Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MAAE 3300
Fluid Mechanics II
Module 1.
REVIEW: Elementary Fluid Dynamics and
Finite Volume Analysis
Bernoulli, Momentum and Energy Equations
(Part 1 of 2)
Carleton University
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Do not reproduce without permission, Prof. Cynthia A. Cruickshank
Learning Objectives
=
In this module, we consider the motion of inviscid fluids.
fluid with zero viscosity
We assume that the fluid motion is governed by gravity and
pressure forces only, and examine Newtons second law:
(net gravity force on particle) + (net pressure force on particle) =
= (particle mass) x (particle acceleration)
= Along a Streamline
For steady flow, the component of Newtons second law along the
streamline direction, s, is:
Eq. 1.2
= Along a Streamline
= Along a Streamline
or = sin
sin =
FBD of small
fluid particle
= sin
* If =0 (streamline is horiz.), the weight
of the particle along the streamline would
not contribute to its acceleration in that direction.
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
= Along a Streamline
= Along a Streamline
Thus, the net force acting in the streamline direction on the particle
is given by:
= Along a Streamline
= Normal to a Streamline
Newtons second law is applied to flows for which the only important
forces are those due to pressure and gravity viscous effects are
negligible. The result is the Bernoulli equation (a relationship among
pressure, elevation and velocity variations along the streamline).
aside:
( ) = 2
sin = /
By restricting to a streamline, and
may be regarded as only a function of .
Eq. 1.5
This is the Bernoulli Equation!
1 2
+
+
=0
2
1
+ + = 0
2
Assumptions
1. steady flow
2. incompressible
3. inviscid flow
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
SOLUTION
Consider the flow of air around a bicyclist moving through still air
with velocity V0. Determine the difference in the pressure between
points (1) and (2). Assume the coordinate system is fixed to the bike.
1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2
1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 1 = 1 = 0
Full scale wind tunnel experiments are often carried out to obtain
information about the aerodynamic forces on athletes, such as down
hill skiers and bicycle racers. In some instances useful information can
be obtained by using flow visualization techniques such as a smoke
wand to show the streamline location.
The Bernoulli equation contains six unknowns - two pressures, two velocities, and two elevations. To obtain the value of one parameter, the values
of the other five must be known. For the streamlines shown in the video,
the elevation at arbitrary points can be measured, but the pressure and
velocity are not known. When the smoke wand is placed directly in front of
the cover the smoke runs head-on into the cover, producing a stagnation
point on the cover at the point of impact. In this case, an additional
parameter is known (velocity is zero) and the stagnation pressure can be
calculated if the velocity and pressure in the free-stream are known.
A2 Wind Tunnel
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
Eq. 1.7
The pressure term, /, is called the pressure head and represents the
height of a column of fluid that is needed to produce the pressure, .
redkiteprayer.com
cd-adapco.com
The velocity term, 2/, is the velocity head and presents the vertical
distance needed for the fluid to reach velocity from rest.
The elevation term, , is related to the potential energy of the
particle and is called the elevation head.
gallery.ensight.com
The Bernoulli equation states that the sum of the pressure head,
velocity head and elevation head is constant along the streamline.
cd-adapco.com
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
Bernoulli eq.
N
m2
kg m2
m3 s2
N
m2
kg
m s2
2:
kg m
m
m3 s2
kg
m s2
N
m2
2 = 1 + 12
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
+ 2
gauge
gauge
gauge
2(3 4)/
gauge
Eq. 1.8
3 =
+ 2
Fluid upstream
2(3 4)/
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
The most common causes for such a blockage include the pitot tube
cover not being removed, ice build-up, or insects have built their nest
within the tube and a standard visual check cannot detect it.
(b) the pressure at the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane
(point 2); and
Investigators concluded that wasps might have nested in the pitot tubes
as the plane had sat grounded for several days.
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
Pitot-static tube
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Part (a): From Table C.1, we find that the static pressure and
density at the 10,000 ft.
1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2
2 = 1 + 1
75.4 lb/ft2
SOLUTION
To prevent rupture of the blood vessels in the high pressure lower leg
regions, giraffes have a tight sheath of thick skin over their lower limbs that
act as an elastic bandage (exactly the same as g-suits for fighter pilots). In
addition, valves in the upper neck prevent backflow into the head when
the giraffe lowers its head to ground level.
(b) Compare the pressure change calculated in part (a) to the normal
120 mm of mercury pressure in a humans heart. = 133 kN/m3
In this case, the pressure variation in the blood
is equal to:
( = blood) = blood
where
blood =
blood
H2O
animalstime.com
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
Free Jets
Consider flow of a liquid from a large reservoir as shown. A jet of
liquid diameter flows from the nozzle with velocity .
= H2O
Eq. 1.9
Confined Flows
Consider a fluid flowing through a fixed volume that has one inlet and
one outlet. If the flow is steady, the rate at which the fluid flows into
the volume must equal the rate at which is flows out of the volume.
Video courtesy of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Confined Flows
Water flows steadily through the tanks shown below. Find the water
depth, , in metres. Assume the reservoirs are large (1 = 3 = 0) and
open to atmosphere (1 = 3 = 0 gauge) and that the fluid leaves as a
free jet (2 = 4 = 0).
=
=
Point (1)
Point (2)
Eq. 1.10
Point (3)
or
)
Point (4)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Using Bernoulli
Equation, Eq. 1.7
Using Continuity
Equation, Eq. 1.10
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.