Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Contents:
What is referencing?
Plagiarism
Principles of citing
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Secondary referencing - for when you haven't read it yourself but you've read something about it
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RefWorks
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Books
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Radio broadcast
TV broadcast
News broadcast
Recording - from TV (satellite or terrestrial) or radio onto video, DVD or audiocassette
Feature film
Feature film (off-air)
Commercial or training film
Audiocassette
Music (e.g. CD)
Podcast
Video podcast
Images and original artworks
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Image in a book
Image on the web
Original artwork
Original artwork
SHU slide
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Conferences
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Conference paper
Electronic conference paper from a database
Electronic conference paper from a website
Whole conference
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Maps
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Map
Map with no author
Ordnance Survey map
Electronic map
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Personal communication
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Electronic communication
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Written communication
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Letter
Fax
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Presentations
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Lecture
Electronic lecture from Blackboard
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Webpages
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Standard
Electronic standard
Patent - electronic
Computer program (software)
Market Research Report - electronic
Wiki
Social network space
Blog
Discussion list
Company annual report - electronic
Company information from Fame
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What is referencing?
Referencing is an acknowledgement of the sources of the information, ideas, thoughts and data which you have used in your work.
Referencing requires you to acknowledge your source in two places:
in the main body of your text (citing)
in the bibliography or list of references at the end of your work
There are a number of systems of referencing. The one described here is called the Harvard System. You may be asked to use another
system, such as a numeric system. If this is the case, please refer to your course handbook or tutors for guidance.
You do not need to reference things which are considered common knowledge. Common knowledge refers to information or facts which
can be found in numerous places and which are generally known. For example, Henry VIII had 6 wives or George Best was a football
player. If you are unsure whether something is common knowledge, check with your tutor.
If information is confidential (e.g. medical records) you must obtain permission from those who might be affected by its publication before
using the information. It is also good practice (and polite) to ask for permission from the sender before repeating information from personal
communications (letters, emails, text messages, etc.).
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is cheating by presenting someone else's work as your own. Further information on plagiarism and academic integrity can be
found in An Introduction to Academic Integrity for Sheffield Hallam University Students.
You will be expected to use your own ideas and words in your work. Don't repeat or copy and paste information from the internet (or any
other source) into your work without referencing it. This is plagiarism. You can quote (repeat word for word) a limited amount of someone
else's work, as long as you present it in quotation marks, acknowledge the source in your text and reference it properly. You also need to
reference properly if you are paraphrasing or summarising someone else's work.
Principles of citing
Citing is referring to someone elses work or ideas in the text of your work. It is often called in-text citing:
Each citation should include the authors last name(s) (family name) and the year of the work in brackets:
In a recent report (Phillips 2006) the...
If the authors name occurs naturally in a sentence, the author's name does not need to be in brackets:
Phillips (2006) describes...
Both of these ways of citing are correct. Below are some more examples of citing.
Citing items with one author
Include the authors last name and the year:
(Phillips 2006)
or
or
or
or
You do not need to indicate that they are editors in your citation, but you do need to do this in the full reference in your bibliography /
reference list.
Citing organisation, company or government authors
If an item is written by an organisation, company or government body, use their name and the year in your citation and to list the item under
in your bibliography / reference list:
(British Airways 2003)
or
Quoting
If you are quoting text, enclose the quote in quotation marks and include the page number from the original source in the citation with the
author's name(s) and year.
"............." (Wood 2004, p126)
or
Sometimes you may be asked, in your course handbook or by your tutors, to indent substantial quotes.
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or
or
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Secondary referencing - for when you haven't read it yourself but you've read something about it
For example, in the book "Housing policy: an introduction" written by Paul Balchin and Maureen Rhoden, a theory by Chris Hamnett is
discussed and referred to. If you wanted to use Hamnett's theory in your work, it would be best to go to the original work by Hamnett and
read it yourself. This enables you to check that the information is correct, represented accurately and that you have the full details.
Where this is not possible, you must not reference the original source by Hamnett as you haven't used it. Instead, reference the book by
Balchin and Rhoden. This is secondary referencing.
For example in your text:
According to Balchin and Rhoden (2002) Hamnett has a theory that...
And in your bibliography / reference list:
BALCHIN, Paul and RHODEN, Maureen (2002). Housing policy: an introduction. 4th ed., London, Routledge
RefWorks
RefWorks is a web-based bibliography and database manager, which can be used to create a database of references and to produce a
bibliography from these in a format of your choice, e.g. Harvard. To find out more, look at the LITS RefWorks web page. For help with
RefWorks, ask at a LITS Information or Help Desk, email learning.centre@shu.ac.uk or ask your tutor to arrange a RefWorks session for
you with LITS staff.
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Example of reference
Books
Author, year, title, edition (if not PHILLIPS, David (2006). Quality of life: concept, policy
and practice. London, Routledge.
the first), place of publication,
publisher
Both authors, year, title, edition KIMBALL, Ralph and ROSS, Margy (2002). The data
warehouse toolkit: the complete guide to dimensional
(if not the first), place of
modeling. 2nd ed., New York, Wiley.
publication, publisher
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Type of material
Example of reference
Book with a
single editor
(Ackerley 2003)
Book with an
organisation,
company or
government
author
(International Valuation
Standards Committee
2005)
Books with no
identifiable
authors or
editors
(Building maintenance:
strategy, planning and
procurement 2000)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Anonymous
books
(Anon. 2005)
Electronic book
from a database
(Lee 1993)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Book chapter
Chapter in an
electronic book
Part of an
anthology
Part of an
encyclopedia
(Uebersax 1992)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Part of an
electronic
encyclopedia
Book with an
introduction /
forward
Introduction /
forward to a
book
Translated book
Dictionary
Dictionary with
no authors or
editors
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Type of material
Example of reference
Annual
publication
Reprint
(Sedding 1893)
Electronic
reprint
Facsimile
Part of a series
(Baginsky 2000)
(Lovejoy 2000)
Table of Contents
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Type of material
Example of reference
Journals,
Magazines &
Newspapers
(Serials)
Usually you will be referencing an article in one of these publications, so the first part of the reference should be to the
article. The information you need about the article (author(s), title, pages) will usually be on the article.
You will also need to know the details of the publication - full journal/magazine title, year, volume and issue or dates.
This can usually be found on the cover or inside of the cover of the journal/magazine. If you only have an abbreviation of
the publication title, there are some journal abbreviation sources which will help you find the full title. Prints and
photocopies of articles may not include all the publication details. It is a good idea to write these on when you print or
photocopy articles to ensure you will be able to reference the articles correctly later.
Journal /
magazine
articles
(Nordenberg 2000)
In an article by Davis
(2004) it is...
(Brown 2004)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Electronic
journal /
magazine
articles
(Reitzig 2004)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Electronic
journal /
magazine article
abstract
(Metzger 2000)
Electronic
Journal /
magazine
articles in press
Sometimes articles are made available on information databases and web sites before they are officially "published" in a
journal or magazine and may be called preprints, in press or corrected proofs. If you use an article in press, you will
need to indicate this, as it might be different from the final published version.
You will probably be unable to find out the volume, issue or pages on which it will be published, so these can be omitted.
In press article
from a database
In press article
from web site
Whole journal /
magazine issue
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Type of material
Example of reference
Newspaper
article
(Allen 2006)
Newspaper
article with no
author
Newspaper
article on
microfilm
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Type of material
Example of reference
Electronic
newspaper
article
(Derbyshire 2006)
Electronic
newspaper
article with no
identifiable page
numbers
(Toibin 2006)
Annual
publication
treated as a
serial
Broadcast
and Prerecorded
Media
It may sometimes be hard to find all the information listed as required. In such cases put as much information as you
have.
Radio broadcast
TV broadcast
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Type of material
Example of reference
News broadcast
Recording from TV
(satellite or
terrestrial) or
radio onto
video, DVD or
audiocassette
Feature film
About a boy (2002). [DVD off-air]. Directed by Chris Weitz (About a boy 2004)
and Paul Weitz. ITV. November 10th, 2004.
Commercial or
training film
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Type of material
Example of reference
Podcast
Video podcast
Table of Contents
Images and
original
artworks
See the section on citing diagrams, images and pictures for advice on how to include these in your work. If the exact
year is uncertain, include the word circa before the year.
Image in a book
Image on the
web
Original artwork
If medium is
unknown:
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Type of material
Example of reference
Original artwork
If the medium
and size is
known:
If you refer to more than one version of an artwork in your work, follow the practice for citing more than one item by the same author
SHU slide
(Kelly 1973)
Table of Contents
Conferences
Conference
paper
Electronic
conference
paper from a
database
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Type of material
Example of reference
Electronic
conference
paper from a
website
Whole
conference
Table of Contents
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Type of material
Example of reference
House of Lords
Paper
Hansard - more
than one
column
Hansard written
statement
Hansard debate in
Westminster
Hall
Hansard on the
internet
"Scotland is getting
additional resources..."
(HC Deb 2004-05, c127)
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Type of material
Example of reference
Bill (House of
Commons or
House of Lords)
Act of
Parliament (post
1963)
Statutory
Instrument
UK Government
Departmental
publication
European
publication
(European Commission
2002)
(Council of European
Communities 1975)
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Type of material
Example of reference
International
organisation
publication
Name of organisation or
institution, year, title, place of
publication, publisher.
Table of Contents
Maps
Maps, particularly online maps can be difficult to reference. If there is no title, provide a description of the map instead.
Map
(Automobile Association
Developments Limited
2003)
Map with no
author
Ordnance
Survey map
Electronic map
(EDINA 2005)
Table of Contents
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Type of material
Dissertations
and theses
Reference a thesis in a similar way to a book, but include the level of thesis or degree statement and the name of the
awarding institution. The department / school / faculty of the institution may also be included.
Example of reference
Research by Bailey
(2004)...
Undergraduate
dissertations
(BA, BSc, etc.)
Thesis online
..(Campion 1996)...
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Type of material
Example of reference
Thesis on
microfiche /
microfilm
Any information received in person from an individual (and otherwise unpublished) should be acknowledged as such, by
including pers. comm. or Personal communication in your citation and reference. You must also obtain the individual's
permission before citing them. Personal communications are often unrecorded, which makes the information very difficult
to verify. Therefore, it is not usually appropriate to include a reference to personal communication in your bibliography.
Unless your work is mainly based on such communication, a citation in the text is normally sufficient.
Electronic communication
Email (example
without a
reference in a
bibliography)
not applicable
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Type of material
Example of reference
SMS text
message
Private
telephone
conversation
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Type of material
Example of reference
not applicable
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Type of material
Example of reference
Written communication
Letter
Fax
Presentations
Lecture
According to Nigella
Lawson (2004)...
Electronic
lecture from
Blackboard
Table of Contents
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Type of material
Webpages
A web page can be a particular type of material, e.g. an electronic journal article, electronic image, part of a wiki or blog,
etc. Information on how to reference these types of web page can be found elsewhere in this guide. The examples in
this section only cover general webpages. You should reference the individual page or pages on a website which you
have used. See also the principles of referencing electronic sources section.
Example of reference
In a white paper by
THINKstrategies (2005)
there is...
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Type of material
Example of reference
(Sheffield Botanical
Gardens 2005)
Table of Contents
Other
Resources
Standard
Organisation, year of
publication, number and title
of the standard, place of
publication, publisher
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Type of material
Electronic
standard
Patent electronic
(you are unlikely
to find printed
patents)
Computer
program
(software)
Example of reference
(British Standards
Institution 1991)
(Macromedia 2005)
(Microsoft 2003)
Organisation , year of
publication, number and title
of the standard, place of
publication, publisher,
Information Database (if
applicable), last accessed
date, at: URL
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Type of material
Market
Research
Report electronic
(you are unlikely
to find printed
reports in the
learning centre)
Example of reference
(Mintel 2005)
Page (2006)
Cobweb Information
(2006)
Wiki
Social network
space
Blog
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Type of material
Example of reference
Discussion list
(Smith 2006)
Company
annual report electronic
Company
information
from Fame
Table of Contents
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