1300 Math Formulas

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1300 Math Formulas

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fp_k= =VVQVNMTTQN=
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`==OMMQ=^KpK=^=o=oK=
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q=~==~==~K=
Preface
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q= ~= = ~= = = = = = ~= K= f= ~= = = = =
~==~==~~=~~==I=
I=~=I=~=~~K=q==
~= = = ~I= ~I= ~= = =
k= pI= ^~I= dI= qI= j~=
~= a~I= sI= ^~= dI= `~I=
a~=b~I=pI=~=m~=qK==
q= = ~= = I= I= ~= ~= ~=
= = ~= ~= = ~= ~I= = =
~===~=~=~===K===
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ii
Contents
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1 krj_bo=pbqp=
NKN= p=f==1=
NKO= p==k==5=
NKP= _~=f==7=
NKQ= `=k==8=
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2 îdb_o^=
OKN= c~=c~==12=
OKO= m=c~==13=
OKP= m==14=
OKQ= o==15=
OKR= i~==16=
OKS= b~==18=
OKT= f~==19=
OKU= `=f=c~==22=
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3 dbljbqov=
PKN= o=q~==24=
PKO= f=q~==27=
PKP= b~~=q~==28=
PKQ= p~=q~==29=
PKR= p~==33=
PKS= o~==34=
PKT= m~~~==35=
PKU= o==36=
PKV= q~==37=
PKNM= f=q~==38=
PKNN= f=q~==f=`==40=
PKNO= q~==f=`==41=
iii
PKNP= h==42=
PKNQ= `=n~~~==43=
PKNR= q~~=n~~~==45=
PKNS= d~=n~~~==46=
PKNT= o~=e~==47=
PKNU= o~=m==48=
PKNV= `==50=
PKOM= p==~=`==53=
PKON= p==~=`==54=
PKOO= `==55=
PKOP= o~~=m~~==56=
PKOQ= m==57=
PKOR= o~=q~==58=
PKOS= o~=m~==59=
PKOT= c==~=o~=m~==61=
PKOU= o~~=o=t==62=
PKOV= m~=p==63=
PKPM= o=`~=`==66=
PKPN= o=`~=`==~=l=m~=c~==68=
PKPO= o=`~=`==69=
PKPP= c==~=o=`~=`==70=
PKPQ= p==72=
PKPR= p~=`~==72=
PKPS= p~=p==73=
PKPT= p~=p==74=
PKPU= p~=t==75=
PKPV= b==76=
PKQM= `~=q==78=
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4 qofdlkljbqov=
QKN= o~~=~=a=j~==^==80=
QKO= a=~=d~==q=c==81=
QKP= p==q=c==86=
QKQ= q=c==`=^==87=
QKR= j=f~=c~==88=
iv
QKS= o=c~==89=
QKT= m==q=c==90=
QKU= o~==q=c==90=
QKV= ^=~=p~=c~==91=
QKNM= a=^=c~==92=
QKNN= j=^=c~==93=
QKNO= e~=^=c~==94=
QKNP= e~=^=q~=f==94=
QKNQ= q~==q=b==m==95=
QKNR= q~==q=b==p==97===
QKNS= m==q=c==98=
QKNT= d~==f=q=c==99=
QKNU= m~=s~==f=q=c==102=
QKNV= o~==f=q=c==103=
QKOM= q=b~==106=
QKON= o~==e=c==106=
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5 j^qof`bp=^ka=abqbojfk^kqp=
RKN= a~==107=
RKO= m==a~==109=
RKP= j~==110=
RKQ= l~==j~==111=
RKR= p==i~=b~==114=
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6 sb`qlop=
SKN= s=`~==118=
SKO= s=^==120=
SKP= s=p~==122=
SKQ= p~=s==122=
SKR= p~~=m==123=
SKS= s=m==125=
SKT= q=m=127=
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7 ^kîvqf`=dbljbqov=
TKN= l=-a~=`~=p==130=
TKO= q=-a~=`~=p==131=
TKP= p~=i==m~==139=
TKQ= `==149=
TKR= b==152=
TKS= e~==154=
TKT= m~~~==158=
TKU= q=-a~=`~=p==161=
TKV= m~==165=
TKNM= p~=i==p~==175=
TKNN= n~=p~==180=
TKNO= p==189=
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8 afccbobkqfî=`î`rirp=
UKN= c=~=q=d~==191=
UKO= i==c==208=
UKP= a=~=m===a~==209=
UKQ= q~==a~==211=
UKR= e=l=a~==215=
UKS= ^~==a~==217=
UKT= a~==221=
UKU= j~~=c==222=
UKV= a~=l~==225=
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9 fkqbdoî=`î`rirp=
VKN= f=f~==227=
VKO= f~==o~~=c==228=
VKP= f~==f~~=c==231=
VKQ= f~==q=c==237=
VKR= f~==e=c==241=
VKS= f~==b~=~=i~=c==242=
VKT= o=c~==243=
VKU= a=f~==247=
VKV= f=f~==253=
VKNM= a=f~==257=
VKNN= q=f~==269=
vi
VKNO= i=f~==275=
VKNP= p~=f~==285=
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10 afccbobkqfî=bnr^qflkp=
NMKN= c=l=l~=a~=b~==295=
NMKO= p=l=l~=a~=b~==298=
NMKP= p=m~~=a~=b~==302=
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11 pbofbp=
NNKN= ^=p==304=
NNKO= d=p==305=
NNKP= p=c=p==305=
NNKQ= f=p==307=
NNKR= m==`=p==307=
NNKS= `=q==308=
NNKT= ^~=p==310=
NNKU= m=p==311=
NNKV= a~=~=f~==m=p==312=
NNKNM= q~=~=j~~=p==313=
NNKNN= m=p=b~==p=c==314=
NNKNO= _~=p==316=
NNKNP= c=p==316=
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12 mol_^_fifqv=
NOKN= m~=~=`~==318=
NOKO= m~=c~==319=
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vii
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q=~==~==~K=
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viii
Chapter 1
Number Sets
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1.1 Set Identities

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pW=Î=_I=`=
r~=W=f=
`=W= ^ =
m=W= ^ _ ==
b=W= =
r==W= ^ _ =
f==W= ^ _ =
a==W= ^ y _ =
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1.
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2.
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3.
4.
5.
^ f=
^ ^=
^ = _ == ^ _ =~= _ ^ .=
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b=p=
^=
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r==p==
` = ^ _ = { ^ _}=
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CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
=====
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Figure 1.
6.
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7.
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8.
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`~=
^_ = _^=
^~=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) ` =
f==p=
` = ^ _ = { ^ ~ _} =
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=====
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Figure 2.
9.
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10.
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`~=
^_ = _^=
^~=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) ` =

11.
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12.
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13.
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14.
a=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) I=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) K=
f=
^ ^ = ^ I==
^^ = ^=
a~=
^ = I=
^f= f=
f=
^ = ^ I==
^f= ^
=
15.
16.
17.
18.
`=
^ = { f ^}
=
`==f=~=r
^ ^ = f I==
^ ^ = =
=
a=j~=i~
(^ _ ) = ^ _ I==
(^ _ ) = ^ _ =
=
a==p
` = _ y ^ = { _ ~ ^} =
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=====
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Figure 3.
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19.
_ y ^ = _ y (^ _ )
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20.
_ y ^ = _ ^
21.
^y^=
22.
^ y _ = ^ == ^ _ = .
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=====
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Figure 4.
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23.
(^ y _) ` = (^ `) y (_ `)
24.
^ = f y ^
25.
`~~=m
` = ^ _ = {( I ) ^ ~ _}
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1.2 Sets of Numbers

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26.
27.
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28.
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29.
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30.
k~~=W=k=
t=W= kM =
fW=w=
m=W= w + =
k~=W= w =
o~~=W=n=
o~=W=o==
`=W=`==
=
=
k~~=k
`=W k = {NI OI PI K} K=
t=k
`==~=W= k M = {MI NI OI PI K} K=
f
t==~===~=W=
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I=
w = {KI PI OI N} I=
w = w {M} w + = {KI PI OI NI MI NI OI PI K} K=
o~~=k
o~==~=~W==
~
n = = ~ ~ w ~ w ~ M K=
f~~=k
k~=~=~=~K

31.
o~=k==
r==~~=~=~~=W=oK=
=
32.
`=k
` = { + o ~ o}I==
====~~=K
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33.
k wn o `=
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===
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Figure 5.
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1.3 Basic Identities

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o~=W=~I=I==
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34.
^=f=
~+M=~ =
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35.
^=f=
~ + ( ~ ) = M =
=
36.
`~==^=
~ += +~ =
37.
^~==^=
(~ + ) + = ~ + ( + ) =
=
38.
a==p~=
~ = ~ + ( ) =
=
39.
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40.
41.
42.
j~=f=
~ N = ~ =
j~=f=
N
~ = N I= ~ M
~
=
j~=q=M
~ M = M
=
`~==j~=
~ = ~
=
=

43.
^~==j~=
(~ ) = ~ ( )
=
a=i~=
~ ( + ) = ~ + ~ =
44.
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45.
a==a=
~
N
= ~ =
=
=
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1.4 Complex Numbers

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k~~=W==
f~~=W==
`=W==
o~=~W=~I==
f~~=~W=I==
j==~==W=I= N I= O =
^==~==W= I= N I= O =
=
=
46.
=
47.
=
48.
N = =
O = N =
P = =
Q = N=
R = =
S = N =
T = =
U = N =
Q +N = =
Q + O = N =
Q + P = =
Q = N =
= ~ + =
`=m~=
=

=====
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Figure 6.
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49.
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50.
=
51.
=
(~ + ) ( + ) = (~ ) + ( ) =
(~ + )( + ) = (~ ) + (~ + ) =
~ + ~ + ~
=
+
=
+ O + O O + O
52.
=
53.
(~ + ) + ( + ) = (~ + ) + ( + ) =
`~=`=k=
|||||||
~ + = ~ =
=
54.
~ = I= = ==
=

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Figure 7.
55.
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56.
=
m~=m~==`=k=
~ + = ( + ) =
j=~=^==~=`=k=
f= ~ + ==~==I==
= ~ O + O =EFI==
= ~~ =E~FK=
~
=
57.
=
58.
m==m~=o~=
N O = N ( N + N ) O ( O + O ) =
= NO [(N + O ) + (N + O )] =
`~=k==m~=o~=
|||||||||||||||||||||
( + ) = [( ) + ( )] =
=
59.
f==~=`=k==m~=o~=
N
N
= [( ) + ( )] =
( + )
10

60.
=
61.
=
62.
=
63.
=
64.
n==m~=o~=
N N ( N + N ) N
= [(N O ) + (N O )] =
=
O O ( O + O ) O
m==~=`=k=
= [( + )] = [() + ()] =
c~=a=j=
( + ) = () + () =
k=o==~=`=k=
+ O
+ O
= ( + ) =
+
I==
==
= MI NI OI KI N K==
b=c~=
= + =
=
=
11
Chapter 2
Algebra
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2.1 Factoring Formulas

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o~=W=~I=I===
k~~=W==
=
=
65.
=
66.
=
67.
=
68.
=
69.
=
70.
=
71.
=
72.
~ O O = (~ + )(~ ) =
~ P P = (~ )(~ O + ~ + O ) =
~ P + P = (~ + )(~ O ~ + O ) =
~ Q Q = (~ O O )(~ O + O ) = (~ )(~ + )(~ O + O ) =
~ R R = (~ )(~ Q + ~ P + ~ O O + ~P + Q ) =
~ R + R = (~ + )(~ Q ~ P + ~ O O ~P + Q ) =
f===I==
~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K ~ O + N ) K==
f===I===
~ = (~ )(~ N + ~ O + ~ P O + K + ~O + N ) I==
12

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K + ~O N ) K=
=
=
=
2.2 Product Formulas
73.
=
74.
=
75.
=
76.
=
77.
=
78.
=
79.
=
80.
=
81.
o~=W=~I=I===
t=W=I==
=
=
(~ )O = ~ O O~ + O =
(~ + )O = ~ O + O~ + O =
(~ )P = ~ P P~ O + P~O P =
(~ + )P = ~ P + P~ O + P~O + P =
(~ )Q = ~ Q Q~ P + S~ O O Q~P + Q =
(~ + )Q = ~ Q + Q~ P + S~ OO + Q~P + Q =
_~=c~=
(~ + ) = ` M~ + `N~ N + ` O~ OO + K + ` N~N + ` I
>
= ` =
=~==~=K=
> ( )>
(~ + + )O = ~ O + O + O + O~ + O~ + O =
(~ + + + K + + )O = ~ O + O + O + K + O + O + =
+ O(~ + ~ + K + ~ + ~ + + K + + + K + ) =
13

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.3 Powers
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_~=E=~=FW=~I===
m=E~~=FW=I==
=
=
~ ~ = ~ + =
82.
=
83.
~
= ~ =
=
84.
=
(~) = ~ =
85.
~
~
= =
=
86.
=
87.
=
88.
=
(~ )
= ~ =
~ M = N I= ~ M =
~N = N =
~ =
89.
N
=
~
~ = ~ =
90.
=
=
=
=
=
14

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.4 Roots
=
91.
=
_~W=~I===
m=E~~=FW=I==
~ I M ====E = O I= k F=
=
=
~ = ~ =
92.
=
~ = ~ =
93.
~ ~
=
I= M =

=
94.
=
95.
=
96.
=
~ ~ ~
I= M K=
=
=
(~ )
( ~)
= ~ =
=~=
97.
=
~ =
98.
=
~ =~ =
99.
=
100.
=
~ = ~ =
( ~)
~ =
= ~ =
15

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N ~ N
=
I= ~ M K=
~
~
101.
=
~ =
102.
~ + ~O
~ ~O
=
O
O
=
N
~m
=
=
~
~
103.
=
=
=
2.5 Logarithms
=
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
m=~=W=I=I=~I=I==
k~~=W===
=
=
a==i~=
= ~ ==~=== = ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
=
~ N = M =
=
~ ~ = N =
=
~ > N
~ M =
=
+ ~ < N
=
~ ( ) = ~ + ~ =
=
~ = ~ ~ =
16

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
110. ~ ( ) = ~ =
=
N
111. ~ = ~ =
=

112. ~ =
= ~ I= > M I= N K=
~
=
N
113. ~ =
=
~
=
114. = ~ ~ =
=
115. i~==_~=NM=
NM = =
=
116. k~~=i~=
= I==
N
= = N + = OKTNUOUNUOUK =

=
N
117. =
= MKQPQOVQ =
NM
=
N
118. =
= OKPMORUR =

=
=
=
=
=
17

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.6 Equations
=
o~=W=~I=I=I=I=I=I==
pW= N I= O I= N I= O I= P =
=
=
119. i~=b~==l=s~~=
~ + = M I= = K==
~
=
120. n~~=b~=
O Q~
~ + + = M I= NI O =
K=
O~
=
121. a~=
a = O Q~ =
=
122. s=c~=
f= O + + = M I===
N + O =
K=
N
O
123. ~ O + = M I= N = M I= O = K=
~
=
124. ~ O + = M I= NI O = K=
~
=
125. `=b~K=`~~=c~K==
P + + = M I==
O
18

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N = + I= OI P =
N
( + ) P ( + ) I==
O
O
==
O
=P

+ + I= = P + K==
O
O
O P
O P
=
=
2.7 Inequalities
s~~W=I=I==
~ I I I
o~=W=
I=I==
~N I ~ O I ~ P I KI ~
a~W=aI= a I= a I= a ==
=
=
126. f~I=f~=k~=~=d~==
=
f~=
f~=k~=
d~=
[~I ]=
~ =
~ < =
(~I ] =
~ < =
[~I ) =
~ < < =
(~I ) =
< I=
=
< < I=
<=
~ < I=
~=
~ < < I=
>~=
( I ] =
=
=
( I ) =
[~I ) =
(~I ) =
19

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
127.
=
128.
=
129.
=
130.
=
131.
=
132.
=
133.
=
f= ~ > I== < ~ K=

f= ~ > I== ~ > M == ~ < M K=
f= ~ > I== ~ + > + K=
f= ~ > I== ~ > K=
f= ~ > =~= > I== ~ + > + K=
f= ~ > =~= > I== ~ > K=
f= ~ > =~= > M I== ~ > K=
134. f= ~ > =~= > M I==
~
> K=

=
135. f= ~ > =~= < M I== ~ < K=
=
~
136. f= ~ > =~= < M I== < K=

=
137. f= M < ~ < =~= > M I== ~ < K=
=
138. f= M < ~ < =~= < M I== ~ > K=
=
139. f= M < ~ < I== ~ < K=
=
~+
I==
140.
~
O
= ~ > M =I= > M X=~=~==~=== ~ = K==
=
N
141. ~ + O I== ~ > M X=~=~=~=~==~= ~ = N K=
~
20

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
142.
~N~ O K~
~N + ~ O + K + ~
I== ~N I ~ O I KI ~ > M K=
143. f= ~ + > M =~= ~ > M I== > K=

~
=
144. f= ~ + > M =~= ~ < M I== < K==

~
=
145. ~ O + + > M =
=
=
~ > M=
=
=
=
=
a>M=
=
=
=
a=M=
=
=
=
a<M=
=
< N I= > O =
=
N < I= > N =
=
=
< <=
=
21
~ <M=
=
=
N < < O =
=
=
=
=
=

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~+ ~ + =
146.
=
147.
=
148.
=
149.
=
150.
=
f= < ~ I== ~ < < ~ I== ~ > M K=

f= > ~ I== < ~ =~= > ~ I== ~ > M K=
f= O < ~ I== < ~ I== ~ > M K=
f= O > ~ I== > ~ I== ~ > M K=
151. f=
( ) ( ) > M
( )
> M I==
K=
( )
( ) M
( ) ( ) < M
( )
< M I==
K=
( )
( ) M
152.
=
=
=
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas

=
c=~W=^=
f~=W=`=
^~=~==W==
k==~=W==
k=====~W==
=
=
153. d~=`=f=c~=

^ = ` N + =

=
22

CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
154. p=`=f=c~=
f======~I====
~==W=
^ = `(N + ) K=
=
155. `=`=f=
f====~=E FI===
^ = ` K=
=
=
23
Chapter 3
Geometry
=
=
=
=
3.1 Right Triangle

=
i==~==~W=~I==
eW==
^W==
j~W= ~ I= I= =
^W= I =
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 8.
=
156. + = VM =
=
24

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
157. =
~
= =
=
158. =
= =
159. ~ =
~
= =
160. = = ~ =
~
=
161. = = =
=
162. =
= =
~
=
163. m~~=q=
~ O + O = O =
=
164. ~ = I= = I==
= = ~= = ~= = = = = ~= ~= I= I====K=
=
O
=====
Figure 9.
25

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
165. O = I===
====~====~K==
=
O
O
~
166. O~ = O I= O = ~ O I===
Q
Q
= ~ =~= =~==~====~=~=K==
=
=
Figure 10.
167. = I==
O
= ===~====K=
=
168. o = = =
O
=
~ +
~
=
=
169. =
O
~ ++
=
170. ~ = =
=
=
26

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
171. p =
~
=
=
O
O
=
=
=
3.2 Isosceles Triangle

=
_~W=~=
iW==
_~=~W= =
s=~W= =
^===~W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 11.
=
172. = VM
=
O
=
173. O = O
~
=
Q
27

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
174. i = ~ + O =
=
175. p =
~
= =
O
O
=
=
=
3.3 Equilateral Triangle

=
p==~=~~=~W=~=
^W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 12.
=
176. =
~ P
=
O
=
28

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
O
~ P
=
177. o = =
P
P
=
N
~ P o
= =
178. = =
P
S
O
=
179. i = P~ =
=
180. p =
~ ~ P
=
=
O
Q
=
=
=
3.4 Scalene Triangle

E^=~=====~F=
=
=
p==~=~W=~I=I==
~ ++
==
pW= =
O
^==~=~W= I I =
^====~I=I=W= ~ I I =
j~====~I=I=W= ~ I I =
_===~= I I W= ~ I I =
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=
29

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=====
=
Figure 13.
=
181. + + = NUM =
182. ~ + > I==
+ > ~ I==
~ + > K=
=
183. ~ < I==
< ~ I==
~ < K=
=
184. j=
~
= I= ~ K=
O
=
=====
Figure 14.
30

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
185. i~==`=
~ O = O + O O I=
O = ~ O + O O~ I=
O = ~ O + O O~ K=
=
186. i~==p=
~
=
=
= Oo I==

=o===~====K==
=
~
~
~ ~
=
=
=
=
=
=
187. o =
=
O O O O ~ O O Qp
=
( ~ )( )( ) I==
188. O =
N N
N
N
= +
+ K=
~
=
( )( ) I=
189. =
O
( ~ )
I=
=
O
=
O
( )( ) K=
( ~ )
=
O
190. ~ =
( ~ )( )( ) I=
~
O
( ~ )( )( ) I=
=
O
=
( ~ )( )( ) K=
31

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
191. ~ = = I=
= ~ = I=
= ~ = K=
=
+ ~
I==
O
Q
O
O
~ + O
O =
I==
O
Q
O
O
~ + O
O
=
K=
O
Q
192. O~ =
=====
Figure 15.
=
O
O
O
193. ^j = ~ I= _j = I= `j = =EcKNRFK=
P
P
P
=
Q( ~ )
194. O~ =
I==
( + )O
Q~( )
O =
I==
(~ + )O
Q~( )
O =
K=
(~ + )O
=
32

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~ ~
=
=
I==
O
O
O
~ ~
I==
p=
=
=
O
O
O
p = ( ~ )( )( ) =Ee=c~FI=
p = I==
~
p=
I=
Qo
p = Oo O I=
p = O ~ ~ ~ K=
O
O
O
195. p =
=
=
=
3.5 Square
p==~=~W=~=
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
Figure 16.
33

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
196. = ~ O ==
=
197. o =
~ O
=
=
O
O
=
~
198. = =
O
199. i = Q~ =
=
=
200. p = ~ =
=
=
=
O
3.6 Rectangle
=
p==~=~W=~I==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 17.
=
201. = ~ O + O ==
34

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
202. o =
=
O
=
203. i = O(~ + ) =
204. p = ~ =
=
=
=
3.7 Parallelogram
=
p==~=~~~W=~I==
a~~W= N I O =
`=~W= I =
^===~~W= =
^W===
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=====
Figure 18.
=
205. + = NUM =
206. + = O(~ + ) =
O
N
O
O
35

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
207. = = =
208. i = O(~ + ) =
209. p = ~ = ~ I==
N
p = N O K=
O
=
=
=
=
=
3.8 Rhombus
=
p==~=W=~=
a~~W= N I O =
`=~W= I =
^W=e=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=====
Figure 19.
36

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
210. + = NUM =
=
211. + = Q~ =
O
N
O
O
=
212. = ~ =
N O
=
O~
=

~
213. = = N O =
=
O
Q~
O
214. i = Q~ =
=
215. p = ~ = ~ I==
N
p = N O K=
O
=
=
=
O
3.9 Trapezoid
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
jW==
^W==
^~W=p=
=
=
37

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 20.
=
216. =
217. p =
~+
=
O
~+
= =
O
=
=
=
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid

=
_~==~=~W=~I==
iW==
jW==
^W==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
^~W=p=
=
=
38

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 21.
=
218. =
~+
=
O
=
219. = ~ + =
=
N
O
220. = O ( ~ ) =
Q
O
=
~ + O
=
(O ~ + )(O + ~ )
=
~+
222. p =
= =
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
221. o =
39

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

Inscribed Circle
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
iW==
jW==
^W==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 22.
=
223. ~ + = O =
=
~+
224. =
==
O
=
225. = + =
O
40

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
226. =
~
=
=
O
O
=
~+ ~
N+
O + O =
=
=
=
+S+ =
O Q O
~ O
U
~
=
228. i = O(~ + ) = Q =
=
(~ + ) ~ = = = i ==
~+
=
229. p =
O
O
O
=
=
=
227. o =
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle

=
_~==~=~W=~I==
i~~=W=I==
jW==
^W==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
41

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 23.
=
230. ~ + = + =
~+ +
=
=
231. =
O
O
232. i = O(~ + ) = O( + ) =
=
=
~+
+
=
= I==
O
O
N
p = N O K=
O
233. p =
=
=
=
3.13 Kite
=
p==~=W=~I==
a~~W= N I O =
^W= I I =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
42

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 24.
234. + + O = PSM =
235. i = O(~ + ) =
=
=
236. p =
N O
=
O
=
=
=
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral

p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
f~=~W= I I I =
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
43

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 25.
237. + = + = NUM =
=
238. m=q=
~ + = N O =
239. i = ~ + + + =
=
N (~ + )(~ + )(~ + )
I==
240. o =
Q ( ~ )( )( )( )
i
= = K=
O
=
N
241. p = N O I==
O
p = ( ~ )( )( )( ) I==
i
= = K=
O
=
=
=
44

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

=
p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
o~===W==
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 26.
=
242. ~ + = + =
=
243. i = ~ + + + = O(~ + ) = O( + ) =
=
NO OO (~ ) (~ + )
I==
O
i
= = K==
O
=
O
244. =
45

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
245. p = = N O =
O
=
=
=
3.16 General Quadrilateral

=
p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
f~=~W= I I I =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=======
Figure 27.
246. + + + = PSM =
247. i = ~ + + + =
=
=
46

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
248. p = N O =
O
=
=
=
3.17 Regular Hexagon

=
pW=~=
f~=~W= =
p~=W==
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 28.
=
249. = NOM =
=
250. = =
~ P
=
O
47

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
251. o = ~ =
252. i = S~ =
=
O
~ P P
I==
O
i
= = K=
O
=
=
=
253. p = =
3.18 Regular Polygon

=
pW=~=
k==W==
f~=~W= =
p~=W==
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=
48

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 29.
=
254. =
255. =
O
NUM =
O
=
O
NUM =
O
=
256. o =
=
=
257. = =
~
O ~
= oO
~O
=
Q
258. i = ~ =
=
259. p =
o
O
I==
O
p = = o O
~O
I==
Q
49

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
= =
i
K==
O
=
=
=
3.19 Circle
=
o~W=o=
a~W==
`W=~=
p~=W=I==
q~=W==
`~=~W= =
f=~W= =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
260. ~ = Oo =
O
=
=
Figure 30.
50

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
261. ~N~ O = NO =
=
=
Figure 31.
262. N = N =
=
=====
Figure 32.
=
263. O = N =
=
51

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=====
=
Figure 33.
=
264. =
=
O
=
Figure 34.
=
265. i = Oo = =
=
266. p = o O =
io
=
==
Q
O
O
52

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.20 Sector of a Circle

=
o~==~=W=o=
^=W==
`~=~=E=~~FW==
`~=~=E=FW= =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 35.
267. = o =
268. =
o
=
NUM
269. i = + Oo =
=
270. p =
o o o
=
=
==
O
O
PSM
O
=
=
53

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.21 Segment of a Circle

=
o~==~=W=o=
^=W==
`W=~=
`~=~=E=~~FW==
`~=~=E=FW= =
e===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 36.
=
271. ~ = O Oo O =
=
N
272. = o
Qo O ~ O I= < o =
O
=
273. i = + ~ =
=
54

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
O
O
N
[o ~(o )] = o = o ( ) I==
O
O NUM
O
O
p ~ K=
P
274. p =
=
=
=
3.22 Cube
=
bW=~==
a~~W==
o~===W==
o~===W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
===
Figure 37.
=
275. = ~ P =
=
~
276. = =
O
=
55

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
277. o =
~ P
=
O
=
278. p = S~ =
O
=
279. s = ~ ==
=
=
=
P
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped

=
bW=~I=I===
a~~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=====
Figure 38.
=
280. = ~ O + O + O =
281. p = O(~ + ~ + ) =
282. s = ~ ==
=
=
56

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.24 Prism
=
i~~=W==
eW==
i~~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=====
Figure 39.
=
283. p = p i + Op_ K==
=
284. i~~=^~==~=o=m=
p i = (~ N + ~ O + ~ P + K + ~ ) =
=
285. i~~=^~==~=l=m=
p i = I==
========K=
=
57

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
286. s = p_ =
=
287. `~~D=m==
d=====~~=~K=f==
~===~~====~=~==~=
~~===I=======~=~K=
=
=
=
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron

=
q~==W=~=
eW==
^~==~W= p_ =
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 40.
=
288. =
O
~=
P
58

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
289. p_ =
P~ O
=
Q
=
290. p = P~ =
=
N
~P
291. s = p_ =
K==
P
S O
=
=
=
O
3.26 Regular Pyramid

=
p==~W=~=
i~~=W==
eW==
p~=W===
k==W===
p==~W==
o~=====~W==
^~==~W= p_ =
i~~=~=~~W= pi =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
59

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 41.
=
292. = O
~O
=
Q
=
293. =
O
~
QO O
=
N
N
294. p i = ~ = ~ QO ~ O = =
O
Q
=
295. p_ = =
=
296. p = p_ + p i =
=
N
N
297. s = p_ = ==
P
P
=
=
=
60

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

=
~N I ~ O I ~ P IKI ~
=
_~=~===W=
N I O I P IKI
eW==
p~=W===
^~==~W= pN I= pO =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
m==~W= mN I= mO =
p~=~W==
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 42.
=
298.
N O P
= = =K= = = =
~N ~ O ~ P
~ ~
=
61

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
299.
pO
= O =
pN
=
(mN + mO )
=
300. p i =
O
301. p = p i + pN + pO =
302. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
=
O
p p
303. s = N N + + = N N + + O =
P ~ ~ P
=
=
=
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge

=
p==~W=~I==
q=W==
eW==
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
62

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 43.
=
N
(~ + ) QO + O + O + (~ )O =
O
=
305. p_ = ~ =
=
306. p = p_ + p i =
=
(O~ + ) =
307. s =
S
=
=
=
304. p i =
3.29 Platonic Solids

=
bW=~=
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
63

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
308. c=m~=p=
q= ~= = ~= = ~= = ~=
~=====~=K==
=
k=
k=
p=
p=
k=
=s =b=
=c~=
q~==
Q=
S=
Q=
PKOR=
`=
U=
NO=
S=
PKOO=
l~=
S=
NO=
U=
PKOT=
f~=
NO=
PM=
OM=
PKOT=
a~=
OM=
PM=
NO=
PKOT=
=
=
Octahedron
=
=
Figure 44.
=
309. =
~ S
=
S
=
310. o =
~ O
=
O
64

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
311. p = O~ O P =
=
~P O
312. s =
=
P
=
=
Icosahedron
=
=
Figure 45.
=
313. =
=
314. o =
~ P P+ R
=
NO
~
O R+ R =
Q
=
315. p = R~ O P =
=
R~ P P + R
316. s =
=
NO
=
=
65

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Dodecahedron
=
=
Figure 46.
317. =
~ NM OR + NN R
=
O
=
318. o =
~ P N+ R
=
Q
319. p = P~ O R R + O R =
=
~ P NR + T R
320. s =
=
Q
=
=
=
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder

=
o~==~W=o=
a~==~W==
66

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
eW=e=
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=====
=
Figure 47.
=
321. p i = Ooe =
=
322. p = p i + Op_ = Oo(e + o ) = e + =

O
=
323. s = p_ e = o O e =
=
=
=
67

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

an Oblique Plane Face
=
o~==~W=o=
q=~===~=W= N =
q====~=W= O =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 48.
324. p i = o(N + O ) =
=
O
O
325. p_ = o + o o + N
=
O
=
O
68

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N O
O
326. p = p i + p_ = o N + O + o + o +
=
O
=
o O
(N + O ) =
327. s =
O
=
=
=
3.32 Right Circular Cone

o~==~W=o=
a~==~W==
eW=e=
p~=W==
i~~=~=~~W= pi =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 49.
69

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
328. e = O o O =
=
329. p i = o =
=
O
=
330. p_ = o O =
=
331. p = p i + p_ = o ( + o ) = + =
O
O
=
N
N
332. s = p_ e = o O e =
P
P
=
=
=
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

=
o~==~W=oI==
eW=e=
p~=W==
p~=~W==
^~==~W= pN I= pO =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
70

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 50.
=
333. e = O (o ) =
=
o
334.
==
=
p oO
335. O = O = O =
pN
=
336. p i = (o + ) =
=
337. p = pN + pO + p i = o O + O + (o + ) =
=
338. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
=
O
pN o o pN
339. s =
N+ + O =
N + + =
P P
=
=
=
O
71

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.34 Sphere
=
o~W=o=
a~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
Figure 51.
=
340. p = Qo O =
=
Q
N
N
341. s = o P e = P = po =
P
S
P
=
=
=
3.35 Spherical Cap

o~==W=o=
o~==~W==
eW==
^~==~=~W= p_ =
^~==~=~W= p` =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
72

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 52.
=
342. o =
O + O
=
O
=
343. p_ = O =
=
344. p` = ( O + O )=
=
345. p = p_ + p` = ( O + O O ) = (Oo + O ) =
=
346. s = O (Po ) = (P O + O ) =
S
S
=
=
=
3.36 Spherical Sector

=
o~==W=o=
o~==~==~=~W==
eW==
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
73

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
======
===
Figure 53.
=
347. p = o(O + ) =
=
O
348. s = o O =
P
=
kW= q= = ~= ~= = = = = ~=
=~=K=
=
=
=
3.37 Spherical Segment

=
o~==W=o=
o~==~W= N I= O =
eW==
^~==~=~W= pp =
^~==~==~W= pN I= pO =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
74

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=====
=
Figure 54.
=
349. pp = Oo =
=
350. p = pp + pN + pO = (Oo + NO + OO ) =
=
N
351. s = (PNO + POO + O )=
S
=
=
=
3.38 Spherical Wedge

=
o~W=o=
a~=~==W==
a~=~==~~W= =
^~==~=W= p i =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
75

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
Figure 55.
=
352. p i =
o O
= Oo O =
VM
=
353. p = o O +
o O
= o O + Oo O =
VM
=
354. s =
oP
O
= oP =
OTM
P
=
=
=
3.39 Ellipsoid
=
p-~W=~I=I==
sW=s=
76

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=======
=
Figure 56.
=
Q
355. s = ~ =
P
=
=
=
Prolate Spheroid
=
p-~W=~I=I==E ~ > F=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
~ ~
356. p = O +
I==
= =
~ O O
K=
~
=
Q
357. s = O~ =
P
=
77

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Oblate Spheroid
=
p-~W=~I=I==E ~ < F=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

~ ~
~ I==
358. p = O +
L ~
= =
O ~ O
K=
=
Q
359. s = O~ =
P
=
=
=
3.40 Circular Torus

=
j~=~W=o=
j=~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
78

CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
==
Picture 57.
=
360. p = QOo =
=
361. s = OOo O =
=
=
79
Chapter 4
Trigonometry
=
=
=
=
^W= I= =
o~==E~==~=FW=I===
t=W==
=
=
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles

=
362. N ~ =
=
363. N =
=
364. N D =
=
365. N ? =
=
366. =
=
=
=
NUM
RTNT DQR? =
~ MKMNTQRP ~ =
NUM
~ MKMMMOVN ~ =
NUM SM
~ MKMMMMMR ~ =
NUM PSMM
^=
EF=
^=
E~~F=
M=
PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM=
M=
=
S
=
Q
80
=
P
=
O
P
=
O
O =

CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

Functions
=
=
Figure 58.
=
367. =
=
368. =
=
369. ~ =
=
370. =
81

371. =
=
372. =
373. p=c=
= I= N N K=
=
=
Figure 59.
=
374. `=c==
= I= N N K=
82

=
Figure 60.
=
375. q~=c=
= ~ I= (O + N) I= ~ K =
O
=
=
Figure 61.
83

376. `~=c==
= I= I== K=
=
=
Figure 62.
=
377. p~=c=
= I= (O + N) K=
O
==
84

=
Figure 63.
=
378. `~=c==
= I= K=
=
Figure 64.
85

4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

379. =
=
=
=
380. =
n~~=
f=
ff=
fff=
fs=
p
=
H=
H=
=
=
`
=
H=
=
=
H=
q~
=
H=
=
H=
=
`
=
H=
=
H=
=
p
=
H=
=
=
H=
`=
=
H=
H=
=
=
=
Figure 65.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
86

4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

Angles
381. =
= ~ =
M=
M=
=
PM=
S
=
QR=
Q
=
SM=
P
=
VM=
O
O
=
NOM=
P
NUM=
=
P
=
OTM=
O
PSM= O =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
O
=
O
P
=
O
=
N=
P
=
O
O
=
O
N
=
O
N=
M=
P
=
O
M=
N
=
O
N=
N=
M=
=
M=
N
=
O
~ =
M=
=
N
=
P=
P
=
N=
O
=
P
=
O=
N=
N=
P=
N
=
P
O=
O
=
P
M=
N=
O=
O=
M=
N
P
=
N=
O
=
P
=
M=
M=
N=
N=
M=
N=
P=
87
O=

382. =
= ~ =
=
NR=
NO
~ =
S O
=
Q
S+ O
=
Q
O P =
O+ P =
RO R
=
R
R+O R =
NU=
=
NM
R N
=
Q
NM + O R
Q
PS=
=
R
NM O R
Q
R +N
=
Q
RQ=
P
=
NM
R +N
=
Q
NM O R
Q
TO=
O
=
R
NM + O R
Q
R N
=
Q
TR=
R
=
NO
S+ O
=
Q
S O
=
Q
=
=
=
4.5 Most Important Formulas

=
383. O + O = N =
=
384. O ~ O = N =
=
385. O O = N =
=

=
386. ~ =

88
NM O R
R +N
R +N
NM O R
R +N
NM O R
=
NM O R
R +N
=
R+O R =
RO R
R
=
O+ P =
O P =

387. =
=
388. ~ = N =
=
N
389. =
=

=
N
390. =
=

=
=
=
4.6 Reduction Formulas

=
391. =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
VM =
VM + =
NUM
NUM +
OTM
OTM +
PSM
= PSM +
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
=
+ =
89
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
~ =
~ =
+ =
=
~ =
+ ~ =
+ =
=
~ =
+ ~ =
=
=
+ ~ =
~ =
=
+ =
+ ~ =
~ =
=
+ =

4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions

=
392. ( O ) = I== O == PSM K=

=
393. ( O ) = I== O == PSM K=
=
394. ~( ) = ~ I== == NUM K=
=
395. ( ) = I== == NUM K=
=
=
=
4.8 Relations between Trigonometric

Functions
=
396. = N O =
O =
=
N + ~ O
O
N
(N O ) = O O N =
O
O Q
O ~
=
=
397. = N O =
O=
=
N + ~ O
O
N
(N + O ) = O O N =
O
O
N ~ O
=
=
398. ~ =

O
N O
= O N =
=
=

N + O
O
90

N O
O =
=
=
N + O
O
N + ~
O
O ~
=
=

N + O
O
= O N =
=
=

O
N O
N ~ O
N + O
O=
=
= =
N O
O ~
O
399. =
N
O=
400. =
= N + ~ O =

N ~ O
O
=
N + ~ O
N
O=
401. =
= N + O =

O ~
O
=
=
=
N + ~ O
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas

=
402. ( + ) = + =
=
403. ( ) = =
=
404. ( + ) = =
=
405. ( ) = + =
91

406. ~( + ) =
=
407. ~( ) =
=
408. ( + ) =
=
409. ( ) =
~ + ~
=
N ~ ~
~ ~
=
N + ~ ~
N ~ ~
=
~ + ~
N + ~ ~
=
~ ~
=
=
=
4.10 Double Angle Formulas

=
410. O = O =
=
411. O = O O = N O O = O O N =
=
O ~
O
412. ~ O =
=
=
O
N ~ ~
=
O N ~
=
=
413. O =
O
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
92

4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas

=
414. P = P Q P = P O P =
=
415. Q = Q U P =
=
416. R = R OM P + NS R =
=
417. P = Q P P = P P O =
=
418. Q = U Q U O + N =
=
419. R = NS R OM P + R =
=
P ~ ~ P
420. ~ P =
=
N P ~ O
=
Q ~ Q ~ P
=
421. ~ Q =
N S ~ O + ~ Q
=
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
=
422. ~ R =
N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
=
P P
423. P =
=
P O N
=
N S ~ O + ~ Q
==
424. Q =
Q ~ Q ~ P
=
93

425. R =
N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
=
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
=
=
=
4.12 Half Angle Formulas

=
426.
N
=
=
O
O
=
427.
N +
=
=
O
O
=
428. ~
N

N
=
=
=
= =
O
N + N +

=
429.
N +

N +
=
=
=
= + =
O
N N

=
=
=
4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities

=
O =
430. =
N + ~ O
O
=
O ~
94

O=
431. =
O
N + ~
O
=
O ~
O =
432. ~ =
N ~ O
O
=
N ~ O
O=
433. =
O ~
O
=
=
=
N ~ O
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric

Expressions to Product
=
434. + = O
=
435. = O
+

=
O
O
+

=
O
O
=
436. + = O
+

=
O
O
=
437. = O
+

=
O
O
95

438. ~ + ~ =
=
439. ~ ~ =
=
440. + =
=
441. =
( + )
=

( )
=

( + )
=

( )
=

442. + = O = O + =
Q
443. = O = O + =
Q
=
( )
=
444. ~ + =

=
( + )
=
445. ~ =

=
446. N + = O O =
O
=
447. N = O O =
O
=
96


448. N + = O O =
Q O
=

449. N = O O =
Q O
=
=
=
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric

Expressions to Sum
=
450. =
( ) ( + )
=
O
=
451. =
=
452. =
=
453. ~ ~ =
=
454. =
=
455. ~ =
( ) + ( + )
=
O
( ) + ( + )
=
O
~ + ~
=
+
+
=
~ + ~
~ +
=
+ ~
=
=
=
97

4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

=
456. O =
=
457. P =
=
458. Q =
=
459. R =
=
460. S =
=
461. O =
=
462. P =
=
463. Q =
=
464. R =
=
465. S =
N O
=
O
P P
=
Q
Q Q O + P
=
U
NM R P + R
=
NS
NM NR O + S Q S
=
PO
N + O
=
O
P + P
=
Q
Q + Q O + P
=
U
NM + R P + R
=
NS
NM + NR O + S Q + S
=
PO
98

4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
=
466. f=p=c==
= ~ I= N N I=
~ K=
O
O
=
Figure 66.
=
467. f=`=c==
= ~ I= N N I= M ~ K=
=
99

=
Figure 67.
=
468. f=q~=c==
= ~~ I= I=
< ~~ < K=
O
O
=====
Figure 68.
100

469. f=`~=c==
= ~ I= I= M < ~ < K=
=====
=
Figure 69.
=
470. f=p~=c==

= ~= I ( I N] [NI )I ~ MI I K
O O
=
Figure 70.
101

471. f=`~=c==

= ~ I ( I N] [NI )I ~ I M MI K
O O
=
Figure 71.
=
=
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
472.
M=
N
=
O
PM =
SM =
O
~ = M =
~ = VM
N
=
O
PM
~ =
QR
=
NOM
~ =
NPR =
=
O
=
O
QR =
QR =
P
P
O
SM
PM
VM
M =
N=
VM
=
NUM
NRM =
=
SM
102
N=
=
=

473.
M=
P
P
N=
~~ =
M =
PM
QR
SM
~ = VM
SM
QR
PM
P=
P
P
4.19 Relations between Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
=
474. ~( ) = ~ =
=
475. ~ = ~ =
O
=
476. ~ = ~ N O I= M N K=
=
477. ~ = ~ N O I= N M K=
=
O
I= < N K=
478. ~ = ~~
O
N
=
N O
I= M < N K=
=
480. ~ = ~
N O
I= N < M K=
=
481. ~( ) = ~ =
103
P=
QR
SM =
=
NPR
NOM =
NRM =
=
PM
=
=
=
479. ~ = ~
N=

482. ~ =
~ =
O
=
483. ~ = ~ N O I= M N K=
=
484. ~ = ~ N O I= N M K=
=
485. ~ = ~~
N O
I= M < N K=
=
N O
I= N < M K=
486. ~ = + ~~
=
487. ~ = ~
N O
I= N N K=
488. ~~( ) = ~~ =
=
489. ~~ = ~ =
O
=
=
490. ~~ = ~
N+ O
=
N
I= M K=
491. ~~ = ~
N+ O
=
N
I= M K=
492. ~~ = ~
N+ O
=
104

493. ~~ =
N
~~ I= > M K=
O
N
494. ~~ = ~~ I= < M K=
O
=
N
495. ~~ = ~ I= > M K=
=
N
496. ~~ = ~ I= < M K=
=
497. ~ ( ) = ~ =
=
498. ~ = ~~ =
O
=
N
I= > M K=
499. ~ = ~
N+ O
=
N
I= < M K=
500. ~ = ~
N+ O
=
=
501. ~ = ~
N+ O
=
N
502. ~ = ~~ I= > M K=
=
N
503. ~ = + ~~ I= < M K=
=
=
105

4.20 Trigonometric Equations
504.
505.
506.
507.
=
t=W==
=
=
= ~ I= = ( N) ~ ~ + =
=
= ~ I= = ~ ~ + O =
=
~ = ~ I= = ~~ ~ + =
=
= ~ I= = ~ ~ + =
=
=
=
4.21 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions
508.
509.
510.
511.
512.
=
f~~=W==
=
=
( ) = =
=
~( ) = ~ =
=
( ) = =
=
( ) = =
=
( ) = =
=
=
=
106
Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants

=
=
=
=
j~W=Î=_I=`=
b==~=~W= ~ I= I= ~ I= I= =
a~==~=~W= ^ =
j==~== ~ W= j =
`~==~== ~ W= ` =
q~==~=~W= ^ q I= ^ =
^==~=~W= ~ ^ =
q~==~=~W= ^ =
f==~=~W= ^ N =
o~=W==
o~=~~W= =
k~~=W=I====
=
=
5.1 Determinants
=
513. p=l=a~=
~ N
^ = N
= ~ N O ~ O N =
~ O O
=
=
=
=
=
107

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
514. q=l=a~=
~NN ~NO ~NP
^ = ~ ON ~ OO
~ OP = ~NN~ OO~ PP + ~NO~ OP~ PN + ~ NP~ ON~ PO =
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
~NN~ OP~ PO ~NO~ ON~ PP ~ NP~ OO~ PN =
=
515. p~=o=E^=oF=
=
Figure 72.
=
516. k-=l=a~=
~NN ~NO K ~N
~ ON ~ OO K ~ O
K K K K
^ =
~ N ~ O K ~
K K K K
~ N ~ O K ~
K ~N
K ~ O
K K
K ~
K K
K ~
=
517. j=
q== j =~~==== ~ ==-==
~= ^= = = ( N) -= = ~= = =
=~=^=====-==~=-=K===
=
108

518. `~=
+
` = ( N) j =
=
519. i~~=b~==-=l=a~=
i~~=~=====-==
^ = ~ ` I= = NI OI KI K=
=N
i~~=~=====-==
^ = ~ ` I= = NI OI KI K==
=N
=
=
=
5.2 Properties of Determinants

=
520. q==~===~=~=~==~===~=
~===~===K=
~ ~ O ~N N
=
==
= N
N O ~ O O
=
521. f=====E==F=~==~I====
=~==~K=
~N N
~ O
= O
=
~ O O
~N N
=
522. f====E==F=~==~I==~===
~==K=
~N ~N
= M=
~O ~O
=
109

523. f=========~===E=F=~=======
~====~I====~========~=
~K=
~ N N
~ N
= N
=
~ O O
~ O O
=
524. f========~====E==F=~=~=E=
~F=~======
=~====E=FI===~===~=
=~K=
~N + N N ~N N
=
=
~ O + O O ~ O O
=
=
=
5.3 Matrices
=
525. a=
^= =~=^==~=~~=~~===E==F====~==K==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N
~
~ OO K ~ O
ON
==
^ = ~ =
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
=
526. p~=~==~=~=== K==
=
527. ^=~=~== ~ ======== ~ = ~ I==KK=====
[ ]
[ ]
=~==~=~~K==
=
528. ^=~=~= ~ ==-== ~ = ~ K==
=
[ ]
110

529. a~~=~====~=~==~==~=====
====~=~~K==
=
530. r=~====~=~~==~=======
=~=~~=~=~=K=q==~============
==fK==
=
531. ^==~=====~=~=K=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices

=
532. q=~=^=~=_=~=~=I=~==I==~==
====~==~== ==~===~=
~K=
=
533. q=~==^=~=_==~==~=E=~F=I=~=
=I==~==~=~= K=f==
~NN ~NO K ~N
~
~ OO K ~ O
I==
^ = ~ = ON
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
NN NO K N
OO K O
I==
_ = = ON
M
M
M
N O K
=
=
=
=
=
[ ]
[ ]
111

==
~NO + NO K ~N + N
~NN + NN
~ +
~ OO + OO K ~ O + O
ON
ON
K=
^+_=
M
M
M
~ N + N ~ O + O K ~ +
=
534. f===~=~~I=~= ^ = ~ ==~=~I==
[ ]
~NN ~NO K ~N
~
~ OO K ~ O
ON
K=
^ = ~ =
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
=
535. j~==q=j~=
q= ~= ~= = = = = = =
= = = = = = = ~= = = = =
===K==
=
f=
~NN ~NO K ~N
~
~ OO K ~ O
I==
^ = ~ = ON
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
NN NO K N
OO K O
I=
_ = = ON
M
M
M
N O K
=
=
=
=
=
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
112

==
NN NO K N
OO K O
ON
I==
^_ = ` =
M
M
M
N O K
==
= ~ NN + ~ O O + K + ~ = ~ =
E = NI OI KI X = NI OI KI FK==
=
q==
[ ]
~ NN
^ = ~ =
~ ON
~ NO
~ OO
=N
N
~ NP
I= _ = [ ] = O I==
~ OP
P
==
~ NN ~ NO
^_ =
~ ON ~ OO

~ NP N ~ NNN
=
~ OP O ~ ONN
P
~ NO O
~ OO O
~ NP P
K==
~ OP P
=
536. q~==~=j~=
f===~===~=~=~=~I==
==~==~==~===~=~K===
f= ^= = = ~= ~I= = ~= = = ^ q = =
^ K==
=
537. q=~=^==~== ^^ q = f K==
=
538. f==~==^_==I===
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K=
=
=
113

539. ^==j~=
f=^==~=~= ~I==~I=== ~ ^ I=
==~===~==~= ` ==^W=
[ ]
~ ^ = ` K==
=
540. q~==~=j~=
f= ^= = ~= ~= ~I= = ~I= = = ^ I= =
============~=~~W=
^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ K=
=
541. f==~=j~=
f=^==~=~= ~==~=~=~=
^ I==== ^ N ====
~ ^
^ N =
K=
^
=
542. f==~==^_==I===
(^_)N = _ N^ N K=
=
543. f==^===~=~=== ==~I======u===~=
=~=
û = u I==
==~= =~==~~=~=
^ f = M K===
=
=
=
q
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations

=
=
s~~W=I=I=I= N I= O I K =
o~=W= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I N I ~ NN I ~ NO I K =
114

a~W=aI= a I= a I= a ==
j~W=Î=_I=u=
=
=
~ + N = N
I==
544. N
~ O + O = O
a
a
=E`~=FI==
= I= =
a
a
==
~ N
a= N
= ~NO ~ O N I==
~ O O
N
a = N
= NO O N I==
O O
~ N
a = N
= ~N O ~ ON K==
~ O O
=
545. f= a M I====~=~==W==
a
a
K=
= I= =
a
a
f= a = M = ~= a M E= a M FI= = = = ~= = ==
K=
f= a = a = a = M I= = = = ~= = = = ~==
K=
=
~N + N + N = N=
546. ~ O + O + O = O I==
~ + + =
P
P
P
P
=
a
a
a
I= =
I= = =E`~=FI==
a
a
a
115

==
~N N
a = ~ O O
~ P P
O I= a = O
O I=
~N
~N
a = ~ O
~P
O
P
O I= a = ~ O
P
~P
O
P
O K==
P
=
547. f= a M I====~=~==W==
a
a
a
I= = K=
= I= =
a
a
a
f= a = M =~= a M E= a M == a M FI====
~==K=
f= a = a = a = a = M I= = = = ~= =
~=K=
=
548. j~=c==~=p===i~=b~==================
=r=
q===~=~==
~NN N + ~ NO O + K + ~ N = N
~ + ~ + K + ~ =
ON N OO O
O
O
=
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
~ N N + ~ O O + K + ~ =
~====~==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N N N

~ ON ~ OO K ~ O O O
I==
=
M
M
M M M

~
N ~ O K ~
KK==
^ u = _ I==
116

==
~ NN
~
^ = ON
M
~
N
~ NO K ~ N
N
N

~ OO K ~ O
O
O
u
_
I=
I=
=
=
M
M K==
M
M

~ O K ~

=
549. p==~=p==i~=b~= =
u = ^ N _ I==
= ^ N =====^K=
=
=
117
Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
r r r r
sW= I= I= I= I= ^_ I==
r r
s=W= I= I==
r r r
r=W= I= I= =
r
k=W= M =
r
`~=== W= uN I vN I wN =
r
`~=== W= u O I vO I wO =
p~~W= I =
a=W= I= I= =
^===W= =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates

=
550. r=s=
r
= (NI MI M) I=
r
= (MI NI M) I=
r
= (MI MI N) I=
r r r
= = = N K=
=
r
r
r
r
551. = ^_ = ( N M ) + ( N M ) + ( N M ) =
=
118

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=======
=
=
Figure 73.
r
= ^_ =
552.
( N M )O + (N M )O + (N M )O =
r
r
553. f= ^_ = I== _^ = K=
=
=
Figure 74.
r
554. u = I=
r
v = I=
r
w = K=
119

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=====
=
Figure 75.
=
r
r
555. f= (uI v I w ) = N (uN I vN I wN ) I===
u = uN I= v = vN I= w = wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition

=
r r r
556. = + =
=
==
=
Figure 76.
120

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
==
=
Figure 77.
r
r r r r
557. = N + O + P + K + =
=
==
Figure 78.
=
558. `~=i~=
r r r r
+ =+=
=
559. ^~=i~=
(r + r ) + r = r + (r + r ) =
=
r r
560. + = (uN + u O I vN + vO I wN + wO ) =
=
=
=
=
=
=
121

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
6.3 Vector Subtraction

=
r r r r r r
561. = == + = K=
=
=
Figure 79.
==
=
Figure 80.
r r r
r
562. = + ( ) =
=
r r r
563. = M = (MI MI M ) =
=
r
564. M = M =
=
r r
565. = (uN u O I vN vO I wN w O ) I==
=
=
=
6.4 Scaling Vectors

=
r
r
566. = =
122

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=
Figure 81.
=
567.
r
r
= =
r
568. = (uI v I w ) =
=
r r
569. = =
=
r
r
r
570. ( + ) = + =
=
r
r
r
571. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) =
=
r r
r
r
572. ( + ) = + =
=
=
=
6.5 Scalar Product

=
r
r
573. p~~=m==s= =~ =
r r r r
= I==
r
r
= ===~=== =~ K====
=
123

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=
Figure 82.
=
574. p~~=m==`~=c=
r
r
f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I===
r r
= uNu O + vNvO + wNwO K=
=
575. ^=_=q=s==
r
r
f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I===
uNu O + vNvO + wNw O
K=
=
O
O
O
O
O
O
uN + vN + wN u O + vO + w O
=
576. `~=m=
r r r r
= =
=
577. ^~=m=
(r ) (r ) = r r =
=
578. a=m=
r r r r r r r
( + ) = + =
=
r r
r r
579. = M == I =~=~=E = FK=
O
=
r r
580. > M == M < < K=
O
=
124

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
r r
581. < M == < < K=
O
=
r r r r
582. =
=
r r r r
r r
583. = == I =~=~~=E = M FK=
=
r
584. f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I===
r r r
rO
O
O
O
= O = = uN + vN + wN K=
=
r r r r r r
585. = = = N =
=
r r r r r r
586. = = = M =
=
=
=
6.6 Vector Product

=
r
r
587. s=m==s= =~ =
r r r
= I===
r r r
= I== M X=
O
r r
r r
=
~= X=
r r r
=s= I= I= ==~=-~=K=
=
125

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=======
=
Figure 83.
r r r
588. = = u N
uO
vN
vO
wN =
wO
=
uN wN uN vN
r r r v wN
=
589. = = N
I
I
v
w
u
w
u
v
O
O
O
O
O
O
=
r r r r
590. p = = =EcKUPF=
=
591. ^=_=q=s=EcKUPF=
r r

= r r =
=
592. k~=m=
r r
r r
= ( ) ==
=
593. ^~=m=
(r ) (r ) = r r =
=
=
126

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
594. a=m=
r r r r r r r
( + ) = + =
=
r r r r
r
595. = M == =~= =~=~~=E = M FK=
=
r r r r r r r
596. = = = M =
=
r r r r r r r r r
597. = I= = I= = =
=
=
=
6.7 Triple Product

598.
599.
600.
601.
=
p~~=q=m=
[r rr ] = r (r r ) = r (r r ) = r (r r ) =
=
[r rr ] = [r r r ] = [rr r ] = [rr r ] = [r rr ] = [r r r ] =
=
r r r
rr r
( ) = [ ] =
=
p~~=q=m==`~=c=
uN vN wN
r r r
( ) = u O vO w O I==
uP vP wP
==
r
r
r
= (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I= = (uP I vP I wP ) K==
=
602. s==m~~=
r r r
s = ( ) =
=
127

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
============
=
Figure 84.
=
603. s==m~=
Nr r r
s = ( ) =
S
=
=
Figure 85.
=
r r r
r r
r
604. f== ( ) = M I===== I= I=~= =~=~=
r
r
r
=I== = + ===~~= =~= K==
=
r r r
r r
r
605. f== ( ) M I===== I= I=~= =~=~=
K=
=
128

CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
606. s=q=m=
r r r
r r r r r r
( ) = ( ) ( ) ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
129
Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
=
=
=
=
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System

=
m=~W= M I= N I= O I= M I= N I= O =
o~=W= ==
a~===W==
=
=
607. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ = O N = N O =
=
=
Figure 86.
=
608. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O
^`
I= =
M = N
I= N K=
N+
`_
=
========
Figure 87.
130

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
609. j==~=i=p=
+ O
M = N
I= = N K=
O
=
=
=
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System

=
m=~W= M I= N I= O I= M I= N I= O =
m~=~W= I =
o~=W= ==
m=~=W=~I=I=I==
a~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=
610. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ =
=
( O N )O + ( O N )O =
=
Figure 88.
131

611. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O
+ O
M = N
I= M = N
I==
N+
N+
^`
=
I= N K=
`_
=
=======
=
=
Figure 89.
=
=
132

=======
=
=
Figure 90.
=
612. j==~=i=p=
+ O
+ O
I= M = N
I= = N K=
M = N
O
O
=
613. `=Ef==j~F==~=q~=
+ O + P
+ O + P
I= M = N
M = N
I==
P
P
== ^( N I N ) I== _( O I O ) I==~== `( P I P ) ==~===
=~= ^_` K=
=
=
133

=========
=
=
Figure 91.
=
614. f=Ef==^=_F==~=q~=
~ + O + P
~ + O + P
I= M = N
M = N
I==
~ ++
~ ++
= ~ = _` I= = `^ I= = ^_ K==
=
========
=
=
Figure 92.
134

615. `=Ef===p=m~======================
_F==~=q~=
NO + NO N N
N NO + NO N
OO + OO O N
O OO + OO N
PO + PO P N
P PO + PO N
M =
I= M =
=
N N N
N N N
O O
P
O N
P N
O O
P
O N
P N
========
==
Figure 93.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
135

616. l=Ef==^F==~=q~=
N O P + NO N
NO + O P N N
O P N + OO N
OO + P N O N
P N O + PO N
PO + N O P N
I= M =
=
M =
N N N
N N N
O O N
O O N
P P N
P P N
=
======
=
Figure 94.
=
617. ^~==~=q~=
N N N
N
N O N
p = ( ) O O N = ( )
O
O P N
P P N
=
=
=
136
O N
P N

618. ^~==~=n~~~=
N
p = ( ) [( N O )( N + O ) + ( O P )( O + P ) + =
O
+ ( P Q )( P + Q ) + ( Q N )( Q + N )] =
=
===
=
=
Figure 95.
=
kW=f=~=SNTI=SNU=====EHF==EF==
~===~==~==~~K==
=
619. a~=_=q=m==m~=`~=
= ^_ = NO + OO ONO ( O N ) =
=
137

=
Figure 96.
=
620. `=o~~=`~==m~=`~=
= I= = K=
=
=
Figure 97.
=
621. `=m~=`~==o~~=`~=
= O + O I= ~ = K=
138

7.3 Straight Line in Plane

=
m=~W=uI=vI=I= M I= N I== M I= N I= ~N I= ~ O I===
o~=W=I=~I=I=I=I=Î=_I=Ì= ^N I= ^ O I==
^W= I= =
^===W= =
r
k~=W= =
r r r
m=W= I= ~ I= =
=
=
622. d~=b~==~=p~=i=
^ + _ + ` = M =
=
623. k~=s==~=p~=i=
r
q== (Î _ ) ==~==== ^ + _ + ` = M K=
=
=
Figure 98.
=
624. b=b~==~=p~=i=Ep-f=cF=
= + K==
139

q=~===== = ~ K=
=
=
Figure 99.
=
625. d~==~=i==
N
= ~ = O
=
O N
=
=
Figure 100.
140

626. b~==~=i=d=~=m=~==d~=
= M + ( M ) I==
====~I= m( M I M ) ==~====K=
=
=
Figure 101.
=
627. b~==~=i=q~=m~=q=q=m=
N
N
=
==
O N O N
=
N
N N N = M K=
O O N
=
141

=
Figure 102.
=
628. f=c=

+ =N=
~
=
=
Figure 103.
=
=
142

629. k~=c=
+ = M =
=
=
Figure 104.
=
630. m=a=c=
N N
=
I==
u
v
= (uI v ) = = = = = = = ~= mN ( N I N ) = =
==K=
=
143

=
Figure 105.
=
631. s~=i=
=~=
=
632. e~=i=
==
=
633. s=b~==~=p~=i=
r r r
= ~ + I==
==
l======~I=
u==~=~~====I==
r
~ ======~===^====I=
r
==~====I=~~===I==
==~=~~I==
r
= lu ======~==u===K==
=
144

=
Figure 106.
=
634. p~=i==m~~=c=
= ~N + N
I==
= ~ O + O
==
( I ) ~==~==~=====I==
(~N I ~ O ) =~==~==~=====I==
(N I O ) =~==~==~==~~===I==
==~=~~K=
=
145

Figure 107.
=
635. a~=c=~=m=q=~=i=
q=~==== m(~ I ) ====
^ + _ + ` = M ===
^~ + _ + `
K=
=
^ O + _O
=
=
Figure 108.
146

636. m~~=i=
q== = N + N =~= = O + O =~=~~===
N = O K=
q= = ^N + _N + `N = M = ~= ^ O + _O + ` O = M = ~=
~~==
^N _N
=
K=
^ O _O
=
=
Figure 109.
=
637. m~=i=
q== = N + N =~= = O + O =~=~===
N
O = =I=~I= N O = N K=
N
q= = ^N + _N + `N = M = ~= ^ O + _ O + ` O = M = ~=
~==
^N^ O + _N_ O = M K=
=
147

=
Figure 110.
=
638. ^=_=q=i=
N
~ = O
I==
N + N O
^N^ O + _N_ O
=
K=
^NO + _NO ^ OO + _ OO
=
148

=
Figure 111.
=
639. f==q=i=
f=== ^N + _N + `N = M =~= ^ O + _ O + ` O = M =I====~=~=
`N_ O + ` O_N
^N` O + ^ O`N
M =
I= M =
K=
^N_ O ^ O_N
^N_ O ^ O_N
=
=
=
7.4 Circle
=
o~W=o=
`==W= (~ I ) =
m=~W=I=I= N I= N I==
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI==
149

640. b~==~=`=`=~==l=Ep~~=
cF=
O + O = oO =
======
Figure 112.
=
641. b~==~=`=`=~=^=m= (~I )
( ~ )O + ( )O = o O
Figure 113.
150

642. q=m=c
O + O N
NO + NO N N N
=M
OO + OO O O N
PO + PO P P N
=
=
Figure 114.
=
643. m~~=c
= o
I= M O K
= o
=
644. d~=c
^ O + ^ O + a + b + c = M =E^=I= aO + b O > Q ^c FK==
q=====~=~= (~ I ) I===
a
b
~=
I= =
K=
O^
O^
q=~====
151

o=
aO + b O Q ^c
K
O^
=
=
=
7.5 Ellipse
=
p~=~W=~=
p=~W==
cW= cN ( I M) I= cO (I M) =
a~===W=O= =
bW===
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
645. b~==~=b=Ep~~=cF
O O
+ =N
~ O O
=
Figure 115.
152

646. N + O = O~ I=
== N I== O ==~==~====~==== m( I ) ===
=====K=
=
=
Figure 116.
=
647. ~ O = O + O
=
648. b
= <N=
~
=
649. b~==a
~
~O
= = =
=
650. m~~=c
= ~
I= M O K
=
=
=
153

651. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` < M K=
=
652. d~=c==^=m~~===`~=^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= ^` > M K
=
653. `
i = Q~b( ) I==
=====b========~===
==K==
=
654. ^~=c~===`
i = NKR(~ + ) ~ I==
i = O(~ O + O ) K=
=
655. p = ~ =
=
=
=
7.6 Hyperbola
=
q~=~W=~=
`~=~W==
cW= cN ( I M) I= cO (I M) =
a~===W=O= =
bW===
^W=I==
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=I==
=
=
=
154

656. b~==~=e~=Ep~~=cF=
O O
= N=
~ O O
=
=
Figure 117.
657.
N O = O~ I=
== N I== O ==~==~====~=== m( I ) ===
=~====K=
=
155

=
Figure 118.
658.
659.
660.
661.
=
b~==^=
= =
~
=
O = ~ O + O =
=
b
= > N=
~
=
b~==a
~
~O
= = =
=
=
=
156

662. m~~=b~===o=_~==~=e~=
= ~
I= M O K
=
=
663. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` > M K=
=
664. d~=c==^=m~~===`~=^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= ^` < M K=
665. ^=c=
O
= I==
Q
==
O
= I== = K=
Q
f= = ~= I= = ~= ~= ~= = M = ~=
= M K==
=
157

=
Figure 119.
=
=
=
7.7 Parabola
=
c~=~~W==
cW=c=
sW= j( M I M ) =
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=I=~I=I==
=
=
666. b~==~=m~~~=Ep~~=cF
O = O
=
158

=
Figure 120.
=
b~===
= I=
O
`~====

c I M I=
O
`~====
j(MI M) K=
=
667. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` = M K=
=
N
668. = ~ O I= = K=
O~
b~===
159

= I=
O
`~====

c MI I=
O
`~====
j(MI M) K=
=
=
Figure 121.
=
669. d~=cI=^=m~~===-~==
^ O + a + b + c = M =EÎ=b=FI==
N
= ~ O + + I= = K==
O~
b~===
= M I=
O
`~====
160

c M I M + I=
O
`~====
Q~ O
K=
M = I= M = ~ OM + M + =
O~
Q~
=
=
Figure 122.
=
=
=
7.8 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

=
m=~W= M I= M I= M I= N I= N I= N I==
o~=W= ==
a~===W==
^~W=p=
sW=s=
=
161

670. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ =
=
( O N )O + ( O N )O + ( O N )O =
===
Figure 123.
=
671. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O
+ O
+ O
M = N
I= M = N
I= M = N
I==
N+
N+
N+
=
^`
=
I= N K=
`_
=
162

========
=
=
Figure 124.
=
Figure 125.
163

672. j==~=i=p=
+ O
+ O
+
M = N
I= M = N
I= M = N O I= = N K=
O
O
O
=
673. ^~==~=q~=
q=~~==~=~=== mN ( N I N I N ) I=
mO ( O I O I O ) I=~= mP ( P I P I P ) =====
p=
N
O
O N + O
O N + O
O N K=
N N
N
N
P
N N
N N
N
=
674. s==~=q~=
q===~=~=== mN ( N I N I N ) I=
mO ( O I O I O ) I= mP ( P I P I P ) I=~= mQ ( Q I Q I Q ) =====
N N N N
N O O O N
s=
I==
S P P P N
Q Q Q N
=
N Q N Q N Q
N
s = O Q O Q O Q K=
S
P Q P Q P Q
kW=t====EHF==EF==~===~==
~==K==
=
164

====
=
=
Figure 126.
=
=
=
7.9 Plane
=
m=~W=I=I=I= M I= M I= M I= N I= N I= N I==
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI= ^N I= ^ O I=~I=I=I= ~N I= ~ O I= I=I=I===
r r r
k~=W= I= N I= O =
a=W= I= I= =
a~====~W==
=
=
675. d~=b~==~=m~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M =
=
=
165

676. k~=s==~=m~=
r
q== (Î _I ` ) ==~===~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M K=
=
===
Figure 127.
=
677. m~~=`~===b~==~=m~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M =
=
f= ^ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= _ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= a = M I==~====K==
=
f= ^ = _ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= _ = ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= ^ = ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
=
166

678. m=a=c=
^( M ) + _( M ) + `( M ) = M I==
=== m( M I M I M ) ====~I=~=== (Î _I ` ) ==~===~K===
=
====
Figure 128.
=
679. f=c=

+ + = N=
~
=
167

=====
=
Figure 129.
=
680. q=m=c=
P P P
N P N P N P = M I==
O P O P O P
==
N
N N N N
= M K=
O O O N
P P P N
=
168

=====
=
Figure 130.
=
681. k~=c=
+ + = M I==
========~==~=======
=~=I=~= I= I= =~====
=~==~===~K==
=
169

======
=
Figure 131.
=
682. m~~=c=
= N + ~N + ~ O
= N + N + O I==
= + +
N
N
O
= ( I I ) =~==~==~====
==I=== m( N I N I N ) ====~I===
(~N I N I N ) =~= (~ O I O I O ) =~=~~===~K=
=
170

=====
=
Figure 132.
=
683. a~=^=_=q=m~=
f==~=~====
^N + _N + `N + aN = M I==
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M I==
==~=~=====
r r
N O
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O
= r r =
K=
N O
^NO + _NO + `NO ^ OO + _ OO + ` OO
=
171

======
=
Figure 133.
=
684. m~~=m~=
q=~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M =~=~~===
^N _N `N
=
=
K=
^ O _O Ò
=
685. m~=m~=
q=~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M =~=~===
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O = M K=
=
686. b~==~=m~=q= m( N I N I N ) =~=m~~=q=
=s= (~N I N I N ) =~= (~ O I O I O ) =EcKNPOF=
172

N
~N
~O
N N
N
N = M =
O
O
=
687. b~==~=m~=q= mN ( N I N I N ) =~= mO ( O I O I O ) I=
~=m~~=q==s= (~ I I ) =
N N N
O N
~
O N O N = M =
=
Figure 134.
=
688. a~=c=~=m=q=~=m~=
q=~==== mN ( N I N I N ) ===~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M ===
173

^ N + _ N + `N + a
Ô + _O + Ò
K=
=
======
Figure 135.
=
689. f==q=m~=
f==~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M = I= = = ~=
====
= N + ~
= N + I==
= +
N
==
N N N
=
=
I==
~
==
174

~=
_N
_O
aN
aO
aN
aO
aN
aO
N =
N =
N =
`N
`
I= = N
Ò
Ò
^N
^
I= = N
Ô
Ô
_N
I==
_O
`N
a _N
N
Ò
aO _ O
I==
O
O
~ + + O
^N
a `N
~ N
Ô
aO ` O
I==
O
O
~ + + O
a ^N
_N
N
_O
aO ^ O
K==
O
O
~ + + O
=
=
=
7.10 Straight Line in Space

=
m=~W=I=I=I= N I= N I= N I==
a=W= I= I= =
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=aI=~I=I=I= ~N I= ~ O I=I===
r r r
a===~=W= I= N I= O =
r
k~===~=~W= =
^===W= =
=
690. m=a=c===b~==~=i==
N N N
=
=
I==
~
=== mN ( N I N I N ) ====I=~= (~ I I ) ==
=====K==
=
175

=====
=
Figure 136.
=
691. q=m=c=
N
N
N
=
=
==
O N O N O N
=
=====
Figure 137.
176

692. m~~=c==
= N +
= N + I==
= +
N
=== mN ( N I N I N ) ====~=I=
I= I= =~=======
===I==~~===~=~=K==
=
=====
=
Figure 138.
=
693. ^=_=q=p~=i=
r r

~N~ O + NO + N O
= r N rO =
=
O
N O
~N + NO + NO ~ OO + OO + OO
=
177

=====
=
Figure 139.
=
694. m~~=i=
q==~=~~===
r r
N O I==
==
~ N N N
= = K=
~ O O O
=
695. m~=i=
q==~=~~===
r r
N O = M I==
==
~N~ O + NO + N O = M K=
=
696. f==q=i=
N N N
=
=
=~=
q==
~N
N
N
178

O O O
=
=
====
~O
O
O
O N O N O N
~N
N
N = M K=
~O
O
O
=
697. m~~=i=~=m~==
N N N
=
=
=~==~=
q=~==
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M =~=~~==
r r
= M I==
==
^~ + _ + ` = M K=
=
=====
=
Figure 140.
=
=
179

698. m~=i=~=m~==
N N N
=
=
=~==~=
q=~==
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M =~=~==
r r
I==
==
^ _ `
= = K=
~
=
====
=
=
Figure 141.
=
=
7.11 Quadric Surfaces

=
m=~===~=~W=I=I==
o~=W=Î=_I=Ì=~I=I=I= N I O I P I==
180

699. d~=n~~=b~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + Oc + Od + Oe + Om + On + Oo + a = M
=
700. `~~==n~=p~=
=
`~= o~EF= o~EbF=
==
q==p~=
=
N=
P=
Q=
p~=
o~=b=
<M=
O=
P=
Q=
p~=
f~~=b=
> M=
P=
P=
Q=
e==N=p=
> M = a=
Q=
P=
Q=
e==O=p=
< M = a=
R=
S=
T=
U=
V=
NM=
NN=
NO=
NP=
NQ=
NR=
NS=
NT=
P=
P=
O=
O=
O=
O=
O=
O=
O=
N=
N=
N=
N=
P=
P=
Q=
Q=
P=
P=
P=
O=
O=
P=
O=
O=
N=
=
=
<M=
> M=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
a=
p~=
p~=
a=
p~=
p~=
a=
a=
p~=
=
=
=
=
o~=n~=`=
f~~=n~=`=
b=m~~=
e=m~~=
o~=b=`=
f~~=b=`=
e=`=
o~=f=m~=
f~~=f=m~=
m~~=`=
o~=m~~=m~=
f~~=m~~=m~=
`=m~=
=
e==
^ e n m
^ e d
e _ c n
= e _ c I= b =
I= = (b ) I==
d c ` o
d c `
m n o a
N I O I P =~=====~I==
^
e
d
e
_
c = M K=
d
c
`
=
=
181

701. o~=b=E`~=NF=
O O O
+ + = N=
~ O O O
=
=====
=
Figure 142.
=
702. f~~=b=E`~=OF=
O O O
+ + = N =
~ O O O
=
703. e==N=p=E`~=PF=
O O O
+ = N=
~ O O O
=
182

=====
=
Figure 143.
=
704. e==O=p=E`~=QF=
O O O
+ = N =
~ O O O
=
=
Figure 144.
183

705. o~=n~=`=E`~=RF=
O O O
+ =M=
~ O O O
=
==
=
Figure 145.
=
706. f~~=n~=`=E`~=SF=
O O O
+ + =M=
~ O O O
=
707. b=m~~=E`~=TF=
O O
+ = M=
~ O O
=
184

======
Figure 146.
708. e=m~~=E`~=UF=
O O
= M=
~ O O
====
Figure 147.
185

709. o~=b=`=E`~=VF=
O O
+ = N=
~ O O
=
=====
=
Figure 148.
=
710. f~~=b=`=E`~=NMF=
O O
+ = N =
~ O O
=
711. e=`=E`~=NNF=
O O
= N=
~ O O
=
186

======
=
Figure 149.
=
712. o~=f=m~=E`~=NOF=
O O
=M=
~ O O
=
713. f~~=f=m~=E`~=NPF=
O O
+ = M=
~ O O
=
714. m~~=`=E`~=NQF=
O
=M=
~O
=
187

=====
=
Figure 150.
=
715. o~=m~~=m~=E`~=NRF=
O
= N=
~O
=
716. f~~=m~~=m~=E`~=NSF=
O
= N =
~O
=
717. `=m~=E`~=NTF=
O = M =
=
=
=
=
=
188

7.12 Sphere
=
o~==~=W=o=
m=~W=I=I=I= N I= N I= N I==
`==~=W= (~ I I ) =
o~=W=Î=aI=bI=cI=j=
=
=
718. b~==~=p=`=~==l=Ep~~=
cF=
O + O + O = oO =
=
======
=
Figure 151.
=
719. b~==~=`=`=~=^=m= (~ I I )
( ~ )O + ( )O + ( )O = o O
720. a~=c
( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) = M I==
189

==
mN ( N I N I N ) I= mO ( O I O I O ) =~====~=~K==
=
721. c=m=c=
O + O + O N
NO + NO + NO N N N N
OO + OO + OO O O O N = M =
PO + PO + PO P P P N
OQ + OQ + OQ Q Q Q N
=
722. d~=c
^ O + ^ O + ^ O + a + b + c + j = M =E^==FK==
q=====~=~= (~ I I ) I===
a
b
c
~=
I= =
I= =
K=
O^
O^
O^
q=~====
aO + b O + c O Q ^ O j
K
o=
O^
=
=
190
Chapter 8
Differential Calculus
=
=
=
=
cW=I=I=I=I==
^=E=~~FW==
o~=W=~I=I=I==
k~~=W==
^W= =
f=W= N =
=
=
8.1 Functions and Their Graphs

723.
724.
725.
726.
=
b=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
l=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
m=c=
( + q ) = ( ) =
=
f=c=
= ( ) ==~=I= = ( ) == = N ( ) ====
K==
=
191

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=====
=
Figure 152.
=
727. `=c=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I= = (( )) ==~==K=
=
728. i~=c=
= ~ + I== o I== ~ = ~ =======I=====
=-K=
=
192

======
=
Figure 153.
=
729. n~~=c==
= O I= o K=
=
======
=
Figure 154.
193

730. = ~ O + + I= o K=
=
===
Figure 155.
=
731. `=c==
= P I= o K=
=
194

=
Figure 156.
=
732. = ~ P + O + + I= o K=
=
195

==
=
Figure 157.
=
733. m=c==
= I= k K=
=
196

======
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
197

734. p~=o=c==
= I= [MI ) K=
=
=======
Figure 160.
=
735. b~=c=
= ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK =
=
=
Figure 161.
198

736. i~=c=
= ~ I= (MI ) I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= > M K=
=
=
Figure 162.
=
737. e=p=c==

= I= =
I= o K=
O
=
199

====
=
Figure 163.
=
738. e=`=c==
+
= I= =
I= o K=
O
======
Figure 164.
200

739. e=q~=c==

= ~ I= = ~ =
=
I= o K=
+
=
======
=
Figure 165.
=
740. e=`~=c==
+
= I= = =
=
I= o I= M K=

=
201

======
=
Figure 166.
=
741. e=p~=c==
N
O
= I= = =
= I= o K=
+
Figure 167.
202

742. e=`~=c==
N
O
= I= o I= M K=
= I= = =

=
======
=
Figure 168.
=
743. f=e=p=c==
= ~ I= o K=
=
203

=====
=
Figure 169.
=
744. f=e=`=c==
= ~ I= [NI ) K=
=
=====
=
Figure 170.
=
745. f=e=q~=c==
= ~~ I= ( NI N) K=
=
204

=====
=
Figure 171.
=
746. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= ( I N) (NI ) K==
=
205

=====
=
Figure 172.
=
747. f=e=p~=c==
= ~ I= (MI N] K=
=
206

Figure 173.
=
748. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= o I= M K==
Figure 174.
207

8.2 Limits of Functions

=
cW= ( ) I= ( ) =
^W==
o~=~W=~I==
=
=
749. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
~
=
750. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~
=
751. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~
( )
( )
= ~
I== ( ) M K=
~
~ ( )
( )
752.
753. [ ( )] = ( ) =
~
754. ( ( )) = ( ) =
~
755. ( ) = (~ ) I==== ( ) ===~= = ~ K=

~
=

= N=
M
756.
=
757.
M
~
=N=
=
N
= N=
M
758.
208

~ N
= N=
M
759.
(N + )
= N=
M
760.
N
761. N + = =

=

762. N + = =

=
763. ~ = N =
M
=
=
=
8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative

=
cW=I=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
o~=~W==
^W= =
=
=
( + ) ( )

764. ( ) =
==
=
=
M
M
209

==
=
Figure 175.
= ~ ==
765.
=
766.
=
767.
=
768.
( + )
=
+
=

( )
=

( )
=
=
=
769. m=o=
( )
=
+ ==
=
=
210

770. n=o=

=
=
O

=
771. `~=o=
= (( )) I= = ( ) I==

=
K=

=
772. a~==f=c=
N
=
I==
= ( ) ===== ( ) K==
=
773. o~=o=
N
= O =

=
774. i~=a~=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I==
= ( ) [ ( )] K=
=
=
8.4 Table of Derivatives

=
f=~~W==
o~=~W=Ì=~I=I==
k~~=W==
211

(` ) = M =
775.
( ) = N =
776.
(~ + ) = ~ =
777.
=
778.
=
779.
=
780.
(~ O + + ) = ~ + =

(
) = N =
(
) = +N =
=
N
N
= O =

781.
=
782.
( ) = O N =
( )=
=
783.
( ) = N =
784.
( ~ ) = N I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
~
785.
212


(
~ ) = ~ ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
786.
=
787.

(
) = =
( ) = =
788.
( ) = =
789.
(~ ) = NO = O =
790.
( ) = NO = O =
791.
( ) = ~ =
792.
( ) = =
793.
(~ ) = N O =
794.
(~ ) = N O =
795.
(~~ ) = N O =
N+
796.
213

(~ ) = N O =
N+
797.
(~ ) = NO =
798.
(~ ) = NO =
799.
( ) = =
800.
( ) = =
801.
(~ ) = N O = O =

802.
( ) = N O = O =
803.
( ) = ~ =
804.
( ) = =
805.
(~= ) = NO =
+N
806.
=
807.
(~= ) = ON =
214

(~~= ) = N O I= < N K=
808.
(~= ) = ON I= > N K=
809.
=
810.
(
+ =
) = N
=
=
=
8.5 Higher Order Derivatives
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
=
cW=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
k~~=W==
=
=
p=~=
O

= ( ) = =
= O =

=
e-l=~=

( )
= = ( ) = ( ( N) ) =
=
( + )( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=
( )( ) = ( ) ( ) =
=
i=c~=
( ) = + O + =
215

( ) = + P + P + =
( )( ) = ( ) + (N) + ( N) (O) + K + ( ) =
N O
( )( ) = (>)>
816.
=
=
( )( ) = > =
817.
N
(
N) ( N)>
( ~ ) =
=
( )
818.
=
819.
N
( )( ) = ( N) ( N)> =
(~ )( ) = ~
~ =
( )( ) =
820.
821.
(~ )( ) = ~
822.
~ =
( )( ) = + =
823.
( )( ) = + =
824.
=
=
=
216

8.6 Applications of Derivative

=
cW=I=I==
m==~=W===
sW==
^~W==
f=~~W==
qW==
k~~=W==
=
=
825. s=~=^~=
= ( ) =====~==~==~==
~==~=~==I==
= = ( ) ===~~====I=
= = = ( ) ===~~=~~==
=K==
=
826. q~=i=
M = ( M )( M ) =
=
217

=
Figure 176.
=
827. k~=i=
N
( M ) =Ec=NTSF=
M =
( M )
=
828. f~=~=a~=cK==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI= < N I=
O < FI=
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI=
N < < O FI=
f= ( M ) ======I====~K==
=
218

=
Figure 177.
=
829. i~=~=
^==EF=~=~=~=~=~= N ==~===
===~=~= N ==~=
( N ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK==
=
^==EF=~=~=~==~= O ==~===
===~=~= O ==~=
( O ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK=
=
830. `~=m=
^=~===EF==~= M ==~====
( M ) =====~==K=
=
831. c=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f=EF===~==E ( ) > M F===~========~=
(~I N ] ==~==EF====~==E ( ) < M F===~=====
~= = [ N I ) I= = = EF= ~= ~= = ~= ~= = ~= = N =
EcKNTTFK==
219

832. f=EF==~=E ( ) < M F==~====~=

(~I O ]=~=EF==~=E ( ) > M F==~====
~= [ O I ) I==EF=~=~=~==~= O K==
EcKNTTFK=
=
833. p=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f= ( N ) = M =~= ( N ) < M I==EF=~=~=~=~=
~== N K=
f= ( O ) = M =~= ( O ) > M I==EF=~=~=~==
~= O K=EcKNTTF=
=
834. `~K==
EF= = = ~= ~= ~= = M = = = = ~= = = = = = ( ) = ============
~=~= M =EcKNTTI= P < FK===
EF===~==~=~== M ===~==== ( ) =================
~=~= M K=EcKNTTI= < P FK===
=
835. p=a~=q==`~K==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~=~= M K==
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~=~= M K=
f= ( ) ======I====~K=
=
836. f=m=
f== ( P ) ====~== ( ) ==~==~= = P I===
= = ( P I ( P )) = = ~= = = = = ~= =
( ) K=f= ( P ) ==~===I== ( P ) = M =
EcKNTTFK=
=
837. ie~=o=
M
( )
( )
=
== ( ) = ( ) = K==
( )
( )

220

8.7 Differential
=
cW=I=I==
f=~~W==
a~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) =
o~=~W=`=
a~=== = ( ) W==
a~==W==
p~=~==W= =
p~=~==W= =
=
=
838. = =
=
839. ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=
=
Figure 178.
221

840. p~=`~===
= ( + ) ( ) =
=
841. ( + ) = + =
=
842. ( ) = =
=
843. (` ) = ` =
=
844. ( ) = + =
=

845. =
=
O
=
=
=
8.8 Multivariable Functions

=
c===~~W= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) ==
^W=I=I==
p~=~==I=I=I=W= I= I= K=
=
=
846. c=l=m~~=a~=
q=~~=~=====
= =E~= = FI=
q=~~=~=====
= =E~= = FK=
=
=
222

847. p=l=m~~=a~=
O
= I==
=
O
O
=
= I==
O
O
= I==
=

O
=
= K==

f==~=~=I===
O
O
=
K==

=
848. `~=o==
f= ( I ) = (( I )) =E==~====~~=FI===
= (( I )) I= = (( I )) K==

=

+
K==
f= ( ) = ( ( )I ( )) I== ( ) =

=
f= = ( (I )I (I )) I===

+
K==
+
=
I= =

=
849. p~=`~=
+ =
=
=
223

850. i~=j~~=~=j~=
( I ) =~=~=~=~=~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K==
=
( I ) =~=~=~==~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K=
=
851. p~~=m=

=
= M K=

i~=~~=~=~=~==~=~~=K=
==
852. p~=m=
^=~~==========~==~==~=
=~=~==
=
853. p=a~=q==p~~=m=

=
= M FK==
i= ( M I M ) ==~=~~==E

( M I M ) ( M I M )
K==
a=
( M I M ) ( M I M )
=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) > M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~K=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) < M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~~K=
f= a < M I= ( M I M ) ==~=~=K=
f= a = M I===~K=
=
854. q~=m~=
q=~===~=~===~= = ( I ) =
~= ( M I M I M ) ===
M = ( M I M )( M ) + ( M I M )( M ) K=
=
224

855. k~==p~=
q=~===~===~= = ( I ) =~=
( M I M I M ) ===
M
M
M
=
=
K=
( M I M ) ( M I M )
N
=
=
=
8.9 Differential Operators

=
r r r
r==~==~=~W= I= I= =
p~~==E~~=FW= ( I I ) I= ( N I O I KI ) =
d~==~=~~=W= ~ I= =
a~=~W= =
r
s==E=FW= c (mI nI o ) =
r
r
a==~==W= c I= c =
r
r
`==~==W= c I= c =
i~~~=~W= O =
=
=
856. d~==~=p~~=c=

~ = = I I I==

K=
~ = =
I
IKI

N O
=
857. a~=a~=

= + + I==

225

========
r
( I I ) I= O + O + O = N K==
=
858. a==~=s=c=
r
r m n o
+
+
=
c = c =

=
859. `==~=s=c=
r
r
r
r
r
=
c = c =

m n o
o n r m o r n m r
+
=
=
+

=
860. i~~~=l~=
O O O
O = O + O + O =
=
r
r
861. c = c M =
=
862. (~ ) = ( ) M =
=
863. (~ ) = ( ) = O =
=
r
r
r
r
r
864. c = ~ c Oc = c Oc =
=
=
226
( )
Chapter 9
Integral Calculus
=
=
=
=
cW=I=I=I==
f=~~W=I=I= =
f=~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I==
a~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I= c( ) I==
o~=~W=Ì=~I=I=I=I==
k~~=W=I=I=I==
=
=
9.1 Indefinite Integral

=
865.
=
866.
=
867.
=
868.
=
869.
( ) = c( ) + ` == c( ) = ( ) K=
( ( ) ) = ( ) =
( ) = ( ) =
[ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
[ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
=
870.
(~ ) = ~ c(~ ) + ` =
227

CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
(~ + ) = ~ c(~ + ) + ` =
871.
=
N
( ) ( ) = O ( ) + ` =
O
872.
( )
( ) = ( ) + ` =
873.
=
874. j==p=
( ) = (( ))( ) == = ( ) K=
=
875. f~==m~=
= I==
= ( ) I= ( ) =~=~=K==
=
=
=
9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions

=
~ = ~ + ` =
876.
877.
O
+`=
O
=
878.
O
=
P
+`=
P
+N
+ ` I= N K=
+N
=
879.
228

+N
(
~ + )
(~ + ) = ~( + N) + ` I= N K=
880.
881.
= + ` =
~ + = ~ ~ + + ` =
882.
~ +
+ = +
883.
~
+ + ` =
O
( + ~ )( + ) = ~ + ~ + ` I= ~ K=
884.
=
N
~ + = (~ + ~ ~ + ) + ` =
885.
=
O
N N
O
O
~ + = P O (~ + ) O~(~ + ) + ~ ~ + + ` =
886.
(~ + ) = ~
887.
~ +
+`=
=
888.
(~ + ) = ~ + ~
O
~ +
+`=
=
889.
(~ + )
N
~
~ + +
+`=
O

~ +
229

O
N
~O
+`=
=
+
O
~
(~ + )O P
~ +
890.
(~ + )
891.
N
N ~ +
+ O
+`=
~ (~ + ) ~
892.
N N
+`=
=
O
N O +N
893.
N N+
=
+`=
O N
=
894.
N ~+
+`=
=
O
O~ ~
=
895.
N
+`=
=
O
O~ + ~
~
N+
896.
= ~ N + ` =
=
897.
=
898.
= ~ N + ` =
O
~
~
+
= ( O + ~ O ) + ` =
O
+~
O
~ +
899.

N
+ ` I= ~ > M K=
~~
~
~
230

~ +
900.
~
N
O + + ` =
N
O
=
(~ + O ) O~ ~ + O + ` =
901.
902.
N
~ +
=
+`=
O O

O~ ~
N
O~ + O Q~
903. O
=
+ ` I=
~ + +
O Q~ O~ + + O Q~
O Q~ > M K=
=
O
O~ +
~~
+ ` I=
=
+ +
Q~ O
Q~ O
O Q~ < M K=
904.
=
=
=
9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions

=
905.
O
~ + + ` =
=
~ + ~
~ + =
O(~ O)
=
~ + + ` =
P~ O
~ +
=
906.
=
907.
P
O
(~ + ) O + ` =
P~
231

908.
~ + =
P
O(P~ O)
(~ + ) O + ` =
O
NR~
=
~ + ~
=
+ ` I==
~ + + ~
~ +
~
~ > M K=
( + )
909.
=
~ +
N
=
~~
+ ` I==
~
~ +
~
~ < M K=
( + )
910.
=
911.
N
~ +
(~ + )( + ) =
=
+
~
~ ( + ) + (~ + ) + ` I= ~ > M K=
~ +
N
=
+
=
912.
~ ( + )
~
~~
+ ` I=E ~ < M I= > M FK==
(~ + )
~
=
O
~ + =
913.
914.
(~ + )( + ) =
O(U~ O NO~ + NRO O )

NMRP
(~ + )P + ` =
O
O(U~ O Q~ + PO O )
=
~ + + ` =
NRP
~ +
915.
N
~ + ~
=
+ ` I= ~ > M K=
~ +
~
~ + + ~
232

916.
O
~ +
=
~~
+ ` I= ~ < M K=
~
~ +
~
=
917.
~
=
+
~+
= (~ + )( ) (~ + )~
+`=
~+
N+
= N O + ~ + ` =
N
(~ )( + ) + (~ + )~
+
+`=
~+
=
918.
=
919.
( ~ )( ~ ) = O ~
920.
921.
O
~ + O + =
Q
O Q~
O
+
~
+`=
U P
O + Q~
~ + O =
922.
~ O + +
~ > M K=
N
O~ + + O ~ (~ O + + ) + ` I==
~
923.
~
+` =
~
~ + +
O
N
O~ + O
~
Q~ + ` I= ~ < M K=
Q~
~
924.
O + ~ O =
O O ~O
+ ~ + + O + ~ O + ` =
O
O
233

925.
O + ~ O =
N O O PO
( + ~ ) + ` =
P
926.
O + ~ O =
(
O O + ~ O ) O + ~ O =
U
~Q
+ O + ~ O + ` =
U
927.
O + ~O
O + ~O
+ + O + ~ O + ` =
O
928.
+~
O
= + O + ~ O + ` =
=
929.
O + ~O
= O + ~ O + ~
+`=
~ + O + ~O
=
930.
+~
O
= O + ~O + ` =
931.
O
O + ~O
O O ~O
+ ~ + O + ~ O + ` =
O
O
932.
=
+`=
O + ~O ~ ~ + O + ~O
933.
O ~ O =
O O ~O
~ + O ~ O + ` =
O
O
=
934.
O ~ O =
N O O PO
( ~ ) + ` =
P
234

935.
O ~O
~
= O ~ O + ~ ~ + ` =
O ~O
O ~O
=
+ + O ~ O + ` =
O
=
936.
937.
~
O
= + O ~ O + ` =
938.
~
O
= O ~O + ` =
939.
O O ~O
=
~ + + O ~ O + ` =
O
O
O
O
~
N
~
= ~ + ` =
~
940.
( + ~ )
941.
O ~O
N ~
+`=
~ +~
( ~ )
942.
~
O
N +~
+`=
~ ~
943.
O ~O
O ~O
+`=
~O
944.
~O ) O
P
~O O ~O
+`=
235

945.
~ O ) O =
P
(
O O R~ O ) O ~ O + =
U
P~ Q
+
+ O ~ O + ` =
U
=
946.
~ O O =
~O
O
~ O + ~ + ` =
~
O
O
=
O
O
~ =
947.
P
N O
(
~ O ) O + ` =
P
=
O
O
O
~ =
948.
~Q
(
O O ~ O ) ~ O O + ~ + ` =
U
U
~
=
949.
~O O
= ~ O O + ~
+`=
~ + ~O O
~O O
~O O
~ + ` =
O
~
=
950.
951.
= ~ + ` =
N O
952.
~O O
+`=
~
953.
~
O
= ~O O + ` =
=
954.
O
~O O
O
~O
~ O + ~ + ` =
O
O
~
236

( + ~ )
955.
~O O
N ~
+`=
O ~+
N ~+
+`=
O ~
( ~ )
956.
~O O
( + )
957.
~O O
O ~ O
+ ~ O
+ ` I= > ~ K=
~ ( + )
( + )
958.
~
O
~
O
+
~
O
~ O O + ~ O +
< ~ K=
959.
~O O
~O O
+`=
~O
(~
960.
O ) O =
P
O
P~ Q
(
R~ O O ) ~ O O +
~ + ` =
U
U
~
(~
961.
=
O
~O ~O O
+`=
=
=
=
9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

=
= + ` =
962.
=
963.
= + ` =
237
+ Ì =

964.
N
O + ` =
O Q
N
+ O + ` =
O Q
965.
966.
N
N
P
= P + ` = P + ` =
P
NO
Q
967.
N
N
P
= P + ` = P + + ` =
P
NO
Q
= = ~ O + ` =
968.
= = ~ O + Q + ` =
969.
970.
= O = + ` =
= O = ~ + ` =
= P =
= P =
971.
972.
+ ~ + ` =
O
O O
O
973.

N

+ ~ + + ` =
O
O O
O Q
=
974.
= Q O + ` =
238

975.
N
= P + ` =
P
976.
N
= P + ` =
P
977.
O =
N
Q + ` =
U PO
~ = + ` =
978.
=

N
=
+ ` = + ` =
O
979.
=
O

= ~ O + Q + ` =
980.
981.
= ~ + ` =
= + ` =
982.
=

N
=
+ ` = + ` =
O
983.
=
O
= ~ + + ` =
984.

O
=
985. O = + ` =
=
986.
= ~ + ` =
239

987.
N

=
+ ~ + + ` =

O Q
988.
+ ~ + ` =

O
989.
= ~ + ` =
O
( + )
= O( + )
990.
( )
+ ` I=
O( )
( )
+ ` I=
O( )
O O K=
=
( + )
= O( + )
991.
O O K=
=
( + )
= O( + )
992.
O O K=
=
~ = + ` =
993.
= + ` =
994.
995.
+N
+`=
+N
=
+N
996. =
+`=
+N
=
240
( )
+ ` I=
O( )

997.
~ = ~ +
N O + ` =
~ = ~
N O + ` =
=
998.
~~ = ~~ O (
N
999.
+ N) + ` =
N
1000. ~ = ~ + ( O + N) + ` =
O
=
=
=
9.5 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

=
1001. = + ` =
=
1002. = + ` =
=
1003. ~ = + ` =
=
1004. = + ` =
=
1005. O = ~ + ` =
=
1006. O = + ` =
=
1007. ~ = + ` =
241

1008. = + ` =
=
=
=
9.6 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
=
1009. = + ` =
=
~
1010. ~ =
+`=
~
=
~
1011. ~ =
+`=
~
=
~
1012. ~ = O (~ N) + ` =
~
=
1013. = + ` =
= + ` =
1014.
=

N
1015. = +N
+`=
O
+ N ( + N)
=
~ ~
1016. ~ =
+`=
~ O + O
=
242

1017. ~ =
~ + ~
+`=
~ O + O
=
=
=
9.7 Reduction Formulas

=
1018. =
N
N =
+
I= N K=

( N) N N N
1019.
=
1020. =
1021.
=
1022. =
1023.
N
N
N
O =
I= N K=
N
( N) N O
N
N
N +
O =
+
I= N K=
N
( N) N O
=
+N N
1024. =
=
+
N
+
O =
+
=
N +N
1025. =
=
+
243

N
O =
=
1026. ~ =
N
~ N + ~ O I= N K=
N
=
1027. =
N
N + O I= N K=
N
=
1028. =
O ~ O
+
O I= N K=
N
N
N
N
1029. = N +
O =
1030.
=
+
I= N K=
( N) N O

=
N
N
1031. = N +
O =
1032.
=
+
I= N K=
( N) N O
=
+N N
1033. =
=
+
N
+
O =
+
=
N +N
1034. =
=
+
244

N
O =
=
1035. ~ =
N
~ N ~ O I= N K=
N
=
1036. =
N
N O I= N K=
N
=
1037. =
O ~ O
+
O I= N K=
N
N
=
1038. =
O O
+
O I= N K=
N
N
=
1039. =
+N
N =
+N
+N
=

N
+
I= N K=

( N) N N
1040.
=
1041. = N =
=
1042. = N =
=
1043. = N =
=
1044. = + N =
=
1045. = N =
245

1046. N =
N
+N
+N
=
N
+ N N O
+N
=
1047. N =
+N
N
+N
N +
=
+N
+ N N O
=
1048. ~ N =
+N
N
+N
~ N
=
+N
+ N N+ O
1049.
=
=
~ + ~ ~ ~ +
=
O~
1050.
=
=
O
O
(~ + + ) ( N)( Q~ )(~ O + + )N
O(O P)~
I= N K=
O
( N)( Q~ ) (~ + + )N
=
1051.
+~
N K=
O
O( N)~ O ( O + ~
O N
O P
O( N)~ O
1052.
=
N
O( N)~ O ( O ~ O )
O P
I= N K=
O
O( N)~ ( O ~ O )N
~
=
=
=
=
=
246
+ ~O )

9.8 Definite Integral

=
a=~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I==
o~=W= ( ) ==
=N
p~=~W= ==
^~W= c( ) I= d( ) ==
i==~W=~I=I=I==
=
=
1053. ( ) =
~
( )
~ M =N
I==
== = N I== N K==
=
=
Figure 179.
247

1054. N = ~ =
~
1055. ( ) = ( ) =
[ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
1056.
[ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
1057.
=
~
1058. ( ) = M =
~
1059. ( ) = ( ) =
1060. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) == ~ < < K=
1061. ( ) M == ( ) M == [~ I ] K=
~
1062. ( ) M == ( ) M == [~ I ] K=
~
=
=
=
=
248

1063. c~~=q==`~=
( ) = c( )
= c() c(~ ) == c( ) = ( ) K=
=
1064. j==p==
f= = ( ) I===
( ) = (( ))( ) I==
=
= N (~ ) I= = N () K=
=
1065. f~==m~=
= ( ) ~ =
~
=
1066. q~~=o=
N
~
(
)
(
)
O
( ) =
=
+
+
~
O
=N
249

=
Figure 180.
=
1067. p=o==
~
~ ( ) = P [ ( M ) + Q ( N ) + O ( O ) + Q ( P ) + =
+ O ( Q ) + K + Q ( N ) + ( )] I==
==
~
= ~ +
I= = MI NI OI KI K==
250

=
Figure 181.
=
1068. ^~=r=~=`=
p = ( ) = c() c(~ ) I==

~
= c( ) = ( ) K=
=
251

=
Figure 182.
=
1069. ^~=_=q=`=
p = [ ( ) ( )] = c() d() c(~ ) + d(~ ) I==

~
= c( ) = ( ) I= d( ) = ( ) K=
=
252

=
Figure 183.
=
=
=
9.9 Improper Integral

=
1070. q==~== ( ) ==~=~==~=

~
==
~====I=
( ) ==~===========
=======~= [~ I ] K=
=
1071. f= ( ) ==~==== [~ I ) I===
( ) = ( ) K=
~
253

=
Figure 184.
=
1072. f= ( ) ==~==== ( I ] I===
( ) = ( ) K=
=
Figure 185.
254

k=W=q==~==NMTNI=NMTO=~==
====~=~=X===~=~=
K=
=
( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
1073.
=
Figure 186.
=
f===~==I====~====
= ~= I= = = ~=
( ) = = ~=====
X====K=
=
1074. `~=q=
i== ( ) =~== ( ) ===========
~= [~ I ) K= p= ~= M ( ) ( ) = = ~= = =
[~I ) K=
255

f= ( ) ==I== ( ) ==~=
=====I=
f= ( ) ==I== ( ) ==~=K=
=
1075. ^=`=
=
f= ( ) ==I===~ ( ) ==~=K===
=
1076. a=f~=
i= ( ) ==~=======~==
[~I ) ====~= = K=q==
( ) =
~
M +
( ) =
~
=
Figure 187.
256

1077. i= ( ) ==~====~=~======
=~== [~ I ] ============ (~ I ) K=q=

( ) = ( ) + ( ) K=
~
M +
M +
=
Figure 188.
=
=
=
9.10 Double Integral

=
c===~~W= ( I ) I= (I ) I==
a=~W= ( I ) I= ( I ) I==
o
o~=W= I =
=N =N
p~=~W= I= =
o==~W=oI=p==
m~=~W= I= =
257

^~W=^=
p~=~~W=p=
s==~=W=s=
j~==~=~~W==
aW= ( I ) =
c=W= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= fM =
`~==~=~W=n=
`~=W= ( I ) =
`~====~W= I= =
^~==~=W= =
=
1078. a==a=f~=
q==~==~=~= [~I ] [I ] ===
===
( I )^ =
[~ I ][ I ]
( I )
~ M
~ M =N =N
I==
= I ======~=
( N I ) N I I=~= = N I= = N K=
=
===
Figure 189.
258

q==~==~=~==o===
( I )^ = ( I )^ I==
o
[~ I ][ I ]
=~= [~I ] [I ] =~=oI==

( I ) = ( I ) == ( I ) ===o=~= ( I ) = M =K=
=
=
Figure 190.
=
1079.
[ ( I ) + ( I )]^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^ =
o
=
1080.
[ ( I ) ( I )]^ = ( I )^ ( I )^ =
o
=
1081.
( I )^ = ( I )^ I==
o
===~=~K=
=
1082. f= ( I ) ( I ) ==oI== ( I )^ ( I )^ K=
o
=
1083. f= ( I ) M ==o=~= p o I==
259

= ( I )^ ( I )^ K=
p
=
Figure 191.
=
1084. f= ( I ) M ==o=~=o=~=p=~=-~=
I==
( I )^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^ K==
o p
e= o p =======o=~=pK=
=
=
Figure 192.
=
=
260

1085. f~=f~=~=c=q=
( )
( I )^ = ( ) ( I ) ==
o
=~====fI==
o = {( I ) ~ I ( ) ( )} K=
=
=
Figure 193.
( )
( I )^ = ( I ) ==
o
( )
=~====ffI=
o = {( I ) ( ) ( )I } K=
=
261

=
Figure 194.
=
1086. a=f~==o~~=o=
=
f=o===~~== [~I ] [I ] I===

( I ) K==
(
)
(
)
=
=
o
~
=
f==~=~===~= ( I ) =~===~= ( )( ) ==~==
K==
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
=
=
o
o
=
1087. `~==s~~=
( I )
( I ) = [ (I )I (I )] (I ) I==
o

( I )
=
=
M = = ~~= = = ~ (I )

~= ( I ) (I ) I=~=p===~==o==
262

~==== = (I ) I= = (I ) =====oK==
=
1088. m~=`~=
= I= = K==
=
=
Figure 195.
=
1089. a=f~==m~=`~=
=
q=a~===m~=`~===
( I )
=
= K==
(I )
=
i===o===~=W=
M () () I= I== O K==
q==
( )
( I ) = ( I ) K=
o
( )
263

=
Figure 196.
=
f===o===~=~====
M ~ I= I== O I===
==

( I ) = ( I ) K==
o
=
Figure 197.
=
=
264

1090. ^~==~=o=
( )
^ = =E=~==f=FK=
~ ( )
=
Figure 198.
( )
^ = =E=~==ff=FK=
( )
=
Figure 199.
=
=
265

1091. s==~=p=
s = ( I )^ K==
o
=
Figure 200.
=
f=o==~==f==== = ~ I= = I= = ( ) I=
= ( ) I===
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K==
o
~ ( )
=
f=o==~==ff==== = I= = I= = ( ) I=
= ( ) I==
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K==
o
( )
266

f== ( I ) ( I ) ====~====oI=========
= = = N = ( I ) = ~= O = ( I ) = = o= =
==
s = [ ( I ) ( I )]^ K==
o
=
1092. ^~=~=s==m~=`~=
f=p==~====-~=== = I= = I=
= () I= = () I==
==
( )
^ = ^ = I==
p
( )
s = (I ) K==
p
=
Figure 201.
=
1093. p~=^~=
p =
o

N + + =

O
267

1094. j~==~=i~~=
= ( I )^ I==
o
====~~====~====o=~======~=
~==EIF== ( I ) K===
=
1095. j=
q====~~=~===-~=====~=
j = ( I )^ K==
o
=
q====~~=~==-~==
j = ( I )^ K=
o
=
q===~=~==-~==
f = O( I )^ K==
o
=
q===~=~==-~==
f = O( I )^ K==
o
=
q=~===~==
fM = ( O + O )( I )^ K==
o
=
1096. `==j~=
j
N
=
= ( I )^ =
o
( I )^
o
( I )^
o
268
I==

j
N
= = ( I )^ =
o
( I )^
o
( I )^
K==
=
1097. `~==~=m~=
n = ( I )^ I==
o
=~=~====~==o=~==
~==~=~==EIF== ( I ) K===
=
1098. ^~==~=c=
N
= ( I )^ I==
po
= p = ^ K==
o
=
=
=
9.11 Triple Integral

=
c===~~W= ( I I ) I= ( I I ) I==
q=~W= ( I I )s I= ( I I )s I==
d
o~=W= I I =
=N =N =N
p~=~W= I= I= =
i==~W=~I=I=I=I=I==
o==~W=dI=qI=p==
`~=~W= I= I==
p~=~W= I= I= =
s==~=W=s=
269

j~==~=W===
aW= ( I I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= fM =
=
=
1099. a==q=f~=
q==~==~=~~= [~I ] [I ] [I ] =
=====
( I I )s =
[~ I ][ I ][ I ]
)
)
( I I )
~ M
~ M =N =N =N
~ M
= I I ======~~=
( N I ) N I ( N I ) I=~= = N I=
= N I= = N K=
=
1100. [ ( I I ) + ( I I )]s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s
=
1101.
[ ( I I ) ( I I )]s = ( I I )s ( I I )s
d
=
1102.
( I I )s = ( I I )s I==
d
===~=~K=
=
1103. f== ( I I ) M =~=d=~=q=~=~=~=
I===
( I I )s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s K==
dq
e= d q =======d=~=qK=
=
270

1104. b~~==q=f~==o~=f~=
f===d====== ( I I ) ==~=
= ( I ) oI N ( I ) O ( I ) I===
O ( I )
= ( I I ) = ( I I ) I==
d
o
N ( I )
=o====d===-~K=
=
f===d====== ( I I ) ==~=
~ I N ( ) O ( )I N ( I ) O ( I ) I===
O ( ) O ( I )

( I I ) = ( I I ) ==

~

N ( ) N ( I )
=
1105. q=f~==m~~=
f=d==~=~~= [~ I ] [I ] [I ] I==

K==
(
)
(
)
d
~

=
f===~=~====~== ( I I ) ==~==
=~= ( ) ( ) ( ) ==~==
( ) K==
(
)
(
)
(
)
~

=
1106. `~==s~~=
( I I ) = =
d
= [ (I I )I (I I )I (I I )]
p
271
( I I )
I =
(I I )


( I I )
=
M ======~~===
==
(I I )

= ~~= ( I I ) (I I ) I= ~= p= = = ~= = d= = ~= = = = = (I I ) I=
= (I I ) =
= (I I ) =====dK=
=
=
1107. q=f~==`~=`~=
q=~===~=~===
( I I )
=
= K==
(I I )
=
i===d===~=W=
( I ) oI N ( I ) O ( I ) I=
=o====d===-~K=q==
( I I ) = ( I I ) =
d
O ( I )
(
)
K=
( I )
o ( I )
N
e=p===~==d==~=~K=
=
1108. q=f~==p~=`~=
q=a~===p~=`~===
( I I )
=
= O ==
(I I )
=
( I I ) = =
=
272

========= = ( I I ) O I==
p
===p===~==d==~=~K=q=~== ==~====M=== O I====~== =

~==M== K==
=
=======
Figure 202.
=
1109. s==~=p=
s = =
d
=
1110. s==`~=`~=
s = =
p ( I I )
=
1111. s==p~=`~=
s = O =
p ( I I )
273

1112. j~==~=p=
= ( I I )s I==
d
= = = = ~= = d= ~= = = ~============
~== ( I I ) == ( I I ) K===
=
1113. `==j~==~=p=
j
j
j
=
I= = I= =
I==
==
j = ( I I ) s I==
d
j = ( I I ) s I==
d
j = ( I I ) s =
d
~========~====~=~= = M I=
= M I= = M I=I== ( I I ) ====K==
=
1114. j==f~=~====-~=E= = M FI=-~==
E = M FI=~=-~=E = M F=
f = O( I I ) s I==
d
f = O( I I ) s I==
d
f = O( I I ) s K==
d
=
1115. j==f~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I==
d
f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I==
d
274

f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s K==
d
=
1116. m~=j==f~=
fM = f + f + f = ( O + O + O )( I I ) s =
d
=
=
9.12 Line Integral

=
p~~=W= c( I I ) I= c( I ) I= ( ) =
p~~=~W= ( I I ) =
`W=Ì= `N I= ` O =
i==~W=~I=I= I= =
m~~W=I==
m~=~W= I= =
r
s=W= c (mI nI o ) =
r
m=W= ( ) =
r r r r
r=W= I= I= I= =
^~==W=p=
i==~=W=i=
j~==~=W==
aW= ( I I ) I= ( I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f =
s==~=W=s=
tW=t=
r
j~=W= _ =
`W=f=
b=W= =
j~=W= =
275

1117. i=f~==~=p~~=c=
r r
i=~==`======= = ( ) I=
M p I=~=~=~~==c======`K==
q==
p
r
c( ( )) = c( I I ) = c I==
M
====~==~K==
=
1118. c = c + c =
`N ` O
`N
Ò
=
Figure 203.
=
r r
1119. f====`==~~== = ( ) I=
I===
c( I I ) = c( ( )I ( )I ( )) ( ( )) + (( )) + (( )) K=
O
=
1120. f=`==~=====-~====~=
= ( ) I= ~ I===
c( I ) = c( I ( )) N + ( ( )) K==
O
=
1121. i=f~==p~~=c==m~=`~=
276


` c( I ) = c( I ) + I==
===`=====~== EF K=
=
1122. i=f~==s=c=
r r
i=~==`======= = ( ) I=
M p K=q==
r
r
= = ( I I ) ==
======~====K==
=
O
=
Figure 204.
=
r
i= ~= = = c (mI nI o ) = = = = = = `K=
r
q===~===== c =~===
`===
p
m + n + o = (m + n + o ) K=
`
=
=
277

1123. m==i=f~==s=c=
r r
r r
c
I==
=-`========~K=
=
r r
r r
r r
r r
c = c = c + c I==
) (
`N ` O
) (
`N
Ò
=`======= `N =~= ` O K==

=
r
1124. f===`==~~== ( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I=
I===
m + n + o = =
`
= m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( ))
=
1125. f=`====-~=~====~= = ( ) I=
==
m
n
+
=
`
~ m( I ( )) + n( I ( )) K==
=
1126. d=q=
n m
o = ` m + n I==
r
r
r
= c = m( I ) + n( I ) = = ~= = = m n
======~~==~=
I=
==~=

= ~= oI= = = = = ~= I= =
==`K==
=
=
278

1127. ^~==~=o=o=_===`=`=
N
p = = =
O`
o
=
1128. m~=f==i=f~=
r
r
r
r
q= = ~= = ~= = = c = m + n + o = =
~===~=I==~===mI=nI=~=o=~=
= = ~= ~= aI= ~= = = = = ~~=
== = ( I I ) ==E~==~~==~F====a===~=
r
= n I=
c = ~ I==
= o K==
= m I=
q==
rr r
c( ) = m + n + o = (_) (^ ) K==
`
=
1129. q==~=`~=c=
r
^====== c = ~ ==~=~=~=
r
r
r
r
K=q==~==~=== c = m + n + o =
=~===~====
r
r
r
r
c =
= M K==

m n o
=
f===~==~==-~==~==
m + n = (_) (^ ) I==
`
======~====~=
~=======
m n
=
K==

=
279

1130. i==~=`=
r
O
O
O
( ) = + + I=
i = =

=`=~=~=======r
== ( ) I= K=
=
f===`==-~I==
r
O
O

( ) = + K==
i = =

=
f===`===~==~== = ( ) ===~= (~ ) I===
i=
~

N + K==

=
1131. i==~=`==m~=`~=

i = + O I==

===`=====~= = () I=
==~=~K===
=
1132. j~==~=t=
= ( I I ) I==
`
= ( I I ) ===~======K=
=
f=`==~==~~====
r
( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I======~==~======
=~=
280


= ( ( )I ( )I ( )) + + K==

=
f=`==~===-~I===~======
==
= ( I ) I=
`
= ( ( )I ( ))

+ =E=~~=FK=

=
1133. `==j~==~=t=
j
j
j
=
I= = I= =
I=
==
j = ( I I ) I==
`
j = ( I I ) I==
`
j = ( I I ) K=
`
=
1134. j==f~=
q===~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
~====~=
f = ( O + O )( I I ) I==
`
f = ( O + O )( I I ) I==
`
f = ( O + O )( I I ) K==
`
281

1135. ^~==~=o=_==~=`=`=
N
p = = = K==
O`
`
`
=
=
Figure 205.
=
f====`====~~==
r
( ) = ( )I ( ) I===~~=~==~~===~=
N

p = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) K==
=
1136. s==~=p=c==o~=~=`=`=
~==-~=
s = O = O = O + O ==
O`
`
`
=
282

=
Figure 206.
=
1137. t=
r
t===~== c ==~===~=~==
`======~=
r r
t = c I=
`
r
r
= c ======~===I= ==
==~=K==
=
Figure 207.
283

f=====~=~==`===-~I==
r r
t = c = m + n I==
`
=
f= ~= ~= `= = = = ~= ~~= = E= = ~=
FI==~==~~===
t = m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( )) I
==== == K==
=
r
f= ~= = = c = = ~= ~= ( I I ) = = ~= ~~=
~= = = I= = = = = ~= = =
=^==_=~=====~=
t = (_ ) (^ ) K==
=
1138. ^=i~=
r r
_
= Mf K==
`
r
q==~==~=~== _ =~=~==~=
`= = ~= = = ~= = f= = = = ~~=
===~K==
=
Figure 208.
284

1139. c~~~=i~=
r r
=
= b =
`
=
q= = = EF= = = ~= ~= =
=`==~===~===~==~== =
~===K===
=
=
Figure 209.
=
=
=
9.13 Surface Integral

=
p~~=W= ( I I ) I= ( I ) =
r
r
m=W= (I ) I= ( I I ) =
r r r
r=W= I= I= =
p~W=p=
r
s=W= c (mI nI o ) =
r
r
a==~==W= c = c =
285

r
r
`==~==W= c = c ==
r
s===~=~W= p =
r
k~==~W= =
p~=~~W=^=
j~==~=~W==
aW= ( I I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= f =
s==~=W=s=
r
cW= c =
d~~~=~W=d=
rr
c=W= ( ) =
c=W= =
r
mW= ( ) =
j~=I==W= =
p~=~W=n=
`~=W= ( I ) =
r
j~====W= b =
=
=
1140. p~=f~==~=p~~=c=
i=~=~=p=======
r
r
r
r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==
= (I ) = ~= = = ~= a(I ) = = = ~K=
q==~==~====~==~~=== ( I I ) ==
=~=p===~==
r
r

(
)
(
(
)
(
)
(
)
)
I==
=
a( I )
r
r
==~~=~= =~= =~====
286

r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==

r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) =

r
r

~= ====K==

=
1141. f====~==p========~= = ( I ) ==
( I ) ====~==~======~= a( I ) I=
==
( I I )p = ( ) ( I I ( I ))
p
a I

N + + K==

O
=
r
1142. p~=f~===s=c= c ===p~=p=
f=p===~I===
r
r
r
r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
p
======
r
r
r

= c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K==

a( I )
=
f=p===~I===
r
r
r
r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
======
=
r
r
r

= c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K==

a( I )
r r
p = p ====~========~K==a=
~= = = = ~~= = = = = = = = ~~= = K=
r
r
q=~~=~= =~== =~====
287

r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==

r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) K==

=
1143. f====~==p=======~= = ( I ) I==
( I ) ====~==~=======~= a( I ) I=
==
f= p= = = ~I= KK= = -= = = =
~===I====
r
r
r
r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
p
======
r
r r r

(
)
c
+ I==
a( I )
=
f=p===~I=KK==-====
~===~I====
r
r
r
r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p
r
r r r
= c( I I ) +
K==
a( I )
======
=
1144.
(c )p = m + n + o =
r r
= (m + n + o )p I==
p
= m( I I ) I= n( I I ) I= o( I I ) =~====
r
== = c K==
I= I= ==~== ~= ====
r
~== =~==-~I=-~I=~=-~I=K=
=
288

1145. f==~=p====~~=====
r
( (I )I (I )I (I )) I======~=~=~==
=~==
m n o

I
p
p
a( I )

= (I ) = ~= = = ~= a(I ) = = = ~K=
=
1146. a=q=
r r
r
c
p
=
c
s I==
( )
r r
c p = m + n + o =
==
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I ) ===
==~==========mI==nI==~==o==~==
=~~=~I==
r m n o
c =
+
+
==

r
r
======== c I==~==== c K==q===
=~==~==~=~==~==~==
~K==
=
1147. a=q==`~=c=
m n o
K==
+
+
=
+
+
m
n
o
p
d
=
1148. p=q=
r r
r r
c
c
p I==
289

==
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I ) ===
==~=========mI==nI==~=o==~=
=~~=~I==
r
r
r
o n r m o r n m r
+
c=
=

+

m n o
r
r
==== c I=~== c K==
q=== =~=~===~==~==
~==K==
=
1149. p=q==`~=c=
m + n + o =
`
o n
n m
m o
+
=

+

p
==
1150. p~=^~=
^ = p =
p
=
1151. f==~=p==~~=====
r
r
r
r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==
==~=~~===
r
r

^ =
I==

a( I )
r
== a(I ) ======~=====~= (I ) ==
K==
=
290

1152. f=p======= ( I ) I======~=~~===

O

^ = N + + I==

a( I )
= a( I ) ======~=p===~K==
=
1153. j~==~=p~=
= ( I I )p I==
O
= ( I I ) = = = ~= = = ~~= = E= FK=
=
1154. `==j~==~=p=
j
j
j
=
I= = I= =
I==
==
j = ( I I )p I==
p
j = ( I I )p I==
p
j = ( I I )p =
p
~========~====~=~= = M I=
= M I= = M I==K== ( I I ) ====K=
=
1155. j==f~=~==-~=E= = M FI==-~==
E = M FI=~=-~=E = M F=
f = O( I I )p I==
p
f = O( I I )p I==
p
291

f = O( I I )p K=
p
=
1156. j==f~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
f = ( O + O )( I I )p I==
p
f = ( O + O )( I I )p I==
p
f = ( O + O )( I I )p K==
p
=
1157. s==~=p=_==~=`=p~=
s=
N
+ + ==
P
p
=
1158. d~~~=c=
r
r
c = d ( I I ) P p I=
p
===~=~=~=~== M I M I M ===~I==
r
= M I M I M I==
( I I ) ====I==
~=d==~~~=~K=
=
1159. m=c=
r
r r
c = ( )p I==
p
r
==== ( ) ==~======~==p=====
r
=== K=
=
1160. c=c=E~==~=pF=
r r r
= ( ) p I==
p
292

r r
= ( ) ====K=
==
1161. j~=c=E~==~=pF=
r r r
= ( ) p I==
p
r
r
= c = ====I= ====K=
=
1162. p~=`~=
n = ( I )p I==
p
= ( I ) ===~=~=K=
=
1163. d~=i~=
q====~==~==~=
==~=n====~=
r r n
= b p = I==
M
p
==
====I==
r
b ===~=====I=
c
M = UIUR NM NO =====~K==
=
=
293
Chapter 10
Differential Equations
=
=
=
=
c===~~W=I=I=I=I=I=I=dI=eI=I===
^=E=~~FW=I==
c===~~W= ( I ) I= j( I ) I= k( I ) =
c==~W= I= I= & I= I==
Of
p==~W= I= && I= O I==
O

m~~=~W= I= O I==

k~~=W==
m~~=W= N I= =
o~=W=I=I=Ì= `N I= ` O I=I=I= I= =
o===~~=~W= N I= O =
qW==
q~W=qI=p=
m~=W= m( ) ==
j~==~=W==
p==~=W==
a~===~==W==
^===~W=^=
cW= =
a~=W= =
m~=~===~W= =
^~=~W= =
m=W=i=
294

CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
^~==~W==
`W=f=
o~W=o=
f~W=i=
`~~~W=`=
=
=
10.1 First Order Ordinary Differential

Equations
=
1164. i~=b~=
+ ( ) = ( ) K==
=
q=~====
( )( ) + ` I==
=
( )
==
( ) = ( ) K=
=
1165. p~~=b~=
= ( I ) = ( )( ) =
=
q=~=====
( ) = ( ) + ` I==
=
e( ) = d( ) + ` K=
=
=
=
295

1166. e=b~=
= ( I ) = = I= =
== ( I ) ==I=~===
( I ) = ( I ) K==
=
q== = =E= = F=~===~~=
~=
+ = (NI ) K==
=
1167. _=b~=
+ ( ) = ( ) K==
=
q== = N =~===~=~==
+ (N )( ) = (N )( ) K==
=
1168. o~=b~=
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) O =
=
f=~=~~== N ==I===~==~==~======
N
=
I==~=====~=~==
N
= [( ) + O N( )] ( ) K==
=
=
=
q= ~= ~=
296

1169. b~=~=k~=b~=
q=~==
j( I ) + k( I ) = M ==
=~=~===
j k
=
I==

~=~=K=
=
q=~====
j( I ) + k( I ) = ` K==
=
1170. o~~=a~=
= I==
= ( ) ===~==~~==~==I==
==~==~K==
=
q====
( ) = M I== M = (M) ===~=~K=
=
1171. k=i~==`=
q
= (q p ) I==
= q( ) ===~==~==~==I=p===
~= = = = I= = = ~= =~K==
=
q===
q( ) = p + (qM p) I==
= qM = q(M) = = = ~= ~= = = = ~=
= = M K==
=
=
297

1172. m~=a~=Ei=jF=
m
m
= m N I==
j
= m( ) ==~=~==I===~==~I=
j==~=====~K==
=
q====~=~===
jmM
m( ) =
I== mM = m(M) ===~=mM + (j mM )
~=~== = M K===
=
=
=
10.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential

Equations
=
1173. e=i~=b~==`~=`==
+ + = M K==
q=~~=~===
O + + = M K==
=
f= N = ~= O = ~= = ~= = = = ~~=
~I===~====
= `N N + ` O O I===
`N =~= ` O =~=~=~K==
==
f= N = O = I===~====
O
= (`N + ` O ) O K==
=
f= N =~= O =~==W=
298

N = + I= O = I===
Q O
= I= =
I==
O
O
==~====
= (`N + ` O ) K==
=
1174. f=i~=b~==`~=======================
`==
+ + = ( ) K==
=
q=~======
= + I===
===~=~~=======~=
~= ===~====~~==~=E====NNTPFK=
=
f====~====
( ) = (mN ( ) + mN ( ) ) I==
===~~== =====
= (oN ( ) + o O ( ) ) I==
= = ~= oN ( ) = ~= o O ( ) = ~= = = =
======K==
f= + ===~====~~=~I==
== = M I=
f= + ==~==I== = N I=
f= + ==~==I== = O K==
=
1175. a~=b~===j=
= ( I ) K==
p= = K=q===~=~=====
= ( I ) I==
==~===~=~K=
299

1176. a~=b~===j=
= ( I ) K==
p= = K=p==

=
=
= I==

=~=
= ( I ) I==
==~===~=~K==
=
1177. c=r~=s~=
q===~=j~==~=p=====~==
&& + = M I==
==
===~===I=
======I=
==~===~==K=
=
q=~====
= ^ (M ) I==
==
^===~===~I=
O
I=
M ===~~=I==== q =
M
==~=~===~K=
q==~=~===~=K==
=
1178. c=a~=s~=
&& + & + = M I===
===~=K==
q=~=P=~===~=W=
=
300

`~=NK O > Q =E~F=

( ) = ^ N + _ O I==
==
N =
O Q
+ O Q
I= O =
K==
O
O
=
`~=OK= O = Q E~=~F=
( ) = (^ + _ ) I==
==
=
K=
O
=
`~=PK= O < Q =E~F==
( ) =
^ ( ) I===
= Q O K==
=
1179. p=m=
O
+ = M I=
O i
= = = = ~~= ~I= i= = = =
I====~~==~K=
=
q=~===~=~= ===
i
( ) = ~
I==== q = O
K==
i
=
1180. oi`=`=
Of
f N
i O + o + f = s( ) = b M ( ) I=
301

=f=====~=oi`===~=~=~=
= s( ) = b M ( ) K===
=
q=~====
f( ) = `N N + ` O O + ^ ( ) I=
==
Qi
o oO
` I==
NI O =
Oi
b M
^=
I==
O
N
O
O O
i + o
`
N
i
= ~~
I==
o o`
`N I= ` O =~=~===~=K=
=
=
=
10.3. Some Partial Differential Equations

=
1181. q=i~~=b~=
O O
+
= M=
O O
~==~=== ( I ) ====~==~= = = = = -~K= m~~= ~= ~====~=~=K==
=
1182. q=e~=b~=
O O
+
=
=
O O
302

~= = = ~= = ( I ) = = = ~==~==~====~=~~===
K=q=~====~=~=~~K==
=
1183. q=t~=b~=
O O O
+
=
=
O O O
~===~= ( I ) ==~=~=
~= = ~= K= q= ~= = = = ~=
~=K==
=
=
303
Chapter 11
Series
=
=
=
=
11.1 Arithmetic Series

=
f~=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
a===W==
k=====W==
p=====W= p =
=
=
1184. ~ = ~ N + = ~ O + O = K = ~N + ( N) =
=
1185. ~N + ~ = ~ O + ~ N = K = ~ + ~ +N =
=
~ +~
1186. ~ = N +N =
O
=
~ +~
O~ + ( N)
1187. p = N = N
=
O
O
=
=
=
=
=
304

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.2 Geometric Series

=
f~=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
`=~W==
k=====W==
p=====W= p =
p==W=p=
=
=
1188. ~ = ~ N = ~N N =
=
1189. ~N ~ = ~ O ~ N = K = ~ ~ +N =
=
1190. ~ = ~ N ~ +N =
=
~ ~N ~N ( N)
1191. p =
=
=
N
N
=
~
1192. p = p = N =

N
c= < N I===p==~= K=
=
=
=
11.3 Some Finite Series

=
k=====W==
=
=
305

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1193. N + O + P + K + =
( + N)
=
O
1194. O + Q + S + K + O = ( + N) =
=
1195. N + P + R + K + (O N) = O =
=
1196. + ( + N) + ( + O) + K + ( + N) =
=
1197. NO + OO + PO + K + O =
(O + N)
=
O
( + N)(O + N)
=
S
( + N)
1198. NP + OP + PP + K + P =
=
O
=
(Q O N)
O
O
O
O
1199. N + P + R + K + (O N) =
=
P
=
P
1200. NP + PP + RP + K + (O N) = O (O O N) =
=
N N N
N
1201. N + + + + K + + K = O =
O Q U
O
=
N
N
N
N
1202.
+
+
+K+
+K = N=
N O O P P Q
( + N)
=
N N N
N
1203. N + + + + K +
+K = =
( N)>
N> O> P>
=
=
=
O
306

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.4 Infinite Series

=
pW= {~ }=
c=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
=
=
1204. f=p=
~
=N
= ~N + ~ O + K + ~ + K =
=
1205. k=m~~=p=
p = ~ = ~N + ~ O + K + ~ =
=N
=
1206. `==f=p=
~
=N
= i I== p = i =

=
1207. k=q=q=
f=== ~ =I== ~ = M K==
=N
f= ~ M I=====K=
=
=
=
11.5 Properties of Convergent Series

=
=N
=N
`=pW= ~ = ^ I= = _ =
o~=W==
307

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
=N
=N
=N
1208. (~ + ) = ~ + = ^ + _ =
1209.
=N
= ~ = ^ K==
=N
=
=
=
11.6 Convergence Tests

=
1210. q=`~=q=
=N
=N
i= ~ =~= ====~= M < ~ ==~=K==
f= === ~ =~=K==
=N
=N
=N
=N
f= ~ === =~=K=
=
1211. q=i=`~=q=
=N
=N
i= ~ =~= ====~= ~ =~= =~===~=K==
~
f= M <
< = = ~ = ~= ~= = =

=N
=N
===K=
~
f=
= M == ==~= ~ ==

=N
=N
~=K=
308

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
~
= == ==~= ~ ==

=N
=N
~=K=
f=
=
1212. -=
N
=== > N =~===
=N
M < N K=
=
1213. q=f~=q=
i= ( ) = = ~= = = = I= I= ~=
~==~= N K=q===
-=
() = (N) + (O) + (P) + K + () + K =

=N
== ( ) I=~===
N
( ) =~= K=
N
=
1214. q=o~=q=
i= ~ ==~====K=
=N
~ +N
< N == ~ =K=
~
=N
f=
f=
~ +N
> N == ~ ==K=
~
=N
~
f= +N = N = = ~ = ~= = = = ~=
~
=N
= ~= = = X= = = = = =
K==
309

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1215. q=o=q=
i= ~ ==~====K=
=N
f= ~ < N == ~ ==K=

=N
f= ~ > N == ~ ==K=

=N
f= ~ = N == ~ =~===I==

=N
==~==~===K=
=
=
=
11.7 Alternating Series

=
1216. q=^~=p=q=Ei=qF=
=
i= {~ }==~======~=
~ +N < ~ ==~=K=
~ = M K==
q= = ~~= =
( N) ~
=N
= ~=
( N)
=N
~ =
=K====
=
1217. ^=`=
^= =
~
=N
= = ~= = = = =
~
=N
==K==
310

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
f=== ~ =~=====-
=N
K=
=
1218. `~=`=
^= =
~
=N
= ~= = = = = =
====~=K=
=
=
=
11.8 Power Series

=
o~=W=I= M =
=M
=M
m=W= ~ I= ~ ( M ) =
t=W==
o~==`W=o=
=
1219. m=p===
~
=M
= ~ M + ~N + ~ O O + K + ~ + K =
=
1220. m=p== ( M ) =
~ ( )
=M
= ~ M + ~ N ( M ) + ~ O ( M ) + K + ~ ( M ) + K
O
=
1221. f~==`===
q====~=======
( ) = ~ ( M ) ====~====~==
=M
K=
311

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1222. o~==`=
f==~===== ( M oI M + o ) =====
o M I==o==~===~==K==f===
~=
~
N
== o = K==
o =
~
~
+N
=
=
=
11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power

Series
=
`=W= ( ) =
m=W= ~ =
=M
t=W==
o~==`W=o=
=
=
1223. a~==m=p=
i= ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K == < o K==
=M
qI= = = < o I= ( ) = = I= = ~= ( ) =
=~=
( ) = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K =
= ~N + O~ O + P~ P O + K = ~ N K=
=N
=
=
=
312

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1224. f~==m=p=
i= ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K == < o K==
=M
qI=== < o I===~= ( ) =~==
( ) = ~ + ~ + ~ + K =
O
= ~ M + ~N
O
P
+N
+ ~O + K = ~
+ ` K=
O
P
+N
=M
=
=
=
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

=
t=W==
a~=W= ( ) =
o~=W= o =
=
=
1225. q~=p=
( ~ ) = (~ ) + (~ )( ~ ) + (~ )( ~ )O + K
( ) = ( ) (~ )
>
O>
=M
==
( ) (~ )( ~ )
+ o K==
>
=
1226. q=o~=^=HN=q=====
+N
( +N) ( )( ~ )
I=== ~ < < K=
o =
( + N)>
=
1227. j~~=p=
313

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
( ) = ( ) (M )
=M
(M) O
( ) (M )
= (M) + (M) +
+K+
+ o
>
O>
>
=
=
=
=
11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some

Functions
=
t=W==
o~=W==
=
=
O P
1228. = N + +
+
+K+
+ K=
O> P>
>
=
O
P
( ~ ) + K =
~ ( ~ ) ( ~ )
1229. ~ = N +
+
+
+K+
N>
O>
P>
>
=
(
O P Q
N) +N
1230. (N + ) = + + K +
K I= N < N K=
O P
Q
+N
=
P R T
N+
= O + + + + K I= < N K=
1231.
N
P
R
T
=
N N N P N N R
1232. = O
+
K I= > M K=
+
+ N P + N R + N
=
( N) O K =
O Q S
1233. = N + + K +
(O )>
O> Q> S>
=
314

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
( N) O+N K =
P R T
1234. = + + K +
(O + N)>
P> R> T>
=
P O R NT T SO V
1235. ~ = + +
+
+
+ K I= < K=
O
P NR
PNR OUPR
=
N P O R O T
1236. = + +
+
+ K I= < K=
P QR VQR QTOR
=
P N P R
N P RK (O N) O +N
1237. ~ = +
+
+K+
+ K I=
OP O Q R
O Q SK (O )(O + N)
< N K=
=

P N P R
N P RK (O N) O +N
+
+K+
+ KI
1238. ~ = +
O
OP OQ R
O Q SK (O )(O + N)
< N K=
=
1239. ~~ =
( N) O+N K I= N K=
P R T
+ +K+
P
R T
O + N
=
1240. = N +
O Q S
O
+
+
+K+
+ K=
(O )>
O> Q> S>
=
1241. = +
P R T
O +N
+
+
+K+
+ K=
(O + N)>
P> R> T>
=
=
=
=
=
315

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.12 Binomial Series

=
t=W=I==
o~=W==
`~W= ` =
=
=
1242. (N + ) = N + `N + ` O O + K + ` + K + =
=
( N)K[ ( N)]
1243. ` =
I= < N K=
>
=
N
1244.
= N + O P + K I= < N K=
N+
=
N
1245.
= N + + O + P + K I= < N K=
N
=
O N P P N P R Q
1246. N + = N +
+
+ K I= N K=
O OQ OQ S OQ SU
=
N O O N O R P N O R U Q
1247. P N + = N +
+
+ K I= N K=
P PS
PSV
P S V NO
=
=
=
11.13 Fourier Series

=
f~=W= ( ) =
c=W= ~ M I= ~ I= =
t=W===
316

CHAPTER 11. SERIES
~
1248. ( ) = M + (~ + ) =
O
=N
N
1249. ~ = ( ) ==

=
=
( ) ==
1250.

=
=
317
Chapter 12
Probability
=
=
=
=
12.1 Permutations and Combinations

=
m~W= m =
`~W= ` =
t=W=I==
=
=
1251. c~~=
> = N O PK( O)( N) =
M> = N =
=
1252. m = > =
=
>
1253. m =
=
( )>
=
1254. _~=`=
>
=
` = =
> ( )>
=
1255. ` = ` =
=
1256. ` + ` +N = +N ` +N =
=
318

CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1257. ` M + `N + ` O + K + ` = O =
=
1258. m~~=q~=
=
o=M=
=
=
=
=
=
=
o=N=
=
=
=
=
=
N=
o=O=
=
=
=
=
N=
=
o=P=
=
=
=
N=
=
P=
o=Q=
=
=
N=
=
Q=
=
o=R=
=
N=
=
R=
= NM=
o=S=
N=
=
S=
= NR= =
=
=
=
N=
=
=
=
N=
=
O=
=
N=
=
P=
=
S=
=
Q=
= NM= =
OM= = NR=
12.2 Probability Formulas

=
bW=Î=_=
m~W=m=
o~=~~W=uI=vI=w=
s~==~=~~W=I=I==
b=~==uW= =
^==~=W= ==
p~~=~W= =
s~~W= O =
a=W= ( ) I= ( ) =
=
=
1259. m~==~=b=
m(^ ) = I==
==
=======I==
===~====K=
=
319
=
=
=
N=
=
R=
=
=
=
=
=
N=
=
S=
=
=
=
=
=
N=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
N=

1260. o~==m~=s~=
M m(^ ) N =
=
1261. `~=b=
m( ^ ) = N =
=
1262. f=b=
m( ^ ) = M =
=
1263. `=
m(^ ) = N m(^ ) =
=
1264. f=b=
m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) I==
m(_ L ^ ) = m(_ ) =
=
1265. ^=o==f=b=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) =
=
1266. j~=o==f=b=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ ) =
=
1267. d~=^=o=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) m(^ _ ) I==
==
^ _ ======^=~=_I==
^ _ ======^=~=_K=
=
1268. `~=m~=
m(^ _ )
m( ^ L _ ) =
=
m(_ )
=
1269. m(^ _ ) = m(_ ) m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ L ^ ) =
320

1270. i~==q~=m~=
m(^ ) = m(_ )m(^ L _ ) I==

=N
= _ ==~===~==K==
=
1271. _~=q=
m(^ L _ ) m(_ )
m(_ L ^ ) =
=
m(^ )
=
1272. _~=c~=
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
m(_ L ^ ) =
I==
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
=N
==
_ ==~===~===EFI=
^ ===~=I==
m(_ ) =~===~I=
m(_ L ^ ) =~===~K=
=
1273. i~==i~=k=
p
m M =~= I==

m < N =~= I==

==
p =====~=~~I=
======K=
=
1274. `=f~=
s(u )
m( u ) O I==
= s(u ) ===~~==uK=
321

1275. k~=a=c=
( ) O
N
O
( ) =
O I==
O
===~=~~=K=
=
1276. p~~=k~=a=c=
O
N O
=
( ) =
O
^~=~= = M I=~= = N K=
=
=====
=
Figure 210.
=
1277. p~~=w=s~=
u
w=
=
=
1278. `~=k~=a=c=
N
c( ) =
( ) O
OO
I==
322

==
==~=~~=I==
==~=~~==~K=
=

1279. m( < u < ) = c
I=
c

=
u==~==~=~~I=
c==~=~==I==
m( < u < ) ==~=~K=
=
1280. m( u < ) = Oc I==
==
u==~==~=~~I=
c==~=~==K=
=
1281. `~=a=c=
c( ) = m(u < ) = ( ) I==
===~=~~==~K=
=
1282. _=q~=m=
= = I= O = I==
==
==~===I==
===~====~=I=
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1283. _~=a=c=======

(I I ) = I==
323

= I= O = I=
( ) = ( + ) I==
==
=====~==I=
===~==I=
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1284. d=a=
m(q = ) = N I==
N
= I= O = O I==
==
q========I=
====I=
===~=~=~====I==
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1285. m=a=

m(u = ) I= = I==
>
O
= I= = I==
==
===~==I=
======K=
=
1286. a=c==
m(~ u ) = ( ) ==
~
=
1287. `=r=a=
~+
N
I==
I= =
=
~
O
324

=====K=
=
1288. b~=a=c=
( ) = I= = I= O = O =
===I= ===~=~K=
=
1289. b~=a=c=
c( ) = N I==
===I= ===~=~K=
=
1290. b=s~==a=o~=s~~=
= b(u ) = I==
=N
= ==~=~~=I= ===~K=
=
1291. b=s~==`=o~=s~~=
= b(u ) = ( ) ==
=
1292. m==b~=
b(u + v ) = b(u ) + b(v ) I==
b(u v ) = b(u ) b(v ) I=
b(u ) = b(u ) I==
b(uv ) = b(u ) b(v ) I==
===~=~K=
=
1293. b(u O ) = s(u ) + O I==
==
= b(u ) ====~I===
s(u ) ===~~K=
=
=
=
325

1294. j~=f~=
b(u )
m(u > )
I==
====~K=
=
1295. s~~==a=o~=s~~=
O = s(u ) = b (u ) = ( ) I==
O
=N
==
==~=~~=I=
===~K=
=
1296. s~~==`=o~=s~~=
] ( ) ( ) ==
= s(u ) = b (u ) =
O
=
1297. m==s~~=
s(u + v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I==
s(u v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I=
s(u + ) = s(u ) I=
s(u ) = O s(u ) I=
===~=~K=
=
1298. p~~=a~=
a(u ) = s(u ) = b (u ) =
=
1299. `~~=
(uI v ) = b[(u (u ))(v (v ))] = b(uv ) (u )(v ) I==
==
u ==~=~~I==
s(u ) ===~~==uI==
====~==u==vK=
O
326

=
1300. `~=
(uI v )
I==
(uI v ) =
s(u )s(v )
==
s(u ) ===~~==uI==
s(v ) ===~~==vK=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
327

1300 Math Formulas

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