EE247

Administrative
Final exam group has been changed to group 3
Final exam new date/time

Dec. 13th, 5pm to 8pm

Homework #1 has been posted on course website

and is due Sept 11th (next Thurs.)
Submissions can be on paper or via email
Paper submission in class or during same day office
hours
Please show your derivations and explain your work

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 1

EE247
Lecture 3
Active Filters
Active biquads
Sallen- Key & Tow-Thomas
Integrator-based filters
Signal flowgraph concept
First order integrator-based filter
Second order integrator-based filter & biquads

High order & high Q filters

Cascaded biquads & first order filters
Cascaded biquad sensitivity to component mismatch

Ladder type filters

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 2

Filters
2nd Order Transfer Functions (Biquads)
Biquadratic (2nd order) transfer function:
1

H( s ) =
1+

H( j ) =

s2

PQP P2

H ( j ) =0 = 1

H ( j ) = 0

2 2
1 2 +
PQP

Bi quad pole s @: s =
Note : for QP 1
2

H ( j ) = = QP
P

P
2
1 1 4QP

2QP

pole s are re al, c o mplex othe rwise

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 3

s-Plane
QP >

1
2

s=

Complex conjugate poles:

P
2

1 j 4QP 1
2QP

arccos

j
poles

1
2QP

radius = P
real part = -

EECS 247

P
2Q P

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 4

Implementation of Biquads
Passive RC: only real poles
poles

cant implement complex conjugate

Terminated LC
Low power, since it is passive
Only fundamental noise sources
load and source resistance
As previously analyzed, not feasible in the monolithic form for f
<a few 100s of MHz
Active Biquads
Many topologies can be found in filter textbooks!
Widely used topologies:
Single-opamp biquad: Sallen-Key
Multi-opamp biquad: Tow-Thomas
Integrator based biquads
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 5

Active Biquad
Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

R1
Vin

R2

C2

1+

G
Vout

P =
QP =

H ( s) =

C1

s
s2
+
PQP P2

1
R1C1R2C2

1
1
1 G
+
+
R1C1 R2C1 R2C2
Single gain element
Can be implemented both in discrete & monolithic form
Parasitic sensitive
Versions for LPF, HPF, BP,
Advantage: Only one opamp used to obtain 2poles
Disadvantage: Sensitive to parasitic all pole no zeros

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 6

Addition of Imaginary Axis Zeros

Sharpen transition band

Can notch out interference
High-pass filter (HPF)
Band-reject filter

s
1+

H( s ) = K
1+

s
+

PQP P
s

H( j ) 0 = K

H( j ) = K P

Z

Note: Always represent transfer functions as a product of a gain term,

poles, and zeros (pairs if complex). Then all coefficients have a
physical meaning, and readily identifiable units.

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 7

Imaginary Zeros
f P = 100kHz

Zeros substantially sharpen transition band

At the expense of reduced stop-band attenuation at
high frequency

QP = 2
fZ = 3 fP

6
x 10
2

Pole-Zero Map

1.5

With zeros
No zeros

Imag Axis

Magnitude [dB]

10

0.5

-10
-20

-0.5

-30

-1

-40
-50
4
10

EECS 247

-1.5
5
10

6
10

Frequency [Hz]

7
10

-2

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

Real Axis
Lecture 3: Filters

1.5

2
6
x 10

2008 H.K. Page 8

Moving the Zeros

f P = 100kHz
QP = 2
fZ = fP

5
x10

Band reject filter

6
4
Imag Axis

20

Magnitude [dB]

Pole-Zero Map

10
0
-10

2
0

-2

-20

-4

-30

-6

-40
-50 4
10

105

106

Frequency [Hz]

EECS 247

107

Lecture 3: Filters

-6

-4

-2

Real Axis

6
5
x10

2008 H.K. Page 9

Tow-Thomas Active Biquad

Parasitic insensitive
Multiple outputs

Ref:

P. E. Fleischer and J. Tow, Design Formulas for biquad active filters using three
operational amplifiers, Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 662-3, May 1973.

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 10

Frequency Response
(b a b )s + (b2a0 b0 )
Vo1
= k2 2 1 2 1
Vin
s + a1s + a0
Vo 2 b2 s 2 + b1s + b0
= 2
Vin
s + a1s + a0

Vo 3
1 (b0 b2a0 )s + (a1b0 a0b1 )
=
Vin
s 2 + a1s + a0
k1 a0

Vo2 implements a general biquad section with arbitrary poles and zeros

Vo1 and Vo3 realize the same poles but are limited to at most one finite zero
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 11

Component Values
given ai , bi , ki , C1, C2 and R8 for example from the desired poles / zeros
b0 =

R8
R3 R5 R7C1C2

b1 =

1 R8 R1R8

R1C1 R6 R4 R7

R
b2 = 8
R6

R1 =
R2 =

1
a1C1
k1
a0 C2

R3 =

1
k1k2

1
a0 C1

a0 =

R8
R2 R3 R7C1C2

R4 =

a1 =

1
R1C1

1
1
1
k2 a1b2 b1 C1

R5 =

k1 a0
b0C2

R6 =

R8
b2

k1 =
k2 =

R2 R8C2
R3 R7C1
R7
R8

EECS 247

it follows that
P =

R8
R2 R3 R7C1C2

QP = P R1C1

R7 = k2 R8

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 12

Higher-Order Filters in the Integrated Form

One way of building higher-order filters (n>2) is via cascade of 2nd
order biquads, e.g. Sallen-Key,or Tow-Thomas
2nd order
Filter

2nd order
Filter

2nd order
Filter

Nx 2nd order sections

Filter order: n=2N

Cascade of 2nd order biquads:

Easy to implement
Highly sensitive to component mismatch -good for low Q filters
only

Good alternative: Integrator-based ladder type filters

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 13

Integrator Based Filters

Main building block for this category of filters
Integrator
By using signal flowgraph techniques
Conventional RLC filter topologies can be
converted to integrator based type filters
Next few pages:

EECS 247

Introduction to signal flowgraph techniques

1st order integrator based filter
2nd order integrator based filter
High order and high Q filters
Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 14

What is a Signal Flowgraph (SFG)?

SFG
Topological network representation
consisting of nodes & branches- used to convert one
form of network to a more suitable form (e.g. passive
RLC filters to integrator based filters)
Any network described by a set of linear differential
equations can be expressed in SFG form
For a given network, many different SFGs exists
Choice of a particular SFG is based on practical
considerations such as type of available components
*Ref: W.Heinlein & W. Holmes, Active Filters for Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, Chap. 8, 1974.
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 15

What is a Signal Flowgraph (SFG)?

Signal flowgraph technique consist of nodes & branches:
Nodes represent variables (V & I in our case)
Branches represent transfer functions (we will call the
transfer function branch multiplication factor or BMF)
To convert a network to its SFG form, KCL & KVL is used to
derive state space description
Simple example:
Circuit

I in

EECS 247

State-space description

Vo
Z

Iin Z = Vo

Lecture 3: Filters

SFG

I in

Vo
Z

2008 H.K. Page 16

Signal Flowgraph (SFG)

Examples
Circuit

State-space description
Vo

I in

Io

Vin

Vo

I in

I in

Iin R = Vo

Vin

SFG

Iin

EECS 247

1
SL

1
SC

Vo
R

Vin

= Io

Io
SL

Vo

I in

= Vo

Lecture 3: Filters

SC

2008 H.K. Page 17

Useful Signal Flowgraph (SFG) Rules

Two parallel branches can be replaced by a single branch with overall BMF equal to
sum of two BMFs

b
V1

a+b

V1

V2

a.V1+b.V1=V2

V2

(a+b).V1=V2

A node with only one incoming branch & one outgoing branch can be eliminated &
replaced by a single branch with BMF equal to the product of the two BMFs
V1

V3 b

V2

a.V1=V3 (1)
b.V3=V2 (2)
Substituting for V3 from (1) in (2)

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

V1

a.b

V2

(a.b).V1=V2
2008 H.K. Page 18

Useful Signal Flowgraph (SFG) Rules

An intermediate node can be multiplied by a factor (k). BMFs for incoming
branches have to be multiplied by k and outgoing branches divided by k

V1

V2

k.a

V1

V3

b/k

V2

k .V3

a.V1=V3
b.V3=V2

(1)
(2)

Multiply both sides of (1) by k

(a.k) . V1= k.V3
(1)
Divide & multiply left side of (2) by k
(b/k) . k.V3 = V2
(2)
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 19

Useful Signal Flowgraph (SFG) Rules

Simplifications can often be achieved by shifting or eliminating nodes
Example: eliminating node V4

V4
-1
Vi

c
a

V2

-b
d

Vo

V3

Vi

-b

c
V2

Vo

d
a

V3

A self-loop branch with BMF y can be eliminated by multiplying the BMF

of incoming branches by 1/(1-y)

b
Vi

-b

EECS 247

V2

g
a

V3

Vo

Vi

Lecture 3: Filters

g Vo

h
V2

a/(1+b)

V3
2008 H.K. Page 20

Integrator Based Filters

1st Order LPF
Conversion of simple lowpass RC filter to integratorbased type by using signal flowgraph techniques
Vo
Rs

Vo
1
=
Vin
1+ s R C

Vin

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 21

What is an Integrator?
Example: Single-Ended Opamp-RC Integrator

Vin

Vo

Vin

Vo

= RC
Vo = Vin

1
sRC

, Vo =

1
RC

in dt

Note: Practical integrator in CMOS technology has input & output both in the
form of voltage and not current Consideration for SFG derivation
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 22

Integrator Based Filters

1st Order LPF
1. Start from circuit prototypeName voltages & currents for all components

+ V1

Vo

Rs I 1

C
I2

Vin

VC

2. Use KCL & KVL to derive state space description in such a way to have
BMFs in the integrator form:
Capacitor voltage expressed as function of its current VCap.=f(ICap.)
Inductor current as a function of its voltage IInd.=f(VInd.)
3. Use state space description to draw signal flowgraph (SFG) (see next
page)

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 23

Integrator Based Filters

First Order LPF
V1 = Vin VC
1
VC = I2
sC
Vo = VC
1
I1 = V1
Rs
I2 = I1

Inte

gra
tor
form

All voltages & currents

Vo

Rs I 1
C
I2

Vin

+
VC

SFG
Vin

1 V1

Lecture 3: Filters

I1

VC 1 Vo

1
Rs

nodes of SFG

Voltage nodes on top, corresponding

current nodes below each voltage node
EECS 247

+ V1

sC
1

I2

2008 H.K. Page 24

Normalize

Since integrators are the main building blocks

in the form of voltage (not current)

require in & out signals

Convert all currents to voltages by multiplying current nodes by a

scaling resistance R*
Corresponding BMFs should then be scaled accordingly
V1 = Vi n Vo
V
I1 = 1
Rs

V1 = Vin Vo

I2

I R*
Vo = 2
s C R*

Vo =

I1R* =

sC

V1 = Vin Vo

R*
V1
Rs

I x R* = Vx'

Vo =

EECS 247

R*
V1
Rs
V2'

s C R*

V2' = V1'

I 2 R* = I1R*

I2 = I1

V1' =

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 25

1st Order Lowpass Filter SGF

Normalize

Vin

1 V1 1
1
Rs
I1 1

Vo

Vin 1 V1 1

1
sC
I2

Vin 1 V1 1

R*
Rs

I1 R

Vo

R*

I2 R

R*
Rs

sC R*
V1'

Vo

sC R*
1

V2'

R*

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 26

1st Order Lowpass Filter SGF

Synthesis
Vin 1 V1

R
Rs

V1'

Vin 1 V1

Vo

Choosing

sC R*

R* = R s

Vo

1
V1'

V2'

V2'

Consolidate two branches

Vin

R* = Rs ,

1 V1

Vo

= R* C

V2'
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 27

First Order Integrator Based Filter

Vin

1 V1

Vo

Vo

1
1

s
V2'

H (s) =

Vin

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 28

1st Order Filter

Built with Opamp-RC Integrator

Single-ended Opamp-RC integrator has a sign inversion from input to

output
Convert SFG accordingly by modifying BMF

Vo

Vo

Vo

+
-

Vin

Vin

'

Vin = Vin

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 29

1st Order Filter

Built with Opamp-RC Integrator

To avoid requiring an additional opamp to perform summation at the

input node:

Vo

Vo

- -

Vin'

Vin' = Vin

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 30

1st Order Filter

Built with Opamp-RC Integrator (continued)

- -

Vo

'

Vin'

Vin

Vo

Vo =
1
'
1+ sRC
Vin
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 31

Opamp-RC 1st Order Filter

Noise
C
Identify noise sources (here it is resistors & opamp)
Find transfer function from each noise source
to the output (opamp noise next page)
k
vo2 = 0 H m( f ) 2 Sm( f ) d f
m =1

th

Si ( f ) No i se sp ect r al den si t y o f m
1
H1( f ) 2 = H 2( f ) 2 =
1 + ( 2 f RC )2

no i se so u rce

2
vn2
R

2
vn1
R

Vo

2
2
vn1
= vn2
= 4K TR f

vo2 = 2

=2

EECS 247

kT
C

Typically, increases as filter order increases

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 32

Opamp-RC Filter Noise

Opamp Contribution
So far only the fundamental noise
sources are considered

2 C
vn2

In reality, noise associated with the

opamp increases the overall noise

2
vn1

For a well-designed filter opamp is

designed such that noise contribution
of opamp is negligible compared to
other noise sources

2
R vop
amp

Vo

The bandwidth of the opamp affects

the opamp noise contribution to the
total noise
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 33

Integrator Based Filter

2nd Order RLC Filter
State space description:

I in

VR = VL =VC = Vo
I
VC = C
sC
V
IR = R
R
IL =

Vo
+
+
+
VR R VL L VC C
- IR - I - IC
L
SFG

Integrator form

sL

VC

1
R

IC = Iin I R I L

VR

VL

IR

Draw signal flowgraph (SFG)

1
1

sC

sL

IC 1

VL

IL

Iin
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 34

2nd Order RLC Filter SGF

Normalize
Convert currents to voltages by multiplying all current nodes by the scaling
resistance R*
VC

VR

1
R
IR

1
1

sC

sL

IC 1

V1

VL

V2

V1'

Vo

R*
R

IxR* =Vx'

IL

R*

sC R*

V2'

sL

V3'

Vin

Iin

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 35

2nd Order RLC Filter SGF

Synthesis
Vo

V1

V2

Vo

R*
R

V1'

sC R*

R* R

R*

s 2

sL

- -

1 V3'

s1 1

Vin
Vin

1 = R* C 2 = L
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

R*

2008 H.K. Page 36

Second Order Integrator Based Filter

VBP

Filter Magnitude Response

0

Magnitude (dB)

-5

s 2

s1 1

R* R

VH P

- -

-10

VLP

Vin

-15

-20
0.1

10

Normalized Frequency [Hz]

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 37

Second Order Integrator Based Filter

VB P
2s
=
Vin s2 + s + 1
1 2
2
VLP
1
=
Vin s2 + s + 1
1 2
2

VH P
1 2s2
=
Vin s2 + s + 1
1 2
2

1 = R* C 2 = L
= R*

0 = 1

1 2 = 1

Q = 1 1

VBP

R* R

s 2

s1 1
VH P

R*

- -

LC

VLP

Vin

From matc hi ng point o f v iew d esirable :

1 = 2 Q = R
EECS 247

R*
Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 38

Second Order Bandpass Filter Noise

VBP

k
vo2 = 0 H m( f ) 2 Sm( f ) df

2
vn1

m=1

Find transfer function of each noise

source to the output
Integrate contribution of all noise
sources
Here it is assumed that opamps are
noise free (not usually the case!)

s1 1

R* R

2
vn2

2
2
vn1
= vn2
= 4KTRd f

vo2 =

2Q

s 2

Vin

kT
C

Typically, increases as filter order increases

Note the noise power is directly proportion to Q

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 39

Second Order Integrator Based Filter

Biquad
Vo

By combining outputs can generate

general biquad function:

a2

a1

a3

V0 a1 1 2s + a2 2s + a3
=
Vin
s2 + s + 1
1 2

VBP

s 2

s1 1

R* R

s-plane

VH P

Vin
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

VLP

2008 H.K. Page 40

Summary
Integrator Based Monolithic Filters
Signal flowgraph techniques utilized to convert RLC networks to
integrator based active filters
Each reactive element (L& C) replaced by an integrator
Fundamental noise limitation determined by integrating capacitor
value:
For lowpass filter:

vo2 =

Bandpass filter:

vo2 =

kT
C

QkT
C

where is a function of filter order and topology

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 41

Higher Order Filters

How do we build higher order filters?
Cascade of biquads and 1st order sections
Each complex conjugate pole built with a biquad and real pole
with 1st order section
Easy to implement
In the case of high order high Q filters highly sensitive to
component mismatch

Direct conversion of high order ladder type RLC filters

SFG techniques used to perform exact conversion of ladder type
filters to integrator based filters
More complicated conversion process
Much less sensitive to component mismatch compared to cascade
of biquads
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 42

Higher Order Filters

Cascade of Biquads
Example: LPF filter for CDMA cell phone baseband receiver
LPF with
fpass = 650 kHz
Rpass = 0.2 dB
fstop = 750 kHz
Rstop = 45 dB
Assumption: Can compensate for phase distortion in the digital domain

Matlab used to find minimum order required

Filter
Implementation with cascaded Biquads

7th order Elliptic

Goal: Maximize dynamic range

Pair poles and zeros
In the cascade chain place lowest Q poles first and progress to higher Q
poles moving towards the output node

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 43

Bode Diagram
0

Magnitude (dB)

0
-20

Mag. (dB)

Overall Filter Frequency Response

-0.2

-40
-60
-80

Phase (deg)

0
-180
-360
-540
300kHz

3MHz

1MHz
Frequency [Hz]

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 44

Pole-Zero Map (pzmap in Matlab)

Pole-Zero Map

Qpole

Imag Axis X107

s-Plane
0.5

fpole [kHz]

16.7902

659.496

3.6590
1.1026

611.744
473.643
319.568

fzero [kHz]

-0.5

1297.5
836.6
744.0

-1
-2

-1.5

-1
-0.5
Real Axis x107

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 45

CDMA Filter
Built with Cascade of 1st and 2nd Order Sections

1st order
Filter

Biquad2

Biquad3

Biquad4

1st order filter implements the single real pole

Each biquad implements a pair of complex conjugate poles and a
pair of imaginary axis zeros

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 46

Biquad Response
1

-20

-20

0.5

LPF1

-40
4

10

Biquad 2

-40
6

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

-0.5

-20

-20

-40

-0.5

-40

Biquad 3
4

10

10

EECS 247

10

Biquad 4
4

10

10

10

Lecture 3: Filters

10

10

2008 H.K. Page 47

Individual Biquad Magnitude Response

1
10

Magnitude (dB)

0.5

-0.5

0
-10
-20

LPF1
Biquad 2
Biquad 3
Biquad 4

-30
-40

-0.5

-50 4
10

10

10

10

Frequency [Hz]

EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 48

Intermediate Outputs
LPF1 +Biquad 2
0

Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

LPF1
-20
-40
-60

-20
-40
-60
-80

-80

Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

-20
-40
-60
6

10

100kHz 1MHz

Biquads 1, 2, 3, & 4

-20
-40
-60
-80
10kHz
4

10MHz

Frequency [Hz]
EECS 247

LPF1 +Biquads 2,3,4

LPF1 +Biquads 2,3

0

-80
10kHz

10

100kHz 1MHz

10MHz

Frequency [Hz]
Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 49

Sensitivity to Relative Component Mismatch

Component variation in Biquad 4 relative to the rest
(highest Q poles):
2.2dB

Increase p4 by 1%
Decrease z4 by 1%

Magnitude (dB)

0
-10

3dB

-20
-30
-40
-50
200kHz

EECS 247

600kHz
Frequency [Hz]

1MHz

Lecture 3: Filters

High Q poles
High sensitivity
in Biquad realizations
2008 H.K. Page 50

High Q & High Order Filters

Cascade of biquads
Highly sensitive to component mismatch
not suitable
for implementation of high Q & high order filters
Cascade of biquads only used in cases where required
Q for all biquads <4 (e.g. filters for disk drives)

Ladder type filters more appropriate for high Q & high

order filters (next topic)
Will show later

EECS 247

Less sensitive to component mismatch

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 51

Ladder Type Filters

For simplicity, will start with all pole (no finite zero)
ladder type filters
Start with LC ladder type and find values for Ls & Cs
Convert to integrator based form example shown

Next will attend to high order ladder type filters

incorporating zeros
Implement the same 7th order elliptic filter in the form of
ladder RLC with zeros
Find level of sensitivity to component mismatch
Compare with cascade of biquads

Convert to integrator based form utilizing SFG techniques

Effect of integrator non-Idealities on filter
frequency characteristics
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 52

LC Ladder Filters
Rs

Vin

Vo

L4

L2
C1

C5

C3

RL

Made of resistors, inductors, and capacitors

Doubly terminated or singly terminated (with or w/o RL)
Doubly terminated LC ladder filters
component mismatch
EECS 247

Lowest sensitivity to

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 53

LC Ladder Filters
Vin

Vo

L4

L2

Rs
C1

C3

First step in the design process

C5

RL

find values for Ls & Cs

Filter tables
A. Zverev, Handbook of filter synthesis, Wiley, 1967.
A. B. Williams and F. J. Taylor, Electronic filter design, 3rd edition, McGrawHill, 1995.

CAD tools
Matlab
Spice
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 54

LC Ladder Filter Design Example

Design a LPF with maximally flat passband:

f-3dB = 10MHz, fstop = 20MHz

Butterworth

fstop / f-3dB = 2
Rs >27dB

-3dB

-30dB
1

Minimum Filter Order

F5th order Butterworth
EECS 247

Stopband Attenuation

Find minimum filter order

:
Here standard graphs
from filter books are
used

Passband Attenuation

Rs >27dB @ fstop
Maximally flat passband

rmalized
From: Williams and Taylor, p. 2-37
Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 55

LC Ladder Filter Design Example

Find values for L & C from Table:
Note L &C values normalized to

-3dB =1
Denormalization:
Multiply all LNorm, CNorm by:
Lr = R/ -3dB
Cr = 1/(RX -3dB )
R is the value of the source and
termination resistor
(choose both 1 for now)
Then: L= Lr xLNorm
C= Cr xCNorm
EECS 247

From: Williams and Taylor, p. 11.3

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 56

LC Ladder Filter Design Example

Find values for L & C from Table:
Normalized values:
C1Norm =C5Norm =0.618
C3Norm = 2.0
L2Norm = L4Norm =1.618

Denormalization:
Since -3dB =2x10MHz
R =1
Lr = R/-3dB = 15.9 nH
Cr = 1/(RX-3dB )= 15.9 nF

FC1=C5=9.836nF, C3=31.83nF
FL2=L4=25.75nH
EECS 247

From: Williams and Taylor, p. 11.3

Lecture 3: Filters

2008 H.K. Page 57

Magnitude Response Simulation

L4=25.75nH

L2=25.75nH

Vo

Rs=1Ohm

Vin

C3
31.83nF

C1
9.836nF

SPICE simulation Results

Magnitude (dB)

0
-5
-10

-6 dB passband attenuation
due to double termination

RL=1Ohm

C5
9.836nF

-20

30dB

-30
-40
-50
0

10

20

Frequency [MHz]
EECS 247

Lecture 3: Filters

30

2008 H.K. Page 58