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pi bond
molecule
endothermic reaction
Lewis structure
exothermic reaction
sigma bond
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
0%
0%
D
0%
0%
B. B
C. C
D. D
B
oxyanion: a polyatomic
ion in which an element
(usually a nonmetal) is
bonded to one or more
oxygen atoms
(cont.)
(cont.)
Naming Acids
The first word has the prefix hydrofollowed by the root of the element plus the
suffix ic.
The second word is always acid (hydrochloric
acid is HCl in water).
B. dihydroxide
0%
D. dihydrogen monoxide
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. hydrogen monoxide
0%
D. hydrochloric acid
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
Structural Formulas
A structural formula uses letter symbols
and bonds to show relative positions of
atoms.
Resonance Structures
Resonance is a condition that occurs
when more than one valid Lewis structure
can be written for a molecule or ion.
0%
D. resonance
C. expanded structure
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
B. expanded octet
B. noble gases
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
VSEPR Model
The shape of a molecule determines many
of its physical and chemical properties.
Molecular geometry (shape) can be
determined with the Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion model, or VSEPR model
which minimizes the repulsion of shared and
unshared atoms around the central atom.
Hybridization
Hybridization is a process in which atomic
orbitals mix and form new, identical hybrid
orbitals.
Carbon often undergoes hybridization, which
forms an sp3 orbital formed from one s orbital
and three p orbitals.
Lone pairs also occupy hybrid orbitals.
Hybridization (cont.)
Single, double, and triple
bonds occupy only one hybrid
orbital (CO2 with two double
bonds forms an sp hybrid
orbital).
Hybridization (cont.)
Hybridization (cont.)
Hybridization (cont.)
0%
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
A.
B.
C.
D.
B. trigonal planar
0%
D. octahedral
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. tetrahedral
B. hydrogen bond
0%
D. partial dipole
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. sigma bond
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
B. sigma bond
Chemistry Online
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Concepts in Motion
Key Concepts
Covalent bonds form when atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons.
Sharing one pair, two pairs, and three pairs of electrons
forms single, double, and triple covalent bonds,
respectively.
Orbitals overlap directly in sigma bonds. Parallel
orbitals overlap in pi bonds. A single covalent bond is a
sigma bond but multiple covalent bonds are made of
both sigma and pi bonds.
Bond length is measured nucleus-to-nucleus.
Bond dissociation energy is needed to break
a covalent bond.
Key Concepts
Names of covalent molecular compounds include
prefixes for the number of each atom present. The final
letter of the prefix is dropped if the element name begins
with a vowel.
Molecules that produce H+ in solution are acids. Binary
acids contain hydrogen and one other element.
Oxyacids contain hydrogen and an oxyanion.
Key Concepts
Different models can be used to represent
molecules.
Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis
structure exists for the same molecule.
Exceptions to the octet rule occur in some molecules.
Key Concepts
VSEPR model theory states that electron pairs repel
each other and determine both the shape of and
bond angles in a molecule.
Hybridization explains the observed shapes of
molecules by the presence of equivalent hybrid
orbitals.
B. covalent bond
0%
D. dipole bond
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. ionic bond
B. sulfuric acid
0%
D. hydrogen sulfate
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. sulfurous acid
B. BF3
0%
D. PCl5
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. BeH2
B. trigonal planar
0%
D. spherical
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. tetrahedral
B. H2
0%
D. NH3
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. CH4
B. dinitrogen tetrahydride
0%
D. dinitrogen tetrachloride
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. dinitrogen hydride
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
0%
D. sublimation
C. distillation
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
B. chromatography
B. H2O
0%
D. CO2
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
C. F2
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
Table 8.3
Table 8.5
Molecular Shapes