International CPs - Northwestern 2014

China CP
China Does Plan CP
1NC Shell
CP Text: The Peoples Republic of China should []
China can do the plan---it has expertise in ocean
development and exploration
Marlow 2013 (JEFFREY MARLOW, graduate student in Geological and
Planetary Sciences at the California Institute of Technology, WIRED Science
Blogs, Chinas Deep Sea Ambitions, 12/30/13,
http://www.wired.com/2013/12/chinas-deep-sea-ambitions/)
Its all part of Chinas rhetorical, financial, and strategic return to
the sea, a realm that it dominated several centuries ago. Chinese
maritime strength reached its apex in the early 15th century, as
admiral Zheng He crisscrossed the Indian Ocean with enormous
fleets, returning with gifts (most famously a giraffe) for the Emperor. But a few years later, as political
winds shifted, the Ming Dynasty ended the epic voyages, choosing instead to focus on other, more local,
priorities. This abrupt 180 is frequently cited as a cautionary tale highlighting the dangers of isolationism,
So why the
resurgence in sea-based activity? Dean Cheng is a Research Fellow at The Heritage
Foundation and an expert on Chinas technological ambitions . He points to the innocuously
named 863 Program as an underappreciated game changer that reconfigured the countrys
a poor strategic move that doomed the discoverers to become the discovered.
relationship with technology across a number of disciplines.
In March of 1986 (hence the 863 title),
four prominent engineers wrote to then-Chairman Deng Xiaoping,

warning of impending doom for civil societys scientific institutions. A
long-standing focus on military might had neglected other aims of
technological development, and if China didnt redistribute its
resources soon, it would be fated to watch the new technological
revolution from the outside. Xiaoping took the argument to heart,
initiating research and exploration programs focused on seven key
fields: biotechnology, space, information technology, lasers,
automation, energy, and materials science. Marine Technology was added to the
roster in 1996, well coordinated with the countrys broadening regional influence and growing appetite for
sea-based resources. China
has become much more dependent on the

oceans and ocean-based trade for food and commerce, notes Cheng.
Theyd also like to know whats off the coast; there are vast unexplored swaths of their seabed as well as
deeper ocean reaches that could prove useful. And while Plan 863 indicates a formal commitment to
Chinas movement has been measured and

deliberate, similar to its spacefaring progress. With all the fanfare
surrounding the countrys entry into manned spaceflight, its
important to maintain historical perspective. In the decade since it
became the third country to put a man in space, China has
completed four flights; the bulk of the Space Race, from Gagarin to
Armstrong, happened in less time. It seems likely, then, that the oceanaut program
oceanographic exploration,
will be a slow burning initiative, the leading edge of a larger oceanic strategy. Going forward, China will
continue to consolidate its strategic interests and look to secure access to resources, whether in the form
of deep ocean minerals or coastal fish. As Cheng explains, there
are relatively few

sudden interests in Chinese politics. The broader set of research
areas tend to be methodical in the development process its been
true for outer space and its true for inner space too.
1NC Solvency---Oil & Gas

China is already developing energy sources using the
Oceans---China could easily do the plan
Xi Jinping 2014 (Chinas Rise as a Maritime Power: Ocean Policy from
Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, TAKEDA Junichi, Review of

the Island Studies
2014, Foreign policy and national defense journalist, http://islandstudies.oprfinfo.org/research/a00011/#section4)
The second field is exploration for deep-seabed mineral resources.
Aside from oil and gas, methane hydrates (fire ice) are the most
closely located such resource with prospects for practical
development. Based on exploration over the past decade, it has
reportedly been determined that there are tremendous deposits of
this resourceamounting to half of Chinas onshore and inshore oil
and gas reservesunder the waters of the South China Sea in such places
as the Xisha Trough, the area around the Dongsha Islands (Pratas), and to the southeast of Hainan Island.
Since 2009 Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, an organ of the Ministry of Land and Resources, has
been operating Haiyang 6, a 4,600-ton geophysical survey vessel, which is exploring mainly for methane
hydrates.
XT Solvency
China can effectively mine rare earths, develop ocean
energy resources, and create and export desal plants
Junichi 14. Takeda Junichi is a foreign policy and national defense journalist. Ocean Policy
Research Foundation for Island Studies. 4-23-14. http://islandstudies.oprf-info.org/research/a00011/
increased emphasis on
the seas? Though the five-year plan does not set forth a clear explanation, it presumably relates
to the red lights that China sees in connection with its supplies of food,
energy, and water, three key resources for its 1.3 billion people . In very
B. New Marine Resources And Polar Observation What underlies this
rough terms, Chinas cultivated acreage per person is only 40% of the world average, it depends on
imports for 55% of its oil, and its supply of fresh water per person is just a quarter of the global level. So
securing sustained supplies of these resources from the seas is a

crucial issue for the country. Setting aside traditional fields, here I will focus on the new
trends, with overviews of three particular fields. The first field is use of renewable energy
from the seas. Chinas Renewable Energy Law came into effect in 2006. [32] And in 2010 the
National Energy Administration and the State Oceanic Administration promulgated a
provisional facilitation law on managing construction of maritime
wind farms. The same year brought the start of operation of a large-scale three-megawatt wind farm
in the waters off Shanghai. On-site testing has also begun for power generation
using tide-level differences, waves, and tidal currents. Work on power
generation using temperature and salinity differences is reportedly being conducted at an experimental
China has built Asias biggest reverseosmosis-membrane desalinization plant in Tianjin and is also
promoting exports of such plants. It is said that the output capacity of the countrys
stage. In the area of seawater use,
desalinization facilities will be on the order of 2.2 million to 2.6 million cubic meters in 2015. The extraction
the use of
seawater for purposes like cooling circulation is at the model
development stage. The second field is exploration for deep-seabed
mineral resources. Aside from oil and gas, methane hydrates (fire ice)
are the most closely located such resource with prospects for practical
development. Based on exploration over the past decade, it has reportedly been determined that
there are tremendous deposits of this resourceamounting to half
of Chinas onshore and inshore oil and gas reservesunder the
waters of the South China Sea in such places as the Xisha Trough, the area around the
of chemicals from seawater has also been launched on a practical basis. And
Dongsha Islands (Pratas), and to the southeast of Hainan Island. Since 2009 Guangzhou Marine Geological
Survey, an organ of the Ministry of Land and Resources, has been operating Haiyang 6, a 4,600-ton
geophysical survey vessel, which is exploring mainly for methane hydrates. Meanwhile, in 2001 the
International Seabed Authority, established under UNCLOS, granted exclusive deep seabed exploration
rights for manganese nodules in an open sea zone of the northwest Pacific to the China Ocean Minerals
Research and Development Association (COMRA). China was one of eight countries to receive such rights
from the ISA at that point. COMRA is an external organ affiliated with the SOA, and it is headed by a deputy
director of the SOA. It operates the Dayang 1, a 4,385-ton specialized resource-survey vessel. In 2011 it
was also authorized by the ISA to explore for submarine hydrothermal deposits in the southwest Indian
Ocean. In 2012 it was reported that the Dayang 1 had extracted a 1.2-ton sample from the seabed of the
South Pacific at a depth of 3,000 meters. Cobalt crust is said to be found in locations under the open seas
of the northwest Pacific, and in 2012 China applied to the ISA for a mining area there.
China solves for all marine development, oil and gas

drilling, marine transportation and safety, fishing,
tourism, biotech, environmental protection, marine
disaster relief, AND MORE!!!!
A. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan The foundations of Chinas government policies are determined on the basis
of five-year plans that are drawn up in line with the strategic course set by the CPC and officially approved
by the National Peoples Congress. The eleventh five-year plan, for 200610, included just one section
the twelfth plan, for 201115, has an entire chapter on the subject
of promoting development of the marine economy. This has been followed by
the drafting of more detailed plans by various government organs, including five-year plans
for maritime operations, for marine economic development, and for
the development of marine science and technology, also subject to approval by
about the seas, but
the State Council. However, the contents of these detailed plans are not released in full. Chapter 14 of the
plan starts with a call to develop and implement a

marine development strategy based on unified sea and land
planning, and improve marine development and control capabilities.
[31] Section 1, Optimizing the marine industry structure, includes the passage develop
twelfth five-year
marine oil and gas, marine transport, marine fishing and coastal
travel industries greatly, and expand marine biopharmaceutical,
integrated seawater utilization, marine engineering equipment
manufacturing and other rising industries . And in Section 2, Strengthening
integrated marine management, we find these passages: Strengthen sea area and island management ,
improve the market mechanism for sea area use rights, . . . Make
unified planning of marine environmental protection and land-based
pollution, and strengthen the protection and recovery of the marine
ecosystem. . . . Improve the marine disaster relief system, and
strengthen the handling capability of marine emergencies.
Strengthen integrated marine surveying and mapping, and carry out
polar and oceanic scientific investigation actively . . . ensure the
safety of marine transport channels [sea lanes], and maintain our
countrys marine rights and interests.
China is important for sustainable marine development,

international cooperation, and biotech
Dong et al no date. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
Encylopedia of Life Support Systems. N/d. http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c16/E1-54-14.pdf
China attaches great importance to marine development and

protection, and takes it as part of the State's development strategy. It is constantly strengthening
comprehensive marine management, carrying out a sustainable development
strategy for marine programs, safeguarding the new international
marine order and the state's marine rights and interests, overall
planning for marine development and control, rationally utilizing marine
resources and promoting the coordinated development of marine
industries, simultaneously planning and implementing the development of marine resources and Ihe
protection of the marine environment, reinforcing oceanographic technology
research and development, setting up a comprehensive marine management system ,
actively participating in international co-operation, steadily
improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science,

technology and education pertaining to the 'Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
AREA STUDIES - CHINA: REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW - Vol. I - Protection of Oceans and
Their Living Resources China - Jinha) Dong. Wcnqi Wang. I-Hsun Nj oceans; rationally developing and
utilizing marine living resources, putting forward many principal and methods on protection and
China has made positive contributions to

international ocean development and protection by participating
positively in UN marine affairs, promoting co-operation between countries and regions
preservation of the marine environment.
and conscientiously carrying out its obligations in this field.
Solvency---Good Environment Record

China has a good track record of keeping the ocean safe
State Environmental Protection Administration 2006
(National Report of China on the Protection of Marine Environment from
Land-based Activities, State Environmental Protection Administration, October
2006,
http://english.mep.gov.cn/special_reports/GPAII/IGRM2/200710/P0200710234
99964342456.pdf)
At global action level, China is one of the members of GPA. At regional seas
action level, China is a member of some regional programmes such
as North-West Pacific Action Plan, the UNEP/GEF Project in the South
China Sea and Gulf of Thailand and UNEP/GEF Yellow Large Marine
Ecosystem Project. At national action level, in the light of the
requirements of GPA and RPA, the Chinese Government is organizing
relevant institutions to develop Chinas National Programme of
Action for the Protection of Marine Environment from Land-based
Activities (China NPA NPA) in order to guide and promote marine
environmental protection work across the country. In fact, as early as in
2000, the Chinese Government approved the first programme of
action for the protection of marine environment that focuses on the
control of land-based pollutionClean Sea Programme of Action of
the Bohai Sea. This programme was implemented during the 10th Five-Year
Plan (2001-2005) for National Economic and Social Development period. At
present, the clean sea programmes of action for major sea waters like the
esturies of the Yangtze River and Pearl River are close to finish. Meanwhile,
State Reform and Development Commission is organizing the development
of the Overall Plan for the Protection of the Bohai Sea. The above plan and
programmes are basic references for the development of China NPA.
Empirics prove that China is committed to keeping the

oceans safe

2006,
99964342456.pdf)
In the White Paper Environmental Protection in China issued in 2006, the
Chinese Government attaches importance to appropriate
development and protection of marine resources and the
prevention of marine pollution and ecological damage in order to
facilitate sustainable development of marine economy. A series of
policies, laws and regulations show that China adheres to the principle of
focusing on both economic development and environmental protection. Each

national department and local governments at all levels are implementing
relevant plan and programme of action with the basic principle same as the
environmental idea of Hilltop-2-Oceans (H2O) advocated by GPA.
China has environmental monitoring to check pollution

levels
2006,
99964342456.pdf)
China has already set up the environmental monitoring network
covering all marine areas and basically established the threedimension monitoring technical system of offshore sea areas
composed of diverse monitoring approaches such as satellite,
airplane, ship, floating mark and land-based stations. In recent years, China
has carried out a series of special monitoring campaigns including
the monitoring of marine environmental quality and development
trend, the monitoring zones of coastal red tides, the coastal
monitoring zones of marine ecology, monitoring of key pollution
discharge outlets and adjacent sea areas, monitoring of
environmental quality of coastal sea areas and the monitoring of
the environment of fishery sea areas. It has publicized the Report on
the State of the Environment in China, Report on the State of the Fishery
Eco-environment in China and notices on the special monitoring results over
marine environment on a regular basis, which has laid a good foundation for
understanding the current situation and development trend of marine ecoenvironment in China.
China Location Good

China is already in the perfect position for ocean
development
Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, TAKEDA Junichi, Review of the Island Studies 2014,
Foreign policy and national defense journalist, http://islandstudies.oprfinfo.org/research/a00011/#section4)
Ocean-related economic activity accounts for almost 10% of Chinas
gross domestic product, and the share is said to be above 16% in
coastal regions. This activity is the source of some 33.5 million jobs.
Meanwhile, the growth rate of the Chinese economy was 7.8% in 2012, falling
below 8% for the first time in 13 years. In the context of this slowdown, local
authorities particularly in coastal regions are looking at the seas as
a new engine of growth to replace the urban development activities
that have leveled off, and they have been coming out one after
another with plans for marine economic development. One now often
hears comments from key officials declaring that Chinas future is as
a maritime power and that the marine economy is the engine for
achieving this. In 2010 China overtook Japan in terms of nominal
GDP, becoming the worlds second-largest economy. And it has a
huge pool of scientific researchers. But it produces few scientific or
technological innovations on its own, and it has a low ratio of domestically
developed key core technologies. And it has been noted that the level of
transfer of research results to industry is still not high. Even so, under its
system of one-party rule, China is able to carry out basic and
cutting-edge research under state auspices in areas that are not
commercially profitable, along with large-scale projects in fields like
space development and military technology; these activities double
as boosters of national prestige.
Relations Turn
UQ and LINK: China-US relations good now, but US
intervention in the Pacific causes conflict to arise in the
South China Sea
Zhengang 14. Ma Zhengang is the Vice Chairman of the China Public Diplomacy Association.
Beijing Review. June 30, 2014. http://www.bjreview.com.cn/world/txt/2014-06/30/content_626714_2.htm
China acknowledges the role the United States has played in keeping
the Asia-Pacific region stable since the end of World War II, though some
of its moves have had a negative impact on China. Under its "pivot-toAsia" policy, the United States has taken a series of steps such as
increasing military deployment, strengthening ties with its allies and
making "new friends," some of which are obviously designed to hedge
China's rise. The Chinese Government, however, has not expressed strong
opposition to this policy. In China's view, greater U.S. involvement in the
Asia-Pacific region is understandable in light of the ongoing shift of the
global political and economic center of gravity to the region. It is our hope
that the United States can help promote regional peace and stability and
engage in positive interactions with China. Regretfully, we have noticed that
some U.S. officials' deeds are inconsistent with what they have told
China. For instance, at the recent Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore, U.S.
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel accused China of taking provocative
actions and destabilizing the Asia-Pacific region. These accusations are
false. Take the Diaoyu Islands for instance. When the two countries
normalized diplomatic relations in the 1970s, Chinese and Japanese leaders
agreed to shelve disputes over the islands. In the more than 40 years that
followed, no major clashes took place. Before Japan "nationalized" the islands
in 2012, China repeatedly warned that the Chinese would react strongly
against Japan's attempts to change the status quo. Japan, however, refused
to heed China's plea. Given Japan's violation of the two countries' consensus,
I think China has reason to take measures to defend its sovereignty. The
United States should have known this. Instead, it blamed China out of its own
strategic needs. The United States also blames China for creating an
air defense identification zone in the East China Sea "unilaterally."
Indeed, things might work out better if we had consulted with others. But it
should be made clear that as a step taken by a sovereign country, China's
creation of the zone should be free from other countries'
interference. Both the United States and Japan have long established such
zones. The Chinese do not see why China cannot do the same. Moreover,
provocations by Japan, the Philippines and Viet Nam against China
have apparently intensified since Obama's visit to Asia in April. That's
why the Chinese suspect that the United States might have done
something under the counter. Some say China has become more
assertive in recent years. The fact is that in the past the country was so weak
that it was often unable to defend its territorial integrity. As a result, from the
1960s to the 1980s, many islands in the South China Sea were seized by
other countries. Now that China has become stronger , it is more
confident about safeguarding its own sovereignty and security and

will no longer allow others to grab its territories.
IMPACT: US peaceful competition with China is key to

prevent accidental nuclear conflict
Weiha 14. Chen Weihua is the Chief Washington Correspondent of China Daily and Deputy Editor
of China Daily USA. He is also a columnist, with a particular focus on US politics and US-China
relations.China Daily. 6-9-14. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2014-06/09/content_17571441.htm
Yan Xuetong, a leading Chinese foreign policy scholar, visited the US a week
ago trying to find out whether the downturn in China-US relations is going to
be a short-or long-term trend, and whether such a downturn is accidental or
premeditated. He did not get a clear answer after three-day talk to a wide
spectrum of people including experts and government officials. "They didn't
agree on when the relationship started to improve and when it
started to deteriorate," said Yan, dean at Tsinghua University's Institute of
Modern International Relations. "My feeling is that such a downturn is not
a premeditated scheme," he said, adding that this is actually a positive
sign. Yan's trip came nearly a year after the historic shirt-sleeve summit
between Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Barack Obama at
Sunnylands, Calif., when the two leaders vowed to build a new type of major
power relationship that defies the historical rivalry between a rising power
and the existing power. Peaceful competition possible for China, USYan
believes that such a consensus reflects the hope by the two leaders to
avoid all-out military confrontation, especially when accidents and
small clashes happen. To Yan, a war between two nuclear powers and
the two largest economies will be calamitous to the two countries
and the world.
AT: Perm
U.S Chinese cooperation bad
Roach 2014 (Stephen S. Roach, Jul. 02, 2014, Stephen S. Roach is a senior
fellow at Yale Universitys Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and a senior
lecturer at Yale School of Management, The Daily Star,
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2014/Jul-02/262313-the-usand-china-must-exit-the-quagmire-of-codependency.ashx#axzz36GhaFE00)
The United States and China are locked in an uncomfortable embrace the
economic counterpart of what psychologists call codependency. The
flirtation started in the late 1970s, when China was teetering in the aftermath
of the Cultural Revolution and the U.S. was mired in a wrenching stagflation.
Desperate for economic growth, two needy countries entered into a
marriage of convenience. China was quick to benefit from an exportled economic model that was critically dependent on America as its
largest source of demand. The U.S. gained by turning to China for
low-cost goods that helped income-constrained consumers make
ends meet. It also imported surplus savings from China to fill the void of an
unprecedented shortfall of domestic saving, with the deficit-prone U.S.
drawing freely on Chinas voracious appetite for Treasury securities. Over
time, this marriage of convenience morphed into a full-blown and inherently
unhealthy codependency. Both partners took the relationship for
granted and pushed unbalanced growth models too far the U.S.
with its asset and credit bubbles that underpinned a record
consumption binge, and China with an export-led resurgence that
was ultimately dependent on Americas consumption bubble. The
imbalances only worsened. Chinas three decades of 10 percent annual
hyper-growth led to unsustainable strains outsize resource and energy
needs, environmental degradation and pollution, and mounting income
inequality. Huge Chinese current-account surpluses resulted from too much
saving and too little consumption. Mounting imbalances in the U.S. were the
mirror image of those in China a massive shortfall of domestic saving,
unprecedented current-account deficits, excess debt, and an asset-dependent
economy that was ultimately built on speculative quicksand. Predictably, in
keeping with the pathology of codependence, the lines distinguishing the two
countries became blurred. Over the past decade, Chinese subsidiaries
of Western multinationals accounted for more than 60 percent of the
cumulative rise in Chinas exports. In other words, the export
miracle was sparked not by state-sponsored Chinese companies but
by offshore efficiency solutions crafted in the West. This led to the
economic equivalent of a personal identity crisis: Who is China
them or us?
Aff---Perm
US and China have strong relations now, and they can
work together on anything
Ng 14. Teddy Ng worked for various English newspapers after completing his journalism degree at
Hong Kong Baptist University, covering local politics, education and medical news. South China Morning
Post. 6-26-14. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1540412/us-envoy-max-baucus-urges-constructiveties-china-knocks-errant-trade
The United States and China are both crucial players in ensuring
security in Asia-Pacific and can overcome their differences through
"constructive engagement", Washington's ambassador to Beijing said
yesterday. In his first major public address on Sino-US ties since he took up
his post in March, Max Baucus indicated the US would maintain a
presence in Asia and urged both sides to manage their differences.
"Security in the region depends in large part on the constructive engagement
between the US and China," he told the American Chamber of Commerce in
Beijing, where he outlined his nation's hopes for Sino-US relations. Baucus
said the US would deepen engagement with China on critical global
security issues. Baucus said the two countries should be able to "work
together on any problem", and dismissed as "simply untrue"
concerns that the US sought to contain China. "Nothing in the US-China
relationship is pre-ordained," he said. "Conflicts between a rising power
and an established power are not inevitable. It's up to us." The US
welcomed a strong, stable and prosperous China, he added. His
remarks came as four People's Liberation Army ships departed to join the USled Rim of the Pacific (Rimpac) drills - the world's largest international naval exercise. It
is the first time China has participated in the event, and analysts say the move will give a slight boost to
relations that have frayed over tensions in the South China Sea, allegations of cyberspying from both sides
and disputes over human rights. Beijing dispatched a guided-missile destroyer, guided-missile escort ship,
supply ship and hospital ship to join the drills starting today. Rimpac lasts until August 1 and involves 23
nations - including Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines, which each have territorial disputes with Beijing.
Next month, top American officials, including US Secretary of State John Kerry, will visit Beijing for the two
countries' annual Strategic and Economic Dialogue, which covers a range of issues, from economic
engagement to bilateral, regional and global security. Baucus touched on China's economic development
in his remarks, saying the nation was at a "critical juncture" as it pushed reforms forward and reduced its
reliance on export-driven growth. He also called on China to honour the rights of citizens. China and the US
remain suspicious of each other's strategic intentions, despite years of thriving economic cooperation.
Figures from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce said bilateral trade reached US$521 billion last year.
Beijing has been wary about the US "pivot to Asia" announced by US President Barack Obama and
Washington's provision of support to nations involved in territorial disputes with China.
PERM-U.S and China are willing to work together on

energy development
Lewis 2014 (Joanna Lewis, April 25, 2014, Assistant Professor of Science,
Technology and International Affairs Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign

Service Georgetown University, Hearing on U.S.-China Clean Energy
Cooperation: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities,
http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Lewis%20Testimony%2004.24.14.pdf)
In a direct bilateral discussion with a leading industrialized nation like the
United States, however, China wants to be seen as an equal, and as the
global superpower that it has become. For this reason direct bilateral
discussions can lead to more effective platforms for cooperation on
topics that become politicized in a larger negotiation. Bilateral
cooperation allows for the identification of clear technical areas of

mutual interest between the countries involved. For example, while
China and the United States frequently disagree over core issues in the UN
climate negotiations, the technical challenges behind their mitigation
options are distinctly similar. Both countries have abundant domestic
coal resources that provide energy security benefits but are a
significant source of emissions. While both China and the United
States also have excellent renewable resources, including wind
and solar, the best resources and locations for renewable power
development tend to be located far from population centers and
electricity demand and therefore will require expanded and
modernized transmission infrastructures. Both countries have realized
the potential energy efficiency gains they can achieve but still lag behind
Europe, Japan, and others in developing a more efficient energy system.
China and the United States have a somewhat unique positioning in the
international community on energy and climate change issues, as the two
largest economies, the two largest energy consumers, and the two largest
greenhouse gas emitters on the planet. Owing to the similarities in
energy systems shared by the two countries, there are many areas
where both the United States and China could benefit from
cooperation on climate change and clean-energy development.
The United States and China have a long history of bilateral clean
energy cooperation, both through official governmental channels
and between universities and nongovernmental organizations. For
this testimony I am focusing specifically on official bilateral
cooperation activities facilitated by the governments of the Untied
States and China.
PERM- Joint Chinese and U.S cooperation best for solvency

Chu 2011 (Secretary Steven Chu, U.S. Department of Energy, January
2011, U.S.-China Clean Energy Cooperation A Progress report by the U.S.
Department of energy, http://www.us-chinacerc.org/pdfs/US_China_Clean_Energy_Progress_Report.pdf)
Science is not a zero-sum game. In my experience as a scientist,
collaborations with other research groups greatly accelerated our
progress. Similarly, cooperation between the United States and
China can greatly accelerate progress on clean energy technologies ,
benefiting both countries. As the worlds largest producers and
consumers of energy, the United States and China share many
common challenges and common interests. Our clean energy
partnership with China can help boost Americas exports, creating
jobs here at home, and ensure that our country remains at the
forefront of technology innovation. At the U.S. Department of Energy,
we are committed to working with Chinese partners to promote a
sustainable energy future. Working together, we can accomplish
more than acting alone.
PERM- China has worked with the U.S before on different

Energy Issues
Chu 2011 (Secretary Steven Chu, U.S. Department of Energy, January
2011, U.S.-China Clean Energy Cooperation A Progress report by the U.S.
Department of energy, http://www.us-chinacerc.org/pdfs/US_China_Clean_Energy_Progress_Report.pdf)
The United States and the Peoples Republic of China have worked
together on science and technology for more than 30 years.
Under the Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement of 1979, signed
soon after normalization of diplomatic relations, our two countries
have cooperated in a diverse range of fields, including basic
research in physics and chemistry, earth and atmospheric sciences,
a variety of energy-related areas, environmental management,
agriculture, fisheries, civil industrial technology, geology, health,
and natural disaster planning. More recently, in the face of emerging
global challenges such as energy security and climate change, the United
States and China entered into a new phase of mutually beneficial
cooperation. In June 2008, the U.S.-China Ten Year Framework for
Cooperation on Energy and the Environment was created and
today it includes action plans for cooperation on energy efficiency,
electricity, transportation, air, water, wetlands, nature reserves and
protected areas. In November 2009, President Barack Obama and President
Hu Jintao announced seven new U.S.- China clean energy initiatives during
their Beijing summit. In doing so, the leaders of the worlds two
largest energy producers and consumers affirmed the importance
of the transition to a clean and low-carbon economyand the vast
opportunities for citizens of both countries in that transition.
U.S and China have already agreed to work together on

energy development but agreement ends in 2017
Cha 2007 (Ariana Eunjung Cha, Washington Post Foreign Service,
Thursday, December 13, 2007, U.S., China Sign 10-Year Agreement To Work
Together on Environment,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/12/12/AR200712
1200518.html)
U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr., at the close of the meeting
Thursday, said the two countries signed a 10-year agreement to work
together on clean technology and sustainable natural resources. The
countries also announced the completion of joint study on air
pollution, efforts to increase the use of biowaste fuel, and a pledge
to collaborate to stop illegal logging. " China and the U.S. recognize
that working together we can be more effective in achieving energy
efficiency, energy security and a cleaner environment ," Paulson said.
With the United States acting as chief customer to China's growing industrial
economy, the two sides recognize that it is central to each nation's interest
that they work together in "maintaining a stable, secure and prosperous

global economic system," Paulson said. In previous sessions of the strategic
economic dialogue, U.S. officials said they were close to getting agreement
from the Chinese on two major issues: increasing foreign ownership caps for
Chinese banks, which had remained stuck at 25 percent for years; and the
elimination of tariffs, some as high as 16 percent, on imports of energy
services and technologies. On these subjects, U.S. officials would only say
that the dialogue continues and that China has said it is conducting "careful
assessment" of this issues. Paulson's Chinese counterpart, Chinese Vice
Premier Wu Yi, said one of the major achievements of the dialogue was
moving the conversation beyond short-term, hot-button issues to working
together to achieve longer-term strategic goals. "Both sides have come to
realize that with the rapid development of economic globalization
and further progress of bilateral economic and trade relations ChinaU.S. economic ties will exert greater influence," Wu said in her closing
remarks.
Continued stronger cooperation between U.S and China

solves better
Chun 2013 (ZhangQian, Yao Chun, December 06, 2013, U.S., China must
work together to build clean energy economy: EPA, China Daily,
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8476252.html)
The United States and China must cooperate to "build a clean energy
economy," the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said Thursday as
its chief Gina McCarthy prepares to travel to China to discuss the two
countries' clean air and climate cooperation. "The U.S. and China
represent the world's largest economies, consumers of energy, and
emitters of carbon pollution," the EPA said in a statement. " Climate
change is a shared challenge, and building on more than 30 years of
successful cooperation and partnership, the United States and
China must work together to build a clean energy economy for a
healthier, safer planet ," it said. The U.S. agency said McCarthy will travel
to Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong during her four-day visit beginning on
Monday to discuss U.S.-China cooperation on air quality, climate pollution and
environmental issues. While in China, McCarthy plans to underscore steps
China has already taken to address air pollution, additional steps to come,
and how the United States and China can continue to work together, it said.
Earlier this week, McCarthy has said that China's air pollution challenges bore
some similarities to what had happened in the United States in the 1950s and
1960s and that the United States could share its experience with China in this
regard. "We know the technologies that are available. We know what
planning can do. We know that there are many ways in which you
can engage your states and, in China's case, provinces, to bring a
sense of urgency to this issue. And we are going to be working with them
on these air quality challenges moving forward," she said. In Thursday's
statement, the EPA said "the U.S. stands ready to help" as China is
taking action to address climate change while reducing traditional

air pollution and promoting economic growth. Last week, Chinese
Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said at a press conference that China is
"ready to continue to strengthen cooperation with the U.S. in environmental
protection." "Cooperation between China and the U.S. in
environmental protection has been expanded and deepened over the
recent years. It is not only beneficial for our two countries but also
important for the environmental protection cause of the world," he
said.
U.S and China currently work together on energy

development effectively- CERC proves
CERC 2014 (U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC), July 5,
2014, http://www.us-china-cerc.org/about.html)
The United States and China are the worlds largest energy
producers, energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters. The
clean energy sectors in both countries are growing rapidly. The
priorities of the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center reflect
important areas of opportunity for both countries. In the United
States, more than three-quarters of electricity generated is used to operate
buildings. In China, if present trends continue, floor space equal to the entire
U.S building stock will be built in the next 20 years. Both countries have large
domestic coal reserves and use coal to generate the majority of their
electricity (roughly 50% in the US and 80% in China). The two countries are
also the worlds largest automobile markets and oil consumers, both
importing more than half the oil they consume. Development and deployment
of clean energy technologies will play a central role in helping both countries
meet energy and climate challenges in the years ahead. The CERC will also
build a foundation of knowledge, technologies, human capabilities, and
relationships in mutually beneficial areas that will position the United States
and China for a future with very low energy intensity and highly efficient
multi-family residential and commercial buildings. On November 14, 2009,
U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu, Chinese Minister of Science and
Technology Wan Gang, and Chinese National Energy Agency Administrator
Zhang Guobao launched the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center
(CERC), which was first announced by President Barack Obama and
President Hu Jintao in November 2009. The Center is supported by public
and private funding of at least $150 million over five years, split evenly
between the two countries. The first year of CERC research efforts
resulted in improved collaboration and advances in technological
development promoted through conferences, publications, and IP
filings. Advancements of note include development of CO2 storage
models, a comparative building standards tool, and a low-cost
design and production method for lightweighting vehicle materials.
The U.S.-China CERC Annual Report 2011 provides a summary of these
accomplishments. In January 2013, the Steering Committee met to review
achievements and plan next steps. Secretary Chu, Minister Wan, industry
partners, and other stakeholders reviewed CERC;s implementation status and
the achievements of its three research consortia. The meeting also included a
business roundtable for CERC partners and concluded with a Minister-led
discussion on the future of the U.S.-China CERC. View presentations from the
meeting . Having completed the second year of its initial five-year
plan, CERC serves as a proven model for enhanced cooperation on
technology research and development. The Center's three technical
tracks together account for 88 projects, support 1,100 researchers, and have
110 partners. An independent review found the Center to be a "milestone
initiative" that is "pragmatic" and "win-win." The review indicated that the
Center "enables a new kind of relationship, built on mutual trust,
understanding, and friendship." The U.S.-China CERC Annual Report 2012
highlights these accomplishments.
U.S and China have effectively collaborated over energy

before
EPA 2014 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, July 5, 2014,
EPA Collaboration with China, EPA Collaboration with China,
http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/epa-collaboration-china)
EPAs bilateral relationship with China is one of its most significant.
EPA partners with Chinas national ministries and commissions, provincial and
special administrative regions, and other key partners to share expertise and
experience to advance environmental protection in support of EPAs and
China's international priorities. Cooperative activities are aimed at building
capacity to reduce emissions of pollutants, toxics, and greenhouse gases and
limiting threats to public health caused by pollution. Emphasis is placed on
jointly addressing shared current and emerging environmental
challenges, such as global climate change, and working together to
create a foundation for long-term sustainability. EPA and China
have many active engagements and have collaborated on
environmental issues for over three decades. EPA and the Ministry of
Environmental Protection (MEP) accomplish work under a Memorandum of
Understanding addressing: air pollution; water pollution; pollution from
persistent organic pollutants and other toxics; hazardous and solid waste;
prevention and restoration of contaminated sites; emergency preparedness
and response and development, implementation, and enforcement of
environmental law; and environmental law and institutions. Initiatives are
also in place to collaborate on sustainable movement of goods, management
of electronic waste, and management of mercury. EPAs relationship with
Chinas National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
advances cooperation on climate change policies and other
initiatives such as cookstoves. In addition to these and other
bilateral relationships, EPA participates in broader government-wide
initiatives with China including the U.S.-China Strategic and
Economic Dialogue (S&ED) and the U.S. Ten Year Framework for
Cooperation on Energy and Environment (TYF).
Aff---Environment Turn
China is the worlds #1 polluter-kills the environment
Xu 2014 (Beina Xu, Council on Foreign Relations, April 25, 2014, China's
Environmental Crisis, http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmentalcrisis/p12608)
China's energy consumption has ballooned, spiking 130 percent from 2000 to
2010. In January 2013, Beijing experienced a prolonged bout of smog
so severe that citizens dubbed it "airpocalypse"; the concentration
of hazardous particles was forty times the level deemed safe by the
World Health Organization. Later that year, pollution in the northern city
of Harbin shrank visibility to less than 50 meters. China Daily reported
that December was the worst month in 2013 for air quality, with
more than 80 percent of the seventy-four cities with air-monitoring
devices failing to meet national standards for at least half the
month. Based on a 2012 Asian Development Bank report, less than 1 percent
of China's 500 largest cities meet the WHO's air quality standards. Coal has
been the main culprit in the degradation of air quality. China is the
world's largest coal producer and accounts for almost half of global
consumption. Coal is also the source of as much as 90 percent of the
country's sulfur dioxide emissions and half of its particulate
emissions. Mostly burned in the north, it provides around 70 percent of
China's energy needs. However, emissions levels from coal plants alone in
2011 potentially contributed to a quarter of a million premature deaths that
year, according to a Greenpeace analysis. Another troubling trend
compounding air problems has been the country's staggering pace of
urbanization, with the government planning to move 70 to 75 percent of
China's population to cities between 2000 and 2030. China is the world's
largest emitter of greenhouse gases, having overtaken the United States in
2007.
Chinas environmental problems poses a threat to survival

Xu 2014 (Beina Xu, Council on Foreign Relations, April 25, 2014, China's
Environmental Crisis, http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmentalcrisis/p12608)
Yet experts cite water depletion and pollution as the country's
biggest environmental hazards. Overuse, contamination, and waste
have produced severe shortages; approximately two-thirds of
China's roughly 660 cities don't have enough water despite the fact
that China controls the river water supply of thirteen neighboring countries
and has dammed every major river on the Tibetan plateau. The impact is
particularly felt in rural areas, where some 300 to 500 million people
lack access to piped water. Industry along China's major water
sources has also polluted the supply heavily; in 2005, a plant
explosion leaked around one hundred tons of toxic chemicals into the
Songhua river. The pace of contamination has garnered increased media
attention: in March 2013, Shanghai came under scrutiny when roughly 16,000
dead pigs were discovered floating through the Huangpu River. Lack of
waste removal and proper processing has exacerbated the problem;
almost 90 percent of underground water in cities and 70 percent of
China's rivers and lakes are now polluted. Combined with negligent
farming practices, the water crisis has turned China's arable land
into desert, which today claims around 27.5 percent of China's total
land mass. Some 400 million Chinese lives are affected by
desertification, according to the government, and the World Bank
estimates that the overall cost of water scarcity associated with
pollution is around 147 billion RMB, or roughly 1 percent of GDP
Aff---US Key---Marine Protection

US beats China in marine protection; serves as a model
for the intl community
Lunn 14. Susan Lunn is a journalist at CBC Radio. CBC News. 6-2-14.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/marine-areas-better-protected-by-china-than-canada-reportfinds-1.2660032
China protects a greater percentage of its marine areas from development

than Canada, according to a new report being released today from the
Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. The environmental group looked
at 10 countries with the longest coastlines, and ranked them
according to how much of that marine area was protected from
development. 'I guess what it says is it just hasn't been a political priority
and it hasn't been a political priority for a very long time.' Sabine Jessen,
Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society Canada comes in last with one per
cent, just behind China at two per cent. Australia leads the way,
protecting 33 per cent of its ocean real estate. Sabine Jessen, the national
director of the oceans program at the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society,
wrote the report about marine protection. "It's very disappointing. And it's not
for lack of public support for protecting the ocean," Jessen says. "I guess what
it says is it just hasn't been a political priority and it hasn't been a political
priority for a very long time." The United States comes in second,
setting aside 30 per cent of its marine spaces. Protection of ocean areas
(Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society) Boris Worm, a marine research
ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, points to the Georges Bank
in the U.S. as an example of how a marine protected area can help
the environment and the local fishing industry. The U.S. declared the
area near Nantucket a protected zone 20 years ago, when fish stocks were on the verge of collapse. Today, Worm says, many species
have come back, especially haddock. "By now it has increased tenfold, so that says it's higher now than it's ever been before. And it's insanely
lucrative," Worm says. Scallops have also rebounded and can be found outside the protected area, creating a multimillion dollar industry.
Jessen says a clear indication Canada needs to do more is the species at risk list, which contains 11 types of whales and six other marine
animals. Both Jessen and Worm say what is needed in political leadership. 'There's people who are working on these protected areas. I know
them. There's plans in drawers. But they're not being implemented.' Boris Worm, marine research ecologist, Dalhousie University They say
work is being done to prepare marine areas for protection, but the work appears to have stalled. "There's people who are working on these
protected areas. I know them. There's plans in drawers. But they're not being implemented," Worm says. Jessen agrees saying, "One of the
things we do show in the report is if we could just finish some of the sites the government has indicated they want to protect, if we could just
get those done, that could take us to roughly four per cent." The federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Gail Shea wasn't available for an
interview. But a statement from her office states, "We remain committed to meet our target of protecting 10 per cent of our oceans by 2020
under the International Convention on Biological Diversity. As mentioned in the report, this goal is within reach. Her office points out that
since 2006, the Harper government has designated three new marine protected areas and created three national wildlife areas, including a
sanctuary for bowhead whales. The report says the federal government has taken some positive steps, including the recent announcement of
a National Conservation Plan that includes funding of $37 million over five years. But Jessen says that's how much money is needed every
year, if Canada hopes to meet its target.
China K2 Global Economy

China econ k2 world econ because of sea trade routes
Haiqing 13. Tao Haiqing is a journalist for Peoples Daily Online. Theory China. 11-6-13.
http://en.theorychina.org/xsqy_2477/201306/t20130611_270465.shtml
On March 7, 2012the State Oceanic Administration announces that the

State Council has formally approved the National Marine Functional Districts
(2011-2020) to determine the tone and goals of the development, control and
comprehensive management of Chinas ocean space in the next 10 years. At
present, 95 percent of China's foreign trade has been completed
through sea, with more than 100 million tons of imported oil through sea
being been imported into this country. Ocean traffic has become China's
strategic economic artery. Meanwhile, China is also an important part of
the Pacific Rim Economic Circle. China Sea is a significant part of the North
Pacific route via the Pacific Ocean up to five continents. In addition, its
offshore is a vital traffic line between Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia.
Sea lanes make China's economy closely link with the world
economy. Statistical data shows that China's 3 million square kilometers
of territorial waters contain about 24 billion tons of oil and about 14
trillion cubic meters of natural gas. As an important growth pole in the
national economy, China's coastal areas, driven by marine economy,
created 60 percent of the gross national product by using of its land
area that accounts for 13.4 percent of the country. Therefore, China should
construct its marine economy development system by actively
coordinating the exploitation of marine resources in accordance with
people-oriented principle and with sea as its source. Establish an
integrated management system and break the region separation The ocean,
a treasure trove of biological resources and a cornucopia of mineral
resources, is considered to be the second space of human existence. The
coastal countries, such as the United States and Japan, not only raise the
ocean economy to the national strategy, but also are equipped with a
Ministry-level department to co-ordinate and manage the ocean. In the 12th
five-year-plan, China raised marine economy to the national strategy, and
clearly states that "promote the development of marine economy,
adhere to the land and sea to co-ordinate development, formulate
and implement marine economy development strategy, improve
marine development, control, and comprehensive management
ability. This indicates that the economic development of China's coastal
areas has exceeded its land boundaries, extending to the waters and to enter
the co-ordination era of land and sea.
China planning to build an underwater HSR that will spur

global economic growth to foreign markets
THAROOR 2014 (ISHAAN THAROOR, May 9, 2014, Washington Post,
China may build an undersea train to America,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/05/09/china-maybuild-an-undersea-train-to-america/)
China is planning to build a train line that would, in theory, connect

Beijing to the United States. According to a report in the Beijing
Times, citing an expert at the Chinese Academy of Engineering,
Chinese officials are considering a route that would start in the
country's northeast, thread through eastern Siberia and cross the
Bering Strait via a 125-mile long underwater tunnel into Alaska.
"Right now we're already in discussions. Russia has already been thinking
about this for many years," says Wang Mengshu, the engineer cited in the
article. The proposed "China-Russia-Canada-America" line would be some
8,000 miles long, 1,800 miles longer than the Trans-Siberian railroad. The
tunnel that the Chinese would help bore beneath the icy seas would be four
times the length of what traverses the English Channel. That's reason
enough to be skeptical of the project, of which there are few details beyond
what was attributed to the one official cited by the state-run Beijing Times.
Meanwhile, a report in the state-run China Daily insists the country
does have the technology and means to complete a construction
project of this scale, including another tunnel that would link the
Chinese province of Fujian with nearby Taiwan. In the past half
decade or so, China has embarked on an astonishing rail
construction spree, laying down tens of thousands of miles tracks
and launching myriad high-speed lines. It has signaled its intent to
build a "New Silk Road" -- a heavy-duty freight network through
Central Asia that would connect with Europe via rail rather than the
old caravans that once bridged West and East . A map that appeared
on Xinhua's news site outlines the route below, alongside a parallel vision for
a "maritime Silk Road." While some of its neighbors watch China's rise warily,
the main plank of Beijing's soft power pitch has always been its stated desire
to improve economic ties and trade with virtually everyone. "Chinas
wisdom for building an open world economy and open international
relations is being drawn on more and more each day," trumpets the
Xinhua report that accompanies the map above, according to the Diplomat.
To that end, Beijing has assiduously resurrected the narrative of the
ancient Silk Road as well as given prime billing to the tales of
China's famed Ming dynasty treasure fleets, which sailed all across
the Indian Ocean. Seen in such grand historic perspective, a tunnel
to Alaska doesn't seem too far-fetched.
Yes China Rise

China is pursuing maritime power status and development
of mineral resources, prevention of maritime disasters,
and expansion in the Arctic and Antarctic
The first time the importance of the seas was officially raised at the National
Congress of the CPC, which stands at the summit of Chinas political
leadership, was at the fifteenth Congress, held in 1997, during the rule of
Jiang Zemin. The general secretarys report to the congress noted,
The seas are an important element of the national territory and
resources that can be developed on an ongoing basis. The 16th
Congress, held in 2002, after Hu Jintao took the helm, acknowledged the
need for a strategic organ to implement maritime development. In an
extension of this recognition, the State Council, in the Outline of the Plan
for National Marine Economic Development it adopted the following year,
declared that China would build itself into a maritime power in
stages. This was the first time that the Chinese government set forth the
term maritime power in an official document. And it was noted at the
opening of the eighteenth Congress of the CPC in 2012 that building China
into a maritime power had become established as a strategic
objective. Facing increasingly serious shortages of food, energy, and
water resources, China is leaning more and more to the seas. The
new trend is an omnidirectional maritime strategy , including the
development of new fields like renewable maritime energy sources
and deep-seabed mineral resources, prevention and mitigation of
marine disasters, and expansion of Arctic and Antarctic observation
activities .
China wants to be a great naval power; SCS is the most

strategic area
Tweed 14. David Tweed is the Europe editor for Bloomberg Television, based in Berlin. 7-2-14.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-02/china-seeks-great-power-status-after-centuries-of-searetreat.html
Admiral Zheng He is everywhere in China these days, even though he died

almost 600 years ago. The government is promoting him to remind its
people -- and Asia -- that Chinas destiny is to be a great naval power.
Almost a century before Christopher Columbus discovered America, Zheng in
1405 embarked on a series of voyages with ships of unrivaled size and
technical prowess, reaching as far as India and Africa. The expeditions are in
the spotlight in official comments and state media as China lays claim to
about 90 percent of the South China Sea and President Xi Jinping seeks to
revive Chinas maritime pride. In doing so he risks setting up
confrontations with Southeast Asian neighbors and the U.S., whose navy has
patrolled the region since World War II. Geopolitical dominance of the
South China Sea would give China control of one of the worlds most
economically and politically strategic areas. The Chinese believe

they have the right to be a great power, said Richard Bitzinger, a senior
fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore.
What we are seeing is a hardening of Chinas stance about its place
in the world. Stretching from Taiwan toward Singapore, about half of the
worlds merchant tonnage flows through the region, carrying about $5.3
trillion of goods each year, from iron ore and oil to computers and childrens
toys. Some 13 million barrels of oil a day transited the Straits of Malacca in
2011, about one third of global oil shipments. The sea lanes currently lack a
dominant overseer, with the U.S., China and neighboring nations all having a
presence.
No China Rise
China can never over take the United States
Beauchamp 2014 (Zack Beauchamp, B.A.s in Philosophy and Political
Science from Brown University and an M.Sc in International Relations from the
London School of Economics, THE WEEK, February 13, 2014,
http://theweek.com/article/index/256406/china-has-not-replaced-americamdash-and-it-never-will)
Many people seem to think it's simply a matter of when, not if, China takes
the reins of world leadership. How, they think, can America's 314 million
people permanently outproduce a population that outnumbers the
U.S. by over a billion people? This facile assumption is wrong.
China is not replacing the United States as the global hegemon. And
it never will. China faces too many internal problems and regional
rivals to ever make a real play for global leadership. And even if
Beijing could take the global leadership mantle soon, it wouldn't.
China wants to play inside the existing global order's rules, not
change them. Start with the obvious military point: The Chinese
military has nothing like the global reach of its American rival's.
China only has one aircraft carrier, a refitted Russian vessel. The U.S. has 10,
plus nine marine mini-carriers. China's first homemade carrier is slated for
completion in 2018, by which time the U.S. will have yet another modern
carrier, and be well on its way to finishing another. The idea that China will be
able to compete on a global scale in the short to medium term is absurd.
Even in East Asia, it's not so easy for China. In 2012, Center for Strategic and
International Studies experts Anthony Cordesman and Nicholas Yarosh looked
at the data on Chinese and Taiwanese military strength. They found that
while China's relative naval strength was growing, Taiwan had actually
improved the balance of air power in its favor between 2005 and 2012 just
as China's economic growth rate, and hence influx of new resources to spend
on its military, was peaking. China's equipment is often outdated, and
its training regimes can be comically bad. A major part of its
strategic missile force patrols on horseback because it doesn't have
helicopters. This isn't to deny China's military is getting stronger. It
is. And one day, this might require the United States to rethink its
strategic posture in East Asia. But Chinese hard power is nowhere
close to replacing, or even thinking about challenging, American
military hegemony . And look at China's geopolitical neighborhood. As a
result of historical enmity and massive power disparities, Beijing would have
a tough time convincing Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan that its military
buildup is anything but threatening. Consequently, the smaller East Asian
states are likely to get over their mutual disagreements and stick it out
together in the American-led alliance system for the foreseeable future. To
the north and west, China is bordered by Russia and India. China fought each
of them as recently as the 1960s, and both are likely to be threatened by any
serious Chinese military buildup. Unlike the United States, bordered by
oceans and two friendly states, China is surrounded by enemies and rivals.
Projecting power globally is hard when you've got to worry about defending
your own turf. But what happens when China's GDP passes America's?
Well, for one thing, we're not really sure when that will be. Realizing that
current growth rates were economically and ecologically unsustainable, the
Chinese government cut off the investment spigot that fueled its
extraordinary 10 percent average annual growth. Today, China's growth
rate is about half of what it was in 2007. One analysis suggests
China's GDP may not surpass America's until the 2100s. Moreover,
China's GDP per capita is a long way off from matching Western
standards. In 2012, the World Bank assessed China's at $6,009; the
United States' was $57,749. The per-person measure of wealth
matters in that it reflects the government's capacity to pay for
things that make its citizens happy and healthy. That's where
China's internal headaches begin.
China is not pursuing maritime hegemony and doesnt

want a SCS war with the US
Lou 13. Chunhao Lou is the Assistant Director at the Institute of Maritime Studies, China Institutes of
Contemporary International Relations. East Asia Forum. 10-24-13.
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/10/24/power-politics-in-the-indian-ocean-dont-exaggerate-the-chinathreat/
The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is becoming increasingly significant in

the world arena. Recent discourse has focused on Chinas naval ambitions
in the IOR and potential USIndia cooperation in response to Chinas
presence. To some extent, the China Factor is one explanation behind the
recent improvement of USIndia relations, as both the US and India are
anxious about Chinese entry into IOR. Particularly in India, many strategists
are concerned about the imaginary Chinese string of pearls strategy.
However, an in-depth analysis of the three countries strategic outlook could
lead to a different conclusion. The perception of the China threat
mainly derives from a fear of Chinas different political system and its
astonishing rise, both in scale and speed. But when analysed in relation to
intention, capability, or aspiration, it is clear that the potential threat of
China has always been over-exaggerated. Chinas strategic focus is the
Pacific rather than the Indian Ocean. It lags far behind the US in terms of
maritime power and does not enjoy Indias geographic advantages. More
importantly, China has traditionally had a peaceful maritime policy.
Even when China was a pre-eminent maritime power, it promoted peace and
commerce, as was clearly illustrated during the Ming Dynasty. Today, Chinas
naval strategy is to ensure a harmonious sea through capacity building and
international cooperation. China views the region surrounding the
Indian Ocean as a vital energy and trade route, not a battlefield for
power struggle. Chinas seaward policy is strongly influenced by trade and
energy motives, and its open economy is becoming more interdependent
with the outside world, particularly the Indian Ocean. Chinese involvement in
building infrastructure in IOR littorals is part of Chinas economy-oriented
Going Global strategy. Although it is frequently argued that China should
and must develop into becoming a strong maritime power, the Chinese
government has always emphasised that their maritime power is
totally different from Western-style maritime power. Many Chinese
scholars even warn against having a military presence in the IOR.
China does not want to challenge US sea power, dont

evaluate their Western assumptions
MacDonald 13. Adam P. MacDonald is an independent scholar whose research interests include
international relations theory, political regime typologies and Asia-Pacific affairs. Naval Review. Winter
2013. http://www.navalreview.ca/wp-content/uploads/public/vol8num4/vol8num4art3.pdf
There is no doubt that China is continuing to build itself into a

maritime power. In the 2010 Ocean Development Report, published by the
State Oceanic Administration, enhancing maritime power is stated as China's
historic task for the 21" century.2 The report specifically mentions
'protecting' authority over 'relevant waters,' developing the
maritime economy, and strengthening ocean and island
management. The 2010 report is the first comprehensive document on
China's maritime activities, combining economic, political and security
matters in both domestic and international contexts. Beijing states that its
future is interconnected with that of the international system and that it
does not seek to challenge American sea power . In terms of military
development, Beijing's official naval policy is offshore defence which,
though vague in terms of geography, refers to deterring and repelling
naval attacks in its surrounding waters. The Ocean Development
Reports and Defence White Papers highlight developing capabilities to
support international maritime operations such as anti-piracy and
humanitarian relief as key priorities. Despite these pronouncements
there is a disconnect between Chinese policy and behaviour, specifically its
growing naval power. Many Western commentators highlight
discrepancies but they do not analyse the context within which these
issues have been constructed or the assumptions underpinning them. In
particular, Westerners make several assumptions. First, they assume a
Chinese maritime strategy exists but there is a noticeable void as to what this
term means. A strategy is a central logic which may or may not be explicit,
but which informs and links policies and actions, and through which leaders
determine what interests are and how to achieve them with the capabilities
available. Analyses of China's maritime strategy are usually
descriptions of China's maritime activities from an international
perspective focused on great power politics. This neglects the roles
of various domestic actors in China's maritime domain who are
competing over how to define interests and marry capabilities with
objectives. Thus Western analysis focuses on outputs not the inputs that lead
to a policy that may depend on the dominance of domestic actors at the
time.
SCS Unilateralism Turn

US intervention in the SCS causes war; preventing war in
SCS in a priority for the US
Glaser 14. Bonnie S. Glaser, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and
International Studies. Council on Foreign Relations. 2014.

http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883#
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines have competing territorial and
jurisdictional claims, particularly over rights to exploit the region's possibly
extensive reserves of oil and gas. Freedom of navigation in the region is
also a contentious issue, especially between the United States and
China over the right of U.S. military vessels to operate in China's
two-hundred-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ). These tensions are
shapingand being shaped byrising apprehensions about the
growth of China's military power and its regional intentions. China
has embarked on a substantial modernization of its maritime paramilitary
forces as well as naval capabilities to enforce its sovereignty and jurisdiction
claims by force if necessary. At the same time, it is developing capabilities
that would put U.S. forces in the region at risk in a conflict, thus
potentially denying access to the U.S. Navy in the western Pacific.
Given the growing importance of the U.S.-China relationship, and the AsiaPacific region more generally, to the global economy, the United States
has a major interest in preventing any one of the various disputes in
the South China Sea from escalating militarily.
China Icebreakers CP
1NC Shell
China improving artic program now. Will be better than
the US by 2015.
https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/31708e41-a53c-45d3-a5e4ccb5ad550815/Race-to-the-North--China-s-Arctic-Strategy-and-Its.aspx
Impressive as is Chinas polar research apparatus in its current form. Beijing is
eager to augment its operations in the Arcti c. Chinas twelfth five-year plan
(2011-15) reflects this ambition, announcing three new Arctic expeditions to
be conducted before 2015. Moreover, by 2014 China intends to launch the
first of a series of new icebreakers to join Xuelong. thus enabling the CAA to
conduct more frequent polar exploration and research missions." When the
1.25-billion-yuan (S198 million), eight-thousand-ton vessel sets sail. China will
possess icebreakers that are larger than and qualitatively superior to those of
the United States and Canada. In addition to constructing an icebreaker fleet,
the PRC is acquiring various technologies essential to exploiting new
economic opportunities in the Arctic. China is building ice-strengthened bulk
carriers and tankers capable of commercial Arctic navigation, as well as
planes that can fly in harsh polar weather conditions, in order to expand
Beijing's aviation network into the Arctic and assist in emergency rescue
missions." Soon China may also be capable of polar oil extraction, as it
recently acquired deepwater drilling technologies , although the Arctics
residual ice sheet will greatly complicate such operations.
XT Solvency
CP Text: The Peoples Republic of China should []
China solves for polar exploration and ice breakers
The third field is polar observation, for which the SOAs Arctic and Antarctic
Administration is responsible. In 1984 the SOA dispatched its first
observation mission to the Antarctic on its 13,000-ton ocean-going
scientific survey vessel Xiangyangjiang 10 accompanied by the PLA Navys
12,000-ton salvage and rescue ship J121 Changxingdao, and set up
Changcheng Station on King George Island. Since then China has added
two more Antarctic stations, Zhongshan Station on the east coast of the
Antarctic continent and Kunlun Station at the continents highest point of
elevation. In 1993 the Chinese acquired a 21,000-ton icebreaker from
Ukraine, which they named Xuelong. As of January 2013 they had
dispatched a total of 29 missions to the Antarctic. The Chinese government
has declared: Under treaty, the mineral and energy resources of the
Antarctic cannot be developed until 2041, but as countries exhaust their
resources, they are proceeding with basic surveys under the banner of
science and laying the groundwork for future claims of territory and resources
in pursuit of their national interests. [33] Though the passage is written in a
detached tone, it seems to be tacitly setting forth Chinas own intention of
not getting left behind. The Chinese are now at work producing a
domestically built icebreaker. During the period of the twelfth five-year
plan they say they will add one or two more base stations and assign
fixed-wing aircraft for connections between the stations and other purposes.
In the Arctic, the Xuelong conducted five observation missions from
1999 through 2012, and in 2004 China established an observation base,
Huanghe Station, on Norways Svalbard Island. The Chinese are probably
taking advance moves with a view to the opening up of Arctic seaways
as a result of the receding of the polar ice cap and to participation in
resource exploitation. The fifth mission made a round trip to Iceland in the
summer of 2012, passing through the Sea of Japan and Soya Strait to the
Okhotsk Sea, sailing by the island of Paramushir in the northern Kurils to the
Bering Sea, and taking a coastal route through Russias EEZ. On its return
trip, as the melting of the Arctic ice cap had progressed faster than expected,
the Xuelong was able to take the shortest route through the central Arctic
Sea on its return, passing close to the North Pole; the vessel concluded its trip
by passing through the Tsugaru and Tsushima Straits. It has been suggested
that Russia is concerned, in terms of both security and economic rights, at
the fact that the mission passed through the Sea of Okhotsk on its outward
leg and that it did not follow a coastal route through the Arctic on its return
leg.
Chinese Icebreakers just successfully completed a 6

month voyage
Trude Pettereson is an associate editor of BarentsObserver and is based at
the desk in Kirkenes, Northern Norway 7-27- 12
http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/chinese-icebreaker-concludes-arcticvoyage-27-09
Xuelong returned to its base in Shanghai on Thursday after wrapping up the
countrys fifth Arctic expedition, which kicked off from Qingdao in east
Chinas Shandong Province on July 2. The expedition team has performed
various scientific research tasks during the expedition, including a systematic
geophysical survey, installing of an automatic meteorological station, as well
as launch of investigations on oceanic turbulence and methane content in the
Arctic area. They also held academic exchanges with their counterparts in
Iceland, and the two groups conducted a joint oceanic survey in the waters
around Iceland. Xuelong left Akureyri, north on Iceland on August 20 and
sailed to the edge of the Arctic ice-cap between Greenland and Svalbard. The
giant icebreaker sailed into the ice north of Svalbard on August 25, heading
for the so-called future central Arctic shipping route across the Arctic
Ocean. During the three-month voyage, the icebreaker traveled 18,500
nautical miles, including 5,370 nautical miles in the Arctic ice zone, Xinhuanet
reports. China established its first Arctic station, named Yellow River Station,
in Ny-lesund, Svalbard in Oct. 2003.
More ev- Chinese Icebreaker, xue long, can successful

open pathways and perform research tasks
China Daily 12
09-27-12. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/201209/27/content_15787848.htm
The icebreaker, with a 119-member team aboard, completed an
unprecedented round trip between the Pacific and the Atlantic via the Arctic
route, making it the first Chinese vessel to have undertaken a high-latitude
voyage across the Arctic Ocean, according to a statement from the Polar
Research Institute of China. During the three-month voyage, the icebreaker
traveled 18,500 nautical miles, including 5,370nautical miles in the Arctic ice
zone. The statement said the expedition team has successfully performed
various scientific research tasks. The researchers conducted a systematic
geophysical survey, installed an automatic meteorological station, as well as
launched investigations on oceanic turbulence and methane content in the
Arctic area. They also held academic exchanges with their counterparts in
Iceland, and the two groups conducted a joint oceanic survey in the waters
around Iceland. Xuelong, an A-2 class icebreaker capable of breaking ice 1.2
meters thick, kicked off its journey from the eastern Chinese port of Qingdao
on July 2. In early April, it completed the country's 28th Antarctic expedition
after covering 28,000 nautical miles in 163 days.
China can solve. Chinas Icebreakers have successfully

over 30 scientific expeditions. China is developing a new
icebreaker now.
South Morning China Post 14
1-9-14. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1400997/icebreaker-xuelongs-rescue-mission-highlights-chinas-polar-ambitions
. In the Arctic, China's strategic goals include the opening up of a "northeast
passage" shipping route that Beijing hopes will shave days off the journey to
Europe, its biggest export destination. And in the Antarctic, Beijing has mounted
30 expeditions and built three research bases - one at more than 4,000 metres
altitude, on one of the frozen continent's highest ice caps. Just as in the space
race, experts say China is playing a long game in polar exploration, with the
expected territorial and natural resource benefits decades, even half a century,
away. "At the moment, the only Antarctic resources that are really up to
exploration are the marine living resources in the Southern Ocean," said Donald
Rothwell, a professor of international law at Australian National University. The
Antarctic Treaty bans mining until at least 2048. But "some have observed
China's development of its Antarctic interests allow it to be well-positioned if
there is a change in the circumstances", Rothwell said. The 1959 agreement
designates the icy continent as a scientific preserve and bans military activity.
China did not sign onto the pact until 1983, but has made stunning progress in
ensuing three decades. The Xue Long, or Snow Dragon, icebreaker was on a 155day mission to construct a fourth Chinese station and survey a site for a planned
fifth last week, when it came to the aid of the trapped Russian ship Akademik
Shokalskiy. Its helicopter evacuated 52 people from the vessel, something the
state-run Global Times said had reaffirmed "China's national progress". "It is
China's growing industrial capacity that empowers Xue Long to perform such a
rescue operation," it said. The ship later became stuck itself, but broke free to
open water on Tuesday. The Xue Long's rescue mission will have given China "a
great deal of kudos in the Antarctic community", Rothwell said. "All of that
suggests to me that China is gaining a strong foothold and gaining great
credibility in Antarctic affairs." A new, more powerful icebreaker capable of
clearing through floes 1.5 metres thick is due to be completed in 2015. Beijing is
devoting US$55 million annually to Antarctic research and exploration, according
to Anne-Marie Brady, a professor at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand.
That's up from US$20 million a decade ago.
AT: Perm
US and China mining in same area leads to conflict.
(Crummy)
http://arctic.ru/expert-opinions/prospects-peace-and-cooperation-arctic
Fourth, in military terms the most significant players in the Arctic the USA
and Russia face much greater security challenges elsewhere in the world.
The USA is concerned by the rise of Chinas military capacity, their continued
ability to be a significant military player if the Pacific, and the defense of U.S.
interests in a number of hot spots in the developing world. Russia is
concerned by the significant potential for political upheaval along its southern
and eastern borders, in addition to also keeping an eye on Chinas rising
military might. Thus, both countries could be expected to work particularly
hard to avoid the Arctic becoming yet another area of instability. Fifth, to
some extent the Arctic five share a common interest in limiting non-Arctic
states access to the region. On the one hand this could lead to greater
cooperation among the Arctic five on limiting outside influence, but on the
other hand it could also lead to conflict between them should differences of
opinion arise about what the role of outsiders should be or whether some
should be given priority over others. There are undoubtedly potential sources
of conflict in the Arctic that deserve to be taken seriously. Nor can one expect
the states that have stakes in the area to shrug off all concern for the defense
of their national interests. However, this conflict remains at a low level, and
that is something that can be maintained. Neither violent conflict nor lasting
peace are inevitable outcomes, but many of the factors discussed here
suggest that there are better prospects for avoiding violent conflict in this
region than in many other regions of the world where interests collide.
Aff---US Key
US solves best- US icebreakers have over 5.5 times the
power of Chinese.
(Solvency deficit)
Marianne Lavelle- energy editor for National Geographic Digital Media, has
spent more than two decades covering environment, business, climate and
policy in Washington, D.C. 1-06-14
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140106-antarctica-shippolar-star-icebreakers-trapped-science-world/
The U.S. Coast Guard cutter Polar Star, perhaps the most powerful nonnuclear icebreaker in the world, is steaming toward Antarctica to bring a key
missing elementpowerto the rescue effort around the icebound Russian
vessel M.V. Akademik Shokalskiy. Amid all of the misfortunes that have
plagued rescuers, there's at least one bit of good luck: The Polar Star
happened to be in port in Sydney, Australia, this week on its first deployment
since a $90-million overhaul. With engines that can deliver 75,000
horsepower, the Polar Star has 25 times the punch of theShokalskiy and 5.5
times the horsepower of the Chinese rescue ship Xue Long, or Snow Dragon,
which is itself now trapped in thick, frozen ice along with the Russian vessel.
the Polar Star is expected to reach the vessels, about 1,500 nautical miles
south of Hobart, Australia, by Sunday. Although 52 of the passengers who
were stranded in the ice since Christmas Eve were airlifted from the
Shokalskiy by helicopter on January 2, the Russian crew remains with the
immobilized ship. "We are always ready and duty-bound to render
assistance in one of the most remote and harsh environments on the face of
the globe," said Vice Admiral Paul F. Zukunft, the Coast Guard's Pacific area
commander. (Related: "Antarctic Ship Rescue: 5 Lessons From the TrappedVessel Drama.") A Lot of Horsepower But in fact, the Polar Star, the United
States' only active heavy icebreaker, would not have been ready to assist
before this season. Built in 1976 with an anticipated life span of 30 years,
the vessel had been placed in near-mothballed "caretaker status" in 2006.
Its twin sister ship, the Polar Sea, continued in service until engine failure in
2010 forced it into inactive status. That same year, the Coast Guard resolved
to return the Polar Star to duty, and the vessel underwent a complete
overhaul, including refurbishment of its engines, hydraulics, and electrical
systems. (Related: "Antarctic Ship Drama: What Is an Icebreaker, Really?")
The Polar Star finished its ice tests in July and set out from its home port of
Seattle in early December on its first major deployment and primary
mission. Nicknamed Operation Deep Freeze, that mission is to break a
channel through the sea ice of McMurdo Sound to resupply and refuel the U.S.
Antarctic Program's (USAP) McMurdo Station on Ross Island. The Polar Star
happened to be on a stopover in Sydney when it received the call from
Australian authorities to help free the Shokalskiy and the Snow Dragon. "I
would expect it could run circles around those other ships ," saidLawson
Brigham, a retired U.S. Coast Guard captain who is now a professor at the
University of Alaska, Fairbanks. (See also: "Ship Stuck in Antarctica Raises
Questions About Worth of Reenacting Expeditions.") In a telephone interview
before the announcement that the ship would be called in to assist, Brigham
pointed out that the Snow Dragon is actually a bigger ship than the Polar
Star: It's 150 feet (46 meters) longer and, at nearly 15,000 gross tons, is
2,000 gross tons heavier than the U.S. ship. "But it doesn't have a whole lot
of power for that gross tonnage," he said. Its engines can deliver 13,700
horsepower, certainly more than the Shokalskiy, at 3,000 horsepower, but not
enough to ram through ice that has built up at that location following high
winds and a blizzard.
You dont access environment adv- China is bad for the
environment.
https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/31708e41-a53c-45d3-a5e4ccb5ad550815/Race-to-the-North--China-s-Arctic-Strategy-and-Its.aspx
While Chinese researchers express genuine concern over Arctic climate
change (one publication stated that it is more significant than "the
international debt crisis or the demise of the Libyan dictatorship"), the PRC is
apparently more interested in the economic implications of Arctic warming
than in its environmental consequences' According to a widely circulated
2008 U.S. Geological Survey report, it is estimated that recoverable
petroleum resources in the Arctic Circle account for "13 percent of the
undiscovered oil. 30 percent of the undiscovered natural gas. and 20 percent
of the undiscovered natural gas liquids in the world. Around 84 percent of
these reserves are thought to reside in offshore areas. The Arctic also
potentially holds 9 percent of the worlds coal and significant deposits of
diamonds, gold, and uranium. China, eager to exploit these resources, has
grown quite vocal in its view that these are "global resources, not regional."
China OTEC CP
1NC Shell
CP Text: The Peoples Republic of China should carry out a
five megawatt ocean thermal energy conversion pilot
project
China can use desal to solve water shortages
Yuxuan 12. Li Yuxuan is a reporter for Caixin News. Caixin Online. 2-14-12.
http://english.caixin.com/2012-02-14/100356525.html
(Beijing) -- China aims to develop its seawater desalination industry,
producing core technologies and globally-competitive equipment and
materials, the State Council, China's cabinet, said in an online statement on
February 13. By 2015, the country will desalinate 2.2 to 2.6 million tons of
seawater a day, according to the statement, up from the current daily
capability of 660,000 tons. By then, desalinated water can contribute 15
percent of new water supply for industrial use in the coastal regions that
suffer from water shortages, said the statement. The State Council will
identify 20 pilot cities for water desalination as of 2015 and build two projects
each with seawater treatment capacity of 50,000 to 100,000 tons a day and
another 20 projects that can handle 10,000 tons of seawater a day. Over 70
percent of raw materials and equipment used for seawater
desalination will be Chinese - made by 2015, said the statement.
Meanwhile, the government will extend subsidies and preferential financing
policies to seawater desalination projects, support initial public offerings or
bond sales by related enterprises and encourage private investment into the
industry, said the statement. Currently, China's desalinated water is relatively
acidic and mostly used for industrial purposes. Further treatment is needed
before it can be used by residents, said Ruan Guoling, a researcher at Tianjin
Seawater Desalination and Comprehensive Utilization Institute under the
State Oceanic Administration. But desalinated water is safe for civilian use as
demonstrated in countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates,
said Ruan.
China can utilize ocean energy technology, but

development is in the low stages right now
Cheng et al 14. Xiao Qing Cheng is an expert on fluid mechanics, biomimetics, and renewable
energy. Scientific.net. June 14. http://www.scientific.net/AMR.953-954.637
The global economic and social developments depend largely on fossil fuels
nowadays. To cope with energy crisis and environment problems
caused by consumption of fossil fuels, the renewable energy
exploitation is an alternative path. As one kind of renewable ocean
energy which can be applied into production, tidal energy is mainly
utilized in electricity generation. China has abundant tidal energy
resource, which mainly distribute in the southeast coastal areas
where power supply is insufficient. China's tidal power generation started
in 1958, and some experience and technologies have been
accumulated from the long-time history of tidal power station
construction and operation. At present, China's tidal energy's

development and utilization are still in low level , and remain plagued
by several challenges, such as high cost, and insufficiency of preferential
policies and regulations. While, China's tidal power generation must be
very promising in the foreseeable future, with a great deal of
attention paid to the utilization of renewable energy and the
perception of sustainable development. Energy has become a powerful
engine of economic and social development for every country nowadays, and
fossil fuel is the major energy which human rely on, such as coal, petroleum,
and natural gas. With fast development of the world, the total consumption
amount of fossil fuel is increasing rapidly, which makes an energy crisis
presenting in the future, and results in a series ol environment problems, e.g.
global warming, acid rain, and air pollution. Since 1970s, when the oil crisis
occurred in the West, a craze for seeking for alternative resources and
developing renewable energy has spread around the world. It is worth
mentioning that the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (June 1992) plays a significant role in the energy development,
which promoted all countries reached the consensus to protect the
deteriorating living environment [1 j. And the policy of adhering to
sustainable development, energy consumption adjustment, and renewable
energy development is encouraged by some governments, such as America,
China, and Japan. China is the largest developing country, and the second
biggest energy consumer. To prepare for the future energy crisis, China
makes a scries of strategics to enhance the development and utilization ol
renewable energy. For example, China will invest more than 4367 billion
dollars in the new energy development, in order to overcome the high energy
price in next ten years [2]. So China's development and utilization of
renewable energy will be promising in the 21st century with the improving of
policies and technologies. Renewable energy resources are energies
generated from natural resources, including ocean energy, water energy,
wind energy, biomass energy, gcothermal energy, solar energy, and
hydrogen energy which are all naturally replenished [3,4]. Ocean energy is
exhaustless, but its utilization remains in primary stage, and tidal
energy and wave energy are two with utilizing and developing [5].
China is one of the earliest countries utilizing tidal energy.
XT Solvency Desal
China desal can effectively provide fresh water
Wong 14. Edward Wong is an American journalist and a foreign correspondent for The New York
Times. The New York Times. 4-15-14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/16/world/asia/desalination-plantbeijing-china.html
BEIJING A coastal desalination plant planned for east of Beijing

could provide a large portion of the drinking water for the parched
Chinese capital by 2019, the state news media quoted officials as saying
on Tuesday. The reports indicated that the government and state
enterprises were investing heavily in desalination projects to
alleviate a dire water shortage in northern China. The reports, citing
officials who spoke over the weekend and on Monday, said that the
proposed plant, to be located in the city of Tangshan in Hebei
Province, had already been approved by a provincial development
agency. The plan is to complete construction of the plant by 2019 and for it
to supply one million tons of fresh water each day, which could account
for one-third of the water consumption of Beijing, a city of more than 22
million people, officials said. A headline on an article published by Global
Times, a populist state-run newspaper, said, Seawater to Supply Beijing in
2019. The plant would be the core of one of the biggest desalination projects
in China. It is the second phase of a desalination project that is run by
Aqbewg, a joint venture company formed by Aqualyng, a Norwegian
company, and Beijing Enterprises Water Group, which has its headquarters in
Hong Kong and is a subsidiary of a large state-owned company. Continue
reading the main story 200 MILES HEBEI Beijing Tangshan Bo Hai Tianjin
Dezhou Yellow Sea CHINA HUBEI MONGOLIA Area of detail TIBETAN PLATEAU
CHINA Hong Kong INDIA The first phase of the project, a plant east of Beijing
in a district of Tangshan called Caofeidian, already produces about 50,000
tons of water each day for the districts use, officials said. The water comes
from Bo Hai, a body of water just off the Yellow Sea in northeastern China.
The second, larger plant would cost an estimated $1.1 billion, and the
pipelines to Beijing, about 170 miles long, would cost $1.6 billion, the state
news media reports said. The price for the water in Beijing would be $1.29
per ton, twice as much as the current price of tap water, the reports said.
Northern China has been suffering for many years from a chronic
drought, and officials in the central and local governments have
been desperately searching for ways to bring drinking water to the
most populated areas. The affected areas include Beijing and Tianjin,
which has 12 million people. Tianjin has a $4 billion desalination plant that
uses Israeli equipment and is owned by a government-run conglomerate. In
2011, that plant the Beijiang Power and Desalination Plant was one of
two in Tianjin and supplied a suburb with 10,000 tons of desalted water daily.
It plans to expand the amount pumped daily to 180,000 tons. The
desalination projects are in addition to an enormous engineering feat called
the South-North Water Diversion Project, which aims to transport at
least six trillion gallons of water each year to northern China from the Yangtze
River and its tributaries, which are in southern China. That project consists of
a series of canals and dams costing an estimated $62 billion. The eastern and
middle routes have been under construction for years and have gone
over budget, while a western route crossing the high and rugged Tibetan
plateau is still only in the proposal stage. In December, the Chinese
government announced that the first phase of the eastern route had officially
begun drawing water from the Yangtze and transporting it to Dezhou, in the
northeastern province of Shandong. Once finished, the eastern route will
have 912 miles of canals and waterways. Pollution has been a persistent
problem on that route, and officials have had to order the construction of
426 sewage treatment plants. The middle route, also plagued by problems
and criticized by environmental advocates, runs more than 800 miles from
Hubei Province to Beijing. The plans call for the relocation of about 350,000
villagers to make way for the canal. Since it began operation in September
2008, a so-called emergency supplement to the middle route that diverts
water to Beijing from reservoirs in Hebei Province, which surrounds Beijing,
has provided the Chinese capital with 1.5 billion cubic meters, or 400 billion
gallons, of water, Global Times reported. Officials in Hebei, which itself
has a huge water shortage, have objected to this diversion.
Desalination popular- government supports and funds

desalination projects
Yuxuan 12. Li Yuxuan is a reporter for Caixin News. Caixin Online. 2-14-12.
http://english.caixin.com/2012-02-14/100356525.html
(Beijing) -- China aims to develop its seawater desalination industry,
producing core technologies and globally-competitive equipment
and materials, the State Council, China's cabinet, said in an online
statement on February 13. By 2015, the country will desalinate 2.2 to
2.6 million tons of seawater a day, according to the statement, up from
the current daily capability of 660,000 tons. By then, desalinated water
can contribute 15 percent of new water supply for industrial use in
the coastal regions that suffer from water shortages, said the
statement. The State Council will identify 20 pilot cities for water
desalination as of 2015 and build two projects each with seawater
treatment capacity of 50,000 to 100,000 tons a day and another 20
projects that can handle 10,000 tons of seawater a day. Over 70
percent of raw materials and equipment used for seawater
desalination will be Chinese - made by 2015, said the statement.
Meanwhile, the government will extend subsidies and preferential
financing policies to seawater desalination projects, support initial
public offerings or bond sales by related enterprises and encourage
private investment into the industry, said the statement. Currently,
China's desalinated water is relatively acidic and mostly used for industrial
purposes. Further treatment is needed before it can be used by residents,
said Ruan Guoling, a researcher at Tianjin Seawater Desalination and
Comprehensive Utilization Institute under the State Oceanic Administration.
But desalinated water is safe for civilian use as demonstrated in
countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, said Ruan.
Chinese government wants desalination projects- private

companies investing in China in squo but China wants it to
be nationalized
Kazer 13. William Kazer is the news editor of Xinhua Finance News. Wall Street Journal. 10-21-13.
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303902404579149080253107454
BEIJINGNanoH20, a maker of membranes for seawater desalination, said

Monday it will invest $45 million to build a membrane-manufacturing
plant in eastern China amid growing strains on China's freshwater
supplies. The privately held U.S. company said the facility will be built in
Liyang in Jiangsu province, about 250 kilometers west of Shanghai. It didn't
give details of production capacity but said the plant is expected to be in
operation by the end of 2014. China has an acute water scarcity problem,
aggravated by severe pollution of many of its rivers and lakes. It has 20% of
the world's population but only about 7% of its freshwater supplies. Some
provinces have experienced shortages of drinking water, and limits have
been placed on industrial water uses in some areas. China is undertaking
a massive diversion of water resources from the south, which has
abundant water supplies, to the heavily populated but water-scarce north.
Desalination has been seen as a costly and less-favored method of
boosting water supplies, as municipal water is still relatively inexpensive. But
that may be changing, particularly for industrial-use water. " I don't
think there's an alternative, and the Chinese government has
recognized that ," NanoH20 Chairman and Chief Executive Jeff Green told
The Wall Street Journal. "Pricing has to change." A combination of methods,
including water treatment and recycling along with seawater desalination, will
play a big role in addressing the water scarcity issue, he said. "This is why
we're investing," he said, adding that China could see more than $6 billion
worth of membrane sales over the 2014-2020 period. China has said it
wants to triple its desalination capacity to more than two million
cubic meters a day by 2015, although that still would be a tiny fraction of
the total water supply. Beijing also said it wants 70% of the equipment
for desalination to be locally supplied, thereby giving an additional
incentive to producing membranes and other related materials in
China. Earlier this year, China announced plans to add eight trial
desalination projects. Beijing Enterprises.
China is already developing renewable energy sources

using the Oceans- China could easily do the plan
Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, TAKEDA Junichi, Review of the Island Studies 2014,
Foreign policy and national defense journalist, http://islandstudies.oprfinfo.org/research/a00011/#section4)
The first field is use of renewable energy from the seas. Chinas
Renewable Energy Law came into effect in 2006. [32] And in 2010 the
National Energy Administration and the State Oceanic Administration
promulgated a provisional facilitation law on managing construction of
maritime wind farms. The same year brought the start of operation of a
large-scale three-megawatt wind farm in the waters off Shanghai.

On-site testing has also begun for power generation using tide-level
differences, waves, and tidal currents. Work on power generation
using temperature and salinity differences is reportedly being
conducted at an experimental stage. In the area of seawater use,
China has built Asias biggest reverse-osmosis-membrane
desalinization plant in Tianjin and is also promoting exports of such plants.
It is said that the output capacity of the countrys desalinization facilities will
be on the order of 2.2 million to 2.6 million cubic meters in 2015. The
extraction of chemicals from seawater has also been launched on a
practical basis. And the use of seawater for purposes like cooling
circulation is at the model development stage. The second field is
exploration for deep-seabed mineral resources. Aside from oil and
gas, methane hydrates (fire ice) are the most closely located such
resource with prospects for practical development. Based on
exploration over the past decade, it has reportedly been determined
that there are tremendous deposits of this resourceamounting to
half of Chinas onshore and inshore oil and gas reservesunder the
waters of the South China Sea in such places as the Xisha Trough, the
area around the Dongsha Islands (Pratas), and to the southeast of Hainan
Island. Since 2009 Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, an organ of the
Ministry of Land and Resources, has been operating Haiyang 6, a 4,600-ton
geophysical survey vessel, which is exploring mainly for methane hydrates.
XT Solvency OTEC
Lockheed martin partnership LAYS FOUNDATION for more
OTEC development
http://asian-power.com/project/in-focus/lockheed-martin-build-china
%E2%80%99s-first-otec-plant
Lockheed Martin is working with Reignwood Group to develop an
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) pilot power plant. Ocean
thermal uses the oceans natural thermal gradient to generate power. Where
there is warm surface water and cold deep water, the temperature difference
can be leveraged to drive a steam cycle that turns a turbine and produces
power. Warm surface seawater passes through a heat exchanger, vaporizing
a low boiling point working fluid to drive a turbine generator, producing
electricity. Lockheed Martin Ocean thermal is a binary system where the heat
difference between two points is used for an energy source. With the huge
reservoir of ocean heat, the process can serve as a baseload power
generation system that produces a significant amount of renewable, nonpolluting power, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In April, a
memorandum of agreement between the two companies was signed in
Beijing for a 10 megawatt offshore plant, to be designed by Lockheed Martin.
The project will be the largest OTEC project developed to date, supplying
100% of the power needed for a green resort to be built by Reignwood Group.
In addition, the agreement could lay the foundation for the
development of several additional OTEC power plants ranging in size
from 10 to 100 megawatts for a potential multi-billion dollar value. A
commercial-scale OTEC plant will have the capability to power a
small city. The energy can also be used for the cultivation of other
crucial resources such as fresh-water production by flash
evaporating the warm seawater and condensing the subsequent
water vapor using cold seawater and producing energy carriers such
as hydrogen and ammonia, which can be shipped to areas not close
to OTEC resources.
China is in the best position to take the lead on ocean

development- others will follow
Hall 2014 (Simon Hall, Wall Street Journal, China's New Wager: Pulling
Energy From the Ocean, March 31, 2014,

http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1000142405270230328780457944690
4069462752)
Many people in the industry believe China will be key, however.
Lockheed is working with Chinese conglomerate Reignwood Group, to
build the world's first large-scale, ocean thermal-energy conversion
power station. The companies plan to decide by June where in Asia
to build the 10-megawatt facility, which will use warm surface water
to heat ammonia, which has a low boiling point, making steam to drive a
turbine without carbon emissions. The steam is then condensed using
deeper, colder water and the cycle is repeated, producing a constant flow of
electricity costing around 15 cents a kilowatt-hour. That is more expensive
than nuclear power but well below the 22 cents for offshore wind
turbines, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Ten megawatts is enough to power about 10,000 Western households.
Lockheed believes that building utility-scale generators that are 10
times larger would be economically and technically viable, says Dan
Heller, the company's vice president of new ventures. Atlantis Resources Ltd.
ARL.LN 0.00% is building the world's largest tidal-flow project, to power
200,000 homes off northern Scotland using hundreds of seabed generators.
The company, which is based in Singapore and listed in London, last
year signed a pact with China's Dongfang Electric Machinery Co. to
produce low-cost, 1.5-megawatt underwater turbines. Atlantis
recently agreed to work with Lockheed on improving the design of
seabed turbines. Atlantis plans this year to install a turbine for the
Chinese government's largest tidal test project, near Shanghai.
Israel-based Eco Wave Power is working with the Zhejiang, China, provincial
government to assess three sites for a 50-megawatt, wave-powered
generator using floats anchored to piers. Each 70-meter breakwater would
use 10 floats to make one megawatt of energy. S.D.E. Ltd., also from Israel, is
building a third wave- and tide-driven system using buoys, in the southern
Chinese city of Guangdong. Some experts predict cooperation between
Western and Chinese marine-energy pioneers could turn into heated
competition as the market develops, repeating what happened in the wind
and solar sectors. A European Commission strategy paper in January warned
of future competition from foreign businesses for a market potentially valued
at hundreds of billions of dollars and urged bloc governments to back
domestic projects. "Without a doubt, we will see a rise in the number
of disputes between Chinese and foreign companies over renewables
technology patents, including marine energy," says Xiang Wang, a
Beijing-based lawyer with Orrick, Herrington and Sutcliffe. The rapid growth in
Chinese companies' share of wind and solar equipment manufacturing
prompted U.S. and EU antidumping and antisubsidy measures in the past two
years and has fueled patent disputes. Many alternative-energy
executives are hopeful, however, that China's involvement will bring
the day closer when marine power becomes a significant part of
world energy supply. "Sea-wave technology is a rising star in the
renewable-energy sector," says S.D.E. Chief Executive Shmuel
Ovadia. What is happening in China "might inspire other countries
and other entities to support wave-energy technologies."
Aff---Perm
Cooperation is normal means---China and US working
together on OTEC power plant in the squo
Power-technology.com 14. Power Technology is a procurement and reference site
providing a one-stop-shop for professionals and decision makers within the global Power industry. Powertechnology.com. 2014. http://www.power-technology.com/projects/hainan-ocean-thermal-energyconversion-otec-power-plant/
A 10MW ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) prototype power plant

has been planned off the coast of Hainan Island in southern China.
The pilot project will be jointly developed by the Beijing-based resort
developer Reignwood Group and the US-based defence and
aerospace company Lockheed Martin. A memorandum of agreement was
signed between the two companies for this in April 2013. The construction of
the offshore power plant is expected to start in 2014. Scheduled for
completion in 2017, it will be world's largest ever OTEC facility. OTEC
technology is still in early stage of development, although was originally
invented towards the end of 19th century. The Hainan OTEC Power Plant
designed by Lockheed Martin will mark the beginning of commercial
deployment of this technology. Hainan OTEC Plant details "The plant will
be configured as a closed cycle OTEC system." The tropical Hainan offshore
was identified as an ideal location for the OTEC plant. The plant will be
configured as a closed cycle OTEC system. Turbine systems of the plant will
be placed above the water surface, with warm water passing through the
heat exchanger and boiling the working fluid of ammonia to create steam.
The steam then passes through the underwater heat exchanger to be
condensed into liquid ammonia. Cold water is pumped from 800m to 1,000m
below the ocean surface. The system will operate with the cyclical process of
boiling and cooling the working fluid in a closed loop. Power supply from the
Hainan OTEC plant The electricity generated by the plant will be supplied to a
resort, which will be built by the Reignwood Group in Hainan Island. The
entire electricity needs of the resort community will be met by the OTEC
plant. The resort will be marketed as a low-carbon real-estate development.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology Related project Three
Gorges Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant, China The Three Gorges Dam Project
(TGP) is the world's largest hydropower complex project located in one of the
three gorges of the Yangtze River, the Xilingxia Gorge in Hubei province,
China. The OTEC technology is based on the difference in temperature
between the warm surface water and the cold deep water of the ocean. A
minimum thermal difference of 20C is needed for the viable operation of an
OTEC system. The power system operates as a cyclic heat engine. Warm
water passes through a heat exchanger to generate steam for driving the
turbine. The steam is condensed into liquid with the cold water drawn from
the ocean's depths. An OTEC plant can be land-based, shelf-based or
offshore. The configuration of an OTEC heat engine can be either open cycle,
closed cycle or hybrid. In the open cycle OTEC system, the steam is directly
generated from warm sea water by pumping it into a low-pressure container.
In the closed cycle system, a working fluid having low boiling point, such as
ammonia, is used to create the steam. The fluid gets vaporised with the
passage of warm water through the heat exchanger. The cold sea water is
pumped through another heat exchanger to condense the vapour back into
working fluid. The hybrid cycle system represents a combination of both
closed and open-cycle system features. The Future of OTEC in China and USA
"The Hainan OTEC pilot plant will pave the way for an increasing number of
commercial deployments ranging between 10MW and 100MW capacity off
the coast of southern China." The Hainan OTEC pilot plant will pave the way
for an increasing number of commercial deployments ranging between 10MW
and 100MW capacity off the coast of southern China, under the joint effort of
Lockheed Martin and Reignwood Group. The prototype plant will provide
a learning environment for further technological innovation in the
field of OTEC to increase efficiency and bring down the capital cost.
The US Navy and the Makai Ocean Engineering will closely watch the
Hainan OTEC plant development. In the US, Hawaii and Florida have
been identified as potential sites for commercial application of OTEC
technology. Lockheed Martin will look for long-term partners to
develop commercial scale OTEC plants in the US.
China REE Self-Restraint CP
1NC Shell
CP Text: The Peoples Republic of China should comply
with the WTO rulings on rare earths and publically
announce that it is doing so. The Peoples Republic of
China should end export restrictions of rare earths and
publically announce that it is doing so.
China must end restrictions-key to U.S national security
Star-Tribune 2014 (April 24, 2014, Star-Tribune editorial board 2014,
Editorial board: Rare-earth minerals mine is important, but so are neighbors'

concerns, http://trib.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-board-rare-earth-mineralsmine-is-important-but-so/article_240b6207-bd2f-5684-b2ebfb493a59a4f7.html)
We call on Rare Element Resources, the company developing the project, to
do its best to reach out to neighbors and answer their concerns. But we also
call on the National Forest Service -- which oversees part of the
project's land -- to speed along the environmental review of the
mine. The mine is too important to dangle at the end of a long,
drawn-out permitting process. Rare-earth minerals arent actually rare,
but theyre difficult to find in large quantities. China, however, has mined
its resources of the minerals and dominates the global marketplace
for the minerals. This disparity quickly grabbed global attention
when China clamped down on sales of the minerals in 2010. Not long
afterward, a Rare Element Resources representative told a crowd at a Gillette
energy exposition that Chinas move opened doors in the federal
government, including the Pentagon, he never dreamed he would walk
through. The minerals are increasingly used for military technology,
and its a national security issue when China is the worlds largest
producer and seems willing to chop supply on a whim. The U.S. and
others are currently fighting China in the World Trade Organization over its
unilateral decisions regarding its supply of rare-earth minerals, and as
recently as late last year China vowed to trim production of the minerals.
Those are problems -- ones Wyoming can help solve.
XT Solvency
China should comply with the WTO and remove their
restrictions on REM
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA 2014
(CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ONE HUNDRED
THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION, JANUARY 15, 2014, CHINA'S
COMPLIANCE WITH THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL
TRADE RULES, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG113hhrg86659/html/CHRG-113hhrg86659.htm)
With clear obligations, China can take its role in supporting the global
economic system, a system based upon transparency, respect for
property rights, and adherence to the rule of law. We admire China's
rich history. These hearings in this Commission help us appreciate the
difficult and complex challenges in a country so large and so complex, that
is growing so fast. We support the aspirations of the Chinese people
to make their country a safer and a cleaner and a more prosperous
nation in the family of nations. We believe that fair trade policies
and promotion of the rule of law in China will not only benefit this
nation, but will also benefit the Chinese people and them as a
nation, also. It is a great example of how fair trade can benefit both sides
by giving a Chinese company access to a highly skilled workforce and, as I
say, creating several hundred jobs in Ohio. But to truly have a fair
trading relationship that benefits both sides, there needs to be a
more level playing field. The Chinese Government must do more to
abide by its WTO commitments, protect the rights of workers, and
support a clean environment.
Yes Access
COMRA has exclusive rights for cobalt-rich crusts in the
Pacific Ocean
ISA 14. The International Seabed Authority is an autonomous international organization established
under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement relating to the
Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Authority is the
organization through which States Parties to the Convention shall, in accordance with the regime for the
seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area) established
in Part XI and the Agreement, organize and control activities in the Area, particularly with a view to
administering the resources of the Area.International Seabed Authority. 5-1-14.
http://www.isa.org.jm/en/node/958
The International Seabed Authority and China Ocean Mineral Resources

Research and Development Association (COMRA) signed a 15-year
contract for exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in
Beijing on 29 April 2014 . The contract was signed by the Secretary-General
of the Authority, Nii Allotey Odunton and the Secretary-General of COMRA,
Jiancai Jin. Under the contract, COMRA will have exclusive rights for
exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts over 3,000 square
kilometres of the seabed located in the Western Pacific Ocean.
COMRA's application for a seabed exploration licence was approved by the
Council of the Authority on 19 July 2013. COMRA is the fifteenth entity to be
granted exploration licences by the International Seabed Authority and the
second entity to sign a contract for exploration for cobalt crusts.
China is already digging for valuable minerals- the U.S has

no access to
Qian 2014 (Wang Qian, 3/4/14, Country gets OK to mine ocean floor, China
Daily, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/201404/30/content_17475337.htm)
China can now search the international seabed for three valuable
minerals after a new exploration contract with the International
Seabed Authority was signed on Tuesday in Beijing. The 15-year
contract signed between ISA and the China Ocean Mineral Resources
Research and Development Association approved the country's exploration
plans in the western Pacific Ocean for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.
Under the contract, China has exclusive right to explore an initial
area of 3,000 square kilometers. Over the first 10 years of the
contract, 2,000 sq km of this area is to be relinquished. Cobalt-rich
ferromanganese crusts contain rare metals such as cobalt, nickel
and iron and are used in various industries such as engineering,
electronics, infrastructure and batteries. The contract, the third signed
between ISA and COMRA, makes China the only nation authorized to
explore international seabeds for as many as three major types of
minerals - polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobaltrich ferromanganese crusts. "China's faith and responsibility in
peacefully exploring deep-sea resources and protecting the deepsea environment will motivate our further cooperation in deep-sea
activities ," Jin Jiancai, COMRA's director, said at the signing ceremony. He
said COMRA will conduct comprehensive investigation and assessment on the
resources and the environment in the contract area to deepen scientific
knowledge of the deep sea and make contributions to global deep-sea
exploration. ISA has received 26 applications, of which 19 contractors have
been given the go-ahead, to explore international seabeds for the three
valuable minerals. Michael W. Lodge, deputy to the secretary-general and
legal counsel of ISA, congratulated China's impressive progress over the past
decade. Although a latecomer to deep-sea exploration, China won the right
to search for polymetalic nodules in the northeastern Pacific Ocean in 2001,
for polymetallic sulfide deposits in the southwestern Indian Ocean in 2011
and for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the western Pacific in 2014.
With China's first contract to end in 2016, which means the country can begin
commercially mining for polymetallic nodules in the northeastern Pacific, the
country still faces technical hurdles in mining the ocean floor. China is also
improving its legal system related to deep-sea exploration and
mining to regulate deep-sea activities and protect the ocean,
according to the China Institute for Marine Affairs, a think tank for
the State Oceanic Administration.
Public Supports
Chinese ocean drilling for minerals is popular and
necessary
Economic Times 14. The Economic Times is an English-language Indian daily newspaper
published by the Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. first published in 1961. It is the world's second-most widely
read English-language business newspaper, after the Wall Street JournalEconomic Times. 2-26-14.
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-26/news/47705593_1_polymetallic-sulphide-oredeposit-international-seabed-authority-state-oceanic-administration
BEIJING: China has said its research vessel surveying polymetallic

deposits in the Indian Ocean has discovered two hydrothermal and four
hydrothermal anomaly areas as the resource-hungry country stepped up
efforts to extract minerals from the seabed. China's State Oceanic
Administration (SOA) hailed achievements by Chinese scientists. The SOA
said that scientists onboard the "Dayang-1" research vessel discovered two
seafloor hydrothermal areas and four hydrothermal anomaly areas, and
deepened understanding about the overall area. They also gained insight
on the origins of carbonate hydrothermal areas, and made
successful attempts to explore for sulfide, state-run Xinhua news
agency quoted the SOA as saying. Hydrothermal sulfide is a kind of
seabed deposit containing copper, zinc and precious metals such as
gold and silver. Firming up its foothold in India's backyard, China has
gained approval in 2012 to explore a 10,000 sq km polymetallic
sulphide ore deposit in an international seabed region of the
southwest Indian Ocean. The 15-year approval was secured by China from
the International Seabed Authority (ISA). China's booming economy has
forced it to look for minerals abroad. China also has obtained exclusive
rights to prospect in a 75,000-square-km polymetallic nodule ore deposit in
the east Pacific Ocean in 2001.
China mining REM is deemed hazardous to the
environment
Rudarakanchana 2014 (Nat Rudarakanchana, March 27 2014, China Rare
Earth Export Restrictions Found Unfair By WTO, China Objects And Says Rules
Needed To Protect Environment, International Business Times,
http://www.ibtimes.com/china-rare-earth-export-restrictions-found-unfair-wtochina-objects-says-rules-needed-protect)
Although rare earths are strategically important, mining for the
precious resource poses an environmental hazard. Toxic tailings can
take over ponds and soil can be rendered unfit for farming by
concentrated acids used to leach ores. Each pound of rare earth
mined results in outputs of hundreds or thousands of pounds of
waste, experts claim. Beijing leaders have said that export quotas for
rare earth metals are needed because they help limit damage to the
environment. Officials cut export quotas by 40 percent in 2010, spurring
prices upward and angering foreign buyers. The WTO ruled on Wednesday
that Chinese pretenses about environmental protection obscured the real
point of export quotas, taxes and bureaucratic rules and boosted Chinas
domestic industry. For years, the U.S. and Europe have broadly complained
about Chinese trade tactics, targeting everything from cheap solar panels
sent to the EU to steel imports flooding the U.S. The WTO complaint was filed
by the U.S. in 2012 and was joined by several countries, including Russia,
Japan and the EU. Experts who argued against China's policies said that the
production of rare earths rather than their export pollutes the environment.
The export of the products at issue is completely unrelated to
environmental pollution, Gene Grossman, professor of international
economics at Princeton University, said last year in a study for the Office of
the U.S. Trade Representative, which negotiates trade agreements. It is the
production of these products, not their export, that causes
pollution. Its unclear whether reduced Chinese exports cut mine
production domestically, as China itself also consumes rare earths. Global
demand for rare earth elements could exceed 200,000 tons annually in 2014,
pushing the metals into a supply deficit of 75,000 tons, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency found in 2012. Water can be
contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides as a result of
rare earth processing, the EPA claims. Mining damages surface
water and ground water most significantly, from an environmental
perspective, the agency said.
UNCLOS CP
Neg
1NC Shell
CP Text: The United States federal government should
ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea.
US should join UNCLOS- Help bolster US econ, Heg and
solve biodiversity
Council of foreign Relations 13 (June 19, 2013, The Council on Foreign

Relations is an American nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization,
publisher, and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international
affairs, The Global Oceans Regime, http://www.cfr.org/oceans/globaloceans-regime/p21035#p1)
Options for Strengthening Global Ocean Governance There are a series of
measures, both formal and informal, that can be taken to strengthen
U.S. and global ocean governance. First, the United States must begin
by finally ratifying the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. On this
foundation, the United States should then tap hitherto underused regimes,
update twentieth-century agreements to reflect modern ocean challenges,
and, in some cases, serve as the diplomatic lead in pioneering new
institutions and regimes. These recommendations reflect the views of
Stewart M. Patrick, senior fellow and director of the International Institutions
and Global Governance program, and Scott G. Borgerson, former visiting
fellow for ocean governance. In the near term, the United States and its
international partners should consider the following steps: Ratify the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea The United States should finally join
the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an action that would
give it further credibility and make the United States a full partner in
global ocean governance. This carefully negotiated agreement has
been signed and ratified by 166 countries and the European Union. Yet
despite playing a central role shaping UNCLOS's content, the United States
has conspicuously failed to join. It remains among only a handful of
countries with a coastline, including Syria, North Korea, and Iran, not to have
done so. Emerging issues such as the melting Arctic lend increased urgency
to U.S. ratification. By rejecting UNCLOS, the United States is freezing
itself out of important international policymaking bodies, forfeiting a
seat at decision-making forums critical to economic growth and
national security interests. One important forum where the United
States has no say is the commission vested with the authority to
validate countries' claims to extend their exclusive economic zones,
a process that is arguably the last great partitioning of sovereign
space on earth. As a nonparty to the treaty, the United States is
forgoing an opportunity to extend its national jurisdiction over a
vast ocean area on its Arctic, Atlantic, and Gulf coastsequal to
almost half the size of the Louisiana Purchaseand abdicating an
opportunity to have a say in deliberations over other nations' claims
elsewhere. Furthermore, the convention allows for an expansion of
U.S. sovereignty by extending U.S. sea borders, guaranteeing the
freedom of ship and air traffic, and enhancing the legal tools
available to combat piracy and illicit trafficking. Potential participants in
U.S.-organized flotillas and coalitions rightly question why they should assist
the United States in enforcing the rule of law when the United States refuses
to recognize the convention that guides the actions of virtually every other
nation. Coordinate national ocean policies for coastal states The creation of a
comprehensive and integrated U.S. oceans policy should be immediately
followed by similar efforts in developing maritime countries, namely, Brazil,
Russia, India, and China (BRIC). These so-called BRIC nations will be critical
players in crafting domestic ocean policies that form a coherent tapestry of
global governance. Ideally, such emerging powers would designate a senior
government official, and in some cases the head of state, to liaison with other
coastal states and regional bodies to coordinate ocean governance regimes.
Consistent with the Regional Seas Program, the ripest opportunity for these
efforts is at the regional level. With UN assistance, successful regional
initiatives could then be harmonized and expanded globally. Place a
moratorium on critically endangered commercial fisheries
Commercial fishing, a multi-billion dollar industry in the United
States, is in grave danger. The oceans have been overfished, and it
is feared that many fish stocks may not rebound. In the last fifty years,
fish that were previously considered inexhaustible have been reduced to
alarmingly low levels. Up to 90 percent of large predatory fish are now gone.
Nearly half of fish stocks in the world have been fully exploited and roughly
one-third have been overexploited. The recent imposition of catch limits on
all federally-managed fish species is an important and long overdue first step,
which should be expanded and strengthened to a moratorium on the most
endangered commercial fisheries, such as the Atlantic blue fin tuna. But tuna
is hardly alone in this predicament, and numerous other species are facing
the same fate. Policymakers should stand up to intense political pressure and
place fishing moratoriums on the most threatened fisheries to give them a
chance to rebound. Doing so would be a courageous act that would help
rescue collapsing fish while creating a commercially sustainable resource. In
the longer term, the United States and its international partners
should consider the following steps: Strengthen and update
UNCLOS The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and
related agreements serve as the bedrock of international ocean
policy. However, UNCLOS is thirty years old. If it is to remain relevant and
effective, it must be strengthened and updated to respond to
emerging threats such as transnational crime and marine pollution,
as well as employing market-based principles of catch shares to
commercial fisheries, especially in the high seas. Lastly, UNCLOS Article
234, which applies to ice-covered areas, should be expanded to better
manage the opening Arctic, which will be an area of increasing focus and
international tension over the coming years. The international community
should also counter the pressure of coastal states that unilaterally seek to
push maritime borders seaward, as illustrated by China's claim to all of the
South China Sea. Additionally, states should focus on using UNCLOS
mechanisms to resolve nagging maritime conflicts, such as overlapping
exclusive economic zones from extended continental shelf claims, and
sovereignty disputes, such as that of the Spratly and Hans Islands. Bolster
enforcement capacity Many ocean-related governance issues have

shortcomings not because rules for better management do not exist, but
because weak states cannot enforce them. A failure in the oversight of
sovereign waters inevitably leads to environmental degradation and, in cases
like Somalia, can morph into problems with global implications, such as
piracy. Accordingly, the international community should help less
developed coastal states build the capacity to enforce (1) fisheries rules
fleets; (2) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
From Ships regulations to reduce ocean dumping and pollution; (3)
other shipping regulations in states with open registries such as Liberia,
Panama, Malta, and the Marshall Islands; (4) and existing mandates
created to stop illicit trafficking. Developed countries should also help
less developed areas monitor environmental variables such as acidification,
coral reefs, and fisheries.
Avoids Politics
CP unpopular in congress
Amy Payne 12, July 17th, 2012, "Morning Bell: Harmful U.N. Sea Treaty
Stalls in Senate," dailysignal.com/2012/07/17/morning-bell-harmful-u-n-seatreaty-stalls-in-senate/
A United Nations threat to U.S. sovereignty has been halted. The Law of the
Sea Treaty (LOST), a pet project of Senator John Kerry (D-MA), ran aground
yesterday when opposition reached critical mass. A total of 34 Senators, led
by Jim DeMint (R-SC) and James Inhofe (R-OK), have now expressed
oppositionenough to kill the treaty if it comes up for a vote. As Heritage
Action for America CEO Michael Needham said:
Prefer our evidence its empirical and predictive

Austin Wright12, July 16th, 2012, "Law of the Sea treaty sinks in Senate,"
www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78568.html
It appears the Law of the Sea treaty is dead in the water at least in this
Congress. Two Republican senators declared their opposition on Monday
to the international agreement, bringing the total number of Senate
opponents to 34 enough to sink the measure. A two-thirds majority
of 67 votes was required for ratification. Sens. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.) and Rob Portman (ROhio) pushed the opposition movement over the top, citing concerns about U.S. sovereignty. In a letter to Senate
Majority Leader Harry Reid (R-Nev.), the two Armed Services Committee members declared: No international
organization owns the seas. We are confident that our nation will continue to protect its navigational freedom,
valid territorial claims and other maritime rights, they said. The
treaty, established in the

early 1980s to govern the use of international waterways and undersea resources, has eluded
Congress for decades, despite repeated attempts to ratify it amid strong
support among Pentagon commanders. The latest attempt was spearheaded by Senate Foreign Relations
Committee Chairman John Kerry (D-Mass.), who scheduled a series of hearings on the issue over the past three
months. And on Monday, a Kerry spokeswoman signaled the senator still plans to push for ratification but not
until after the Nov. 3 elections.
Solvency---General
The US should ratify its UNCLOS treaty-

Introduction he United States championed many of the most important
international maritime organizations over the past fifty years. It helped shape
the decades-long process of negotiating the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) and has played a leading role in many UNCLOS-related bodies,
including the International Maritime Organization. It has also served as a
driving force behind regional fisheries organizations and Coast Guard forums.
Domestically, the United States has intermittently been at the vanguard of
ocean policy, such as the 1969 Stratton Commission report, subsequent
conservation acts in the 1970s, the recent Joint Ocean Commission Initiative,
and, most recently, catch limits on all federally-managed fish species. The
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Monterrey Bay Research
Institute have long been leaders in marine science. And from a geopolitical
perspective, the U.S. Navy secures the world's oceans and fosters a
peaceful environment where global commerce can thrive. Yet the
United States lags behind on important issues, most notably
regarding its reluctance to ratify UNCLOS. And until recently, the United
States did not have a coherent national oceans policy. To address this gap,
U.S. president Barack Obama created the Ocean Policy Task Force in 2009 to
coordinate maritime issues across local, state, and federal levels, and to
provide a strategic vision for how oceans should be managed in the United
States. The task force led to the creation of a National Ocean Council,
responsible for "developing strategic action plans to achieve nine priority
objectives that address some of the most pressing challenges facing the
ocean, our coasts, and Great Lakes." Although it has yet to make serious
gains [PDF], this comprehensive oceans policy framework could help clear the
way for the spadework of coordinating U.S. ocean governance and
harmonizing international efforts. Should the United States ratify the
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea? Yes: The UN Convention on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which created the governance framework that
manages nearly three-quarters of the earth's surface, has been
signed and ratified by 166 countries and the European Union. But
the United States remains among only a handful of countries to have
signed but not yet ratified the treatyeven though it already treats many
of the provisions as customary international law. Leaders on both sides of
the political aisle as well as environmental, conservation, business,
industry, and security groups have endorsed ratification in order to
preserve national security interests and reap its myriad benefits, such as
securing rights for U.S. commercial and naval ships and boosting the
competitiveness of U.S. companies in seafaring activities. Notably, all of
the uniformed servicesand especially the U.S. Navystrongly support
UNCLOS because its provisions would only serve to strengthen U.S.
military efforts. By remaining a nonparty, the United States lacks the

credibility to promote its own interests in critical decision-making
forums as well as bring complaints to an international dispute
resolution body.
CP solves for National security and environment

Better world campaign 12 (2012, Launched in 1999, the Better World
Campaign is a project of the Better World Fund, created with support from
entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner as part of his historic $1 billion gift
in 1998 to support UN causes,
http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/issues/international-security/law-of-thesea.html)
Former President George W. Bush: "Joining (the Law of the Sea
Convention) (LOST) will serve the national security interests of the
United States, including the maritime mobility of our armed forces
worldwide. It will secure U.S. sovereign rights over extensive marine
areas, including the valuable natural resources they containpromote
U.S. interests in the environmental health of the oceans," and "give
the United States a seat at the table when the rights that are vital to
our interests are debated and interpreted." Vice President Joseph Biden:
"Do we join a treaty that establishes a framework to advance the rule of
law on the oceans, that is clearly in our military, economic, and
environmental interests, and that has broad acceptance among the
major maritime powers? Or do we remain on the outside, to the
detriment of our national interests? I strongly believe that we should
become a party to the Convention, and that any risks it poses are far
outweighed by the benefits." Senate Foreign Relations Committee Ranking
Member Richard Lugar (R-IN): "The Senate this year has an opportunity to
plug a large hole in our national security structure by approving the Law of
the Sea Treaty." General Richard Myers, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff: "The Convention remains a top national security priorityIt
supports efforts in the War on Terrorism by providing much-needed
stability and operational maneuver space, codifying essential
navigational and overflight freedoms." The Environmental Community:
"The Natural Resources Defense Council, The World Wildlife Fund, The Nature
Conservancy, Oceana, The Wildlife Conservation Society, The National
Environmental Trust, Defenders of Wildlife, The Ocean Conservancy, Deep
Search International, Deep Ocean Exploration and Research Inc., IUCN-US,
and the Marine Conservation Biology Institute together represent more than
one million members, supporters and activists concerned with the
conservation of marine resources both here in the United States and on the
high seas. We believe prompt U.S. accession to the Convention is
essential to the ability of the United States to exercise leadership in
key upcoming debates and decisions on international fisheries
policy, biodiversity conservation, and appropriate management of rapidly
expanding human activity on the high seas."
Solvency---Biodiversity
UNCLOS has the legal means to stop biodiversity loss-
UN 2014 (Updated April 1, 2014,legal and policy framework, in particular

the work of the General Assembly,
http://www.un.org/depts/los/biodiversityworkinggroup/webpage_legal%20and
%20policy.pdf)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides the legal
framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must
be carried out, including for the conservation and sustainable use
of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. It is
complemented by two implementing agreements, namely the Agreement
relating to Part XI of UNCLOS, which addresses matters related to the Area,
and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS
relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and
Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
Solvency---Environment
Ratification is key to global environmental action---it
doesnt create endless litigation
Elizabeth M. Hudzik 10, JD Washington University School of Law, 2010, "A
Treaty on Thin Ice: Debunking the Arguments Against U.S. Ratification of the
U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea in a Time of Global Climate Crisis,"
Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Volume 9, Issue
2, digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1049&context=globalstudies
C. UNCLOS as an Environmental Agenda
Fundamental differences on environmental policy have also been raised as
objections to UNCLOS. Opponents seeUNCLOS as a back door for
environmental activists to circumvent the U.S. Congress on international
environmental law.70 Alternatively, accession might encourage foreign
governments to bring action against the United States for environmental
transgressions under the treatys mandatory dispute resolution protocol.71
Use of the outlined dispute resolution process against the
United States seems unlikely, though, since the United States already
complies with or exceeds the environmental standards set out in UNCLOS.72
Further, provisions meant to protect the sustainability of the worlds oceans
are of global concern73 and benefit U.S. ocean-based industries.74 Even
while it complies with the substance of the environmental provisions, the
United States may be seen as a block to global environmental action
until it actually ratifies UNCLOS. 75
SolvencyRare Earths
Joining UNCLOS- solves for rare earth minerals better than
the affUS Department of State 12, Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental and Scientific Affairs, March 21st, 2012, "Why the United
States Needs to Join the Law of the Sea Convention Now,"
www.state.gov/documents/organization/189430.pdf
Only as a Party to the Convention can the United States sponsor U.S.
companies to mine the deep seabed for valuable metals and rare
earth elements. Rare earth elements essential for cell phones, flatscreen televisions, electric car batteries, and other high-tech productsare
currently in tight supply and produced almost exclusively by China.
While we challenge Chinas export restrictions, we must also make
it possible for U.S. companies to develop other sources of these
critical materials. Joining the Convention would allow U.S.
companies to obtain secure rights to deep seabed mine sites and
indisputable title to minerals recovered. While we sit on the sidelines,
companies in China, India, Russia, and other Parties to the Convention are
securing their rights, moving ahead with deep seabed resource exploration,
and taking the lead in this emerging market. Why the United States Needs
to Join the Law of the Sea Convention Now Timing is critically important if
U.S. industry is to undertake exploitation of the deep seabed for valuable
rare earth and other mineral resources. Other countries are already
moving quickly and aggressively to secure internationally
recognized rights to these resources. However, until the Senate
approves the Law of the Sea Convention (LOST), as modified by the 1994
Agreement, U.S. companies cannot use this country's technological
leadership to pursue, with the sponsorship of the United States
Government, a leadership position in this strategically important emerging
market. - Lockheed Martin Corporation Chinese, Indian, and Russian
companies are exploring deep seabeds for rare earth elements and valuable
metals, but the United States cannot sponsor our companies to do the same.
Joining the Convention will level the playing field for American
companies so they have the same rights and opportunities as their
competitors. - Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State
Solvency---Resource Management
UNCLOS checks and solves for resource management
Mayer brown 14 (2014, Mayer Brown is a global legal services organisation advising clients across
the Americas, Asia and Europe. Our presence in the worlds leading markets enables us to offer clients access to
local market knowledge combined with global reach, http://www.mayerbrown.com/files/uploads/Three
%20Dimensional%20Thinking/Rare%20Earth
%20Minerals/Rare_Earth_Series_Three_Dimensional_Thinking_Global_.pdf)
The UNCLOS confers sovereign rights on coastal States Parties to

explore, manage and exploit resources located within their
respective continental shelves, which is broadly defined in Article 76
as the seabed and subsoil extending up to 200 nautical miles from
the shore. This is known as the Exclusive Economic Zone.
Accordingly, a coastal States Party may develop its own policies to permit
and regulate deep seabed mining within its national jurisdiction. That said,
Article 235 of the UNCLOS also imposes a general obligation on
all States Parties to protect and preserve the marine
environment, both within and outside areas of national jurisdiction.
The seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction referred to as the
Area and the minerals in the subsoil are declared by the UNCLOS to
be the common heritage of mankind. Accordingly, the
exploration and exploitation of resources in the Area must be
carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole. Based on this
premise, an independent body the International Seabed Authority (ISA)
was established by the UNCLOS in 1994 to regulate and control seabed
mining activities in the Area, with the 166 States Parties to the UNCLOS
automatically becoming members of the ISA.
Solvency---Sea Power
UNCLOS solves for US seapower
US Department of State 12, Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental and Scientific Affairs, March 21st, 2012, "Why the United
States Needs to Join the Law of the Sea Convention Now,"
www.state.gov/documents/organization/189430.pdf
Only as a Party to the Convention can the United States best protect
the navigational freedoms enshrined in the Convention and exert the
level of influence that reflects our status as the worlds foremost
maritime power. Tensions are rising in the South China Sea. Melting ice in
the Arctic is creating new risks, opportunities, and responsibilities. Locking
in navigational freedoms for our military and commercial ships,
which are increasingly being challenged around the globe, is
essential to our national security and economy. In the ongoing
tensions over rights in the South China Sea, the United States will be in a
stronger position of influence by joining the Convention.... Our
friends and allies need our political leadership within [the Convention]
to influence resolution of South China Sea disputes. - Admiral
Jonathan Greenert, Chief of Naval Operations [The Convention] guarantees
rights such as innocent passage through territorial seas; transit passage
through, under and over international straits. The Convention has been
approved by nearly every maritime power and all the permanent members
of the UN Security Council, except the United States. - Ray Mabus,
Secretary of the Navy Every Arctic Nation except the United States is a party
[to the Convention]. As our responsibilities continue to increase in direct
proportion to the Arctics emerging waters, it is more vital than ever that the
United States accedes to the Law of the Sea Treaty. - Admiral Robert Papp,
Jr., Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard
Solvency---Trafficking
international agreements solve illicit trafficking

Confronting illicit trafficking: Porous, patchy enforcement In addition to being
a highway for legal commerce, oceans facilitate the trafficking of drugs,
weapons, and humans, which are often masked by the flow of licit goods.
Individual states are responsible for guarding their own coastlines,
but often lack the will or capacity to do so. Developing countries, in
particular, struggle to coordinate across jurisdictions and interdict. But
developed states also face border security challenges. Despite its
commitment to interdiction, the United States seizes less than 20
percent of the drugs that enter the country by maritime transport.
The United Nations (UN) attempts to combat the trafficking of drugs,
weapons, and humans at sea. Through the Container Control Program
[PDF], the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) assists domestic law
enforcement in five developing countries to establish effective container
controls to prevent maritime drug smuggling. The UNODC also oversees UN
activity on human trafficking, guided by two protocols to the UN Convention
on Transnational Organized Crime. Although UN activity provides important
groundwork for preventing illicit maritime trafficking, it lacks
monitoring and enforcement mechanisms and thus has a limited
impact on the flow of illegal cargo into international ports . Greater political
will, state capacity, and multilateral coordination will be required to
curb illicit maritime trafficking. New ad hoc multilateral arrangements
are a promising model for antitrafficking initiatives. The International
Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS), for instance, provides a uniform
set of measures to enhance the security of ships and ports. The code
helps member states control their ports and monitor both the people
and cargo that travel through them. In addition, the U.S.-led
Proliferation Security Initiative facilitates international cooperation to
interdict ships on the high seas that may be carrying illicit weapons of
mass destruction, ballistic missiles, and related technology. Finally,
the Container Security Initiative (CSI), also spearheaded by the United
States, attempts to prescreen all containers destined for U.S. ports
and identify high-risk cargo (for more information, see section on
commercial shipping). One way to combat illicit trafficking is through
enhanced regional arrangements, such as the Paris Memorandum of
Understanding on Port State Control. This agreement provides a model for an
effective regional inspections regime, examining at least 25 percent of ships
that enter members' ports for violations of conventions on maritime safety.
Vessels that violate conventions can be detained and repeat offenders can be
banned from the memorandum's area. Although the agreement does not
permit searching for illegal cargo, it does show how a regional inspections
regime could be effective at stemming illegal trafficking.
Solvency---US Heg
UNCLOS increases US sovereignty
Elizabeth M. Hudzik 10, JD Washington University School of Law, 2010, "A Treaty on
Thin Ice: Debunking the Arguments Against U.S. Ratification of the U.N. Convention on
the Law of the Sea in a Time of Global Climate Crisis," Washington University Global
Studies Law Review, Volume 9, Issue
2, digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
A. UNCLOS as a Threat to U.S. Sovereignty Opponents of UNCLOS see the
treaty as a threat to the sovereignty of the United States.51 Chief
among the concerns is the perceived lack of power the United States would wield
on the International Seabed Authority (ISA), 52 the body created by the
treaty to resolve disputes on seabed claims.53 Other critics claim that
membership in the ISA would undermine U.S. courts.54 Opponents fear
that members of the ISA would adopt policies that favor smaller nations55 at the
expense of the United States, as regularly occurs in similar U.N. bodies, such as the
General Assembly. 56 A general distrust of the United Nations also emerges in these
argumentssome speculate that the ISA would be vulnerable to the corruption and
excesses that arguably plague the U.N.57 Many of these arguments have been put into
perspective, however, by the actual history and operation of UNCLOS.
Instead of posing a threat to national sovereignty, U.S. ratification of
UNCLOS would actually enlarge U.S. power by providing a permanent
seat on the ISA, 58 and would be the greatest expansion of U.S.
resource jurisdiction in the history of the nation. 59 A permanent seat on
the ISA would give the United States a strategic advantage, namely a greater
ability to defeat amendments that are not in the U.S. interest, by
blocking consensus or voting against such amendments. 60 Concerns about abuse of
power by the ISA are similarly unfounded, as the ISA operates independently from the
U.N.61 and is comparable to other specialized U.N. organizations, many of which the
U.S. already endorses. Further, the navigational protections for American
ships on the high seas would enhance, not diminish, U.S.
sovereignty.62 Some UNCLOS proponents also argue that claims to U.S.
sovereignty are overstated in the context of a shared resource like the worlds oceans.63
Finally, due to the inevitability of international reliance on UNCLOS to form international
maritime law and regulate maritime disputes, the United States will suffer a
huge loss of power if it fails to accede to the treaty.64
AT: Hurts Econ

Doesnt hurt the US economy or commercial interests
Elizabeth M. Hudzik 10, JD Washington University School of Law, 2010, "A Treaty on
Thin Ice: Debunking the Arguments Against U.S. Ratification of the U.N. Convention on the Law
of the Sea in a Time of Global Climate Crisis," Washington University Global Studies Law Review,
Volume 9, Issue 2, digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
B. UNCLOS as a Threat to U.S. Commercial Interests
Opponents of UNCLOS claim that accession will also harm U.S.

commercial interests in the worlds oceans. The provisions on seabed mining,
in particular, are seen as an attempt at international wealth redistribution.65 Additionally, there
is a fear that the ISA would have the power to enforce an
international tax on resources extracted from the seabed.66
Although these commercial concerns resonate with many economic
conservatives, they are among the easiest to debunk , primarily by

examining the economic consequences the United States will face if it does not accede. Claims to
mineral rights in the Arctic are governed by UNCLOS provisions on an extended continental shelf,
and the United States may lose these claims without representation on the ISA or State Party
status.67 Additionally, many economic concerns ring hollow in the face of
favorable opinions of the treaty by U.S. industries affected by such
regulations.68 For example, the oil and gas industries have agreed
to pay any tax levied on deep seabed extractions.6
Aff Answers
Links to Midterms
Links to midterms---its popular
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy 04 ( June 3, 2004, U.S. Commission on

Ocean Policy Preliminary Report,
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/prelimreport/chap
ter29.pdf)
. The United States is not among the 145 parties to the Convention,
despite having been at the forefront of its development. When the
Convention was adopted in 1982, the United States and other industrial
nations had concerns about the regime established to govern deep seabed
mining in areas outside national jurisdiction. To address these concerns, an
agreement was reached in 1994 that substantially modified the provisions
the United States and others found objectionable. Today, the Convention
enjoys widespread backing within the United States across a broad
range of stakeholders in government, industry, environmental
groups and academia, and bipartisan support in Congress . There are
many compelling reasons for the United States to expeditiously accede to the
Convention. International bodies established under the Convention are in the
process of making decisions that directly affect important U.S. interests. For
example, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is considering
jurisdictional claims over resources on the continental margin, an area of
particular importance to the United States with its broad continental shelf and
margin rich in energy resources. Measures to guide the future exploration and
exploitation of deep seabed resources under the Convention are also being
developed. The Convention will no doubt continue to evolve. In 2004, the
Convention will be open for amendment by its parties for the first time. If the
United States is to ensure that its interests as a maritime power and coastal
state are protected, it must participate in this process. The best way to do
that is to become a party to the Convention, and thereby gain the right to
place U.S. representatives on LOS decision-making bodies. Participation in
the Convention would also enhance Americas prestige and
credibility as a leader on global ocean issues. Recommendation 291.
The United States should accede to the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea.
CP is bipartisan and widely popular

Better world campaign 12 (2012, Launched in 1999, the Better World
Campaign is a project of the Better World Fund, created with support from
entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner as part of his historic $1 billion gift
in 1998 to support UN causes,
http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/issues/international-security/law-of-thesea.html)
Who Supports Ratifying the Law of the Sea Treaty (LOST)? Virtually all
major environmental groups, including the World Wildlife Fund, Nature
Conservancy, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Scripps and Woods
Hole oceanographic institutes. All major U.S. ocean industry
groups,including the American Sport Fishing Association; the National
Fisheries Institute; the oil and offshore drilling industries, including Chevron
and Marathon Oil; undersea cable providers, including AT&T; and the World
Shipping Council. All major players in the U.S. government,including
former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and
Barack Obama. It is supported by all United States military branches
and 16 former Cabinet Secretaries from both political parties.
AT: Solves China Aggression

UNCLOS fails at managing China
Julian Ku 14, Visiting Scholar and Taiwan Fellowship Grantee, National
Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Present Professor of Law, John D.
Gregory Research Scholar & Faculty Director of International Programs,
January 16th, 2014, "Will Ratifying UNCLOS Help the U.S. Manage China? I
Doubt It," opiniojuris.org/2014/01/16/will-ratifying-unclos-help-u-s-managechina/
But is there really any evidence that formal accession would change Chinas
view of the U.S. position on UNCLOS issues? China is already a member of
UNCLOS and other countries (like Japan and the Philippines) are also
members of UNCLOS. But I dont think UNCLOS has really bolstered
their effectiveness in pushing back against China. Moreover, as
Professor Dutton explains, China has a radically different interpretation
of its authority to regulate foreign ships and aircraft in its Exclusive
Economic Zone under UNCLOS. How will joining UNCLOS help the
U.S. change Chinas interpretation of UNCLOS?
As a practical matter, UNCLOS does have a way of compelling member states
to conform their interpretations: mandatory dispute settlement in the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or in Annex VII arbitration. But
as China and Russia have demonstrated in recent years, these
mechanisms are not likely to be a serious constraint, especially on
questions that touch sovereignty (which is how China frames most of its
activities). I suppose if the U.S. joins UNCLOS, and subjects itself to UNCLOS
dispute settlement, that might make a difference. But I dont think it would
be a very large one (after all, Japan, China, and the Philippines are all already
subject to UNCLOS dispute settlement, which has accomplished little so far).
I should add that the U.S. joining UNCLOS is hardly the most prominent of
Professor Duttons recommendations. His (and his co-panelists) had lots of
good strategic policy recommendations. I think the law may be
important here, but I am skeptical that it will be as effective as he
(and many analysts) are hoping.
AT: Solves Maritime Disputes

UNCLOS cant resolve maritime disputes
Dan Blumenthal 12 director of Asian Studies at the American Enterprise
Institute. Michael Mazza is a Senior Research Associate in Foreign & Defense
Policy Studies at AEI, February 17th, 2012, "Why to Forget UNCLOS"
thediplomat.com/2012/02/why-to-forget-unclos/
Where customary international law has protected the traditionally expansive understanding of freedom of
the seas allowing open access to all but narrow bands of territorial waters along national coastlines
China is trying to curtail that access, fence off its peripheral waters, and deny to other maritime nations
Whats the argument for

signing UNCLOS when China itself doesnt adhere to the law? When it turns out
that the letter of the law is less clear than its proponents think ? Given these
problems, U.S. ratification of UNCLOS wont resolve Sino-U.S. disagreements; it
will only lead to endless legal and diplomatic wrangling . Arguments for
the freedom of navigation they have long and lawfully enjoyed.
UNCLOS ratification now are even more bizarre given that international law and the balance of power favor
To ratify the treaty at this time would be to signal approval to

other states of faulty interpretations of international law while
committing the U nited S tates to endless dispute resolution in international
bodies that havent historically favored its interests. Washington would put itself in a position
where it might have to ignore the treatys dispute resolution clauses to
further its interests. Why sign a treaty we will have to violate? In doing so, wouldnt
the United States.
Washington cede the moral high ground it now holds by simply following established custom? No,
ratification of UNCLOS will not help Washington and Beijing resolve their maritime
disputes. Rather, resolution lies in the United States continued exercise of its rights in international
waters, diplomatic negotiations with China and American friends and allies, and continued military
supremacy.
UNCLOS fails at dispute resolution

Iain Murray 13 is a director of projects and analysis and senior fellow in
energy, science and technology at the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI).

Iain Murray is a director of projects and analysis and senior fellow in energy,
science and technology at the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), March
25th, 2013, "LOST at Sea," www.ncpa.org/pub/bg167
The Treaty Is Ineffective. The Treatys ineffectiveness was exemplified
by events in the South China Sea in September 2012. China deployed
six surveillance ships in response to the Japanese governments
attempt to buy the disputed Senkaku islands (which the Chinese call
the Daioyus) from their current owner, a wealthy Japanese family.20 Both
countries are signatories to LOST, which was supposed to settle
disputes over maritime boundaries by creating the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The Tribunal has so far largely failed
to settle such disputes. The Senkaku/Daioyus dispute is not the first case
brought before the Tribunal, whose approach seems to be to let
countries talk among themselves until they reach a solution. The
court established to settle disputes has repeatedly abdicated its
responsibility, while continuing to claim jurisdiction. Frustration with this
process has led at least one party to return to gunboat diplomacy. Despite
filing a lawsuit with the Tribunal, China appears to be dissatisfied with a
legalistic approach. China Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Hong Lei
stated, Isnt it a weird thing in international affairs to submit a

sovereign countrys territory to international arbitration? What a
chaos the world will be in if this happens?21 Virtually all the cases thus
far have involved impounding fishing vessels, but the Tribunal has not
actually finally settled any serious international dispute; thus,
regardless of the merits of the case, Chinas frustration is not surprising.
Where it has acted, the Tribunal has essentially told the parties to sort the
issues out amongst themselves as in the Southern Bluefin Tuna case
examined below. The Tribunal did decide one case, between Bangladesh and
Myanmar, but that suit only arose due to confusion over the application of the
Treaty in the first place, leading Eric Posner, the Kirkland and Ellis Professor of
Law at the University of Chicago, and John Yoo, Professor of Law at the
University of California Berkeley, to conclude: Early indicators suggest that
the ITLOS will not be an effective international Tribunal... Because of the
independence of the tribunal, states have little influence over how it resolves
disputes. They cannot expect outcomes that are satisfactory to both parties,
and thus they cannot expect widespread compliance. If compliance is likely to
be weak, there is little point in using the Tribunal in the first place.22
Another source of the Tribunals ineffectiveness arises from its very
constitution. As Cato Institute Senior Fellow Doug Bandow points out: The
new International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is supposed to
offer dispassionate adjudication of disputes. Yet membership is
decided by quota: Each geographical group is to have at least
three representatives. In its early days the Tribunal served as a dumping
ground for frustrated LOST politicos such as Cameroons Paul Engo and
Tanzanias Joseph Warioba, both of whom once had hoped to become the
Authoritys Secretary-General.23 Ineffectiveness has an economic cost.
States and companies will defer investment in disputed areas, as
there is little hope for speedy resolution. Thus, as cases remain tied up
in costly legal knots, areas become off-limits for development, and all
economic benefit is lost.
AT: Solves Overfishing

doesnt solve overfishing

Although there are numerous international and multilateral
mechanisms for fisheries management, the system is marred by
critical gaps and weaknesses exploited by illegal fishing vessels.
Articles 117 and 118 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) enumerate the specific fisheries responsibilities of state
parties, placing the onus on national governments to form policies and
regional agreements that ensure responsible management and
conservation of fish stocks in their respective areas. UNCLOS was
further strengthened by the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA), which
called for a precautionary approach toward highly migratory and straddling
fish stocks that move freely in and out of the high seas. Seventy-eight
countries have joined the FSA thus far, and a review conference in May
2010 was hailed as a success due to the passage of the Port State
Measures (PSMs) to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU)
fishing. Yet fish stocks have continued to stagnate or decline to
dangerously low levels, and the PSMs have largely failed to prevent
IUU operations. Regional fishery bodies (RFBs) are charged with
implementation and monitoring. The RFBs provide guidelines and advice
on a variety of issues related to fishing, including total allowable catch, bycatch, vessel monitoring systems, areas or seasons closed for fishing, and
recording and reporting fishery statistics. However, only a portion of these
bodies oversee the management of their recommendations, and some RFBs
allow members to unilaterally dismiss unfavorable decisions.
Additionally, RFBs are not comprehensive in their membership and, for
the most part, their rules do not apply to vessels belonging to a state
outside the body. Even when regional bodies make a binding decision on
a high-seas case, implementation hinges on state will and capacity. In 2003,
the UN General Assembly established a fund to assist developing countries
with their obligations to implement the FSA through RFBs. The overall value
of the fund remains small, however, and countries' compliance is often
constrained by resource scarcity. This results in spotty enforcement, which
allows vessels to violate international standards with impunity, particularly off
the coasts of weak states. Migratory species like blue fin tuna are especially
vulnerable because they are not confined by jurisdictional boundaries and
have high commercial value.
AT: Solves Resource Development

UNCLOS doesnt solve resource development
Can Resources Be Developed without LOST? The first argument that LOST
will advance the development of the seabed is outlined in a letter from the
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, sent to the U.S. Senate in July 2012: Americas
extended continental shelf, which in some areas extends hundreds of miles
beyond U.S. territorial waters, contains abundant oil and natural gas reserves
that can provide reliable, affordable energy to Americas homes and factories
for decades to come but only if the Senate acts to approve Law of the Sea.
Likewise, by joining the Convention, U.S. companies would gain exclusive
access to abundant rare earth mineral resources that are essential to hightech manufacturing. China currently controls 90 percent of the world supply
of rare earth minerals. Law of the Sea represents Americas best opportunity
to take control of its own resource destiny. No U.S. company will make the
multi-billion-dollar investments required to recover these resources without
the legal certainty the Convention provides.30 This argument is
demonstrably false. U.S. companies are already successfully investing
in an area of the extended continental shelf the western gap in the
Gulf of Mexico.31 There are two areas of submerged continental shelf
in the Gulf, outside the Exclusive Economic Zones of both the United
States and Mexico, known as the Western Gap and the Eastern Gap. The
Eastern Gap shares a nautical boundary with Cuba, and its precise
boundaries have not been negotiated. The boundaries of the Western Gap,
however, were defined by a treaty signed with Mexico in June 2000. This
bilateral treaty has allowed both nations to proceed with confidence
in developing the extended continental shelf in the Western Gap. No
objections have been raised to the bilateral treaty and none are
expected. As a result, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management has
sold development rights in the Western Gap in several auctions since the
treaty was ratified in 2001. Clearly, companies are willing to make
multimillion dollar investments to recover resources even without
the legal certainty the Convention provides, as the U.S. Chamber put
it. What of the Arctic? A 2011 Bloomberg BusinessWeek editorial argued: The
U.S. continental shelf off Alaska extends more than 600 miles into the Arctic
Ocean. American companies have been reluctant to invest in exploiting this
underwater terrain, which contains vast untapped reserves of oil and natural
gas. Thats because the U.S., as a nonparticipant in the sea convention, has
no standing to defend its ownership of any treasures that are found there.32
Yet this is exactly the same case as in the Gulf of Mexico. Only three nations
contest the ownership of resources in the extended North American
continental shelf in the Arctic: the United States, Canada and Russia.
American relations with Canada are friendly; therefore, a United
States-Mexico-style treaty with Canada demarcating appropriate
lines north of Alaska should be relatively easy to achieve. Russia

might be perceived as a more intractable problem; but a 1990 treaty
between the United States and the Soviet Union defines the
maritime boundary between the two powers.33 Under the Treaty,
Russia has claimed vast areas beneath the Arctic Ocean, but these
claims in no way infringe upon the 1990 Treaty. Actually, they are a
challenge to Canada rather than the United States. South of the Arctic Ocean,
the treaty line protects U.S. claims to large areas of extended continental
shelf in the Bering Sea and in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Alaskan
Aleutian Islands. Accordingly, there is no barrier (barring the low one of a
necessity to negotiate a treaty with Canada) to the United States developing
the extended continental shelf in the Arctic and its environs in the same way
it has in the Western Gap. As for the ability to develop deep sea resources,
the United States has a clear position, as close to the Grotian and Wilsonian
ideals of the free sea as one can get: Like the fish of the high seas the
minerals of the deep seabed are open to anyone to take.34 This principle is
also embodied in the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act of 1980,
which guarantees the right of U.S. citizens and corporations to explore and
develop such resources regardless of whether the United States accedes to
the Treaty.
AT: Solves US Econ

UNCLOS doesnt benefit the economy
Summary: The Economic Case Against LOST. The economic case against LOST
can be summarized as follows. The Treaty: Utilizes a failed economic
model to govern the ocean floors. Provides an ineffective means for
resolution of disputes. Forces contractors to subsidize the Authority
and other parties, almost certainly ensuring contractors will operate at a
loss. Is structured so as to provide a revenue stream for developing states
and others. By subsidizing harmful regimes, it may decrease global
welfare. Fails to provide certainty for U.S. developers on the
extended continental shelf. Fails to provide meaningful property
rights. Requires technology transfer that suppresses research and
development; and, therefore, has deterred the development of the
ocean floors. There is no economic case for the United States to ratify LOST;
indeed, there is a substantial economic case for its global repudiation.
AT: Solves US Heg

No benefit to US from ratification
Conclusion Some advocates argue that because the Treaty has been
accepted as customary international law, the United States would lose
nothing by acceding to it, and would in fact gain by having a seat at the
table. For instance, Senator John Kerry (D-Mass.) said, Weve effectively lived
by the terms of the Treaty, even as a non-party and a holdout. We live by the
rules, but we dont shape the rules.58 As this study has clarified, the
United States would stand to lose from ratification of the Treaty. The
direct economic costs would be significant, global welfare could very
well suffer, and when combined with the potential for environmental
litigation, the total cost could be disastrous. The Treatys very
structure would reduce the United States to one voice at a noisy
dinner table a voice that could find itself at best paying for the
entire meal, and at worst find itself on the menu. All of the
proclaimed benefits of LOST can be achieved by other means. In the
end, as far as the United States is concerned, the Treaty deserves to be lost
at sea.
UNCLOS Fails---General
Global governance counterplans fail

UNCLOS is a remarkable achievement, but its resulting oceans governance
regime suffers several serious limitations. First, the world's leading naval
power, the United States, is not party to the convention, which
presents obvious challenges to its effectivenessas well as undermines
U.S. sovereignty, national interests, and ability to exercise leadership over
resource management and dispute resolution. Despite the myriad military,
economic, and political benefits offered by UNCLOS, a small but vocal
minority in the United States continues to block congressional
ratification. Second, UNCLOS, is now thirty years old and, as a result,
does not adequately address a number of emerging and increasingly
important international issues, such as fishing on the high seasa
classic case of the tragedy of the commonswidespread maritime
pollution, and transnational crime committed at sea. Third, both
UNCLOS and subsequent multilateral measures have weak
surveillance, capacity-building, and enforcement mechanisms.
Although various UN bodies support the instruments created by UNCLOS,
they have no direct role in their implementation. Individual states are
responsible for ensuring that the convention's rules are enforcedwhich
presents obvious challenges in areas of overlapping or contested sovereignty,
or effectively stateless parts of the world. The UN General Assembly plays a
role in advancing the oceans agenda at the international level, but its
recommendations are weak and further constrained by its lack of
enforcement capability. Organizations that operate in conjunction with
UNCLOSsuch as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the
International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), and the International
Seabed Authority (ISA)play an important role in protecting the oceans and
strengthening oceans governance. The IMO has helped to reduce ship
pollution to historically low levels, although it can be slow to enact new policy
on issues such as invasive species, which are dispersed around the world in
ballast water. ITLOS only functions if member states are willing to submit
their differences to its judgment, while the ISA labors in relative obscurity and
operates under intense pressure from massive commercial entities. Fourth,
coastal states struggle to craft domestic policies that incorporate
the many interconnected challenges faced by the oceans, from
transnational drug smuggling to protecting ravaged fish stocks to
establishing proper regulatory measures for offshore oil and gas
drilling. UNCLOS forms a solid platform on which to build additional policy
architecture, but requires coastal states to first make comprehensive oceans
strategy a prioritya goal that has remained elusive thus far. Fifth, the
system is horizontally fragmented and fails to harmonize domestic, regional,
and international policies. Domestically, local, state, and federal maritime
actors rarely coordinate their agendas and priorities. Among the handful of
countries and regional organizations that have comprehensive ocean policies
including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, the European Union, and
most recently the United Statesfew synchronize their activities with other
countries. The international community, however, is attempting to organize
the cluttered oceans governance landscape. The United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) Regional Seas Program works to promote cooperation for
marine and coastal management, albeit with varying degrees of success and
formal codification. Likewise, in 2007 the European Union instituted a regional
Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) that addresses a range of environmental,
social, and economic issues related to oceans, as well as promotes
surveillance and information sharing. The IMP also works with neighboring
partners to create an integrated oceans policy in places such as the Arctic,
the Baltic, and the Mediterranean. Lastly, there is no global evaluation
framework to assess progress. No single institution is charged with
monitoring and collecting national, regional, and global data on the full range
of oceans-related issues, particularly on cross-cutting efforts. Periodic data
collecting does take place in specific sectors, such as biodiversity
conservation, fisheries issues, and marine pollution, but critical gaps remain.
The Global Ocean Observing System is a promising portal for tracking marine
and ocean developments, but it is significantly underfunded. Without
concrete and reliable data, it is difficult to craft effective policies that address
and mitigate emerging threats. Despite efforts, oceans continue to
deteriorate and a global leadership vacuum persists. Much work remains to
modernize existing institutions and conventions to respond effectively to
emerging threats, as well as to coordinate national actions within and across
regions. The June 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development, also known as Rio+20, identified oceans (or the "blue
economy") as one of the seven priority areas for sustainable development.
Although experts and activists hoped for a new agreement to strengthen the
sustainable management and protection of oceans and address modern
maritime challenges such as conflicting sovereignty claims, international
trade, and access to resources, Rio+20 produced few concrete results.
UNCLOS Fails---Too Vague

UNCLOS fails---its too vague
Dan Blumenthal 12 director of Asian Studies at the American Enterprise
Institute. Michael Mazza is a Senior Research Associate in Foreign & Defense
Policy Studies at AEI, February 17th, 2012, "Why to Forget UNCLOS"
thediplomat.com/2012/02/why-to-forget-unclos/
Traditionally the freedom of the high seas has included the use of the seas for military maneuvers or
exercises, including the use of weapons. This freedom including the freedom to operate in EEZs was
the language in the provisions

pertaining to conduct of military activity in EEZs leaves far too
supposed to be incorporated into UNCLOS[AJH1] . But
much wriggle room for mischief .
For example, China says that foreign warships must
obtain its approval before they can do anything but pass through its exclusive economic zone. A Chinese
Defense Ministry spokesman, Senior Col. Geng Yansheng, stated in 2010: We will, in accordance with the
demands of international law, respect the freedom of passage of ships or aircraft from relevant countries
which are in compliance with international law (emphasis added). Chinese officials are trying to limit U.S.
the
Chinese are claiming that heretofore lawful activitie s(task-force maneuvering,
naval activity in Chinas EEZs to passage from one destination to another. This means that
flight operations, military exercises, weapons testing and firing, surveillance and reconnaissance
operations and other intelligence-gathering activities, and military marine data collection or military
surveys)conducted
in EEZs should now be treated as prejudicial to

Chinese rights, including Chinas duty to protect the marine
environment. If these interpretations gain currency, UNCLOS will prove prejudicial
to the rights of maritime nations such as the U nited S tates. Law should
provide clarity, but UNCLOS is unclear as to what military activities
are allowed in a countrys EEZ. China is cynically exploiting the laws
vagaries to further its political goals and its desire to project power.
Herein lies a major danger in U.S. ratification of UNCLOS. In adopting,
promoting, and acting on new interpretations of international law, China is attempting to
upset the status quo and establish new norms of maritime behavior. By signing up to
UNCLOS, the U nited S tates might unintentionally signal approval of
these errant interpretations.
UNCLOS Bad---Econ Turn

UNCLOS hurts the US economy
NCPA 13, National Center for Policy Analysis, March 26th, 2013, "Law of the
Sea Treaty Threatens Economy and Environment," www.ncpa.org/media/lawof-the-sea-treaty-threatens-economy-environment
The Law of the Sea Treaty (LOST) is neither necessary for the U.S. to
secure the open ocean's wealth, nor would it be good for the economy,
according to a new report from the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA).
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, referred to as LOST, is
an international treaty governing maritime law. LOST establishes the right for
all nations to use the sea freely. Drafted in New York City between 1973 and
1982, the United States refused to ratify the Treaty based on arguments over
national sovereignty. Proponents claim that the U.S. will be unable to securely
access key resources in the deep oceans and thus be harmed economically
without LOST, but study author and NCPA Adjunct Fellow Iain Murray said,
"There is no economic case for the United States to ratify LOST. It
uses the failed socialist economic theory to govern the ocean floors,
it has proven unable to resolve disputes, it subsidizes dangerous
regimes, it does not establish meaningful property rights and thus
fails to provide certainty for developers and it because it requires
technology transfers." "LOST suppresses research and development
and it opens the USA up to endless environmental lawsuits aimed at
wrecking the economy in the name of stopping global warming,"
added Murray. "Because of LOST's environmental provisions, it would
be rife for abuse by national and international environmental groups
to prevent new development, shut down existing land based
economic activities (especially energy use and development) and to get
countries to adopt environmental standards through the backdoor that
they have been unable to get through democratic institutions," said
NCPA Senior Fellow H. Sterling Burnett. Murray also said that LOST is a
scheme for transferring wealth from developed countries with ocean
coastlines to developing countries and countries with no ready access to the
world's oceans -- it's an effort to manage the seas as a global commons.
UNCLOS Bad---Environmental Leadership Turn

UNCLOS hurts US environmental leadership
The Treaty would also significantly reduce the United States
discretion in applying laws. Americas constitutional system gives its
courts significant powers of judicial review. In the area of international rules
on environmental pollution, however, accession to LOST would delegate
those powers to the Tribunal or a similar court. That is the missed
meaning of Article 213, on enforcement with respect to pollution from landbased sources: States shall enforce their laws and regulations
adopted in accordance with article 207 and shall adopt laws and
regulations and take other measures necessary to implement
applicable international rules and standards established through
competent international organizations or diplomatic conference to
prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment
from land-based sources. As Christopher C. Horner, attorney and senior
fellow with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, has noted, That is a power
grab not even the Kyoto Treaty dared attempt. The United States rejects
Kyoto; why would we join Kyoto with a court?46 Recognizing that the
combined import of these sections is, as Horner suggests, a deal-breaker for
most Americans and especially their legislators, Treaty supporters have
argued that the text does not mean what it says. One of the leading
academic supporters of LOST ratification, Bernard H. Oxman, a University of
Miami law professor (and a leading candidate for U.S. nomination to the
Tribunal), said in a Senate hearing that Article 213 was merely hortatory
and, It is not possible as I see it for us to violate that provision.47 In
response, Senator David Vitter (R-La.) asked:48 If it is not possible for an
individual state to violate the provision, why is it in the treaty? Oxman
replied that the provision was designed to encourage states to deal with the
question nationally and internationally but does not tell them precisely what
to do. Vitter countered: It seems odd to put a feel-good provision like
that with the title, Enforcement with respect to pollution from landbased sources, because this treaty does have enforcement
mechanisms. Indeed, many environmentalists have great hope that the
Treaty will actually provide a Kyoto with a court. William Burns, director of
the Energy Policy & Climate program at Johns Hopkins University, wrote an
extensive article in 2007 examining how the various provisions of LOST could
be used to force the United States to take action to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.49 In it, he calls the Treaty a promising instrument through which
such action might be taken, given its broad definition of pollution to the
marine environment and the dispute resolution mechanisms contained within
its provisions and notes that litigation [over climate] is unavoidable.
Therefore, U.S. accession to LOST would surely be followed
immediately by concerted efforts at national and international levels
to use the Treaty to force drastic emissions reductions by the United

States. It should also be noted that ratification of the Treaty would mark a
significant departure from the traditional U.S. attitude toward international
enforcement treaties. As international law expert Jeremy Rabkin of George
Mason University noted: [I]t is one thing to agree to a common standard and
another thing to be bound by the decisions of an ongoing regulatory council
in which the United States can be easily outvoted. It is one thing to agree to
submit particular disputes to international arbitration, with the consent of
both parties. It is entirely another thing to establish an ongoing court, with
mandatory jurisdiction over important matters and an open-ended claim to
advise on the law apart from particular disputes. It is something else again
to embrace a court that, being permanent, may be prey to all the
temptations of judicial activism, to extending its authority by enlarging its
jurisdiction and winning popularity by playing favorites in its judgments The
U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea is not simply a bad deal for the United
States. It is a very bad precedent.50
UNCLOS Bad---Heg Turn

Causes endless litigation against the US---crushes
hegemony
Doug Bandow 13 is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is a former special
assistant to President Ronald Reagan, January 9th, 2013, "The Law of the Sea, a
Litigator's Dream," nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-law-the-sea-litigators-dream7942?page=2
Judgments of the Tribunal, no matter how legally deficient or
ideologically compliant, would have the force of law. Article 296 of LOST states
that Any decision rendered by a court or tribunal having jurisdiction under this
section shall be final and shall be complied with by all the parties to the dispute.
That means in U.S. courts. According to Article 39 of Annex VI, decisions of the
Seabed Disputes Chamber shall be enforceable in the territories of the States Parties
in the same manner as judgments or orders of the highest court of the State Party.
In the 2008 case Medellin v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a challenge to a
criminal conviction after the state failed to fulfill the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations. The majority held that the violation did not constitute
directly enforceable federal law. However, in a concurring opinion

Justice John Paul Stevens cited LOST as an example which did
incorporate international judgments into domestic law . Even victory
could be costly. Kogan observed that whether or not an adverse ruling is secured,
such other LOST party could help to shape/influence future U.S.

governmental legislative and/or regulatory action. Moreover, warned
Groves: the U.S. might nevertheless be forced to defend itself in a
costly and politically embarrassing lawsuit challenging the
sufficiency and enforcement of U.S. domestic environmental law and
regulations. So far weve only seen the tip of the iceberg of possible litigation.
What plans are potential litigants hiding until Washington ratifies the treaty? They
know that silence is golden. Years ago, Bernard Oxman wrote in the European Journal
of International Law urging treaty proponents to keep quiet about issues which might
concern ratifying governments, calling for restraint in speculating on the meaning of
the convention or on possible differences between the Convention and customary
law. After all, he explained, The Convention is an easy target. Thus, advocates
should shut up: it is essential to measure what we say in terms of its effect on the
goal. Experienced international lawyers know where many of the sensitive nerve
endings of governments are. Where possible, they should try to avoid irritating
them. LOST is not all bad. But there never was any reason, other than Third World
politics, to tie navigational freedom to financial redistribution. Or to empower judicial
politicians in other lands to override U.S. law. Once litigation starts, no one knows
where it will end. The UNs Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea declared
that the treaty is not a static instrument, but rather a dynamic and evolving body of
law that must be vigorously safeguarded and its implementation aggressively
advanced.
UNCLOS Bad---Prevents Seabed Mining

UNCLOS makes seabed mining economically impossible
The Treaty Misallocates Resources. More seriously, the Treaty is
responsible for a significant misallocation of resources when it
comes to the Authoritys powers. Indeed, almost all deep sea mining
performed under its jurisdiction by companies from industrialized states will
happen at a loss. Industrialized state governments are required to levy
fees and royalties to subsidize both the Enterprise and the activities
of developing states. Setting fees relies on two provisions, outlined in
Annex 8 to the Agreement, that amends to the Treaty. The provisions are
vague, which creates significant cost and uncertainty: (a) The system
of payments to the Authority shall be fair both to the contractor and to the
Authority and shall provide adequate means of determining compliance by
the contractor with such system; (b) The rates of payments under the system
shall be within the range of those prevailing in respect of land-based mining
of the same or similar minerals in order to avoid giving deep seabed miners
an artificial competitive advantage or imposing on them a competitive
disadvantage; These provisions essentially force a contracting
company to pay more than it would otherwise in order to be fair to
the Authority. Because seabed mining is more expensive than landbased mining, paying for the privilege at the same rates as landbased mining adds a second layer of competitive disadvantage, despite
what the Annex text purports. In all probability, these extra fees mean that
any mining activities will take place at a loss, arguably the reason why
progress in subsea mining has not met expectations when the Treaty was
drafted. Because the Treaty misallocates resources, seabed mining has
been deferred, resulting in more mining on land. Land-based mining
operations are very happy with this arrangement, and are even represented
in their own chamber of the Council. 24 The net result: an institutionalized
subsidy to land-based mining operations from the very existence of the
Treaty, because the Treaty deters effective seabed competition.

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China CP

China Does Plan CP

relationship with technology across a number of disciplines.

In March of 1986 (hence the 863 title),

four prominent engineers wrote to then-Chairman Deng Xiaoping,

has become much more dependent on the

Chinas movement has been measured and

are relatively few

1NC Solvency---Oil & Gas

Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping, TAKEDA Junichi, Review of

securing sustained supplies of these resources from the seas is a

China solves for all marine development, oil and gas

plan starts with a call to develop and implement a

China is important for sustainable marine development,

China attaches great importance to marine development and

improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science,

China has made positive contributions to

and conscientiously carrying out its obligations in this field.

Solvency---Good Environment Record

Empirics prove that China is committed to keeping the

(National Report of China on the Protection of Marine Environment from

focusing on both economic development and environmental protection. Each

China has environmental monitoring to check pollution

China Location Good

confident about safeguarding its own sovereignty and security and

IMPACT: US peaceful competition with China is key to

PERM-U.S and China are willing to work together on

Technology and International Affairs Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign

cooperation allows for the identification of clear technical areas of

PERM- Joint Chinese and U.S cooperation best for solvency

PERM- China has worked with the U.S before on different

U.S and China have already agreed to work together on

that they work together in "maintaining a stable, secure and prosperous

Continued stronger cooperation between U.S and China

taking action to address climate change while reducing traditional

U.S and China currently work together on energy

U.S and China have effectively collaborated over energy

Chinas environmental problems poses a threat to survival

Aff---US Key---Marine Protection

China protects a greater percentage of its marine areas from development

China K2 Global Economy

On March 7, 2012the State Oceanic Administration announces that the

China planning to build an underwater HSR that will spur

China is planning to build a train line that would, in theory, connect

Yes China Rise

China wants to be a great naval power; SCS is the most

Admiral Zheng He is everywhere in China these days, even though he died

economically and politically strategic areas. The Chinese believe

China is not pursuing maritime hegemony and doesnt

The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is becoming increasingly significant in

China does not want to challenge US sea power, dont

There is no doubt that China is continuing to build itself into a

SCS Unilateralism Turn

International Studies. Council on Foreign Relations. 2014.

Chinese Icebreakers just successfully completed a 6

More ev- Chinese Icebreaker, xue long, can successful

China can solve. Chinas Icebreakers have successfully

China can utilize ocean energy technology, but

construction and operation. At present, China's tidal energy's

BEIJING A coastal desalination plant planned for east of Beijing

Desalination popular- government supports and funds

Chinese government wants desalination projects- private

BEIJINGNanoH20, a maker of membranes for seawater desalination, said