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PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

The Effect of Wind Load to Non-Engineering Roof System

Muhammad Hashra Izreen Bin Mohd Hashidin, Noram Irwan Bin Ramli
Abstract
The increase of Wind Related Disaster incidents over the years has shifted the attention from the several researchers
towards investigating the effect of wind effect to build structure in Malaysia. The further understanding related to
disastrous wind events in Malaysia are very significant to towards the improvement of national and international
wind standards and building Codes. Due to lack of understanding and exposure towards wind engineering in
Malaysia, the awareness of the danger of thunderstorm and its effect needs to be installed among the civilians, and
more importantly engineers who are involved with structural planning and building. The type of building that wants
to construct need to analyze to make sure all the factor effect to the building can be minimized. The wind hazard
accident that already happened and the percent of damage effect from the accident to the building need to record and
analyze to make sure the next construction at the area take note from the record. In order to record all the wind
hazard accidents and the percent of damage effect to the building, application of Geographical Information System
(GIS) will be used. With this application, we can map all the data that have been collected at the true location it
happened with the right coordinate. This map will facilitate the engineer to find the information before they want to
design a building. Further work and collaboration between agencies need to be enhanced in order to resist wind
hazard impact. A new act amendment has been forced to ensure the air quality in the indoor and outdoor workplace.

KEYWORDS | wind engineering, wind distribution load, wind effect on zinc roof sheeting, SAP2000
hashraizreen@gmail.com | noram@ump.edu.my

INTRODUCTION
Damage that occurs by wind now days is very
familiar in our daily life. (Kosmo, 2013) reported on
15th June 2013 at Sungai Dua, Georgetown Penang,
roof and ceiling for 13 houses at top level Block C
Flat Hamna has been overturn during storm and
heavy rain in the evening. All occupants go out by
running from the crushed roof or ceiling that
collapsed and no injuries and dead recorded for the
accident.
Not only happened for commercial building, this
damage also happened at school building. (New
Straits Time, 2013) reported on 21st May 2013, a roof
structure of a building has been overturn at Sekolah
Menengah Teknik Setapak, Kuala Lumpur. Rm
40,000 to Rm 50,000 loss has been recorded from
this damage. One the most severely damaged is
teacher room and computer lab.
Wind is basically caused by the temperature gradient
of the atmosphere due to variable Solar heating of the
earths surface. It is initiated, in a more immediate
sense, by density difference or pressure gradient

between points of equal elevation. (Tamura &

Cao,2010).
(Holmes, 2007) Stated that Malaysia is entirely in the
equatorial zone. Malaysia does not experience
typhoons and has very low extreme winds from weak
thunderstorms and monsoons winds. But from the
observation, there are still damage causes by strong
wind. As an example, 18th December 2012, typhoon
Utor occurs in JB and cause lots of damage which
cost millions Ringgit Malaysia. It shows that more
study need to be done.
Problem Statement
Speed of wind induced damage occurred in Malaysia.
However there are no significant studies that relate
between the wind speed that induced damage in
Malaysia. Base on previous record, some of the
damage is repeatedly occurred at same location. No
vulnerability study due to wind storm been conducted
seriously in Malaysia. Therefore, the significant of
this study is to investigate the potential of damage
due to wind speed. No improvements were made to
reduce the damages level.

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METHODOLOGY

Table 1 | Methodology of Research Flowchart

PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

Structure
Wall
Wall
Window
Door
Roofing
Truss
Roof
Finishing

28
18
10
4
4
18
12
6
18

Preprocessing
For this stage, I find the entire coordinate for station
and the mean wind speed from the station to insert in
the Geographical Information System.
Processing
In this phase, databases were established. Series of
data are present in this phase i.e. Simplified damage
data in Microsoft Excel. Insert the data into GIS
software and set the data to form damage map. Insert
the station data that have coordinate and average
mean wind speed to the same map in the GIS
software. When the map have the both data, we can
produce mean wind speed map zoning area by using
interpolation in Spatial Analysis Tools in GIS
technique and also damage ratio zoning map by using
the same technique. Do zoning using extraction by
mask in Spatial Analysis Tools in GIS based on
interpolation of zoning area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Data Collecting
In data collecting, I try to look for data of mean wind
speed from Metrological Centre of Malaysia but it
very costly. So I manage to get data from the internet.
I get the data from www.wunderground.com. (Figure
3.2). From the website, I can get the reading for wind
speed during damage happened. Besides that, I also
can record the weather, wind direction and gust speed
during the damage. The data is recorded daily. So I
have to collect almost 1676 data for every station for
the damage record.
Table 2 | Damage Ratio
Element

Damage Ratio (%)

Foundation

18

This chapter shows the result and establishment

made. Both objectives of the study were carried out
successfully. The objectives are:
1. To produce the mean wind speed map of
peninsular Malaysia.
2. To study the relationship between mean wind
speed and level of damage in peninsular Malaysia.
Establishment Of Wind Hazard Damage Database
Database was establishing using extraction by mask
in Spatial Analysis Tools in GIS technique. Series of
data over study area, i.e. base map with location of
station, mean wind speed from the station map and
wind hazard damage ratio map were produce using
GIS. Table of Mean Wind speed and level of

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potential damages occur were derived from these

base maps.

PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

Develop The Wind Hazard Damages Ratio

Map
In Peninsular Malaysia
By using graphical interpreting method, analyses
from data of mean wind speed and wind hazard
damages ratio, three graphical graphs were establish.

Figure 1 | Location of station with their mean wind

speed
Develop Or Establish The Mean Wind Speed
Map Of Peninsular Malaysia
Based on data analysis from journal Nurul Kamal
Masseran, a mean wind speed data were establishes
from some weather station. The establishment of the
map is to study the relationship of mean wind speed
and wind hazard damages ratio. The damage data are
collected from the damage that have been occur in
Peninsular Malaysia from year 2011 to 2013 and the
wind speed during the damage are recorded from the
nearest weather station from the damage. The color
of the map shows the wind speed at that location.

Figure 3 | Wind Hazard Damages Map

Wind Hazard Damages Occured Induce By Mean

Wind Speed Analysis

Figure 4 | Linear Regression for the mean wind

speed versus damage occurred graph

Figure 2 | Mean Wind Speed Map

The overwhelming majority of current near-surface

wind speed climatological studies utilize Linear
Regression Method to analyze long term trends. The
Linear Regression Method is utilized to summarize a
linear relationship between two variables, Mean
Wind Speed and Damage Occurred where Mean
Wind Speed is generally referred to as the
independent or predictor variable and Damage
occurred is the dependent or predictand variable. To
demonstrate the linear relationship, a line of best fit
or least-squares line of Mean Wind Speed and
Damage Occurred is estimated. The line is referred to

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PROCEDIA CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2013

as linear because it is characterized by a polynomial

of the first degree and can be represented by (Eq. 1).
From this graph, we get the positively skewed
distribution with the value of 1.03.

wind hazard damage can be classified by referring to

mean wind speed level.
.

y=-0.5606x2+5.5394x-5.5

REFERENCES

(Eq. 1)

Wind Hazard Damage Ratio Induce By Average

Wind Speed

Many factors are contributed to average wind speed

such as gust wind, storm, tsunami, monsoon
phenomena and etc. As the result, the damage ratio is
up to 43% and the lowest is 5%. The damage will is
up to 43% when the structure, trusses and window
are damage while for the damage 5% its only had
damage on trusses.

CONCLUSIONS
Improvement of wind hazard analysis needs high tech
equipment. By using GIS, prediction of potential
hazard damage by wind can be identified.
Many applications contain in GIS application.
Variety analysis with the true coordinate system such
as location of weather station, location of storm
occur, level of storm at a place and many more can
be made. In civil engineering field, the GIS
application can also be applied in hydrology,
geotechnical, geology, road, facilities and many
more. In my study, queries were the output by
developing the database of all attributes about wind
speed data and wind hazard damage ratio along
peninsular Malaysia. The query was made to get the
information on features by using system.
The analysis of mean wind speed and wind hazard
damage ratio along Peninsular Malaysia was
analyzed by creating spatial analysis at the study
area. The mean wind speed is one of analysis of wind
hazard damage ratio. The determination of potential

[1] Tamura, Y & Cao, S.

Internatinal Startegy for Disaster Reduction
Climate Change and Wind-Related Disaster
Risk Reduction;2010,p. 2,6-7
[2] Holmes, J. D.
Wind Loading of StructureSecond Edition;
2007,p. OX144RN