Supplemental Information

Glossary of
Safety Terms

A through D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

F through M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

M through P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

P through S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

S through U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Data Reference Tables

Table 1 - Unit Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Table 2 - Drill Sizes for Mounting Hardware. . 398

Table 3 - English-Metric Conversion . . . . . . . 399

Table 4 - Length Conversion Factors. . . . . . . 399

Table 5 - Trig Functions & Formulas. . . . . . . 400

Table 6 - Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . 401

Table 7 - Copper Wire Information . . . . . . . . 402

Supplemental Information

Table 8 - NEMA & IEC Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . 403

Table 9 - IEC IP Enclosure Ratings for

Non-Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . 403

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
ALARM CONTACT: a low-load-capacity, non-safety-related relay contact within a perimeter
guarding system, whose primary purpose is to control an alarm. After the system has been
cleared for operation (brought into the RUN condition) by a reset, the alarm relay contact
will close for either a latch or a lockout condition.

ANTIREPEAT: the part of the control system designed to limit the machine to a single stroke or
cycle if the tripping or actuating means is held operated.

ANSI (AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE): the American National Standards Institute,
an association of industry representatives which develops technical standards which include
safety standards. These standards comprise a consensus from a variety of industries on
good practice and design. ANSI standards relevant to application of safety products include
the ANSI B11 Series, and ANSI/RIA R15.06.
AUXILIARY MONITOR CONTACT: a low-load-capacity, non-safety-related relay contact that follows
the action of the output relays and whose primary purpose is to communicate system status
to a PLC.

AUTO POWER-UP: a feature of safety light screen systems which, when switched ON,
enables the system to be powered up (and recover from a power interruption) without the
necessity of a key reset. When Auto Power-up is ON, the safety light screen controller automatically begins internal diagnostics upon power-up, and automatically resets the system
if it passes the diagnostic check. With Auto Power-up OFF, a manual reset is required.

BG: Berufgenossenschaft a German national insurance agency. The legislative division

develops safety standards. The executive division collects premiums from employers and
polices German industry for compliance with its safety standards.

BLANKING: a programmable feature of a safety light screen system which allows the light
screen to ignore certain objects located within the defined area. See exact blanking, fixed
blanking, and floating blanking.

BLOCKED CONDITION: A condition of the safety system when an opaque object of sufficient size
blocks/interrupts one or more beams of the light grid. When a Blocked condition occurs,
OSSD1 and OSSD2 outputs simultaneously turn off within the system response time.

BRAKE: a mechanism for stopping or preventing machine motion.

CE: Conformit Europenne (French translation of European Conformity). The CE mark
on a product or machine establishes its compliance with all relevant European Union (EU)
Directives and the associated safety standards.
CLUTCH: a mechanism that, when engaged, transmits torque to impart motion from a driving
member to a driven member.
CONTROL RELIABILITY: a method of ensuring the performance integrity of a control system.
Control circuits are designed and constructed so that a single failure or fault within the
system does not prevent the normal stopping action from being applied to the machine
when required, or does not create unintended machine action, but does prevent initiation of
successive machine action until the failure is corrected.

Supplemental Information

CSA: Canadian Standards Association, testing agency similar to Underwriters Laboratories,

Inc. (UL) in the United States. A product that is CSA certified has been type-tested and
approved by the Canadian Standards Association as meeting electrical and safety codes.
DEFINED AREA: the screen of light generated between the emitter and receiver of a safety
light screen system. When the defined area is interrupted by an opaque object of a specified
cross section, a trip or latch condition results.
DESIGNATED PERSON: individuals identified and designated in writing, by the employer, as
being appropriately trained and qualified to perform a specified checkout procedure.
DIVERSE REDUNDANCY: in diverse redundancy, the redundant components are of different
design, and any microprocessor programs used must run from different instruction sets.

392

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
DOUBLE INSULATION: complies with IEC 60947-5-1, Annex F. This symbol represents devices
which meet the constructional requirements and tests for class II control circuit devices or
parts of devices in which insulation of class II according to IEC 60536 is achieved by
encapsulation.
EMERGENCY STOP (E-STOP): arrest of dangerous machine motion resulting from actuation of
an emergency stop switch. The switch may be in the form of a safety switch, button, trip
cable, or foot bar used in conjunction with an emergency stop safety module.
EMITTER: the light-emitting component of a safety light screen system, consisting of a row of
synchronized modulated LEDs. The emitter, together with the receiver (placed opposite),
creates a screen of light called the defined area.
EXACT BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed to
ignore objects (such as brackets or fixtures) which will always be present anywhere within
the area of detection, so that the presence of these objects will not cause the Final Switching
Devices (FSDs) of the system to trip or latch. In exact blanking, the safety light screen system is programmed to ignore a specified total number of light beams. If more than the
specified number of beams are blocked, the FSDs will trip or latch. If fewer than the
specified number of beams are blocked, a lockout condition will occur. Exact blanking is
offered with MACHINE-GUARD and PERIMETER-GUARD Systems.

EXTERNAL DEVICE MONITORING (EDM): a means by which a safety device (such as a safety
light screen) actively monitors the state (or status) of external devices that may be
controlled by the safety device. A lockout of the safety device will result if an unsafe state is
detected in the external device. External device (s) may include, but are not limited to:
MPCEs, captive contact relays/contactors, and safety modules.
FAILURE TO DANGER: a failure which delays or prevents a machine safety system from
arresting dangerous machine motion.

FINAL SWITCHING DEVICE (FSD): the component of the machine's safety-related control
system that interrupts the circuit to the machine primary control element (MPCE) when the
output signal switching device (OSSD) goes to the OFF-state.
FIXED BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed to
ignore objects (such as brackets or fixtures) which will always be present at a specific
location within the defined area, so that the presence of these objects will not cause the
Final Switching Devices (FSDs) of the system to trip or latch. If any of the fixed objects are
moved within or removed from the defined area, a lockout condition results.
FLOATING BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed to
produce an intentionally disabled light beam within the light screen, which appears to move
up and down (float) in order to allow the feeding of an object through the screen (the
defined area) at any point along its length without tripping the final switching devices and
causing a trip or latch condition. MICRO-SCREEN, MINI-SCREEN and MULTI-SCREEN
Systems offer floating blanking.

FMEA (FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS): a testing procedure by which potential failure

Supplemental Information

modes in a system are analyzed to determine their results or effects on the system.
Component failure modes that produce either no effect or a lockout condition are permitted;
failures which cause an unsafe condition (a failure to danger) are not. Banner safety
products are extensively FMEA tested.

FORCED-GUIDED CONTACTS: relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that when
the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If one
set of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be
able to move. The function of forced-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check
the status of the relay. Forced-guided contacts are also known as positive-guided
contacts, captive contacts, locked contacts, or safety relays. All Banner safety
modules and safety light screen systems use output modules with forced-guided contacts.

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
FULL-REVOLUTION DEVICES: a method of machine drive arranged such that, once started, the
machine can only be stopped when the full cycle is complete. Examples include positive key
clutches and similar mechanisms. Banner safety light screen systems may not be used with
full-revolution devices.
HANDSHAKE/SAFETY HANDSHAKE: A means that a Universal Safety Stop Interface uses to verify
that any device connected to its inputs meets certain fault-detection requirements.

HAND CONTROL: a hand-operated mechanism or device used as an actuating control. Two

normally open input switches are used as hand controls in a two-hand-control system.
HARD GUARD: screens, bars, or other mechanical barriers affixed to the frame of the machine
intended to prevent entry by personnel into the hazardous area(s) of a machine, while
allowing the point of operation to be viewed. The maximum size of openings is determined
by Table O-10 of OSHA standard 1910.217. Also called a fixed barrier guard.
HAZARDOUS AREA: an area that poses an immediate or impending physical hazard.
HAZARD POINT: the closest reachable point of the hazardous area.
HOSTAGE CONTROL DEVICE: term used in ANSI standards to describe any actuating control device or mechanism that prevents the operator from reaching the hazard point during normal
cycling of the machine. A two-hand-control device is an example of a hostage control
device.
INTERNAL LOCKOUT: a lockout condition that is due to an internal safety light screen system
problem. Indicated by the red Status Indicator LED (only) flashing. Requires the attention of
a Qualified Person.

KEY RESET: a key-operated switch that is used to restore the Final Switching Devices (FSDs) and
Secondary Switching Device (SSD) of a safety light screen system to the ON state following a
lockout condition. Also refers to the act of using the switch to reset a Safety System from a latch
condition.
LATCH CONDITION: the response of the Final Switching Device (FSD) relays when an object
equal to or greater than the diameter of the specified test piece enters the defined area. In a
latch condition, FSD1 and FSD2 simultaneously de-energize and open their contacts. The
contacts are held (latched) open until the object is removed from the defined area and a
reset is performed. A latching output is used most often in perimeter guarding applications.

LOCKOUT CONDITION: a condition of a safety light screen system that is automatically attained:
(1) when its power is initially turned on or interrupted and restored (a power-up/power
interrupt lockout), and (2) in response to certain failure signals (an internal lockout). When
a lockout condition occurs, the safety light screen systems FSD and SSD contacts open,
and a key reset is required to return the system to the RUN condition.
MACHINE OPERATOR: an individual who performs production work and who controls operation
of the machine.

MACHINE PRIMARY CONTROL ELEMENT (MPCE): an electrically-powered element which directly

controls the machines normal operating motion in such a way that the element is last (in
time) to operate when machine motion is either initiated or arrested.
MACHINE RESPONSE TIME: the time between the activation of a machine stopping device and
Supplemental Information

the instant when the dangerous parts of the machine reach a safe state by being brought to
rest.

MACHINE SECONDARY CONTROL ELEMENT (MSCE): a machine control element independent of

the Machine Primary Control Element(s) (MPCEs), capable of removing the source of power
from the prime mover of the relevant dangerous machine parts.

MASTER STOP CONTROL (MSC): an electrically powered device, external to the E-stop Safety
Module, which stops the machinery being controlled by immediately removing electrical
power to the machine and (when necessary) by applying braking to dangerous motion
(reference ANSI B11.19, section 5.2: Stop Control). This stopping action is accomplished
by removing power to the actuator coil of either Master Stop Control Element (MSCE).

394

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
MINIMUM OBJECT SENSITIVITY: the minimum-diameter object that a safety light screen system
can reliably detect. Objects of this diameter or greater will be detected anywhere in the
sensing field. A smaller object can pass undetected through the light if it passes exactly
midway between two adjacent light beams. See also Specified Test Piece.
MPCE MONITOR CONTACTS: the normally open and normally closed contacts of a guarded
machines MPCEs which are connected in series with the power supply of the safety light
screen system. Any inconsistency of action between the two sets of monitor contacts will
remove power from the safety light screen system and cause a lockout condition.
MUTING: the automatic suspension of the safeguarding function of a safety device during a
non-hazardous portion of the machine cycle.
OSHA (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION): a U.S. Federal agency, Division of
the U.S. Department of Labor, that is responsible for the regulation of workplace safety.
OSHA regulations often follow ANSI standards, including mechanical power press
requirements (OSHA CFR 1910.217). These regulations become law when adopted by
OSHA, and must be followed in the U.S..

OSHA

OUTPUT SIGNAL SWITCHING DEVICE (OSSD): The component of the electro-sensitive protective
equipment (ESPE) connected to the control system of the machine which, when the sensing
device is actuated during normal operation, responds by going to the OFF-state.

OFF STATE: The state in which the output circuit is interrupted and does not permit the flow of
current.

ON STATE: The state in which the output circuit is complete and permits the flow of current.
OPTICAL ELEMENTS: The device(s) that are part of an optical circuit used for detecting the
presence of on individual or the opening of a guard.

PROTECTED HEIGHT: The distance between the center of the top beam and the center of the
bottom beam of a light grid.
PART-REVOLUTION CLUTCH: a type of clutch that may be engaged or disengaged during the machine cycle. Part-revolution clutched machines use a clutch/brake mechanism which can
arrest machine motion at any point in the stroke or cycle.
PASS-THROUGH HAZARD: A situation that may exist when personnel pass through a safeguard
(at which point the hazard stops or is removed), and then continue into the guarded area. At
this point the safeguard may not be able to prevent an unexpected start or restart of the
machine with personnel within the guarded area.

POINT OF OPERATION: the location of a machine where material or a workpiece is positioned

and a machine function is performed upon it.
POINT-OF-OPERATION GUARDING: machine guards, such as hard guards or safety light screens,
which are designed to protect personnel from hazardous machine motion when close to the
machines point of operation.

POSITIVE-OPENING SAFETY CONTACTS: contacts of safety switches which are forced open when
actuated, without reliance upon spring action, as per the requirements in IEC 60947-5-1,
Annex K.
Supplemental Information

POWER-UP/POWER-INTERRUPT LOCKOUT: a lockout condition of a safety light screen system that,

if Auto Power-up is OFF, occurs when the System is powered up (including upon powerup after a loss of power). Requires a key reset by a Designated Person.
PROTECTIVE EARTH: complies with the requirements of IEC 60947-1 for identification of the
protective earthing terminal.
PROTECTED HEIGHT: The distance between the center of the top beam and the center of the
bottom beam of a light grid.
PSDI (PRESENCE-SENSING DEVICE INITIATION): an application in which a presence-sensing
device is used to actually start the cycle of a machine. In a typical situation, an operator
manually positions a part in the machine for the operation. When the operator moves out of

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
the danger area, the presence-sensing device starts the machine (no start switch is used).
The machine cycle runs to completion, and the operator can then insert a new part and start
another cycle. The presence-sensing device continually guards the machine. Single-break
mode is used when the part is automatically ejected after the machine operation. Doublebreak mode is used when the part is both inserted (to begin the operation) and removed
(after the operation) by the operator. PSDI is defined in OSHA CFR 1910.217. Banner safety
light screen systems may not be used as PSDI devices on mechanical power presses, per
OSHA regulation 29 CFR 1910.217.

QUALIFIED PERSON: a person or persons who, by possession of a recognized degree or

certificate of professional training, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience,
has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve problems relating to the subject matter
and work.
RECEIVER: the light-receiving component of a safety light screen system, consisting of a row
of synchronized phototransistors. The receiver, together with the emitter (placed opposite),
creates a screen of light called the defined area.

RESET: The use of a manually operated switch to restore the OSSDs to the ON state from a
lockout or a latch condition.

SSI (SAFETY STOP INTERFACE): This interface provides a means to integrate external devices
to effect a stop command. It consists of two input channels (A & B), which are compatible
with devices that have two normally open hard contacts or relay outputs (four wire hookup).
SAFETY DISTANCE (TWO-HAND-CONTROL): the minimum distance from each control actuating
device of a two-hand control system to the hazard point such that the operator cannot reach
the hazard point with a hand or other body part before cessation of motion of the hazardous
portion of the machine cycle. See also separation distance.

SAFETY RELAY: an electromechanical relay with forced-guided contacts which allow the monitoring circuit of a safety device to check relay status. Also see forced-guided contacts.

SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH: a switch used on guard doors which is used to detect if the door
is opened while the machine is running, and uses a coded actuator to prevent intentional
defeat. Safety interlock switches use positive opening contacts, which ensure that the closed
switching contact is forced open when the guard is opened, without reliance upon spring
action.

SECONDARY SWITCHING DEVICE (SSD): A device which, in a lock-out condition, performs a

back-up safety function by going to the OFF-state and initiating an appropriate machine
control action, e.g., de-energizing the machine secondary control element (MSCE).
SELF-CHECKING (CIRCUITRY): a circuit with the capability to electronically verify that all of its
own critical circuit components, along with their redundant backups, are operating properly.
Banner safety light screen systems and safety modules are self-checking.

SEPARATION DISTANCE (SAFETY LIGHT SCREEN): the minimum distance from the midpoint of the
defined area to the nearest hazard point that is required to allow the hazardous motion to
come to a complete stop before a hand (or other object) can reach the nearest hazard point.
Factors which influence the minimum separation distance include the machine stop time,
the light screen system response time, and the light screen minimum object detection size.
Supplemental Information

SINGLE-STROKE PRESS: see Full-revolution devices.

SIMULTANEITY OF ACTUATION: Simultaneous operation of the two actuating devices of a twohand control system, where the time between the start of the two actuations is close to
zero. European standard prEN 574 requires simultaneity of the two actuations to be within
0.5 seconds.
Safety In
Electronics

396

SINGLE-CYCLE MACHINE: a machine which is limited by antirepeat control to one complete

work-performing cycle for each machine actuation, even if the actuator is continuously
operated.

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Supplemental Information
Glossary of Machine Safety Terms
SPECIFIED TEST PIECE: an opaque object of the minimum cross section required to place a
safety light screen system into a trip or latch condition when inserted into any part of the
defined area. Banner supplies specified test pieces with each controller. See also minimum
object sensitivity.

SUPPLEMENTAL GUARDING: additional electrosensitive safety device(s) and hard guarding measures, used for the purpose of preventing a person from reaching over, under, or around the
defined area of an installed safety light screen system and into the point of operation of the
guarded machine.
TEST PIECE: An opaque object of sufficient size used to block a light beam to test the
operation of the safety system.

TRIP CONDITION: the response of the Final Switching Device (FSD) relays of a safety light
screen system when an object equal to or greater than the diameter of the specified test
piece enters the defined area. In a trip condition, FSD1 and FSD2 simultaneously deenergize and open their contacts. A trip condition clears automatically when the object is removed from the defined area .
TWO-HAND-CONTROL DEVICE: a control device that requires concurrent use of both of the machine operators hands to initiate and continue a machine cycle. A two-hand-control device
protects only the hands of the machine operator, when used as a safeguarding device.
TUV (TECHNISCHER BERWACHUNGSVEREIN): independent testing and certification organization
providing EMC and Product Safety testing, certification, and quality management systems
registration.

UL (UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY): a third-party organization which tests a manufacturers

products for compliance with appropriate standards, electrical codes, and safety codes.
Compliance is indicated by their listing mark on the product.

UL MARK OF CANADA: identification of products listed by UL to Canadian requirements.

UL 1998 (UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY #1998 CERTIFICATION): complies with the requirements

of UL #1998 Second Edition; Standard for Safety for Software in Programmable Systems

USSI (UNIVERSAL SAFETY STOP INTERFACE): This interface provides a means to integrate
external devices to effect a stop command. It consists of two input channels (A & B), which
are compatible with Banner solid-state OSSD outputs with handshake verification (two wire
hookup), or with devices that have two normally open hard contacts or relay outputs (four
wire hookup).

Supplemental Information

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Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

TABLE 1. Unit Prefixes

Decimal
Equivalent

Exponential
Expression

Prefix

Symbol

1 000 000 000 000

tera

1012

1 000 000 000

giga

109

1 000 000

mega

106

kilo

103

100

hecto

102

10

deka

da

10

0.1

deci

10-1

0.01

centi

10-2

0.001

milli

10-3

0.000 001

micro

10-6

0.000 000 001

nano

10-9

0.000 000 000 001

pico

10-12

1 000

TABLE 2. Drill Sizes for Mounting Hardware

Thread Size

Clearance Drill

#50 (0.0700")

#42 (0.0935")

#4-40

#43 (0.890")

#31 (0.1200")

#6-32

#36 (0.1065")

#25 (0.1495")

#6-40

#33 (0.1130")

#25 (0.1495")

#8-32

#29 (0.1360")

#16 (0.1770")

#10-24

#25 (0.1495")

#7 (0.2010")

#10-32

#21 (0.1590")

#7 (0.2010")

1/4"-20

#7 (0.2010")

#H (0.2660")

5/16"-24

#I (0.2720")

#Q (0.3320")

3/8"-32

11/32" (0.3438")

#25/64 (0.3906")

7/16"-20

25/64" (0.3906")

#15/32 (0.4687")

1/2"-14 NPSM

23/32" (0.7188")

#55/64 (0.8594")

1/2"-32

15/32" (0.4688")

#17/32 (0.5312")

Thread Size

Tap Drill

M2.5 x 0.45

2.05 mm (0.0807")
or #46 (0.0810")

M3 x 0.5

2.50 mm (0.0984")
or #39 (0.0995")

M4 x 0.7

3.30 mm (0.1299")
or #29 (0.1360")

M6 x 0.75

5.00 mm (0.1969")
or #8 (0.1990")

M18 x 1

15.5 mm (0.6102")
or 39/64" (0.6094")

M30 x 1.5

26.5 mm (1.0433")
or 1-3/64" (1.0469")

Clearance Drill
2.9 mm (0.1142")
or #32 (0.1160")
3.4 mm (0.1339")
or #29 (0.1360")
4.5 mm (0.1772")
#15 (0.1800")
6.6 mm (0.2598")
or #G (0.2610")
20.0 mm (0.7874")
or 51/64" (0.7969")
33.0 mm (1.2992")
or 1-5/16" (1.3125")

Supplemental Information

Tap Drill

#2-56

398

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Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

TABLE 3. English-Metric Conversion

Inch
Fraction

Inch
Decimal

------1/64
--------1/32
------3/64
1/16
5/64
--3/32
7/64
--1/8
9/64
5/32
--11/64
3/16
--13/64
7/32
15/64
--1/4
17/64
---

Inch
Fraction

Millimeter

.0039
.0079
.0118
.0156
.0157
.0197
.0236
.0276
.0312
.0315
.0354
.0394
.0469
.0625
.0781
.0787
.0938
.1094
.1181
.1250
.1406
.1562
.1575
.1719
.1875
.1968
.2031
.2188
.2344
.2362
.2500
.2656
.2756

Inch
Decimal

9/32
19/64
5/16
--21/64
11/32
--23/64
3/8
25/64
--13/32
27/64
--7/16
29/64
15/32
--31/64
1/2
--33/64
17/32
35/64
--9/16
37/64
--19/32
39/64
5/8
--41/64

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.397
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.794
0.8
0.9
1
1.191
1.588
1.984
2
2.381
2.778
3
3.175
3.572
3.969
4
4.366
4.762
5
5.159
5.556
5.953
6
6.350
6.747
7

.2812
.2969
.3125
.3150
.3281
.3438
.3543
.3594
.375
.3906
.3937
.4062
.4219
.4331
.4375
.4531
.4688
.4724
.4844
.500
.5118
.5156
.5312
.5469
.5512
.5625
.5781
.5905
.5938
.6094
.625
.6299
.6406

Millimeter

Inch
Fraction

Inch
Decimal

7.144
7.541
7.938
8
8.334
8.731
9
9.128
9.525
9.922
10
10.319
10.716
11
11.112
11.509
11.906
12
12.303
12.700
13
13.097
13.494
13.891
14
14.288
14.684
15
15.081
15.478
15.875
16
16.272

21/32
--43/64
11/16
45/64
--23/32
47/64
--3/4
49/64
25/32
--51/64
13/16
--53/64
27/32
55/64
--7/8
57/64
--29/32
59/64
15/16
--61/64
31/32
--63/64
1
---

.6562
.6693
.6719
.6875
.7031
.7087
.7188
.7344
.7480
.750
.7656
.7812
.7874
.7969
.8125
.8268
.8281
.8438
.8594
.8661
.875
.8906
.9055
.9062
.9219
.9375
.9449
.9531
.9688
.9842
.9844
1.000
---

To convert millimeters to inches, multiply by 0.0394.

Millimeter
16.669
17
17.066
17.462
17.859
18
18.256
18.653
19
19.050
19.447
19.844
20
20.241
20.638
21
21.034
21.431
21.828
22
22.225
22.622
23
23.019
23.416
23.812
24
24.209
24.606
25
25.003
25.400
---

To convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.

TABLE 4. Length Conversion Factors

To:
From:

Inches

Feet

Yards

Meters

Kilometers

Miles
(imperial)

Angstrom
()

1.0

1.0x10-7

1.0x10-8

3.937x10-9

3.2808x10-10

1.0936x10-10

1.0x10-10

1.0x10-13

6.2137x10-14

millimeter
(mm)

1.0x107

1.0

0.1

0.0394

3.2808x10-3

1.0936x10-3

1.0x10-3

1.0x10-6

6.2137x10-7

centimeter
(cm)

1.0x108

10.0

1.0

0.3937

0.0328

0.0109

0.01

1.0x10-5

6.2137x10-6

inch
(in)

2.54x108

25.4

2.54

1.0

0.0833

0.0278

0.0254

2.54x10-5

1.5783x10-5

foot
(ft)

3.048x109

304.8

30.48

12.0

1.0

0.3333

0.3048

3.048x10-4

1.8939x10-4

yard
(yd)

9.144x109

914.4

91.44

36.0

3.0

1.0

0.9144

9.144x10-4

5.6818x10-4

meter
(m)

1.0x1010

1.0x103

100.0

39.3701

3.2808

1.0936

1.0

1.0x10-3

6.2137x10-4

kilometer
(km)

1.0x1013

1.0x106

1.0x105

3.937x104

3.2808x103

1.0936x103

1.0x103

1.0

0.6214

mile
(imperial)

1.6093x1013

1.6093x106

1.6093x105

6.336x104

5.280x103

1.760x103

1.6093x103

1.6093

1.0

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399

Supplemental Information

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Angstroms Millimeters Centimeters

Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

TABLE 5. Trigonometric Functions and Formulas

Degrees

sin

cos

tan

cot

sec

csc

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

0.0000
0.0174
0.0349
0.0523
0.0698
0.0872
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.1564
0.1736
0.1908
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419
0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.3090
0.3256
0.3420
0.3584
0.3746
0.3907
0.4067
0.4226
0.4384
0.4540
0.4695
0.4848
0.5000
0.5150
0.5299
0.5446
0.5592
0.5736
0.5878
0.6018
0.6157
0.6293
0.6428
0.6561
0.6691
0.6820
0.6947
0.7071

1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.9986
0.9976
0.9962
0.9945
0.9925
0.9903
0.9877
0.9848
0.9816
0.9781
0.9744
0.9703
0.9659
0.9613
0.9563
0.9511
0.9455
0.9397
0.9336
0.9272
0.9205
0.9135
0.9063
0.8988
0.8910
0.8829
0.8746
0.8660
0.8572
0.8580
0.8387
0.8290
0.8192
0.8090
0.7986
0.7880
0.7771
0.7660
0.7547
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193
0.7071

0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0699
0.0875
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
0.1584
0.1763
0.1944
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493
0.2679
0.2867
0.3057
0.3249
0.3443
0.3640
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
0.4452
0.4663
0.4877
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543
0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
0.6494
0.6745
0.7002
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
0.8098
0.8391
0.8693
0.9004
0.9325
0.9567
1.0000

57.290
28.636
19.081
14.301
11.430
9.5144
8.1443
7.1154
6.3138
5.6713
5.1446
4.7046
4.3315
4.0108
3.7320
3.4874
3.2708
3.0777
2.9042
2.7475
2.6051
2.4751
2.3558
2.2460
2.1445
2.0503
1.9626
1.8807
1.8040
1.7320
1.6643
1.6003
1.5399
1.4826
1.4281
1.3764
1.3270
1.2799
1.2349
1.1918
1.1504
1.1106
1.0724
1.0355
1.0000

1.0000
1.0002
1.0006
1.0014
1.0024
1.0038
1.0055
1.0075
1.0098
1.0125
1.0154
1.0187
1.0223
1.0263
1.0306
1.0353
1.0403
1.0457
1.0515
1.0576
1.0642
1.0711
1.0785
1.0864
1.0946
1.1034
1.1126
1.1223
1.1326
1.1434
1.1547
1.1666
1.1792
1.1924
1.2062
1.2208
1.2361
1.2521
1.2690
1.2868
1.3054
1.3250
1.3456
1.3673
1.3902
1.4142

57.299
28.654
19.107
14.336
11.474
9.5668
8.2055
7.1853
6.3924
5.7588
5.2408
4.8097
4.4454
4.1336
3.8637
3.6280
3.4203
3.2361
3.0715
2.9238
2.7904
2.6695
2.5593
2.4586
2.3662
2.2812
2.2027
2.1300
2.0627
2.0000
1.9416
1.8871
1.8361
1.7883
1.7434
1.7013
1.6616
1.6243
1.5890
1.5557
1.5242
1.4945
1.4663
1.4396
1.4142

90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45

Degrees

cos

sin

cot

tan

csc

sec

Degrees

Supplemental Information

Trigonometric Formulas for Distance or Angle Calculation

Relationships:

sin = Y/Z
cos = X/Z
tan = X/Y
csc = Z/Y = 1/sin
sec = Z/X = 1/cos
cot = X/Y = 1/tan

X
Given and X:
Given and Y:

400

Y = X tan Z = X sec
X = Y cot
Z = Y csc

Given and Z:
Given X and Y:

X = Z cos
Z = X2 + Y2

Y = Z sin
= arctan (Y/X)

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Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

TABLE 6. Temperature Conversion: C

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Fahrenheit

-62
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-29
-23
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.6

-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.1
21.7

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
77
82
88
93
100

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
212

NOTE: For temperatures not given in the

table, use the conversion
information at the right.

Water
Boiling
Point

Water
Freezing
Point

To Convert
Scales:

F
(Fahrenheit)

212F

32F

F = (C x 9/5) + 32

C
(Celsius or
Centigrade)

100C

0C

C = (F - 32) x 5/9

Temperature
Scale

Supplemental Information

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401

Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

TABLE 7. Copper Wire Information

Solid Wire Diameter
American Wire or
Brown and Sharpe Gage
AWG

Supplemental Information

0000
000
00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

Approximate
Stranded Wire Diameter1

Approximate
Resistance per 100 feet
(30 meters)2

Inches

Millimeters

Inches

Millimeters

Ohms

0.4601
0.4097
0.3648
0.3249
0.2893
0.2576
0.2294
0.2043
0.1819
0.1620
0.1443
0.1285
0.1144
0.1019
0.0907
0.0808
0.0720
0.0641
0.0571
0.0508
0.0453
0.0403
0.0359
0.0320
0.0285
0.0253
0.0226
0.0201
0.0179
0.0159
0.0142
0.0126
0.0113
0.0100
0.00892
0.00795
0.00708
0.00630
0.00561
0.00500
0.00445
0.00396
0.00353
0.00314
0.00280
0.00249
0.00222
0.00198
0.00176
0.00157

11,687
10.406
9.266
8.252
7.348
6.543
5.827
5.189
4.620
4.115
3.665
3.264
2.906
2.588
2.304
2.052
1.829
1.628
1.450
1.290
1.151
1.024
0.912
0.813
0.724
0.643
0.574
0.511
0.455
0.404
0.361
0.320
0.287
0.254
0.227
0.202
0.180
0.160
0.142
0.127
0.113
0.101
0.090
0.080
0.071
0.063
0.056
0.050
0.045
0.040

0.522
0.464
0.414
0.368
0.328
0.292

13.26
11.79
10.52
9.35
8.33
7.42

0.232

5.89

0.184

4.67

0.147

3.73

0.116

2.95

0.095

2.41

0.073

1.85

0.059

1.50

0.048

1.22

0.036

0.91

0.030

0.76

0.024

0.61

0.020
0.018
0.015

0.51
0.46
0.38

0.012

0.30

0.008

0.20

0.007

0.18

0.006

0.15

0.0050
0.0060
0.0080
0.010
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.32
0.40
0.50
0.64
0.80
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.2
4.1
5.2
6.5
8.2
10
13
16
20
26
33
42
52
66
83
105
130
170
210
270
330
420

Exact diameter is dependent upon the wire gage used for the strands. Diameter listed represents the most common
wire type for AWG.
2
Resistance values assume the resistivity of solid copper wire. Stranding and/or copper alloy increase the resistance
values.

402

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Supplemental Information
Data Reference Tables

Standard
NEMA
(IEC)*

Intended
Use

Accidental
bodily contact

Falling dirt

Dust, lint, fibers

(non-volatile)

Windblown dust

Falling liquid,
light splash

Hosedown and
heavy splash

Rain, snow,
and sleet

Ice buildup

Oil or coolant
seepage

Oil or coolant
spray and splash

Occasional
submersion

Prolonged
submersion

Corrosive
agents

TABLE 8. NEMA Enclosure Ratings for Nonhazardous Locations

NEMA 1
(IP10)

Indoor

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

NEMA 2
(IP11)

Indoor

Yes

Yes

...

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

NEMA 3
(IP54)

Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

NEMA 3S
(IP54)

Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

NEMA 4
(IP56)

Indoor or
Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

NEMA 4X
(IP56)

Indoor or
Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

NEMA 6
(IP67)

Indoor or
Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

Yes

...

...

NEMA 6P
(IP67)

Indoor or
Outdoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

NEMA 12
(IP52)

Indoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

Yes

...

...

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

NEMA 13
(IP54)

Indoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

Yes

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

*The IEC equivalents listed in this column are approximate: NEMA types meet or exceed the test requirements for the associated IEC classifications.

TABLE 9. IEC IP Enclosure Ratings for Nonhazardous Locations

1ST CHARACTERISTIC: Protection against contact and penetration of solid bodies

Numeral
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Short Description
Non-protected
Protected against solid objects greater than 50 mm
Protected against solid objects greater than 12 mm
Protected against solid objects greater than 2.5 mm
Protected against solid objects greater than 1.0 mm
Dust protected
Dust-tight
Supplemental Information

2ND CHARACTERISTIC: Protection against the penetration of liquids

Numeral
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Short Description
Non-protected
Protected against dripping water
Protected against dripping water when tilted up to 15
Protected against spraying water
Protected against splashing water
Protected against water jets
Protected against heavy seas
Protected against the effects of immersion
Protected against submersion

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