington Society saw their petition almost immediately shot down in Parliament. Vastly
disappointed with the action, they formed the London Society for Women’s Suffrage. Soon
In 1887, seventeen of these groups formed the National Union of Women’s Suffrage
Societies, or NUWSS. Under the presidencies of Lydia Becker and Millicent Fawcett, the society
raised awareness of the cause by holding meetings, holding marches, printing pamphlets and
newsletters, and writing politicians and petitions. NUWSS also lent support to Josephine Butler’s
campaign against white slavery as well as Clementia Black’s attempts to force the government to
protect low-paid women workers. Inoffensive, efficient and ladylike, NUWSS attracted support
from all walks of like—including a good number of men.The cause chugged along in this
manner until the Manchester group splintered, and the women, led by Christabel Pankhurst, grew
A far cry from the genteel group from whence they came, the WSPU immediately
showed its difference in the fact that it attracted women from the working and middle-classes—
women who were less inhibited by the traditional trappings of “ladyhood”. Though at first
fearing the stance the WSPU took would harm the cause, the NUWSS admired their courage and
By 1905 public interest in women’s suffrage had waned, and the WSPU made a decision
that would forever change the face of the suffragist movement. Traveling to London to hear a
speech by Sir Edward Grey, Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenny threw down the gauntlet by
interrupting Sir Edward’s speech with the cry of “Will the Liberal Government give votes to
women?“.
The women were soon after charged with assault and arrested. Christabel and Annie then
proceeded to shock the world when, after refusing to pay the five shilling fine, they were thrown
in jail. Never before had English suffragists resorted to violence to support the cause and
newspapers were quick to pounce on this new movement, nicknaming the followers of militancy
“suffragettes“. Far from decrying this derogatory term, the WSPU adopted it with pleasure, the
Moving their headquarters from Manchester to London, by 1908 the suffragettes had
launched an all-out war for the cause, targeting those MPs notoriously anti-suffrage like Prime
Minister H.H. Asquith and Winston Churchill. The suffragettes marched through London,
fences, sent letter bombs and damaged property–the most infamous being their destruction of the
Viewed as unfeminine due to many of the women being unmarried and involved in
careers instead of housework, the Establishment were at a loss as to how to deal with
suffragettes. They baffled the common perceptions of Victorian womanhood and once released
from jail, merely went out and repeated the same misdemeanors. Using this loophole in the
justice system, the suffragettes increased their militant campaigns, including a devastating arson
campaign during which attempts were made to burn the houses of anti-suffrage MPs, railway
When the jailed suffragettes went on hunger-strikes while incarcerated, the government
passed the “Cat and Mouse Act”: if a suffragette went on a hunger strike, once ill she would be
released from prison and re-arrested when well again. However, by the summer of 1914, the
militant campaign was exhausted by the imprisonment, exile or poor health of the WSPU’s
leading members (Christabel had fled to Paris in 1912 to escape arrest) and the number of active
members able to continue the violence was now very small. Naturally, WWI put a damper on the
suffrage campaign, and both the WSPU and NUWSS focused their energies on the war effort,
using their platforms to drum up support for the troops. But ever antagonistic to the end, the
WSPU took patriotism to their breast as much as they did suffrage, using their newspaper to