Application of Ferrite Diagrams

The various ferrite diagrams are suitable to estimate the Ferrite Number in weld metal. Ongoing verifications indicate that the new
WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram provides the best estimate. The old Schaeffler diagram still provide useful information in a wide range
of weld metal compositions. It provides guidelines for dissimilar joints and welding clad steel, calculation of composition and position
of the diluted weld metal.
The following pages contain a reprint of a combination of the Schaeffler and the WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram (fig. 1) and the standard WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram on full scale (fig. 2). In using these diagrams for the estimation of weld metal structure, one
should always take into account the effects of different welding conditions (temperature/time-cycles, welding parameters, surface
effects) which usually influence FN values, compared with measurements on all weld metal deposit samples.

GENERAL INFORMATIONS

Ferrite in weld metal: Schaeffler Diagram and WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram

Fig. 1 Combined Schaeffler / WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram

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GENERAL INFORMATIONS

Ferrite in weld metal: Schaeffler Diagram and WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram

Fig. 2 WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram

Position of welding consumables

The position of representative Lincoln Electric Europe welding consumables (table 1) has been marked in the combined SchaefflerWRC 1992 Diagram (figure 1) and in the original WRC Diagram.
Table 1 Cr- and Ni-equivalent, calculated according Schaeffler and the WRC'92 Constitution Diagram
ident.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Product
Jungo Zeron 100X
Jungo 4462
Arosta 304L
Arosta 347
Arosta 316L
Arosta 318
Arosta 4439
Jungo 4455

WRC'92
Cr-eq. Ni-eq.
28.6
26.0
19.5
20.3
20.8
21.5
22.6
23.0

15.0
13.3
11.9
12.2
13.4
13.8
21.3
19.9

Schaeffler
ident.
Cr-eq. Ni-eq.
29.1
26.9
20.6
21.4
22.0
22.7
23.8
23.5

10.5
10.9
11.0
11.3
12.5
12.8
18.2
20.3

I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P

product
Jungo 4500
Jungo 4465
NiCro 31/27
Arosta 309S
Arosta 309Mo
Arosta 307
Arosta 329
Limarosta 312

WRC'92
Cr-eq. Ni-eq.
25.0
27.2
30.5
23.6
25.4
17.8
25.4
28.8

27.3
25.7
33.2
14.2
14.5
13.3
8.6
13.9

Schaeffler
Cr-eq. Ni-eq.
26.4
28.1
31.7
24.6
26.7
18.7
27.2
30.3

26.2
25.2
32.0
13.3
13.5
14.2
7.4
12.7

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GENERAL INFORMATIONS

Ferrite in weld metal: Schaeffler Diagram and WRC 1992 Constitution Diagram

1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
60
Fig. 3 Magne Gage

70

80 %Fe

Fig. 4 Iron content versus factor f

Ferrite Number versus Ferrite Content

The Ferrite Number is not equal to the volumetric ferrite content (%). Although an absolute ferrite content can not be measured accurately, a reasonable estimate of the ferrite content can be made by dividing the Ferrite Number by the factor f (% ferrite = FN / f) which
is dependant of the iron content in the weld metal as shown in figure 4.

Limitations
With the practice of measuring the Ferrite Number or ferrite content, welding conditions deviating from the standardized conditions
have always to be taken into account. Furthermore, comparison tests showed that the accuracy between measurements in various
laboratories may show differences up to +/- 10%.

Lincoln Electric laboratories

Since 1966 the Lincoln Electric and Lincoln Smitweld R&D departments have always been involved in the international development of
ferrite determinations. The laboratories are equipped with calibrated Magne Gages and on site measurement equipment. Primary
coating thickness standards and secondary standards are available for contract calibration work.

References
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Schaeffler A.E., Metal Progress 56 (1949) p680-680s

DeLong W.T., Welding Journal 53 (1974) p273s-286s
Kotecki D.J., Siewert T.A., Welding Journal (1992) p171s-178s
Siewert T.A., McCowan C.N., Olson D.L., Welding Journal (1988) p289s-298s
Espy R.H., Welding Journal 61 (1982) p149s-156s

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