TECNOLOGIA SDH

Objectives
Introduction to SDH
Multiplexing
STM-1 frame
Virtual Containers (VCs)
TU coordinates
STM-N frame
SDH layers and trails
SDH network elements
SDH overhead
Mapping

INTRODUCCION

What is SDH?
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
It is a transport network
synchronous
fully standardized
with high bandwidth
for synchronous and asynchronous signals
for future broadband signals and new services
with standardized network management capabilities
with traffic protection
with a flexible multiplexing structure
direct access to tributaries
cross-connections without demultiplexing

NETWORK ELEMENTS

Digital Transmission System

Regenerator

Regenerator
Recreates the signal

Multiplexer (MUX)
Multiplexer combines data from
several lines and transmits it
over a higher-capacity data link

No signal

100 km

R
MUX

MUX

100 km

Multiplexer Naming Conventions

TM
m/n

aggregate
aggregate

ADM
m/n

aggregate

tributaries

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

All traffic is terminated here.
m: aggregate level
n: lowest tributary level

Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Part of the traffic is terminated
Part of the traffic goes transparently
through

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

Digital Cross-connect (DXC m/n)

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

No traffic is terminated
Cross-connection matrix
connects tributary signals of
one aggregate to another
aggregate

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

PDH vs. SDH

PDH vs. SDH Bit Rates

Hierarchy level
USA
0
64 kbit/s
T0
1
1.544 Mbit/s T1 (24x)
2
6.312 Mbit/s DS-2 (4x)
3
44.736 Mbit/s DS-3 (7x)
4

PDH
E0
E1

Europe
64 kbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
8.448 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
139.264 Mbit/s

E0
E1 (32x)
E2 (4x)
E3 (4x)
E4 (4x)

E2
E3

E4

synchronous
plesiochronous

SDH

plesiochronous

plesiochronous

TM

STM-1

TM

STM-4

TM

STM-16

E1 (2.048 Mbit/s)
T1 (1.544 Mbit/s)

SONET
(ANSI)
STS-1
STS-3
STS-9
STS-12
STS-18
STS-24
STS-36
STS-48

SDH
(ITU-T)
STM-1
STM-4

STM-16
STM-64
STM-256

Data rate
(Mbps)
51.84
155.52
466.56
622.08
933.12
1244.16
1866.24
2488.32
9953.28
39813.12

DS-2 (6.312 Mbit/s)

E3 (34.368 Mbit/s)
DS-3 (44.736 Mbit/s)
E4 (139.264 Mbit/s)
ATM
etc.

PDH vs. SDH Add & Drop Function

E3

E4

E3

TM
4/3

TM
4/3

E3

E2
E2

TM
3/2

TM
3/2

E2
E1

TM
2/1

E1
E1

TM
2/1

E1 (2.048 kbit/s)

PDH

SDH

Six TMs needed

to drop E1
STM-4

ADM

STM-4

One ADM is
enough to
drop E1

E4

STM-1 FRAME

STM-1 Frame
270 columns (bytes)
261

RSOH
AU-4 pointers
Payload VC-4 (HO-VC)

9 rows (bytes)

MSOH

2430 bytes/frame 8 bit/byte 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s

transmitted from left to right and top to bottom

Virtual Containers (VCs)

T1 (1.544 Mbit/s)

E1 (2.048 Mbit/s)

VC-11

C4

4. level 140 Mbit/s

C3

3. level 34/45 Mbit/s

C2

2. level 6 Mbit/s

C1.2

1. level 2 Mbit/s

C1.1

1. level 1.55 Mbit/s

VC-12
DS-2 (6.312 Mbit/s)

DS-3 (44.736 Mbit/s)

E3 (34.368 Mbit/s)

VC-2
ATM cells

Mapping

E4 (139.264 Mbit/s)

VC-3
VC-4

SDH Multiplexing Structure (ETSI)

N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
3

TUG-3

C-4

139 264 kbit/s

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

44 736 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

6312 kbit/s

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s

VC-11

C-11

1544 kbit/s

7
1

TUG-2

Pointer processing

TU-12

Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping

C-n Container-n

CTP

TTP
End of trail
Contains: path trace,
signal label, error detection

ITU-T
Passing connection
Contains: payload pointer...

Tellabs 6300 SDH Multiplexing Structure

N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

C-4

139 264 kbit/s

Gb Ethernet

VC-3

C-3

44 736 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s
Fast Ethernet

VC-4
3

TUG-3

TU-3

TUG-2
Pointer processing
Multiplexing

3
TU-12

Aligning
Mapping

C-n Container-n

Tellabs 8100 SDH Multiplexing Structure

N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
3

TUG-3

7
1

TUG-2
Pointer processing
Multiplexing

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

n x 8, n x 64 kbit/s

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s
n x 8, n x 64 kbit/s

3
TU-12

Aligning
Mapping

C-n Container-n

KLM Coordinates
RSOH
AU-4 pointers

Payload
VC-4 (HO-VC)

MSOH

TUG3-1

TUG3-2

TUG3-3

V TU12-1 TU12-2 TU12-3

C
4

TUG2-1

P
O
H

TUG2-3

TUG2-2

TUG2-4
VC-3

TUG2-5

VC-12

TUG2-6
TUG2-7

VC-2

L
KLM: 152

KLM: 170

KLM: 300

TUG-3 number (values 1-3)

TUG-2 number (values 0-7)
TU-12 number (values 0-3)

STM-N FRAME

STM-N Frame
One SOH
AU pointers for every VC-4
N VC-4s

Synchronous
Transport
Module

Line Rate
Mbit/s

STM-1

155.520

STM-4

622.080

STM-16

2488.320

STM-64

9953.280

270 N columns (bytes)

9N

261 N

Section overhead
SOH

3
4

Administrative unit pointer(s)

STM-N payload

9 rows

Section overhead
SOH

9
T1518000-95

Multiplexing of AU into STM-N

AU-4 is placed directly in the AUG
N AUGs are one-byte interleaved into STM-N with
fixed phase
1
1

261

RSOH

1
1

261

#1

#N

AUG

AUG

123...N123...N

123...N123...N
MSOH
N9

N 261
STM-N

Figure 7-1/G.707

123 ... N
T1518050-95

SDH TRAILS

SDH Layers
PSTN

Client
Server

ISDN

ATM

LOP (VC-12, VC-2, VC-3)

IP

Lower-Order

HOP (VC-4)

Higher-Order

MS

Multiplex

RS

Regenerator

OS, ES

Physical

SDH Trails 1(2)

ADM HO

TM LO

DXC LO

TM LO

R
RS
trail

R
RS
trail

MS trail

RS
trail
MS
trail

HO Path

RS
trail

RS
trail

MS trail
HO Path

LO Path

Trail: Route between two Trail Termination Points (TTP)

TTP: Point where signal is terminated
RS trail: Regenerator Section trail (or just RS) is between regenerators
MS trail: Multiplex Section trail (or just MS) is between multiplexers
Path (P): Trail in path layer (HOP or LOP)

SDH Trails 2(2)

LO path

LO

LO

LO matrix

LO matrix
HO path

HO

HO

HO

MS

MS

RS

RS

HO path

HO

HO matrix
MS trail

MS

RS

RS trail

RS

RS

RS trail

MS

MS

RS

RS

MS trail

RS trail

MS trail

RS trail

RS

RS

MS

RS trail

RS

Regenerator
STM-N

STM-N

REG

Regenerates the optical signal

Terminates RSOH

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-N
or
PDH

STM-M

TM

Terminates RSOH and MSOH

May terminate HOP and LOP overhead
Multiplexes/maps tributary signals
Includes timing and management functions

Add/drop Multiplexer
STM-M

STM-M

ADM

STM-N or PDH

Terminates RSOH and MSOH

May terminate HOP and LOP overhead
Includes connection function between the two
aggregates
Multiplexes/maps tributary signals
Includes a connection function for allocation of TUs
within the STM frame

Cross-connect
STM-M

DXC

STM-M

STM-N or PDH

Terminates RSOH and MSOH

Includes connection function between the
aggregates
Can have tributary ports, for which it may
terminate HOP and LOP overhead

Example of Cross-connect (XC)

SDXC 4/1
STM-16

16 x

STM-4

4x

STM-1

1x

SDH
multiplexer

16 x

STM-16

4x

STM-4

1x

STM-1

AUG
HO
XC

VC-4
LO
XC

VC-12
2(1.5) Mbit/s

VC-3
34 (45) Mbit/s

RSOH
RSOH
RSOH
RSOH
PTR
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
A1
B1
D1
H1
B2
D4
D7
D10
S1

2
A1
R1
R4
Y1
B2
U9
U15
U21
Z12

3
A1
R2
R5
Y2
B2
U10
U16
U22
Z13

A1, A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1, D2, D3

4
A2
E1
D2
H2
K1
D5
D8
D11
Z21

5
A2
R3
R6
1
U5
U11
U17
U23
Z22

6
A2
U1
U2
1
U6
U12
U18
U24
M1

7
J0
F1
D3
H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2

8
NU1
NU3
U3
H3
U7
U13
U19
U25
NU5

9
NU2
NU4
U4
H3
U8
U14
U20
U26
NU6

framing patterns (F6H), (28H)

regenerator section Trail Trace Identifier (TTI)
BIP-8 parity byte
RS orderwire channel (service telephone)
user (network operator) data channel
regenerator section Data Communication Channel
(DCCR)

NU1, NU2, NU3, NU4

bytes reserved for national use
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 media specific bytes (e.g. radio link)
U1, U2, U3, U4
bytes with no defined use

MSOH
RSOH
RSOH
RSOH
PTR
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH
MSOH

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
A1
B1
D1
H1
B2
D4
D7
D10
S1

B2
K1, K2

D4 to D12
S1
M1
E2
NU5, NU6
U5 to U26
Z12, Z13, Z21, Z22

2
A1
R1
R4
Y1
B2
U9
U15
U21
Z12

3
A1
R2
R5
Y2
B2
U10
U16
U22
Z13

4
A2
E1
D2
H2
K1
D5
D8
D11
Z21

5
A2
R3
R6
1
U5
U11
U17
U23
Z22

6
A2
U1
U2
1
U6
U12
U18
U24
M1

7
J0
F1
D3
H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2

8
NU1
NU3
U3
H3
U7
U13
U19
U25
NU5

9
NU2
NU4
U4
H3
U8
U14
U20
U26
NU6

BIP-24 parity bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel, bit oriented
protocol (bits 1-5), Remote Defect Indication (RDI) (bits 6-8)
multiplex section Data Communication Channel (DCCM)
synchronization status (bits 5-8)
Remote Error Indication (REI)
MS orderwire channel (service telephone)
bytes reserved for national use
bytes with no defined use
bytes with no defined use

VC-4 and VC-3 POH

POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

J1
B3
C2
G1

Trail Trace Identifier

Parity BIP-8
Signal label (C2), used for payload type identification
Path status

REI

1 2 3 4

RD Reserv
I
ed
5

Spar
e

REI Remote Error Indication

RDI Remote Defect Indication

F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

Network operator (user) channel

Multiframe indicator, a sequence indicating
TU-multiframe phase (position of VC-12/VC-2)
Network operator (user) channel
Automatic Protection Switching (bits 1-4)
Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM, optional use in
multioperator environments

VC-2 and VC-12 POH

V5
J2
N2
K4
V5

POH
J2
N2

K4

Trail Trace Identifier

Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM, optional use in
multioperator environments
Automatic Protection Switching (bits 1-4), additional
information for RDI (bits 5-7) (optional)
Signal monitoring
1
2
3
BIP-2 BIP-2 REI

V5
4
5
RFI
SL

6
SL

7
SL

8
RDI

Parity BIP-2
Remote Error Indication (REI)
Remote Failure Indication (RFI), only for VC-11 (not in ETSI)
Signal label (SL)
Remote defect indication (RDI)

PDH OVER SDH

PDH over SDH

TU12

Container (C)

TU Pointer

Basic payload unit

VC12

POH
POH

Path Overhead

C12
Justification bytes

Virtual Container (VC)

C + POH (path
overhead)

Tributary Unit (TU)

VC + pointer
The pointer indicates
the start of the VC
and allows dynamic
alignment of the VC
within the TU frame

Virtual Container

Container

2 Mbit/s plesiochronous stream